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{{Short description|Russian chess grandmaster (born 1963)}}
{{Redirect|Kasparov}}
{{Family name hatnote|Kimovich|Kasparov|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox chess biography
| name = Garry Kasparov<br/>{{nobold|Гарри Каспаров}}
| image = Garri Kasparow (18776605665) (cropped) 2.jpg
| caption = Kasparov in 2015
| full_name = Garry Kimovich Kasparov
| country = {{ubl|Soviet Union (until 1991)|Russia (since 1991)}}<!-- This is the federation played for, not the country of citizenship; see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_chess_biography#Does_"country"_refer_to_federation,_citizenship_or_residence? -->
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|04|13|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Baldwin |first=Alan |date=12 April 2020 |title=On this day: Born April 13, 1963; Russian chess champion Garry Kasparov |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sport-anniversary-kasparov/on-this-day-born-april-13-1963-russian-chess-champion-garry-kasparov-idUSKCN21U060 |work=Reuters |access-date=28 June 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628043800/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sport-anniversary-kasparov/on-this-day-born-april-13-1963-russian-chess-champion-garry-kasparov-idUSKCN21U060 |archive-date=28 June 2020}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Baku]], Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (1980)
| worldchampion = {{ubl|1985–1993 (undisputed)|1993–2000 (classical)}}
| yearsactive = {{ubl|1976–2005|2016–present (speed chess only)}}
| peakrating = 2851 (July 1999)
| peakranking = [[List of FIDE chess world number ones|No. 1]] (January 1984)
| FideID = 4100018
| module = {{Listen|embed=yes|filename=Garri Kasparov voice.oga|title=Kasparov's voice (in Russian)|type=speech|description=from Kasparov's interview for [[Echo of Moscow]], 13 September 2011}}
}}
'''Garry Kimovich Kasparov'''{{Efn|{{langx|ru|Гарри Кимович Каспаров}}, {{IPA|ru|ˈɡarʲɪ ˈkʲiməvʲɪtɕ kɐˈsparəf|pron}}}} (born '''Garik Kimovich Weinstein'''{{efn|{{langx|ru|Гарик Кимович Вайнштейн|translit=Garik Kimovich Vainshteyn}}}} on 13 April 1963) is a Russian [[Grandmaster (chess)|chess grandmaster]], former [[World Chess Champion]] (1985–2000), political activist and [[writer]]. His peak [[FIDE]] chess [[Elo rating system|rating]] of 2851,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chess.com/article/view/who-is-the-strongest-chess-player |title=Who is the Strongest Chess Player? |access-date=2 March 2009 |date=27 October 2008 |work=Bill Wall |publisher=Chess.com |archive-date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331020751/https://www.chess.com/article/view/who-is-the-strongest-chess-player |url-status=live }}</ref> achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by [[Magnus Carlsen]] in 2013. From 1984 until his retirement from regular competitive chess in 2005, Kasparov was ranked the world's No. 1 player for a record 255 months overall. Kasparov also [[#Assessment and legacy|holds records]] for the most consecutive professional tournament victories (15) and [[Chess Oscar]]s (11).
Kasparov became the youngest undisputed world champion in [[World Chess Championship 1985|1985]] at age 22 by defeating then-champion [[Anatoly Karpov]], a record he held until 2024, when [[Gukesh Dommaraju]] won the title at age 18.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McGourty (Colin_McGourty) |first=Colin |date=12 December 2024 |title=18-Year-Old Gukesh Becomes Youngest-Ever Undisputed Chess World Champion |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/fide-world-chess-championship-2024-game-14 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[[Ruslan Ponomariov]] won the disputed [[FIDE]] title, at the age of 18, when the world title was split</ref> He defended the title against Karpov three times, in [[World Chess Championship 1986|1986]], [[World Chess Championship 1987|1987]] and [[World Chess Championship 1990|1990]]. Kasparov held the official FIDE world title until 1993, when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organisation, the [[Professional Chess Association]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Garry-Kasparov|title=Garry Kasparov {{!}} Biography & Facts|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203040544/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Garry-Kasparov|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1997, he became the first world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard [[time control]]s when he was defeated by the [[IBM]] supercomputer [[Deep Blue (chess computer)|Deep Blue]] in a [[Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov|highly publicised match]]. He continued to hold the "Classical" world title until his defeat by [[Vladimir Kramnik]] in 2000. Despite losing the PCA title, he continued winning tournaments and was the world's highest-rated player at the time of his official retirement. Kasparov coached Carlsen in 2009–2010, during which time Carlsen rose to world No. 1. Kasparov stood unsuccessfully for FIDE president in 2013–2014.
