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{{Short description|American philosopher and theologian (born 1949)}}
{{use mdy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = William Lane Craig
| image = Filosof og teolog William Lane Craig, 2014.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Craig in 2014
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|08|23}}
| birth_place = [[Peoria, Illinois]], US
| death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->
| death_place =
| spouse = {{marriage|Jan Craig|1972}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.reasonablefaith.org}}
| workplaces = {{unbulleted list | [[Biola University]] | [[Houston Christian University]] | [[Westmont College]] | [[Wheaton College (Illinois)|Wheaton College]] | [[Katholieke Universiteit Leuven|University of Louvain]] | [[Trinity Evangelical Divinity School]] | [[University of Birmingham]] | [[University of Munich]]}}
| education = {{unbulleted list |[[Wheaton College (Illinois)|Wheaton College]] | [[Trinity Evangelical Divinity School]]|[[University of Birmingham]]|[[University of Munich]]}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Birmingham]] ([[PhD]])<br/> [[University of Munich]] ([[Doctorate#Germany|Dr. theol.]])
| thesis1_title = The Kalam Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God
| thesis1_year = 1977
| thesis2_title = The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus During the Deist Controversy
| thesis2_year = 1984
| school_tradition = {{hlist | [[Analytic philosophy]] | [[Molinism]] | [[Apollinarianism|neo-Apollinarianism]] | [[Wesleyanism]]}}
| doctoral_advisor = {{hlist | [[John Hick]] <br/> [[Wolfhart Pannenberg]]}}
| academic_advisors = [[Norman Geisler]]
| influences = <!--must be referenced from a third-party source-->
| discipline = {{hlist | [[Philosophy]] | [[theology]]}}
| sub_discipline =
| doctoral_students = <!--only those with WP articles-->
| notable_students =
| main_interests = {{hlist | [[Philosophy of religion]] | [[natural theology]] | [[philosophy of time]] | [[Christian apologetics]] | [[systematic theology]] | [[Apollinarism]] |[[Reformed epistemology]] | [[Cartesian dualism]] | [[libertarianism (metaphysics)|metaphysical libertarianism]]{{sfn|Craig|Carroll|2016|p=102}}}}
| notable_works = [[Reasonable Faith (book)|''Reasonable Faith'']] (1994)
| notable_ideas = [[Kalam cosmological argument]]
| influenced = <!--must be referenced from a third-party source-->
| signature =
| signature_alt =
}}
'''William Lane Craig''' ({{IPAc-en|k|r|eɪ|ɡ}};<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tYm41hb48o William "Lane Craig vs. Christopher Hitchens"]<!--at 1:19--></ref> born August 23, 1949) is an American [[Analytic philosophy|analytic philosopher]], [[Christian apologetics|Christian apologist]], author, and [[theologian]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Loftin |first=R. Keith |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1133205260 |title=The History of Apologetics: A Biographical and Methodological Introduction |date=2020 |publisher=Zondervan Academic |isbn=978-0-310-55941-2 |editor-last=Forrest |editor-first=Benjamin K. |___location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |pages=750–766 |chapter=William Lane Craig. Philosopher as Apologist |oclc=on1133205260 |editor-last2=Chatraw |editor-first2=Josh |editor-last3=McGrath |editor-first3=Alister E.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reformation21.org/blogs/the-mechanics-of-neoapollinari.php|title=The Mechanics of Neo-Apollinarian Christology}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biola.edu/blogs/good-book-blog/2019/neo-apollinarianism-and-mind-body-dualism|title=Neo-Apollinarianism and Mind/Body Dualism |date=April 12, 2019 }}</ref> He is a visiting professor of philosophy at the [[Talbot School of Theology]] of [[Biola University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Lane Craig {{!}} Apologetics |website=Reasonable Faith |url=https://www.reasonablefaith.org/william-lane-craig |access-date=2025-07-24 |language=en}}</ref> Until 2024, he was also a professor of philosophy at [[Houston Christian University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Lane Craig {{!}} Apologetics |website=Reasonable Faith |url=https://www.reasonablefaith.org/william-lane-craig |access-date=2025-07-24 |language=en}}</ref>
Craig has updated and defended the [[Kalam cosmological argument]] for the [[existence of God]].<ref name="Schneider 2013" /><ref>{{harvp|Reichenbach|2017}}. "In his widely discussed writings William Lane Craig marshals multidisciplinary evidence for the truth of the premises found in the kalām argument.... [much more discussion follows]"</ref><ref name="ct-sun">{{cite web |last1=Sun |first1=Eryn |title=Dawkins defends decision not to debate apologist William Lane Craig |website=Christianity Today |date=30 Sep 2011 |url=https://www.christiantoday.com/article/dawkins.defends.decision.not.to.debate.apologist.william.lane.craig/28709.htm |access-date=12 June 2019 |quote=...[Craig is] the leading Christian apologist, famous for his revival of the Kalam cosmological argument which asserts that God caused the universe to first exist.}}</ref><ref name="horn-catholic">{{cite web |last1=Horn |first1=Trent |title=New Support for the Cosmological Argument |url=https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/new-support-for-the-cosmological-argument |website=catholic.com |access-date=12 June 2019 |date=17 July 2013 |quote=Although the argument fell into relatively obscurity after it was promoted in the Middle Ages, it received new life through William Lane Craig’s 1979 book The Kalam Cosmological Argument. Craig has become the argument’s leading proponent, and thanks to his famous debates with atheists that end up on YouTube, the kalam argument has become well-known and is vigorously dissected by critics.}}</ref>{{sfn|Robinson|Baggett|2016|p=212}} He has also published work where he argues in favor of the historical plausibility of the [[resurrection of Jesus]].{{sfn|Habermas|1988}} His study of [[divine aseity]] and [[Platonism]] culminated with his book ''God Over All''.{{sfn|Craig|2016}}<ref name="McNabb-goa-review">{{cite journal |last1=McNabb |first1=Tyler Dalton |title=Review of God Over All: Divine Aseity and the Challenge of Platonism by William Lane Craig |journal=Journal of Biblical and Theological Studies |url=http://jbtsonline.org/review-of-god-over-all-divine-aseity-and-the-challenge-of-platonism-by-william-lane-craig/ |issn=2572-2832}}</ref>
==Early life and education==
[[File:WLC President of High School Math Club.jpg|left|thumb|Craig as furthest back to the left with fellow members of the East Peoria High School Math Club]]
Craig was born August 23, 1949, in [[Peoria, Illinois|Peoria]], [[Illinois]], to Mallory and Doris Craig.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Craig |first1=William Lane |title=Does the Problem of Material Constitution Illuminate the Doctrine of the Trinity? |url=https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/scholarly-writings/christian-doctrines/does-the-problem-of-material-constitution-illuminate-the-doctrine-of-the-tr/ |access-date=10 July 2019 |quote=I am the second child of Mallory and Doris Craig...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Craig |first1=William Lane |title=Questions on Certainty and Debate |url=https://www.reasonablefaith.org/media/reasonable-faith-podcast/questions-on-certainty-and-debate/ |access-date=22 July 2019 |date=February 5, 2018 |quote=But that doesn't undermine my knowledge that I was born in Peoria, Illinois and raised in Keokuk, Iowa.}}</ref> He attended [[East Peoria Community High School]] from 1963 to 1967,<ref>{{cite web |last=Craig |first=William Lane |title=Debating |website=Reasonable Faith |url=http://www.reasonablefaith.org/debating |access-date=May 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214855/https://www.reasonablefaith.org/debating |archive-date=May 12, 2014}}</ref> where he competed in debate and won the state championship in oratory.<ref>{{cite web |title=Records and History – Original Oratory |publisher=Illinois High School Association |url=http://www.ihsa.org/SportsActivities/IndividualEvents/RecordsHistory.aspx?url=/data/ie/records/index.htm |access-date=May 27, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Schneider 2013">{{cite news |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-New-Theist/140019|title=The New Theist: How William Lane Craig Became Christian Philosophy's Boldest Apostle|last=Schneider|first=Nathan|date=July 1, 2013|access-date=January 22, 2018|___location=Washington|author-link=Nathan Schneider|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education}}</ref> In September 1965, his junior year, he became a Christian.<ref name="Faculty Profile">{{cite web |title=William Lane Craig |url=http://www.talbot.edu/faculty/profile/william_craig/ |access-date=May 5, 2014 |___location=La Mirada, California |publisher=Biola University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814023848/http://www.talbot.edu/faculty/profile/william_craig/ |archive-date=August 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=William Lane Craig and Sean McDowell |url=http://fervr.net/author/37132/ |website=Fervr |access-date=May 11, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Craig |first1=William Lane |title=Faith and Doubt |date=November 5, 2007 |quote=To speak personally, I myself was not raised in an evangelical home, but I became a Christian my third year of high school. |url=https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/faith-and-doubt |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref>
After graduating from high school, Craig attended [[Wheaton College (Illinois)|Wheaton College]], majoring in communications.<ref name="Wheaton College">{{cite web |date=May 7, 2014 |title=Dr. William Lane Craig Named Alumnus of the Year |url=http://www.wheaton.edu/Media-Center/News/2014/05/Dr-William-Lane-Craig-Named-Alumnus-of-the-Year |access-date=May 11, 2014 |___location=Wheaton, Illinois |publisher=Wheaton College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512213253/https://www.wheaton.edu/Media-Center/News/2014/05/Dr-William-Lane-Craig-Named-Alumnus-of-the-Year |archive-date=May 12, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Schneider 2013" /> He graduated in 1971 and married his wife, Jan, whom he met on the staff of [[Campus Crusade for Christ]], the next year.<ref name="Wheaton College" /><ref name="buddha7habits" /> They have two grown children and reside in suburban Atlanta, Georgia.<ref name="buddha7habits">{{cite news |last=Schneider |first=Nathan |author-link=Nathan Schneider |date=July 12, 2013 |title=7 Habits of a Highly Effective Philosopher |url=http://killingthebuddha.com/mag/witness/7-habits-of-a-highly-effective-philosopher/ |website=Killing the Buddha |access-date=May 10, 2014}}</ref>
In 1973, Craig entered the program in [[philosophy of religion]] at [[Trinity Evangelical Divinity School]] north of [[Chicago]], where he studied under [[Norman Geisler]].<ref name="rf-double-doctorates">{{cite web |last=Craig |first=William Lane |title=Double Doctorates |url=http://www.reasonablefaith.org/double-doctorates |website=Reasonable Faith |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231322/http://www.reasonablefaith.org/double-doctorates |archive-date=May 12, 2014 |access-date=May 10, 2014}}</ref><ref name="tai-alumni-of-the-year">{{cite web |title=William Lane Craig Named TEDS Alumnus of the Year |url=https://news.tiu.edu/2016/07/23/william-lane-craig-named-teds-alumnus-of-the-year/ |website=Trinity International University |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=2016-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828215846/http://news.tiu.edu/2016/07/23/william-lane-craig-named-teds-alumnus-of-the-year/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Schneider 2013"/> In 1975, Craig began doctoral studies in philosophy at the [[University of Birmingham]] in England,<ref name="calvin-edu">{{cite web |title=William Lane Craig |url=https://calvin.edu/directory/series/william-lane-craig |website=calvin.edu |publisher=Calvin College |access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> writing on the cosmological argument under the direction of [[John Hick]].<ref name="iep-cramer">{{cite journal |last1=Cramer |first1=David C. |title=John Hick (1922—2012) |journal=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=12 June 2019 |url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/hick/ |issn=2161-0002 |quote=Many of [Hick's] former students are now established Christian philosophers in their own right, including ... William Lane Craig...}}</ref><ref name="Schneider 2013" /> He was awarded a doctorate in 1977.<ref name="birmingham-cadbury-lectures">{{cite web |title=The Cadbury Lectures 2015: God Over All Back to 'The Cadbury lectures' 16 March - 20 March 2015 |url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/ptr/departments/theologyandreligion/events/cadburylectures/2015/index.aspx |website=University of Birmingham |access-date=22 July 2019 |quote=Hosted by the John Hick Centre for Philosophy of Religion. Our theme for 2015 is 'God Over All', and will consist of a series of lectures given by Professor William Lane Craig (Talbot School of Theology and Houston Baptist University; PhD University of Birmingham 1977).}}</ref> Out of this study came his first book, ''The Kalam Cosmological Argument'' (1979), a defense of the argument he first encountered in theologian Stuart Hackett's work on the same topic.<ref name="Schneider 2013" />
Craig was awarded a [[postdoctoral fellowship]] in 1978 from the [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]]<ref name="humboldtfoundation">{{cite web |title=Humboldt Network: Prof. Dr. William L. Craig |url=https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/pls/web/pub_hn_query.humboldtianer_details?p_externe_id=7000110651&p_lang=en |website=Alexander von Humboldt Foundation |publisher=Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung/Foundation |access-date=16 July 2019 |quote=Host(s) and host institute(s) during Humboldt sponsorship: Prof. Dr. Wolfhart Pannenberg, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München; Start of first sponsorship: 01.01.1978 |archive-date=2019-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716181252/https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/pls/web/pub_hn_query.humboldtianer_details?p_externe_id=7000110651&p_lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> to pursue research on the [[historicity of the resurrection of Jesus]] under the direction of [[Wolfhart Pannenberg]] at the [[University of Munich]] in Germany.<ref name="calvin-edu" /><ref name="humboldtfoundation" /><ref name="Schneider 2013" /><ref name="rf-double-doctorates" /> His studies in [[Munich]] under Pannenberg's supervision led to a second doctorate, this one in theology,<ref name="Wheaton College" /><ref name="Schneider 2013" /> awarded in 1984 with the publication of his doctoral thesis, ''The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus During the Deist Controversy'' (1985).<ref>{{cite book |last=Craig |first=William Lane |year=1985 |title=The historical argument for the Resurrection of Jesus during the Deist controversy|___location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |oclc=925034139 |isbn=9780889468115}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=Samuel C. |title=Book Review: The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus during the Deist Controversy. William L. Craig |journal=The Journal of Religion |date=Oct 1988 |volume=68 |issue=4 |page=595 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |quote=In this large study, which apparently grew out of a dissertation prepared under the supervision of Wolfhart Pannenberg...|doi=10.1086/487941 }}</ref>
==Career==
Craig joined the faculty of [[Trinity Evangelical Divinity School]] in [[Deerfield, Illinois]] in 1980, where he taught philosophy of religion until 1986.<ref name="teds-aoy">{{cite web |title=William Lane Craig Named TEDS Alumnus of the Year |url=https://news.tiu.edu/2016/07/23/william-lane-craig-named-teds-alumnus-of-the-year/ |website=Trinity International University |access-date=12 June 2019 |quote=Craig earned master’s degrees from TEDS in philosophy of religion, as well as in church history and the history of Christian thought. He taught philosophy of religion at TEDS from 1980–1986. |archive-date=2016-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828215846/http://news.tiu.edu/2016/07/23/william-lane-craig-named-teds-alumnus-of-the-year/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
After a one-year stint at [[Westmont College]] on the outskirts of [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]], Craig moved in 1987 with his wife and two young children back to Europe,<ref name="owg-author-bio">{{cite book |last1=Craig |first1=William Lane |title=The Only Wise God: The Compatibility of Divine Foreknowledge & Human Freedom |date=2000 |publisher=Wipf and Stock |isbn=978-1579103163 |edition=Reprint edition (January 2000) |chapter=Author Bio |quote=From 1980 to 1986 he taught philosophy of religion at Trinity, during which time he and Jan started their family. In 1987 they moved to Brussels, Belgium, where Dr. Craig pursued research at the University of Louvain until 1994.}}</ref> where he was a visiting scholar at the [[KU Leuven|Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]] ([[Louvain, Belgium|Louvain]]) in Belgium until 1994.<ref name="owg-author-bio"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Contributors |journal=International Philosophical Quarterly |date=1993 |volume=33 |page=142 |publisher=Fordham University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1C6AAAAIAAJ&q=%22louvain%22+%22william+lane+craig%22 |quote=William Lane Craig is a visiting scholar at the Inst. Supérieur de Philosophie at the Catholic Univ. of Louvain (B-3000 Leuven, Belgium), PhD from Univ. of Birmingham (Eng.) and DTh from the Univ. of Munich, he taught at Westmont College and is a Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Siftung. Interested in Philosophy of Religion and of Space and Time, he includes in his publications the books The Kalam Cosmological Argument and Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom.}}</ref> At that time, Craig joined the Department of Philosophy and Ethics at [[Talbot School of Theology]] in suburban [[Los Angeles]] as a [[research professor]] of philosophy, a position he currently holds,<ref name="Faculty Profile"/><ref name="christianpost-murashko">{{cite web |last1=Murashko |first1=Alex |date=5 February 2014 |title=Leading Apologist William Lane Craig to Join Houston Baptist U's School of Christian Thought Faculty |url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/leading-apologist-william-lane-craig-to-join-houston-baptist-us-school-of-christian-thought-faculty.html |access-date=12 June 2019 |website=The Christian Post}}</ref><ref name="nyt-kristof">{{cite news |last1=Kristof |first1=Nicholas |title=Professor, Was Jesus Really Born to a Virgin? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/opinion/sunday/christmas-christian-craig.html |access-date=12 June 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=21 Dec 2018 |page=SR23 |quote=Here’s my interview of William Lane Craig, professor of philosophy at Talbot School of Theology and Houston Baptist University.}}</ref> and he went on to become a professor of philosophy at [[Houston Christian University]] in 2014.<ref name="christianpost-murashko"/><ref name="nyt-kristof"/> In 2017, [[Biola University]] created a permanent faculty position and endowed chair, the William Lane Craig Endowed Chair in Philosophy, in honor of Craig's academic contributions.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Wu |first=Joanna |date=Spring 2017 |title=William Lane Craig Named in Biola's First Endowed Chair |url=http://magazine.biola.edu/article/17-spring/william-lane-craig-named-in-biolas-first-endowed-c/ |magazine=Biola Magazine |___location=La Mirada, California |publisher=Biola University |page=15 |access-date=September 30, 2018}}</ref>