Since retiring from chess, Kasparov has devoted his time to writing and politics. His book series ''My Great Predecessors'', first published in 2003, details the history and games of the world champion chess players who preceded him. He formed the [[United Civil Front]] movement and was a member of [[The Other Russia (coalition)|The Other Russia]], a coalition opposing the administration and [[Putinism|policies]] of [[Vladimir Putin]]. In 2008, he announced an intention to run as a candidate in [[2008 Russian presidential election|that year's Russian presidential race]], but after encountering logistical problems in his campaign, for which he blamed "official obstruction", he withdrew.<ref name="heir">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1364229620071213|title=Putin "heir" on course to win Russia election: poll|work=Reuters|date=13 December 2007|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625205623/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1364229620071213|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gessen |first=Masha |date=2012 |title=The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin |___location=New York |publisher=Riverhead Books |pages=196–197 |isbn=978-1-59448-842-9 |title-link=The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin }} Gessen describes some of the obstacles Kasparov encountered during the attempt to build his campaign: his chartered plane was refused airport access; hotels were advised not to house him; event attendees and organisers were threatened; secret police were a constant presence; a "total television blackout" was enforced. These measures, Gessen concludes, kept the Kasparov movement from growing.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Demirjian |first=Karoun |date=13 September 2014 |title=Moscow city elections leave little room for Russian opposition |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/moscow-city-elections-leave-little-room-for-russian-opposition/2014/09/12/918f562c-070c-4ef8-8592-bc1f8d674e46_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-date=4 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004062920/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/moscow-city-elections-leave-little-room-for-russian-opposition/2014/09/12/918f562c-070c-4ef8-8592-bc1f8d674e46_story.html |url-status=live }}"Independent opposition candidates faced many obstacles. In February, Putin signed a law requiring all independent candidates to collect signatures from 3 percent of their constituents. The city didn't finalize the boundaries of the districts – which expanded from 35 to 45 – until April. Then in May, two of the original 'For Moscow' members were slapped with fraud charges, effectively ending their campaigns.[paragraph break] The remaining would-be candidates had a few weeks in the summer to collect approximately 5,000 signatures. It proved an elusive goal for most coalition members."</ref> Following the [[2011–2013 Russian protests|Russian mass protests]] that began in 2011, he announced in June 2013 that he had left Russia for the immediate future out of fear of persecution.<ref name="ftfear">{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/0fc438d4-ce8f-11e2-ae25-00144feab7de |title=Garry Kasparov not returning to Russia out of fear of prosecution |newspaper=Financial Times |date=6 June 2013 |access-date=26 December 2020 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525000000/https://www.ft.com/content/0fc438d4-ce8f-11e2-ae25-00144feab7de |url-status=live }}</ref> Following his flight from Russia, he lived in New York City with his family.<ref name="Incorrigible"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Boot |first=Max |date=25 April 2018 |title=The political center is fighting back |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/the-political-center-is-fighting-back/2018/04/25/6170f646-489b-11e8-827e-190efaf1f1ee_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=23 April 2019 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508152332/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/the-political-center-is-fighting-back/2018/04/25/6170f646-489b-11e8-827e-190efaf1f1ee_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, he obtained [[Croatian nationality law|Croatian citizenship]] and has maintained a residence in [[Podstrana]] near [[Split, Croatia|Split]].<ref name="vecernjidrz">{{cite web |url=https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/gari-kasparov-dobio-hrvatsko-drzavljanstvo-923829 |title=Gari Kasparov dobio hrvatsko državljanstvo |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |date=27 February 2014 |access-date=26 December 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414025912/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/gari-kasparov-dobio-hrvatsko-drzavljanstvo-923829 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.nacional.hr/gari-kasparov-vladimir-putin-ima-previse-problema-da-bi-nastavio-svoje-agresivne-politike-na-podrucju-balkana/ GARI KASPAROV: 'Vladimir Putin ima previše problema da bi nastavio svoje agresivne politike na području Balkana'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122144712/https://www.nacional.hr/gari-kasparov-vladimir-putin-ima-previse-problema-da-bi-nastavio-svoje-agresivne-politike-na-podrucju-balkana/ |date=22 November 2021 }}''[[Nacional (weekly)|Nacional]]'', 22 December 2020, # 1183, p. 51.</ref><ref name="slobdalm">{{cite web |url=https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/mozaik/zivot/je-li-se-legendar-sahist-gari-kasparov-trajno-preselio-u-podstranu-pokraj-splita-u-dalmaciju-se-sklonio-nakon-sto-je-pocela-pandemija-koronavirusa-1071006 |title=Je li se legendarni šahist Gari Kasparov trajno preselio u Podstranu pokraj Splita? U Dalmaciju se 'sklonio' nakon pandemije koronavirusa |publisher=[[Slobodna Dalmacija]] |date=15 January 2021 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207225548/https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/mozaik/zivot/je-li-se-legendar-sahist-gari-kasparov-trajno-preselio-u-podstranu-pokraj-splita-u-dalmaciju-se-sklonio-nakon-sto-je-pocela-pandemija-koronavirusa-1071006 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Kasparov was chairman of the [[Human Rights Foundation]] from 2011 to 2024. In 2017, he founded the [[Renew Democracy Initiative]] (RDI), an American political organisation promoting and defending [[liberal democracy]] in the U.S. and abroad. He serves as chairman of the group.