Craig served as president of the [[Philosophy of Time Society]] from 1999 to 2006.{{sfn|Robinson|Baggett|2016|p=213}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 74:2 |date=November 2000 |page=162}}</ref> He helped revitalize the [[Evangelical Philosophical Society]] and served as its president from 1996 to 2005.<ref name="Schneider 2013"/> In the mid-2000s,<ref>{{cite web |title=Reasonable Faith Inc. |website=Nonprofit Explorer |date=May 9, 2013 |publisher=ProPublica |url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/203021684 |access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Craig |first1=William Lane |last2=Harris |first2=Kevin |title=Dr Craig's Interview in the New York Times |url=https://www.reasonablefaith.org/media/reasonable-faith-podcast/dr-craigs-interview-in-the-new-york-times/ |website=Reasonable Faith |access-date=5 August 2019 |date=March 3, 2019 |quote=That's one of the reasons we founded Reasonable Faith over ten years ago}}</ref> Craig established the online Christian [[apologetics]] ministry [https://www.reasonablefaith.org/ ReasonableFaith.org].<ref name="christianpost-murashko"/>
Craig has authored or edited over forty books and over two hundred articles published in professional philosophy and theology journals,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. William Lane Craig Curriculum Vitae |url=https://www.reasonablefaith.org/documents/CV.pdf|website=Reasonable Faith}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moodypublishers.com/authors/c/william-lane-craig|title=William Lane Craig|date=2021-09-17 |website=moodypublishers.com|access-date=2021-09-17}}</ref> including: ''[[The Journal of Philosophy]]'',<ref>{{cite journal|last=Craig|first=William Lane|year=1988|title=Tachyons, Time Travel, and Divine Omniscience|journal=The Journal of Philosophy|volume=85|issue=3 |pages=135–150|doi=10.2307/2027068 |jstor=2027068}}</ref> ''[[British Journal for the Philosophy of Science]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search: 'William Lane Graig' |work=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/bjps/current |access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref> ''[[Philosophy and Phenomenological Research]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Craig |first=William Lane |date=1994|title=Robert Adams's New Anti-Molinist Argument|journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research |volume=54|issue=4 |pages=857–861 |doi=10.2307/2108416 |issn=0031-8205|jstor=2108416}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Craig |first=William Lane |date=2001|title=Wishing It Were Now Some Other Time |journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research |volume=62|issue=1|pages=159–166 |doi=10.2307/2653594 |issn=0031-8205|jstor=2653594}}</ref>'' [[Philosophical Studies]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Craig|first=William Lane|date=1992-08-01 |title=Hasker on divine knowledge|journal=Philosophical Studies|volume=67 |issue=2|pages=89–110 |doi=10.1007/BF00373692 |s2cid=170646419 |issn=1573-0883}}</ref> ''[[Australasian Journal of Philosophy]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Craig|first=William Lane|date=1991-12-01|title=Theism and Big Bang cosmology |journal=Australasian Journal of Philosophy|volume=69|issue=4 |pages=492–503 |doi=10.1080/00048409112344901 |issn=0004-8402}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Craig|first=William L. |date=1996-12-01|title=Timelessness and creation |journal=Australasian Journal of Philosophy |volume=74|issue=4|pages=646–656 |doi=10.1080/00048409612347581 |issn=0004-8402}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Craig|first=William L.|date=1979-06-01|title=Wallace Matson and the crude cosmological argument |journal=Australasian Journal of Philosophy |volume=57 |issue=2|pages=163–170 |doi=10.1080/00048407912341171|issn=0004-8402}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Craig|first=W. Lane|date=2001-03-01|title=McTaggart's Paradox and Temporal Solipsism|journal=Australasian Journal of Philosophy |volume=79|issue=1 |pages=32–44|doi=10.1080/713659176|s2cid=170081930|issn=0004-8402}}</ref> ''[[Faith and Philosophy]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search |url=https://place.asburyseminary.edu/do/search/?q=author:(%20William%20Lane%20Craig%20)&start=0&context=13513065&sort=score&facet= |website=place.asburyseminary.edu |access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref> ''[[Erkenntnis]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Craig|first=W. L.|date=1994-05-01 |title=Prof. Grünbaum on creation|journal=Erkenntnis|volume=40|issue=3|pages=325–341|issn=1572-8420 |doi=10.1007/BF01128902|s2cid=55902279}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Craig|first=William L.|date=1998-01-01|title=Theism and the Origin of the Universe|journal=Erkenntnis|volume=48|issue=1|pages=49–59|issn=1572-8420|doi=10.1023/A:1005360931186|s2cid=170022778}}</ref> and ''[[American Philosophical Quarterly]].''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Craig|first=William Lane|date=1997 |title=Is Presentness a Property?|journal=American Philosophical Quarterly|volume=34|issue=1|pages=27–40 |issn=0003-0481 |jstor=20009884}}</ref>
== Philosophical and theological views ==
===Kalam cosmological argument===
{{see also|Kalam cosmological argument}}
[[File:Infinite_regress_en.svg|thumb|An illustration of infinite regress|left]]
Craig has written and spoken in defense of a version of the [[cosmological argument]] called the ''[[Kalam cosmological argument]]''.{{efn|1=Craig's own version of the Kalām argument is succinct: 1. 'Everything that begins to exist has a cause of its existence.' 2. 'The universe began to exist,' i.e., the temporal regress of events is finite. 3. 'Therefore the universe has a cause of its existence' Following Ghazali, Craig argues that this cause must be a personal will. Nothing but the arbitrary choice of a free agent could explain why the world was created at one time rather than another, or (if time comes into being with the first event) why the first event did not have a predecessor.{{sfn|Wainwright|1982|p=328}} }}{{sfnm |1a1=Cowan |1a2=Spiegel |1y=2009 |1pp=268–269<!-- "The Kalam argument originated with Arabic philosophers in the Middle Ages but has recently been taken up by Christian philosophers, especially William Lane Craig and J.P. Moreland." --> |2a1=Jackson |2y=2014 |2p=19<!-- "One person who has studied the Kalam Cosmological Argument extensively is the modern philosopher William L. Craig (1949–)" --> |3a1=Peterson |3a2=Hasker |3a3=Reichenbach |3a4=Basinger |3y=2013 |3pp=86–89 |4a1=Reichenbach |4y=2017<!-- "[The Kalām Cosmological Argument] has a venerable history, especially in the Islamic ''mutakalliman'' tradition. Although it had numerous defenders through the centuries, it received new life in the recent voluminous writings of William Lane Craig." --> |5a1=Williams |5y=2013 |5p=89<!-- "William Lane Craig has revived the kalam argument in the late 20th century, discussing it in the light of modern scientific cosmology." -->}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Who's Who: Modern Authors: William Lane Craig (Entry 2) |url=http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/whos-who/modern-authors/william-lane-craig/ |website=Philosophy of Religion.info |access-date=16 October 2016<!--|quote=Craig is best known for his extensive work on the Kalam Cosmological Argument, and has also published material on the philosophy of time and on divine foreknowledge.-->}}</ref> While the Kalam originated in [[medieval]] [[Islamic]] philosophy, Craig added appeals to scientific and philosophical ideas in the argument's defense.<ref name="Schneider 2013" /><!--{{sfn|Robinson|Baggett|2016|p=212}}--> Craig's work has resulted in contemporary interest in the argument, and in cosmological arguments in general.{{sfn|Reichenbach|2017}}{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=183}}{{sfn|Oppy|2006|p=137}}
Craig formulates his version of the argument as follows:
# Everything that begins to exist has a cause of its existence.
# The universe began to exist.
# Therefore, the universe has a cause of its existence.{{sfn|Wainwright|1982|p=328}}{{sfn|Reichenbach|2017}}
Craig's defense of the argument mainly focuses on the second premise,<ref name="Copan|Craig|2017">{{cite book |last1=Copan |first1=Paul |last2=Craig |first2=William Lane |title=The Kalam Cosmological Argument, Volume 1 |date=16 November 2017 |publisher=Bloomsberry Publishing |isbn=9781501330803 |page=4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Le Poidevin |first1=Robin |title=Arguing for Atheism: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134871117}}</ref> which he offers several arguments for. For example, Craig appeals to [[Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel|Hilbert's example of an infinite hotel]] to argue that [[actual infinite|actually infinite]] collections are impossible, and thus the past is finite and has a beginning.{{sfn|Wainwright|1982|p=329}}{{sfn|Moreland|Craig|2003|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}{{sfn|Craig|Sinclair|2009|p=103}} In another argument, Craig says that the series of events in time is formed by a process in which each moment is added to history in succession. According to Craig, this process can never produce an actually infinite collection of events, but at best a potentially infinite one. On this basis, he argues that the past is finite and has a beginning.{{sfn|Reichenbach|2017}}{{sfn|Wainwright|1982|p=333}}{{sfn|Craig|Sinclair|2009|p=117}}
Craig also appeals to various [[Physical theory|physical theories]] to support the argument's second premise, such as the standard [[Big Bang]] model of cosmic origins and certain implications of the [[second law of thermodynamics]].<ref name="Schneider 2013"/>{{sfn|Reichenbach|2017}}{{sfn|Wainwright|1982|p=329}}
The Kalam argument concludes that the universe had a cause, but Craig further argues that the cause must be a person.{{sfn|Wainwright|1982|p=328}} First, Craig argues that the best way to explain the origin of a temporal effect with a beginning from an eternally existing cause is if that cause is a personal agent endowed with free will. Second, the only candidates for a timeless, spaceless, immaterial being are abstract objects like numbers or unembodied minds; but abstract objects are causally effete. Third, Craig uses [[Richard Swinburne]]'s separation of causal explanation; causal explanation can be given in terms either of initial conditions and laws of nature or of a personal agent and its volitions; but a first physical state of the universe cannot be explained in terms of initial conditions and natural laws.{{sfn|Morriston|2000}}
Craig's arguments to support the Kalam argument have been discussed and debated by a variety of commentators,<!-- {{sfn|Reichenbach|2017}} --><ref>{{cite book |last1=Quinn |first1=Philip I. |editor1-last=van Huyssteen |editor1-first=J Wentzel Vrede |title=Encyclopedia of Science and Religion |date=2003 |publisher=Thomson-Gale |isbn=9780028657042 |pages=381–382 |chapter=God, Existence Of}}</ref><ref name="McGrath-sar">{{cite book |last1=McGrath |first1=Alister E. |title=Science and Religion: A New Introduction |date=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781405187909|quote=This form of the kalam argument has been widely debated in recent years. One of its most significant defenders has been William Lane Craig...}}</ref> including [[Adolf Grünbaum]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grünbaum |first=Adolf|date=1994|title=Some Comments on William Craig's "Creation and Big Bang Cosmology" |url=https://infidels.org/library/modern/adolf_grunbaum/comments.html|journal=Philosophia Naturalis |volume=31|issue=2|pages=225–236}}</ref> [[Quentin Smith]],{{sfn|Smith|2007|pp=192–194}} Wes Morriston,{{sfn|Morriston|2013}}{{sfn|Morriston|2018}} [[Graham Oppy]],{{sfn|Oppy|2006|pp=137-153}} [[Andrew Loke]],{{sfn|Loke|2017}} [[Robert C. Koons]],{{sfn|Koons|2014}} and [[Alexander Pruss]].{{sfn|Pruss|2018}} Many of these papers are contained in the two-volume anthology ''The Kalām Cosmological Argument'' (2017), volume 1 covering philosophical arguments for the finitude of the past and volume 2 the scientific evidence for the beginning of the universe.{{sfn|Copan|Craig|2017a}}{{sfn|Copan|Craig|2017b}}
===Divine omniscience===
Craig is a proponent of [[Molinism]], an idea first formulated by the [[Jesuit]] theologian [[Luis de Molina]] according to which God possesses foreknowledge of which free actions each person would perform under every possible circumstance, a kind of knowledge that is sometimes termed "middle knowledge".{{sfn|Perszyk|2013|p=755}} Protestant-Molinism, such as Craig's, first entered Protestant theology through two anti-Calvinist thinkers: [[Jacobus Arminius]] and [[Conrad Vorstius]].<ref>{{Cite book |editor1=David S. Sytsma |editor2=Jordan Joseph Ballor |editor3=Matthew T. Gaetano |title=Beyond Dordt and 'De Auxiliis' : the dynamics of Protestant and Catholic soteriology in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries|publisher=Brill |year=2019|isbn=978-90-04-37711-0|___location=Leiden|pages=103–26, 148–68|oclc=1107692846}}</ref> Molinists such as Craig appeal to this idea to reconcile the perceived conflict between God's providence and foreknowledge with human free will. The idea is that, by relying on middle knowledge, God does not interfere with anyone's free will, instead choosing which circumstances to actualize given a complete understanding of how people would freely choose to act in response.{{sfn|Perszyk|2013|p=755-756}} Craig also appeals to Molinism in his discussions of the [[Biblical inspiration|inspiration of scripture]], [[Religious exclusivism#Christian exclusivism|Christian exclusivism]], the [[perseverance of the Saints]], and missionary [[evangelism]].{{sfn|Perszyk|2013|p=765}}
===Resurrection of Jesus===
Craig has written two volumes arguing for the historicity of the [[resurrection of Jesus]], ''The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus'' (1985){{sfn|Habermas|1988}}{{sfn|Craig|1985b}} and ''Assessing the New Testament Evidence for the Historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus'' (3rd ed., 2002).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Habermas |first1=Gary R. |title=Resurrection Research From 1975 to the Present: What are Critical Scholars Saying? |journal=Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus |date=2005 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=135–153|doi=10.1177/1476869005058192 |s2cid=162213884 |url=https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/sor_fac_pubs/9 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Craig|1989}} In the former volume, Craig describes the [[history]] of the discussion, including [[David Hume]]'s arguments against the identification of [[miracles]]. The latter volume is an [[exegesis|exegetical]] study of the [[New Testament]] material pertinent to the [[resurrection]].
Craig structures his arguments for the historicity of the resurrection under 3 headings:{{sfn|Craig|2008|p=360}}
# The [[tomb of Jesus]] was found empty by a group of [[female disciples of Jesus|his female followers]] on the Sunday after his [[crucifixion]].{{sfn|Craig|2001b}}
# Various individuals and groups experienced appearances of Jesus alive after his death.
#The earliest [[Twelve Apostles|disciples]] came to believe that God had raised [[Jesus]] from the dead despite strong predispositions to the contrary.
Craig argues that the best explanation of these three events is a literal resurrection.<ref>{{cite web |last=Perman |first=Matt |date=September 12, 2007 |title=Historical Evidence for the Resurrection |url=http://www.desiringgod.org/articles/historical-evidence-for-the-resurrection |website=Desiring God |access-date=May 7, 2014}}</ref> He applies an evaluative framework developed by philosopher of history C. Behan McCullagh<ref>{{cite book |last=McCullagh|first=C. Behan|date=1984 |title=Justifying Historical Descriptions |publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=19}}</ref> to examine various theoretical explanations proposed for these events. From that framework, he rejects alternative theories such as [[Gerd Lüdemann]]'s hallucination hypothesis, the conspiracy hypothesis, and [[Heinrich Paulus]] or [[Friedrich Schleiermacher|Friedrich Schleiermacher's]] apparent death hypothesis as lacking explanatory scope, explanatory power, and sufficient historical plausibility.<ref>{{cite web |last=Craig |first=William Lane |title=Visions of Jesus: A Critical Assessment of Gerd Lüdemann's Hallucination Hypothesis |url=http://www.reasonablefaith.org/visions-of-jesus-a-critical-assessment-of-gerd-ludemanns |website=Reasonable Faith |access-date=May 7, 2014}}</ref>{{sfn|McGrew|McGrew|2009|p=617}} In 1996 Craig participated in the [[Resurrection Summit]], a meeting held at [[Saint Joseph's Seminary (Dunwoodie)|St. Joseph's Seminary]], New York, in order to discuss the resurrection of Jesus. Papers from the summit were later compiled and published in the book ''The Resurrection. An Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Resurrection of Jesus'', edited by S.T Davis, D. Kendall and G. O'Collins.<ref name="Davis, Kendall, O' Collins 1998">Davis, Stephen T., Kendall, Daniel and O'Collins, Gerald (1998) The Resurrection: An Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Resurrection of Jesus. Oxford: Oxford University Press</ref>
===Philosophy of time===
Craig defends a [[Philosophical presentism|presentist]] version of the [[A-theory of time]]. According to this theory, the present exists, but the past and future do not. Additionally, he holds that there are tensed facts, such as ''it is now lunchtime'', which cannot be reduced to or identified with tenseless facts of the form ''it is lunchtime at noon on February 10, 2020.'' According to this theory, presentness is a real aspect of time, and not merely a projection of our thought and talk about time. He raises several defenses of this theory, two of which are especially notable. First, he criticizes [[J. M. E. McTaggart]]'s argument that the A-theory is incoherent, suggesting that McTaggart's argument begs the question by covertly presupposing the [[B-theory of time|B-theory]]. Second, he defends the A-theory from empirical challenges arising from the standard interpretation of Einstein's [[Special relativity|Special Theory of Relativity]] (SR). He responds to this challenge by advocating a neo-Lorentzian interpretation of SR which is empirically equivalent to the standard interpretation, and which is consistent with the A-theory and with absolute simultaneity. Craig criticizes the standard interpretation of SR on the grounds that it is based on a discredited positivist epistemology. Moreover, he claims that the assumption of positivism invalidates the appeal to SR made by opponents of the A-theory.<ref name="Helm 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Helm |first1=Paul |title=Time and Time Again: Two Volumes by William Lane Craig |journal=Religious Studies |date=2002 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=489–498 |doi=10.1017/s0034412502006157 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/HELTAT-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Hasker 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Hasker |first1=William |title=Review of God and Time: Four Views ed., Gregory E. Ganssle and God, Time and Eternity by William Lane Craig |date=2003 |journal=International Journal for the Philosophy of Religion |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=111–114 |doi=10.1023/A:1023399210367 |url=https://philarchive.org/archive/PIEGEG |access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="quarum-tat-review">{{cite journal |last1=Quarum |first1=Merrit |title=Review: Time and Eternity: Exploring God's Relationship to Time |journal=Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society |date=2003 |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=746–749}}</ref>