== Early life ==
[[File:Kasparov-2.jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|Kasparov at age 11, Vilnius, 1974]]
Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein ({{langx|ru|Гарик Кимович Вайнштейн|translit=Garik Kimovich Vainshtein}}) in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan SSR]] (now [[Azerbaijan]]), [[Soviet Union]]. His father, Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein, was [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Jewish]] and his mother, Klara Shagenovna Kasparova, was [[Armenians|Armenian]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newsweek.com/chess-champion-garry-kasparov-russias-great-red-hope-64973|title=Chess Champion Garry Kasparov is Russia's Great Red Hope|date=7 May 2012|author=Masha Gessen|magazine=Newsweek|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703023238/https://www.newsweek.com/chess-champion-garry-kasparov-russias-great-red-hope-64973|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|first=Garry|last=Kasparov|title=Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, Part 1: 1973–1985|year=2011|publisher=Everyman Chess}}: "I am absolutely sure that the Garry Kasparov, who became leader of the chess world, professed the same values as Garik Weinstein, who once, following the example of his father, became fascinated by chess..."</ref><ref name="biography">[http://www.kasparov.ru/note.php?id=44993207033D9 Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810032953/http://www.kasparov.ru/note.php?id=44993207033D9 |date=10 August 2011 }} on Kasparov.ru site {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>''White King and Red Queen'' by Daniel Johnson, {{ISBN|1-84354-609-4}}</ref> Both of his mother's parents were Armenians from [[Karabakh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kasparov.com/a-short-tribute-to-my-mother/ |title=A Short Tribute to My Mother |last=Kasparov |first=Garry |date=26 December 2020 |website=Kasparov |access-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226223547/https://www.kasparov.com/a-short-tribute-to-my-mother/ |archive-date=26 December 2020}}</ref> According to Kasparov himself, he was named after United States President [[Harry S. Truman|Harry Truman]],{{Efn|'Harry' and 'Garry' are [[homophones]] in Russian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friel |first=Mikhaila |title=Prince Harry is known as Prince Gary in Russia, and it's for a hilariously simple reason |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/why-prince-harry-is-known-as-prince-gary-in-russia-2019-5 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250104001044/https://www.businessinsider.com/why-prince-harry-is-known-as-prince-gary-in-russia-2019-5 |archive-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite twitter|number=1497337272672399367|user=kasparov63|title=As my namesake Harry Truman said…|date=25 February 2022|publisher=[[ChessBase]]}}</ref> "whom my father admired for taking a strong stand against communism. It was a rare name in Russia, until [[Harry Potter]] came along."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/garry-kasparov-talks-about-his-life |title=Garry Kasparov talks about his life |last=Pelley |first=Rich |date=15 February 2022 |website=ChessBase |access-date=24 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424003545/https://en.chessbase.com/post/garry-kasparov-talks-about-his-life |archive-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> Kasparov has described himself as a "self-appointed Christian", although "very indifferent"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/transcript-kasparov-to-start-campaign-promoting-values-of-democracy |title=Transcript: Kasparov to Start Campaign Promoting 'Values of Democracy' |publisher=Fox News |access-date=20 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521160837/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,301057,00.html |archive-date=21 May 2013 }}</ref> and identifying as [[Russians|Russian]]: "[A]lthough I'm half-Armenian, half-Jewish, I consider myself Russian because Russian is my native tongue, and I grew up with Russian culture."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/garry-kasparov/|title=Garry Kasparov on Conversations with Bill Kristol|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=24 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324164902/http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/garry-kasparov/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/transcript/garry-kasparov-transcript/|title=Garry Kasparov Transcript – Conversations with Bill Kristol|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426083528/http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/transcript/garry-kasparov-transcript/|url-status=live}}</ref>
When he was seven years old, his father died of [[leukaemia]].<ref name="Azerbaijan">[http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/33_folder/33_articles/33_kasparov.html Kasparov: The World's Chess Champion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224033627/http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/33_folder/33_articles/33_kasparov.html |date=24 December 2007 }}, by Anne Kressler, From ''Azerbaijan International'' (3.3) Autumn 1995. (Retrieved 31 March 2008)</ref> At the age of twelve, Kasparov, upon the request of his mother Klara and with the consent of the family, adopted Klara's surname Kasparov.<ref>{{cite book |author1=[[David Vincent Hooper|Hooper, David]] |title=Oxford Companion To Chess |title-link=Oxford Companion To Chess |author2=[[Kenneth Whyld|Whyld, Kenneth]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=0-19-280049-3 |oclc=34618196}}</ref>
Kasparov and his family had to flee [[Baku pogrom|anti-Armenian pogroms in Baku]] in January 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Kasparov63/status/1317876091181256704|title=I think I got a good education on the subject when my family and I had to flee Baku at night to escape the January 1990 pogroms against Armenians that were coordinated by local leaders with Soviet acquiescence. The Sumgait pogrom was just two years old at the time.|website=Twitter.com|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=31 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731005040/https://twitter.com/Kasparov63/status/1317876091181256704|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chess champ flees Baku - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/01/19/Chess-champ-flees-Baku/1636632725200/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref>
=== Introduction to chess ===
Kasparov began the serious study of [[chess]] after he came across a problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution.<ref>''Unlimited Challenge'', an autobiography by Garry Kasparov with Donald Trelford, {{ISBN|0-00-637358-5}}</ref>
From age seven, Kasparov attended the [[Pioneers Palace|Young Pioneer Palace]] in [[Baku]] and, at ten, began training at [[Mikhail Botvinnik]]'s chess school under coach [[Vladimir Makogonov]]. When Kasparov was 11, Botvinnik wrote, "''The future of chess lies in the hands of this young man.''"<ref>"The Centenary Match Kasparov–Karpov III", [[Raymond Keene]] and [[David Goodman (chess player)|David Goodman]], [[Batsford Books]], 1986, p.20</ref>
Makogonov helped develop Kasparov's positional skills and taught him to play the [[Caro–Kann Defence]] and the [[Savielly Tartakower|Tartakower]] System of the [[Queen's Gambit Declined]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chesscafe.com/text/review506.pdf |title=The Young King |access-date=11 August 2007 |last=Ham |first=Stephen |year=2005 |publisher=Chesscafe |archive-date=13 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413173228/http://www.chesscafe.com/text/review506.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Kasparov won the Soviet Junior Championship in [[Tbilisi]] in 1976, scoring 7/9 points, at age 13. He repeated the feat the following year, winning with a score of 8.5/9. He was being coached by [[Alexander Shakarov]] during this time.<ref>{{cite book |title=Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, Part 1: 1973–1985 |author1=Garry Kasparov |edition= |publisher=Everyman Chess |year=2011 |isbn=9781857448641 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJ7bDwAAQBAJ |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192251/https://books.google.com/books?id=wJ7bDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=wJ7bDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 Extract of page 11] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190304/https://books.google.com/books?id=wJ7bDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |date=9 July 2021 }}</ref>
In early 1978, Kasparov participated in the [[Alexey Sokolsky|Sokolsky]] Memorial tournament in [[Minsk]]. He had received a special invitation to enter the tournament<ref>[https://blog.chesshouse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Kasparov-on-Kasparov-Vol-1-extract.pdf Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, Part 1: 1973-1985], Garry Kasparov, 2011, p.93</ref> but took first place and became a [[chess master]]. Kasparov said that after the victory, he thought he had a "very good shot" at the world championship.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chessclub.com/help/interview |date=c. 1998|title=ICC Help: interview |access-date=11 August 2007 |publisher=Internet Chess Club |archive-date=27 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235149/http://www.chessclub.com/help/interview |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Chess career ==
=== Rising up the ranks ===
Kasparov first qualified for the [[USSR Chess Championship]] at age 15 in 1978, the youngest-ever player at that level, by winning a 64-player Swiss system tournament at [[Daugavpils]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chessgames.com/player/garry_kasparov.html |title=The chess games of Garry Kasparov |website=Chessgames.com |date= |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221115102/https://www.chessgames.com/player/garry_kasparov.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He scored 8.5/17 in [[1978 USSR Chess Championship|that Soviet championship]].