[[File:Craig Seminar 3.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Craig in 2015]]
=== Divine eternity ===
Craig argues that God existed in a timeless state causally prior to creation,<ref name="quarum-tat-review"/> but has existed in a temporal state beginning with creation, by virtue of his knowledge of tensed facts and his interactions with events.<ref name="helm-stanford-eternity">{{cite journal |last1=Helm |first1=Paul |editor1-last=Zalta |editor1-first=Edward N. |title=Eternity |journal=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=Spring 2014 |publisher=Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/eternity/ |access-date=15 June 2019 |issn=1095-5054}}</ref> He gives two arguments in support of that view. First, he says that, given his tensed view of time, God cannot be timeless once he has created a temporal universe, since, after that point, he is related to time through his interactions and through causing events in time.<ref name="helm-stanford-eternity"/> Second, Craig says that as a feature of his omniscience, God must know the truth related to tensed facts about the world, such as whether the statement "Today is January 15th" is true or not or what is happening ''right now''.<ref name="Hasker 2003"/><ref name="Swinburne 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Swinburne |first1=Richard |title=William Lane Craig God, time and eternity. The coherence of theism II: Eternity. |journal=Religious Studies |date=2002 |volume=38 |issue=3 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/SWIWLC |pages=363–369 |doi=10.1017/S0034412502216194 |isbn=1402000111|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Helm 2014">{{Cite journal |last=Helm |first=Paul |date=2014 |title=Calvinism vs. Molinism: Paul Helm & William Lane Craig |url=https://www.galaxie.com/article/jbtm11-1-05 |journal=Journal for Baptist Theology & Ministry |volume=11 |issue=1}}</ref><ref name="Deng 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Deng |first1=Natalja |title=Eternity in Christian Thought |journal=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=March 22, 2018 |publisher=Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/eternity/ |access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>{{efn|1=When Craig says that God is timeless "prior to" the creation of time, the relevant notion of priority is not supposed to be temporal, as there is no time temporally prior to the first moment of time. Rather, Craig means to suggest that God is prior to time in some non-temporal sense that is difficult to specify, and which involves the idea that God was the cause of the universe. Several philosophers have argued that Craig's notion of non-temporal priority is not clear.<ref name="Swinburne 2002"/><ref name="Helm 2002"/><ref name="Deng 2018"/> Craig has attempted to clarify his view in response.<ref>“No Trouble: A Reply to Wielenberg.” Theologica 5/1 (2021). doi.org/10.14428/thl.v4i3.58143; “A Reply to Wielenberg on a Timeless First Cause.”</ref>}}
===Divine aseity===
Craig has published on the challenge posed by [[platonism]] to [[divine aseity]] or self-existence.{{sfn|Craig|2014}}{{sfn|Craig|2016}}{{sfn|Craig|2017}} Craig rejects both the view that God creates [[abstract objects]] and that they exist independently of God.{{sfn|Moreland|Craig|2003|pp=506–507}} Rather, he defends a [[nominalism|nominalistic]] perspective that abstract objects are not ontologically real objects.{{sfn|Craig|2012a}} Stating that the [[Quine–Putnam indispensability argument]] is the chief support of platonism,{{sfn|Liggins|2008}} Craig criticizes the neo-Quinean criterion of ontological commitment, according to which the existential quantifier of first order logic and singular terms are devices of ontological commitment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Platzer |first1=Johann |title=Does a Truly Ultimate God Need to Exist? |journal=SOPHIA |date=2019 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=359–380 |doi=10.1007/s11841-018-0686-1 |s2cid=171743284 |url=https://philpapers.org/archive/PLADAT-2.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Craig |first=William Lane |date=October 28, 2012 |title=Can We Refer to Things That Are Not Present? |url=https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/can-we-refer-to-things-that-are-not-present/ |website=Reasonable Faith |access-date=June 17, 2020}}</ref>
Craig favors a neutral interpretation of the quantifiers of [[first-order logic]], so that a statement can be true, even if there is not an object being quantified over. Moreover, he defends a deflationary theory of reference based on the intentionality of agents, so that a person can successfully refer to something even in the absence of some extra-mental thing. Craig gives the example of the statement "the price of the ticket is ten dollars" which he argues can still be a true statement even if there is not an actual object called a "price".{{sfn|Craig|2012b}} He defines these references as a [[speech act]] rather than a word-world relation, so that singular terms may be used in true sentences without commitment to corresponding objects in the world.{{sfn|Båve|2009}} Craig has additionally argued that even if one were to grant that these references were being used as in a word-world relation, that [[fictionalism]] is a viable explanation of their use; in particular pretense theory, according to which statements about abstract objects are expressions of make-believe, imagined to be true, even if literally false.{{sfn|Nichols|Stich|1999}}
===Atonement===
In preparation for writing a systematic philosophical theology, Craig undertook a study of the doctrine of the atonement which resulted in two books, ''The Atonement'' (2019) and ''Atonement and the Death of Christ'' (2020).<ref>The Atonement. Elements in the Philosophy of Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018; Atonement and the Death of Christ: An Exegetical, Historical, and Philosophical Exploration. Waco, Tex.: Baylor University Press, 2020.</ref>
===Historical Adam===
Also as a preliminary study for his systematic philosophical theology Craig explored the biblical commitment to and scientific credibility of an original human pair who were the universal progenitors of mankind.<ref>In Quest of the Historical Adam: A Biblical and Scientific Investigation. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2021.</ref> Following the Assyriologist Thorkild Jacobsen, Craig argues on the basis of various family resemblances that Genesis 1-11 plausibly belongs to the genre of mytho-history, which aims to recount historical persons and events in the figurative and often fantastic language of myth. Most recently Craig has begun writing a projected multi-volume systematic philosophical theology.<ref>For a preview see his “On Systematic Philosophical Theology.” Philosophia Christi 23/1 (2021): 11-25.</ref>
===Other views===
Craig is a critic of [[metaphysical naturalism]],{{sfn|Craig|Moreland|2000}} [[New Atheism]],{{sfn|Copan|Craig|2009}} and [[prosperity theology]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Craig |first=William Lane |date=March 28, 2010 |title=Lightning Strikes Again |url=https://www.reasonablefaith.org/lightning-strikes-again |access-date=September 28, 2018 |website=Reasonable Faith |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522103904/http://www.reasonablefaith.org/lightning-strikes-again |archive-date=May 22, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=April 2024}} as well as a defender of [[Reformed epistemology]].<ref>{{cite web |date=December 30, 2008 |title=Religious Epistemology MP3 Audio by William Lane Craig |url=http://apologetics315.blogspot.com/2008/12/religious-epistemology-mp3-audio-by.html |website=Apologetics 315 |access-date=December 8, 2016}}</ref> He also states that a confessing Christian should not engage in homosexual acts.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zaimov |first=Stoyan |date=April 9, 2013 |title=Christian Apologist Says Church 'Losing Battle' Against Hate Label for Homosexuality Stance |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/christian-apologist-says-church-losing-battle-against-hate-label-for-homosexuality-stance-93566/ |website=The Christian Post |access-date=September 28, 2018 |quote=What you shouldn't be is a confessing Christian and a practicing homosexual.}}</ref> Craig maintains that the theory of [[evolution]] is compatible with Christianity.{{sfn|Stewart|2007}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Craig |first=William Lane |date=February 20, 2012 |title=Evolutionary Theory and Theism |url=http://www.reasonablefaith.org/evolutionary-theory-and-theism |website=Reasonable Faith |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002070406/https://www.reasonablefaith.org/evolutionary-theory-and-theism |archive-date=October 2, 2017 |access-date=September 28, 2018}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=April 2024}} He is a fellow of the [[Discovery Institute]]'s [[Center for Science and Culture]]<ref>{{cite web |title=William Lane Craig |url=http://www.discovery.org/p/85 |publisher=Discovery Institute |access-date=December 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901042749/http://www.discovery.org/p/85 |archive-date=September 1, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and was a fellow of the [[International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Society Fellows |url=http://www.iscid.org/fellows.php |publisher=International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019104148/http://www.iscid.org/fellows.php |archive-date=October 19, 2011 |access-date=October 9, 2011}}</ref> In his debate with [[Paul Helm]], Craig explains that he would call himself an "[[Arminianism|Arminian]]" "in the proper sense."<ref name="Helm 2014"/> Elsewhere, he has described himself as a [[Wesleyan theology|Wesleyan]] or [[Wesleyan-Arminianism|Wesleyan-Arminian]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three Things You Need to Know About William Lane Craig |website=Reasonable Faith |url=https://www.reasonablefaith.org/media/reasonable-faith-podcast/three-things-you-need-to-know-about-william-lane-craig |access-date=2022-08-02 |language=en}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=April 2024}}