Kasparov's first international tournament was in [[Banja Luka]], [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], in 1979 while he was still [[Elo rating system|unrated]]. Kasparov won this high-class tournament, emerging with a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him to the top group of chess players (at the time, number 15 in the world).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olimpbase.org/Elo/Elo198001e.html|title=FIDE Rating List: January 1980|publisher=OlimpBase|access-date=2 April 2011|archive-date=14 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514162447/http://www.olimpbase.org/Elo/Elo198001e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The next year, 1980, he won the [[World Junior Chess Championship]] in [[Dortmund]], West Germany. Later that year, he made his debut as the second reserve for the Soviet Union at the [[Chess Olympiad]] at [[Valletta]], [[Malta]], and became a Grandmaster.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Garry-Kasparov |title=Garry Kasparov |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=3 August 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203040544/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Garry-Kasparov |url-status=live }}</ref>
As a teenager, Kasparov shared the [[USSR Chess Championship]] in 1981 with [[Lev Psakhis]] (12.5/17), although Psakhis won their game.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=41488 'USSR Championship 1981"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927170834/https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=41488 |date=27 September 2022 }}. Chessgames, undated, retrieved 25 February 2023</ref> His first win in a superclass-level international tournament was scored at [[Bugojno]], Yugoslavia, in 1982. He earned a place in the 1982 Moscow [[Interzonal]] tournament, which he won, to qualify for the [[Candidates Tournament]].<ref name="chessmetrics">{{Cite web|url=http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?Params=199510SSSSS3S062926000000111000000000000010100|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308054908/http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?Params=199510SSSSS3S062926000000111000000000000010100|url-status=dead|title=Chessmetrics Player Profile: Garry Kasparov|archive-date=8 March 2012|website=Chessmetrics.com|access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref> At age 19, he was the youngest Candidate since [[Bobby Fischer]], who was 15 when he qualified in 1958. At this stage, he was already the No. 2-rated player in the world, trailing only world champion Karpov on the January 1983 list.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chessentials.com/kasparov-karpov-1984/ |title=Kasparov – Karpov World Championship Match 1984 |date=6 June 2018 |website=Chessentials |access-date=18 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618234847/https://chessentials.com/kasparov-karpov-1984/ |archive-date=18 June 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Garry Kasparov 1980 Dortmund.jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|right|Kasparov at World Junior Championship victory ceremony, Dortmund, 1980]]
Kasparov's first (quarter-final) Candidates match was against [[Alexander Beliavsky]], whom he defeated 6–3 (four wins, one loss).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/8284$cix.htm |title=World Chess Championship 1982–84 Candidates Matches |access-date=11 August 2007 |publisher=Mark Weeks' Chess Pages |archive-date=15 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915055615/http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/8284$cix.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Politics threatened Kasparov's semi-final against [[Victor Korchnoi]], which was scheduled to be played in [[Pasadena, California]]. The Soviet authorities would not allow Kasparov to travel to the United States, meaning that Korchnoi could have had a walkover.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barden |first=Leonard |date=6 June 2016 |title=Viktor Korchnoi obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/06/viktor-korchnoi-obituary |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=24 June 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925075912/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/06/viktor-korchnoi-obituary |archive-date=25 September 2021}}</ref> This decision was met with disapproval by the chess world, and Korchnoi agreed to the match to being played in London instead, along with the previously scheduled match between [[Vasily Smyslov]] and [[Zoltán Ribli]]. The Kasparov-Korchnoi match was put together on short notice by [[Raymond Keene]]. Kasparov lost the first game but won the match 7–4 (four wins, one loss).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Byrne|first=Robert|date=17 December 1983|title=KASPAROV BEATS KORCHNOI TO WIN CHESS SEMIFINAL|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/17/nyregion/kasparov-beats-korchnoi-to-win-chess-semifinal.html|access-date=24 June 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625035139/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/17/nyregion/kasparov-beats-korchnoi-to-win-chess-semifinal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In January 1984, Kasparov became the [[List of FIDE chess world number ones|No. 1 ranked player]] in the world, with a FIDE rating of 2710. He became the youngest-ever world No. 1, a record that lasted 12 years until being broken by Kramnik in January 1996.<ref>{{Cite news|title=No1|newspaper=The New York Times|date=14 January 1990|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/14/magazine/kasparov-beats-deep-thought.html|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625035223/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/14/magazine/kasparov-beats-deep-thought.html|url-status=live}}</ref> That same year, he won the Candidates' final 8½–4½ (four wins, no losses) against former world champion Smyslov at [[Vilnius]], thus qualifying to play Karpov for the world championship.<ref>{{cite news |last=Byrne |first=Robert |date=9 April 1984 |title=KASPAROV DEFEATS SMYSLOV IN CHESS |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/09/nyregion/kasparov-defeats-smyslov-in-chess.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=24 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524152724/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/09/nyregion/kasparov-defeats-smyslov-in-chess.html |archive-date=24 May 2015}}</ref>
=== 1984 world championship ===
{{Main|World Chess Championship 1984}}
The [[World Chess Championship 1984]] match between Kasparov and Karpov had many ups and downs and a controversial finish. Karpov started in very good form, and after nine games Kasparov was down 4–0 in a "first to six wins" match.<ref name="Karpov1984">[http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/84kk$$.htm 1984 Karpov – Kasparov Title Match Highlights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222230700/http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/84kk$$.htm |date=22 December 2007 }} Mark Weeks' Chess Pages</ref>
In an unexpected turn of events, there followed a series of 17 successive draws, some relatively short, others drawn in unsettled positions. Kasparov lost game 27 (5–0), then fought back with another series of draws until game 32, earning his first-ever win against the world champion and bringing the score to 5–1. Another 14 successive draws followed, through game 46; the previous record length for a world title match had been 34 games ([[José Raúl Capablanca]] vs. [[Alexander Alekhine]] in 1927).<ref>{{cite book |title=Pandolfini's Ultimate Guide to Chess |author1=Bruce Pandolfini |edition=illustrated |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2008 |isbn=9780743260985 |page=360 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xn37a89cjoIC |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192410/https://books.google.com/books?id=xn37a89cjoIC |url-status=live }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=xn37a89cjoIC&pg=PA360 Extract of page 360] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709193212/https://books.google.com/books?id=xn37a89cjoIC&pg=PA360 |date=9 July 2021 }}</ref>
Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the score to 5–3 in Karpov's favour. Then the match was ended without result by [[Fédération Internationale des Échecs|FIDE]] President [[Florencio Campomanes]], and a new match was announced to start a few months later. The termination was controversial, as both players stated that they preferred the match to continue.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mydans |first=Seth |date=16 February 1985 |title=END OF THE GAME: AN UNEXPECTED FINISH TO 5 MONTHS OF CHESS |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/16/world/end-of-the-game-an-unexpected-finish-to-5-months-of-chess.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=24 June 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128172102/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/16/world/end-of-the-game-an-unexpected-finish-to-5-months-of-chess.html |archive-date=28 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Eaton |first=William J. |date=16 February 1985 |title=World Chess Championship Is Canceled : Both Contestants in Marathon Five-Month Match Protest Move |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-02-16-mn-2877-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001058/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-02-16-mn-2877-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Announcing his decision, Campomanes cited the health of the players, which had been strained by the length of the match.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mclellan|first=Joseph|date=8 October 1990|title=Rematch of the Chess Kings|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1990/10/08/rematch-of-the-chess-kings/f0c537b6-afc4-4884-9fbc-f78b16a09f29/|access-date=11 November 2021|archive-date=22 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322122251/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1990/10/08/rematch-of-the-chess-kings/f0c537b6-afc4-4884-9fbc-f78b16a09f29/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to grandmasters [[Boris Gulko]] and Korchnoi, and historians Vladimir Popow and [[Yuri Felshtinsky]] in their ''The KGB Plays Chess'' book, Campomanes had been a [[KGB]] agent and was tasked with preventing Karpov's defeat at all costs; and the match was terminated while Karpov was still ahead to avoid the impression that the decision had been made for his benefit.<ref name="chessbase-25-years-ago">{{cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/25-years-ago-termination-of-the-first-k-k-match |title=25 years ago: termination of the first K-K match |date=15 February 2010 |website=ChessBase |access-date=12 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712204200/https://en.chessbase.com/post/25-years-ago-termination-of-the-first-k-k-match |archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> US Grandmaster [[Andy Soltis]] said it was "absurd" to suggest that Campomones was a KGB agent, but thought that his decisions in the match favoured Karpov.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2025/02/15/sport/kasparov-karpov-1984-85-world-championship-spt-intl Kasparov, Karpov and the KGB? Four decades on from the most controversial chess match of all time], [[CNN]], Feb 15, 2025</ref>
The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without a result. Kasparov's relations with Campomanes and FIDE became strained,<ref name="chessbase-25-years-ago" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Lundstrom |first=Harold |date=27 August 1993 |title=ABORTED K-K MATCH STILL HAUNTS FEDERATION |url=https://www.deseret.com/1993/8/27/19063065/aborted-k-k-match-still-haunts-federation |work=[[Deseret News]] |access-date=12 July 2015 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220220358/https://www.deseret.com/1993/8/27/19063065/aborted-k-k-match-still-haunts-federation |url-status=live }}</ref> and matters came to a head in 1993 with Kasparov's complete break-away from FIDE.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McLellan |first1=Joseph |last2=Kavalek |first2=Lubomir |date=2 November 1993 |title=CHESS |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1993/11/02/chess/980f7885-9aa6-4eb0-94ed-8b71a4aa2032/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619052722/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1993/11/02/chess/980f7885-9aa6-4eb0-94ed-8b71a4aa2032/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== World champion ===
[[File:Kasparov-1.jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|right|upright|Kasparov after winning the FIDE World Championship title in 1985]]