As a non-voluntaristic [[divine command theory|divine command theorist]], Craig believes God had the moral right to command the [[Battle of Jericho|killing of the Canaanites]] if they refused to leave their land, as depicted in the [[Book of Deuteronomy]].{{sfnm |1a1=Copan |1a2=Flannagan |1y=2014 |1pp=81–82 |2a1=Howson |2y=2011 |2p=11}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Craig |first=William Lane |date=August 8, 2011 |title=The 'Slaughter' of the Canaanites Re-visited |url=http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the-slaughter-of-the-canaanites-re-visited |website=Reasonable Faith |access-date=September 28, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=Why I refuse to debate with William Lane Craig |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/oct/20/richard-dawkins-william-lane-craig |website=The Guardian |access-date=29 April 2024 |date=20 October 2011}}</ref> This has led to some controversy, as seen in a critique by Wes Morriston.{{sfn|Morriston|2012}}{{sfn|Morriston|2009}} Craig has also proposed a [[Apollinarianism|neo-Apollinarian]] Christology in which the divine logos stands in for the human soul of Christ and completes his human nature.{{sfn|Moreland|Craig|2003|p=608}}
==Reception==
According to [[Nathan Schneider]], "[many] professional philosophers know about him only vaguely, but in the field of philosophy of religion, [Craig's] books and articles are among the most cited".<ref name="Schneider 2013"/> Fellow philosopher [[Quentin Smith]] writes that "William Lane Craig is one [of] the leading philosophers of religion and one of the leading philosophers of time."<ref name="iep-god-and-time">{{cite journal |last1=Ganssle |first1=Gregory E. |title=God and Time |journal=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/god-time/ |issn=2161-0002}}</ref>
In 2021, Academic Influence ranked Craig the nineteenth most influential philosopher in the world over the previous three decades (1990–2020) and the world's fourth most influential theologian over the same period.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search People Result: Philosophy |website=Academic Influence|url=https://academicinfluence.com/people?year-min=1990&discipline=philosophy#search-results |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Search People Result: Theology Academic Influence|url=https://academicinfluence.com/people?year-min=1990&discipline=theology#search-results|website=academicinfluence.com|language=en}}</ref>
In 2009, [[New Atheist]] [[Christopher Hitchens]] had an interview before his debate with Craig in that same year. During that interview, Hitchens said: "I can tell you that my brothers and sisters and co-thinkers in the unbelieving community take [Craig] very seriously. He's thought of as a very tough guy. Very rigorous, very scholarly, very formidable. [...] I say that without reserve. I don't say it because I'm here. Normally, I don't get people saying: 'Good luck tonight' and 'don't let us down', you know. But with him, I do."<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Christopher Hitchens On William Lane Craig (Mirror: Birdieupon) |date=December 26, 2011 |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VHiUj_3JTI |language=en |access-date=2023-05-27}}</ref>
In 2011, with respect and compliment to his debating skills, [[New Atheist]] [[Sam Harris]] once described Craig as "the one Christian apologist who seems to have put the fear of God into many of my fellow atheists".<ref name="Schneider 2013" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=William Lane Craig Puts the Fear of God in Atheists |date=April 12, 2011 |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpM0D-MHyzs |language=en |access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref>
Following a 2011 debate with Craig, [[Lawrence Krauss]] stated that Craig had a "simplistic view of the world" and that in the debate, Craig had said "disingenuous distortions, simplifications, and outright lies".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lawrence Krauss' Response and Perspective |work=Reasonable Faith |url=https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/lawrence-krauss-response-and-perspective |access-date=2024-01-15 |language=en}}</ref>
In 2014, he was named alumnus of the year by Wheaton College.<ref name="Wheaton College"/>
After his debate with Craig in 2014, [[Sean M. Carroll|Sean Carroll]] expressed frustration: "the following pattern repeated multiple times: Craig would make an argument, I would reply, and Craig would just repeat the original argument".<ref>{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=Post-Debate Reflections |first1=Sean|last1=Carroll |url=https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2014/02/24/post-debate-reflections/ |access-date=29 July 2025}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=July 2025}}
In 2016, Craig was named Alumnus of the Year by [[Trinity Evangelical Divinity School]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Trinity International University |author-link=Trinity International University |date=July 22, 2016 |title=William Lane Craig Named TEDS Alumnus of the Year |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/buffalo-grove/community/chi-ugc-article-william-lane-craig-named-teds-alumnus-of-the-2016-07-22-story.html |work=Chicago Tribune |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726205730/http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/buffalo-grove/community/chi-ugc-article-william-lane-craig-named-teds-alumnus-of-the-2016-07-22-story.html |archive-date=July 26, 2016 |access-date=September 30, 2018}}</ref>
== Selected publications==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book |ref=none |last=Craig |first=William Lane |year=1979 |title=The Kalām Cosmological Argument |place=London |publisher=MacMillan |isbn=978-1-57910-438-2 |title-link=The Kalām Cosmological Argument }}.
* {{Cite book |ref=none |last=Craig |first=William Lane |year=1980 |title=The Cosmological Argument from Plato to Leibniz |place=London |publisher=MacMillan |isbn=978-1-57910-787-1 }}.
* {{Cite book |ref=none |last=Craig |first=William Lane |year=1981 |title=The Son Rises: Historical evidence for the resurrection of Jesus |place=Chicago |publisher=Moody Press |isbn=978-1-57910-464-1 }}.
* ''Apologetics: An Introduction''. Chicago: Moody Press. 1984. {{ISBN|0-8024-0405-7}}
* ''Reasonable Faith''. Wheaton: [[Good News Publishers|Crossway]]. 1984 (1st ed), 1994 (2nd ed), 2008 (3rd ed). {{ISBN|0-89107-764-2}} / {{ISBN|978-0-89107-764-0}}
* ''The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus During the Deist Controversy''. [[Lewiston, New York]]: [[Edwin Mellen Press]]. 1985. {{ISBN|0-88946-811-7}}
* ''The Only Wise God: The Compatibility of Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom''. Grand Rapids: Baker Bookhouse. 1987. {{ISBN|1-57910-316-2|978-1-57910-316-3}}
* ''The Problem of Divine Foreknowledge and Future Contingents from Aristotle to Suarez''. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1988. {{ISBN|90-04-08516-5}} / {{ISBN|978-90-04-08516-9}}
* ''Knowing the Truth About the Resurrection''. Ann Arbor: Servant. 1988. {{ISBN|0-89283-384-X|978-0-89283-384-9}}
* {{Cite book |ref=none |last=Craig |first=William Lane |title=Assessing the New Testament Evidence for the Historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus |year=1989 |series=Studies in the Bible and early Christianity |volume=16 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |___location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |isbn=978-0-88946-616-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_nYAAAAMAAJ }}
* ''Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom: The Coherence of Theism I: Omniscience''. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1990. {{ISBN|90-04-09250-1|978-90-04-09250-1}}
* ''No Easy Answers: Finding Hope in Doubt, Failure, and Unanswered Prayer''. Chicago: Moody Press. 1990. {{ISBN|0-8024-2283-7|978-0-8024-2283-5}}
* {{cite book|ref=none |title=Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom: The Coherence of Theism: Omniscience |last=Craig |first=William Lane |year=1991|publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09250-1}}
* {{Cite book |ref=none |last=Craig |first=William Lane |year=1991 |title=Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom: The Coherence of Theism: Omniscience |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-09250-1 |author-mask=3}}.
* ''Theism, Atheism, and Big Bang Cosmology'' (with Quentin Smith). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1993. {{ISBN|978-0-19-826383-8}}
* ''The Tensed Theory of Time: A Critical Examination''. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. {{ISBN|0-7923-6634-4}} / {{ISBN|978-0-7923-6634-8}}
* ''Will the Real Jesus Please Stand Up? A Debate Between William Lane Craig and [[John Dominic Crossan]]''. Grand Rapids: Baker Bookhouse. 1998.
* ''God, Are You There?''. Atlanta: RZIM. 1999. {{ISBN|1-930107-00-5|978-1-930107-00-7}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPhL1w9-JbEC |first1=William Lane |last1=Craig |first2=Gerd|last2=Lüdemann |editor-first1=Paul |editor-last1=Copan |editor-first2=Ronald Keith |editor-last2=Tacelli |title=Jesus' Resurrection: Fact Or Figment? a Debate Between William Lane Craig & Gerd Lüdemann |publisher=[[InterVarsity Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8308-1569-2}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Craig |first=William Lane |title=The tensed theory of time: a critical examination |year=2000 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-0-7923-6634-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XAlUKtSUQ4C |author-mask=3}}
* {{Cite book |ref=none |last=Craig |first=William Lane |title=The Tenseless Theory of Time: A Critical Examination |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Kluwer |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7923-6635-5 |author-mask=3}}.
* ''God, Time and Eternity''. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-58134-241-3}} / {{ISBN|978-1-58134-241-3}}
* ''Time and The Metaphysics of Relativity''. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2001. {{ISBN|0-7923-6668-9}}
* ''Time and Eternity: Exploring God's Relationship to Time''. Wheaton: Crossway. 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-58134-241-3}} / {{ISBN|978-1-58134-241-3}}
* ''What Does God Know?'' Atlanta: RZIM. 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-930107-05-2}}
* ''Hard Questions, Real Answers''. Wheaton: [[Crossway Books]]. 2003. {{ISBN|978-1-58134-487-5}} / {{ISBN|978-1-58134-487-5}}
* ''Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview'' (with J.P. Moreland). Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 2003.
* {{Cite book |ref=none |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2r1nT1CRggC |first1=William Lane |last1=Craig |first2=Antony |last2=Flew |first3=Stan W. |last3=Wallace |title=Does God Exist?: The Craig-Flew Debate |publisher=Ashgate |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7546-3190-3}}.