The second Karpov–Kasparov match in 1985 was organised in Moscow as the best of 24 games, where the first player to win 12½ points would claim the title. The scores from the terminated match would not carry over; however, in the event of a 12–12 draw, the title would remain with Karpov. On 9 November 1985, Kasparov secured the world crown by a score of 13–11. Karpov, with White, needed to win the 24th game to retain the title but Kasparov won it with the [[Sicilian Defence]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1022866|title=1985 World Chess Championship|access-date=16 May 2021|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606091718/https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1022866|url-status=live}}</ref> He was 22 years old at the time, making him the youngest-ever world champion,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/25/world/asia/25chess.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/25/world/asia/25chess.html |archive-date=2 January 2022 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=Record Set for World's Youngest Chess Champion|author =Dylan Loeb McClain |newspaper= The New York Times |date=24 December 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref> a record held by [[Mikhail Tal]] for over 20 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldchesshof.org/hall-of-fame/world-chess-hall-of-fame/mikhail-tal/|title=Mikhail Tal|publisher=[[World Chess Hall of Fame]]|access-date=22 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206023152/http://worldchesshof.org/hall-of-fame/world-chess-hall-of-fame/mikhail-tal/|archive-date=6 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kasparov's win with Black in the 16th game has been recognised as one of the all-time chess masterpieces, including being voted the best game played during the first 64 issues of the magazine ''[[Chess Informant]].''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kasparov Wins Game 16 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1985/10/16/kasparov-wins-game-16/e8bfcc28-594c-4ae1-bf7b-8371511bdf15/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=18 April 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619053248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1985/10/16/kasparov-wins-game-16/e8bfcc28-594c-4ae1-bf7b-8371511bdf15/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World Chess Championship 1985: Game 16 (Karpov vs. Kasparov) |url=https://www.chess.com/blog/ThummimS/world-chess-championship-1985-game-16-karpov-vs-kasparov |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Chess.com |date=19 December 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418230557/https://www.chess.com/blog/ThummimS/world-chess-championship-1985-game-16-karpov-vs-kasparov |url-status=live }}</ref>
As part of the arrangements following the aborted 1984 match, Karpov had been granted (in the event of his defeat) a right to rematch. Another match took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]],<ref>London-Leningrad Championship Games by Garry Kasparov {{ISBN|978-1-870207-05-8}}</ref><ref name="chessgames_55017">{{cite web|title=Kasparov – Karpov World Championship Rematch (1986)|url=https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=55017|access-date=23 May 2021|website=chessgames.com|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704002131/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=55017|url-status=live}}</ref> with each city hosting 12 games. At one point in the match, Kasparov opened a three-point lead and looked well on his way to a decisive victory. But Karpov fought back by winning three consecutive games to level the score late in the match. At this point, Kasparov dismissed one of his seconds, grandmaster [[Evgeny Vladimirov]], accusing him of selling his [[Chess opening|opening]] preparation to the Karpov team.<ref>[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/child.html Kasparov's Child of Change], [[Edward Winter (chess historian)|Edward Winter]], 30 March, 2025</ref><ref>[http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/86kk$$.htm World Chess Championship 1986 Kasparov - Karpov]</ref> Kasparov scored one more win and kept his title by a score of 12½–11½.<ref name="chessgames_55017"/>
A fourth match for the world title took place in 1987 in [[Seville]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Kasparov – Karpov World Championship Match (1987)|url=https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=55128|access-date=23 May 2021|website=chessgames.com|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704000232/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=55128|url-status=live}}</ref> as Karpov had qualified through the Candidates' Matches to become the official challenger once again. This match was also very close, with neither player holding more than a one-point lead at any time. With one game left, Kasparov was down a point and needed a win to draw the match and retain his title. A long, tense game ensued, in which Karpov [[blunder (chess)|blundered]] away a [[Pawn (chess)|pawn]] just before the first [[time control]]. Kasparov then won a long ending to retain the title on a 12–12 scoreline.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=55128 |title=Kasparov – Karpov World Championship Match (1987) |website=Chessgames.com |date= |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704000232/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=55128 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Kasparov and Karpov met for a fifth time, on this occasion in New York City and [[Lyon]] in 1990, with each city hosting 12 games. Again, the result was a close one, with Kasparov winning by a margin of 12½–11½. In their five world championship matches, Kasparov had 21 wins, 19 losses and 104 draws in 144 games.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kasparov – Karpov World Championship Match (1990)|url=https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=55223|access-date=25 June 2021|website=chessgames.com|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419154037/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=55223|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Break with and ejection from FIDE ===
[[File:Kasparov-10.jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|Kasparov and Anand in a publicity photo on top of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] in New York, 1995]]