* {{cite book|ref=none|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSqGcLUM280C |first1=William Lane |last1=Craig |first2=Walter |last2=Sinnott-Armstrong |title=God?: A Debate Between a Christian and an Atheist |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-516599-9 |author-mask=3}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|title=Creation out of Nothing: A Biblical, Philosophical, and Scientific Exploration |first1=William Lane |last1=Craig |first2=Paul |last2=Copan |___location=Grand Rapids |publisher=Baker Bookhouse |year=2004 |isbn=0-8010-2733-0 |author-mask=3}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Craig|first=William Lane|author-mask=3|editor1-last=Smith|editor1-first=Quentin |title=Einstein, relativity and absolute simultaneity|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|___location=London; New York |isbn=978-0415591669}}
* {{cite news|ref=none|last=Craig|first=William Lane|date=July 3, 2008|title=God is Not Dead Yet: How current philosophers argue for his existence. |newspaper=Christianity Today |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/july/13.22.html|access-date=30 April 2014 |author-mask=3}}
* ''On Guard: Defending Your Faith with Reason and Precision''. Colorado Springs: David C. Cook. 2010. {{ISBN|1-4347-6488-5}} / {{ISBN|978-1-4347-6488-1}}
* ''A Reasonable Response: Answers to Tough Questions on God, Christianity, and the Bible'' (with Joseph E. Gorra). Chicago: Moody Publishers. 2014. {{ISBN|0802405991}} / {{ISBN|978-0802405999}}
* ''Learning Logic''. 2014. {{ISBN|1502713764}} / {{ISBN|978-1502713766}}
* ''On Guard for Students: A Thinker's Guide to the Christian Faith''. Colorado Springs: David C. Cook. 2015. {{ISBN|0781412994}} / {{ISBN|978-0781412995}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Craig |first=William Lane |title=God Over All: Divine Aseity and the Challenge of Platonism|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|___location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-878688-7 |author-mask=3}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Craig |first=William Lane |title=God and Abstract Objects: The Coherence of Theism III: Aseity|date=2017|publisher=Springer|___location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-319-55383-2 |author-mask=3}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Craig |first=William Lane |title=Atonement and the Death of Christ: An Exegetical, Historical, and Philosophical Exploration|date=2020|publisher=Baylor University Press |___location=Waco, TX|isbn=978-1-4813-1204-2 |author-mask=3}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Craig |first=William Lane |title=In Quest of the Historical Adam: A Biblical and Scientific Exploration|date=2021|publisher=Eerdmans|___location=Grand Rapids, MI|isbn=978-0-8028-7911-0 |author-mask=3}}
{{refend}}
==See also==
* [[List of American philosophers]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist|35em}}
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Alvarez
|first=Daniel R.
|year=2013
|title=A Critique of Wolfhart Pannenberg's Scientific Theology
|journal=Theology and Science
|volume=11
|issue=3
|pages=224–250
|doi=10.1080/14746700.2013.809950
|s2cid=144855607
|issn=1474-6719
}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Båve
|first=Arvid
|year=2009
|title=A Deflationary Theory of Reference
|journal=Synthese
|volume=169
|issue=1
|pages=51–73
|doi=10.1007/s11229-008-9336-4
|s2cid=18267942
|issn=1573-0964
|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-31825
}}
* {{cite book
|year=2009
|editor1-last=Copan
|editor1-first=Paul
|editor1-link=Paul Copan
|editor2-last=Craig
|editor2-first=William Lane
|title=Contending with Christianity's Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors
|___location=Nashville, Tennessee
|publisher=B&H Academic
|isbn=978-0-8054-4936-5
}}
* {{cite book
|editor-last1=Copan
|editor-first1=Paul
|editor2-last=Craig
|editor2-first=William Lane
|year=2017a
|title=The Kalām Cosmological Argument: Philosophical Arguments for the Finitude of the Past.
|series=Bloomsbury Studies in Philosophy of Religion
|___location=London
|publisher=Bloomsbury Press
|isbn=978-1501352539
}}
* {{cite book
|editor-last1=Copan
|editor-first1=Paul
|editor2-last=Craig
|editor2-first=William Lane
|year=2017b
|title=The Kalām Cosmological Argument: Scientific Evidence for the Beginning of the Universe.
|series=Bloomsbury Studies in Philosophy of Religion
|___location=London
|publisher=Bloomsbury Press
|isbn=978-1501352584
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Copan
|first1=Paul
|last2=Flannagan
|first2=Matthew
|year=2014
|title=Did God Really Command Genocide?: Coming to Terms with the Justice of God
|publisher=Baker Books
|isbn=978-0801016226
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Cowan
|first1=Steven B.
|last2=Spiegel
|first2=James S.
|year=2009
|title=The Love of Wisdom: A Christian Introduction to Philosophy
|___location=Nashville, Tennessee
|publisher=B&H Academic
|isbn=978-0-8054-4770-5
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|year=1979
|title=Wallace Matson and the Crude Cosmological Argument
|journal=Australasian Journal of Philosophy
|volume=57
|issue=2
|pages=163–170
|doi=10.1080/00048407912341171
|issn=1471-6828
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=1985a
|title=The Historicity of the Empty Tomb of Jesus
|journal=New Testament Studies
|volume=31
|issue=1
|pages=39–67
|doi=10.1017/S0028688500012911
|s2cid=170350351
|issn=1469-8145
}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Craig
|first1=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|title=The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus During the Deist Controversy
|date=1985b
|publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]]
|___location=[[Lewiston, New York]]
|isbn=0889468117
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=1986
|chapter=The Problem of Miracles: A Historical and Philosophical Perspective
|editor1-last=Wenham
|editor1-first=David
|editor1-link=David Wenham (theologian)
|editor2-last=Blomberg
|editor2-first=Craig
|editor2-link=Craig Blomberg
|title=Gospel Perspectives
|volume=6
|___location=Sheffield, England
|publisher=JSOT Press
|pages=9–40
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=1987
|title=Divine Foreknowledge and Newcomb's Paradox
|journal=Philosophia
|volume=17
|issue=3
|pages=331–350
|doi=10.1007/bf02455055
|s2cid=143485859
|issn=1574-9274
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=1988
|title=Tachyons, Time Travel, and Divine Omniscience
|journal=The Journal of Philosophy
|volume=85
|issue=3
|pages=135–150
|doi=10.2307/2027068
|jstor=2027068
}}
* {{cite book |last=Craig |first=William Lane |author-mask={{long dash}} |year=1989 |title=Assessing the New Testament Evidence for the Historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus |series=Studies in the Bible and early Christianity |volume=16 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |place=[[Lewiston, New York]] |isbn=978-0-88946-616-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_nYAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=1990
|title=Purtill on Fatalism and Truth
|journal=Faith and Philosophy
|volume=7
|issue=2
|pages=229–234
|doi=10.5840/faithphil19907219
|issn=2153-3393
|url=https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy/vol7/iss2/7
|url-access=subscription
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=1991
|title='Lest Anyone Should Fall': A Middle Knowledge Perspective on Perseverance and Apostolic Warnings
|journal=International Journal for Philosophy of Religion
|volume=29
|issue=2
|pages=65–74
|doi=10.1007/bf00133805
|s2cid=159974214
|issn=1572-8684
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|s2cid=58926504
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=1992
|title=God and the Initial Cosmological Singularity: A Reply to Quentin Smith
|journal=Faith and Philosophy
|volume=9
|issue=2
|pages=238–248
|doi=10.5840/faithphil19929217
|issn=2153-3393
|doi-access=free
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=1996
|title=A Critique of Grudem's Formulation and Defense of the Doctrine of Eternity
|journal=Philosophia Christi
|series=1
|issue=19
|pages=33–38
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=1998a
|title=Divine Timelessness and Personhood
|journal=International Journal for Philosophy of Religion
|volume=43
|issue=2
|pages=109–124
|doi=10.1023/A:1003137728724
|s2cid=169307785
|issn=1572-8684
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=1998b
|title=Rediscovering the Historical Jesus: The Evidence for Jesus
|url=http://www.leaderu.com/offices/billcraig/docs/rediscover2.html
|journal=Faith and Mission
|volume=15
|issue=2
|pages=16–26
|access-date=September 28, 2018
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=2000a
|title=Omniscience, Tensed Facts, and Divine Eternity
|journal=Faith and Philosophy
|volume=17
|issue=2
|pages=225–241
|doi=10.5840/faithphil200017216
|issn=2153-3393
|url=https://place.asburyseminary.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1796&context=faithandphilosophy
|doi-access=free
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=2000b
|orig-year=1987
|title=The Only Wise God: The Compatibility of Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom
|___location=Eugene, Oregon
|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers
|isbn=978-1-57910-316-3
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=2000c
|title=Timelessness and Omnitemporality
|url=http://www.leaderu.com/offices/billcraig/docs/omnitemporality.html
|journal=Philosophia Christi
|series=2
|volume=2
|issue=1
|pages=29–33
|issn=1529-1634
|access-date=September 28, 2018
|doi=10.5840/pc2000215
|url-access=subscription
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=2001a
|title=God and the Beginning of Time
|journal=International Philosophical Quarterly
|volume=41
|issue=1
|pages=17–31
|doi=10.5840/ipq200141159
|issn=2153-8077
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=2001b
|title=Reply to Evan Fales: On the Empty Tomb of Jesus
|journal=Philosophia Christi
|series=2
|volume=3
|issue=1
|pages=67–76
|issn=1529-1634
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=2001c
|title=Time and Eternity: Exploring God's Relationship to Time
|___location=Wheaton, Illinois
|publisher=Crossway Books
|isbn=978-1-58134-241-3
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=2003
|title=Hard Questions, Real Answers
|___location=Wheaton, Illinois
|publisher=Crossway Books
|isbn=978-1-4335-1684-9
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=2008
|title=Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics
|edition=3rd
|___location=Wheaton, Illinois
|publisher=Crossway Books
|isbn=978-1-4335-0115-9
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=2009
|chapter=Divine Eternity
|editor1-last=Flint
|editor1-first=Thomas P.
|editor2-last=Rea
|editor2-first=Michael C.
|editor2-link=Michael C. Rea
|title=The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Theology
|___location=New York
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|pages=145–166
|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199596539.013.0008
|isbn=978-0-19-959653-9
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=2012a
|chapter=God and Abstract Objects
|editor1-last=Stump
|editor1-first=J. B.
|editor2-last=Padgett
|editor2-first=Alan G.
|title=The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity
|___location=Malden, Massachusetts
|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell
|pages=441–452
|doi=10.1002/9781118241455.ch38
|isbn=978-1-4443-3571-2
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=2012b
|chapter=Nominalism and Divine Aseity
|editor-last=Kvanvig
|editor-first=Jonathan
|editor-link=Jonathan Kvanvig
|title=Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion
|volume=4
|___location=Oxford
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|pages=44–65
|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656417.003.0003
|isbn=978-0-19-965641-7
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|author-mask={{long dash}}
|year=2014
|chapter=Anti-Platonism
|editor-last=Gould
|editor-first=Paul M.
|title=Beyond the Control of God? Six Views on the Problem of God and Abstract
|___location=New York
|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic
|pages=113–126
|isbn=978-1-62356-365-3
}}
* {{cite book|last=Craig|first=William Lane|year=2016|title=God Over All: Divine Aseity and the Challenge of Platonism|publisher=Oxford University Press|___location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-878688-7|author-mask={{long dash}}}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Craig
|first1=William Lane
|last2=Carroll
|first2=Sean
|author2-link=Sean M. Carroll
|year=2016
|title=God and Cosmology: William Lane Craig and Sean Carroll in Dialogue
|___location=Minneapolis, Minnesota
|publisher=Fortress Press
|isbn=978-1-5064-0676-3
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Craig
|first=William Lane
|year=2017
|title=God and Abstract Objects: The Coherence of Theism III: Aseity.
|___location=Berlin
|publisher=Springer Verlag
|isbn=978-3-319-55383-2
}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Craig
|first1=William Lane
|year=2020
|title=Atonement and the Death of Christ: An Exegetical, Historical, and Philosophical Exploration.
|___location=Waco, Texas
|publisher=Baylor University Press
|isbn=978-1-4813-1204-2
}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Craig
|first1=William Lane
|year=2021
|title=In Quest of the Historical Adam: A Biblical and Scientific Investigation.
|___location=Grand Rapids, Michigan
|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans
|isbn=978-0802879110
}}
* {{cite book
|year=2000
|editor1-last=Craig
|editor1-first=William Lane
|editor2-last=Moreland
|editor2-first=J. P.
|editor2-link=J. P. Moreland
|title=Naturalism: A Critical Analysis
|series=Routledge Studies in Twentieth Century Philosophy
|volume=6
|___location=London
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-415-23524-2
}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Craig
|first1=William Lane
|last2=Sinclair
|first2=James D.
|year=2009
|chapter=The ''Kalam'' Cosmological Argument
|editor1-last=Craig
|editor1-first=William Lane
|editor2-last=Moreland
|editor2-first=J. P.
|editor2-link=J. P. Moreland
|title=The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology
|___location=Chichester, England
|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell
|pages=101–201
|doi=10.1002/9781444308334.ch3
|isbn=978-1-4051-7657-6
|s2cid=170323577
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Creel
|first=Richard E.
|year=2014
|title=Philosophy of Religion: The Basics
|___location=Chichester, England
|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell
|isbn=978-1-118-61945-2
}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Habermas
|first=Gary
|author-link=Gary Habermas
|year=1988
|title=Review of ''The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus During the Deist Controversy'' by William Lane Craig
|journal=Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
|volume=31
|issue=2
|pages=240–242
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* {{cite book
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* {{cite book
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*{{cite journal
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite journal|last=Morriston |first=Wes|date=2000|title=Must the Beginning of the Universe Have a Personal Cause? A Critical Examination of the Kalam Cosmological Argument|journal=Faith and Philosophy|volume=17|issue=149|doi=10.5840/faithphil200017215 }}
*{{cite journal
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|title=Did God Command Genocide? A Challenge to the Biblical Inerrantist
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|journal=Philosophia Christi
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*{{cite journal
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* {{cite book
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*{{cite book
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|title=The Kalam Cosmological Argument. Volume 1: Philosophical Arguments for the Finitude of the Past
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*{{cite journal
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|journal=Cognition
|volume=74
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|url=https://ruccs.rutgers.edu/ArchiveFolder/Research%20Group/Publications/ACTOP/actop.html
|___location=New Brunswick, New Jersey
|publisher=Rutgers University
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605112313/https://ruccs.rutgers.edu/ArchiveFolder/Research%20Group/Publications/ACTOP/actop.html
|archive-date=June 5, 2008
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite journal
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|title=Reply to Craig: Inverse Operations with Transfinite Numbers and the Kalam Cosmological Argument
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|journal=International Philosophical Quarterly
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*{{cite book |last=Oppy |first=Graham |year=2006 |title=Arguing About Gods |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521863865}}
*{{cite journal|last=Perszyk |first=Ken |date=2013|title=Recent Work on Molinism|journal=Philosophy Compass|volume=8|issue=8|pages=755–770|doi=10.1111/phc3.12057}}
*{{cite book
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite encyclopedia
|last=Reichenbach
|first=Bruce
|date=Spring 2013
|title=Cosmological Argument
|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/cosmological-argument/
|editor-last=Zalta
|editor-first=Edward N.
|encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]
|___location=Stanford, California
|publisher=Stanford University
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|access-date=September 28, 2018
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*{{cite encyclopedia
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|first=Bruce
|date=Winter 2017
|title=Cosmological Argument
|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/cosmological-argument/
|editor-last=Zalta
|editor-first=Edward N.
|encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]
|___location=Stanford, California
|publisher=Stanford University
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|access-date=September 28, 2018
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*{{cite encyclopedia
|last1=Robinson
|first1=Jeff
|last2=Baggett
|first2=David
|year=2016
|title=Craig, William Lane (1949–)
|editor-last=Shook
|editor-first=John R.
|encyclopedia=The Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Philosophers in America: From 1600 to the Present
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*{{cite book
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|chapter=Kalam Cosmological Arguments for Atheism
|editor-last=Martin
|editor-first=Michael
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|title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism
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|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|pages=182–198
|doi=10.1017/CCOL0521842700.012
|isbn=978-1-139-00118-2
|chapter-url=https://philpapers.org/rec/SMIKCA
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*{{cite book
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|first=Robert B.
|year=2007
|title=Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski and Michael Ruse in Dialogue
|edition=rev.
|___location=Minneapolis, Minnesota
|publisher=Fortress Press
|isbn=978-0-8006-6218-9
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*{{cite journal
|last=Viney
|first=Donald Wayne
|year=1989
|title=Does Omniscience Imply Foreknowledge? Craig on Hartshorneby
|url=http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=2771
|journal=Process Studies
|volume=18
|issue=1
|pages=30–37
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119204633/http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=2771
|archive-date=November 19, 2015
|access-date=October 5, 2011
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}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wainwright |first1=William J. |title=Reviewed Work: The Kalām Cosmological Argument. by William Lane Craig |journal=Noûs |date=May 1982 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=328–334|doi=10.2307/2215379 |jstor=2215379 }}
*{{cite encyclopedia
|year=2007
|title=William Lane Craig
|encyclopedia=Contemporary Authors Online
|___location=Detroit, Michigan
|publisher=Gale
|ref={{sfnref|"William Lane Craig"|2007}}
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Williams
|first=Peter S.
|year=2013
|title=A Faithful Guide to Philosophy: A Christian Introduction to the Love of Wisdom
|___location=Milton Keynes, England
|publisher=Paternoster
|isbn=978-1-84227-811-6
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
|last=Zagzebski
|first=Linda
|author-link=Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski
|date=Fall 2011
|orig-year=2004
|title=Foreknowledge and Free Will
|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/free-will-foreknowledge/
|editor-last=Zalta
|editor-first=Edward N.
|editor-link=Edward N. Zalta
|encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]
|___location=Stanford, California
|publisher=Stanford University
|issn=1095-5054
|access-date=September 28, 2018
}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
* [https://www.reasonablefaith.org Official Reasonable Faith website]
*{{cite encyclopedia
|last=Meister
|first=Chad
|title=Philosophy of Religion
|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/religion/
|encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
|issn=2161-0002
|access-date=August 11, 2015
}}
{{Talbot School of Theology}}
{{Philosophy of religion}}
{{subject bar |portal=Biography |portal2=Christianity |portal3=Philosophy |portal4=United States |commons=yes |commons-search=Category:William Lane Craig |q=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q1233528}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Craig, William Lane}}
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