In November 1986, Kasparov had created the Grandmasters Association (GMA) to represent professional players and give them more say in FIDE's activities.<ref name=GMA>{{cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/garry-kasparov-a-history-of-profesional-che |title=Garry Kasparov: A History of Profesional Chess |date=8 April 2002 |website=ChessBase |access-date=11 June 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717124440/https://en.chessbase.com/post/garry-kasparov-a-history-of-profesional-che |archive-date=17 July 2022}}</ref> Kasparov assumed a leadership role. GMA's major achievement was in organising a series of six World Cup tournaments for the world's top players.<ref>{{cite news |title=Grandmasters Form Association to Get More Say in Chess |url=https://apnews.com/article/5974827ee1d250de58acc1d1337fea0d |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=15 February 1987 |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220220518/https://apnews.com/article/5974827ee1d250de58acc1d1337fea0d |url-status=live }}</ref> This caused an uneasy relationship to develop between Kasparov and FIDE.<ref>{{cite news |last=McLellan |first=Joseph |date=10 August 1989 |title=CHESS MATCH GETS RECORD BID |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/08/10/chess-match-gets-record-bid/afeba6c4-8306-4e22-b107-4f619dcd58ef/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619053239/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/08/10/chess-match-gets-record-bid/afeba6c4-8306-4e22-b107-4f619dcd58ef/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The previous month, Kasparov had made his feelings clear to fellow grandmaster Keene: "Campomanes must go. It is war to the death with him as far as I am concerned. I will do everything I can to remove him”.<ref>Raymond Keene & David Goodman (1986). ''The Centenary Match. Kasparov v Karpov III'' (Batsford, London), p. 124, 8 October 1986</ref>
This stand-off lasted until 1993, by which time a new challenger had qualified through the [[Candidates Tournament|Candidates]] cycle: [[Nigel Short]], a British grandmaster who had defeated Karpov in a qualifying match and then [[Jan Timman]] in the finals held in early 1993.<ref>[https://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Candidates_final_1993 'Candidates final 1993'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310150204/https://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Candidates_final_1993 |date=10 March 2023 }}. 365Chess.com, undated, retrieved 10 March 2023</ref> After a confusing and compressed bidding process produced lower financial estimates than expected,<ref>Cathy Forbes, ''Nigel Short: Quest for the Crown'' (Everyman, 1993)</ref> the world champion and his challenger both rejected FIDE's bid for an August match in Manchester and decided to play outside FIDE's jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite news |last=McLellan |first=Joseph |date=24 March 1993 |title=KASPAROV STRIPPED OF TITLE |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1993/03/24/kasparov-stripped-of-title/86f3a3eb-fd8e-4450-b6ae-6e81bdd6d479/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=27 January 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127035208/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1993/03/24/kasparov-stripped-of-title/86f3a3eb-fd8e-4450-b6ae-6e81bdd6d479/ |archive-date=27 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hartston |first=William |date=24 November 1995 |title=Endgame in bitter chess battle |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/endgame-in-bitter-chess-battle-1583373.html |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=9 July 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709204119/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/endgame-in-bitter-chess-battle-1583373.html |archive-date=9 July 2022}}</ref> Their match took place under the auspices of the [[Professional Chess Association]] (PCA), an organisation established by Kasparov and Short.<ref name=GMA/><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Professional-Chess-Association&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwjl-9LVzNH9AhWJglwKHb2HDYQQFnoECAIQAg&usg=AOvVaw1n2G23ELqJQ9iWYRSrmeuH 'Professional Chess Association']. Britannica, undated, retrieved 10 March 2023</ref> At this point, a fracture occurred in the lineage of the FIDE World Championship. In an interview in 2007, Kasparov called the break with FIDE in 1993 the worst mistake of his career, as it hurt the game in the long run.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1120623 'My decision to break away from fide was a mistake'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318122600/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1120623 |date=18 March 2009 }}, ''[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]'', 10 September 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.</ref>
Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE and [[World Chess Championship 1993|played their well-sponsored match]] in London in September 1993.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chess Wars: Let the Fighting Begin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/07/arts/chess-wars-let-the-fighting-begin.html |work=The New York Times |date=7 September 1993 |access-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812063243/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/07/arts/chess-wars-let-the-fighting-begin.html |archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> Kasparov won convincingly by a score of 12½–7½. The match considerably raised the profile of chess in the UK, with a substantial level of coverage on [[Channel 4]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Deans |first=Jason |date=10 November 2005 |title=BBC plots chess move |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/nov/10/broadcasting.bbc |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=20 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920042416/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/nov/10/broadcasting.bbc |archive-date=20 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hype for Kasparov-Short chess match may have outstropped public interest |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/09/06/Hype-for-Kasparov-Short-chess-match-may-have-outstropped-public-interest/1707747288000/ |work=[[United Press International]] |date=6 September 1993 |access-date=20 September 2014}}</ref> Meanwhile, FIDE organised its world championship match between Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and former world champion Karpov (a defeated Candidates semi-finalist), which Karpov won.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karpov wins three in a row over Timman in FIDE chess championship |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/10/22/Karpov-wins-three-in-a-row-over-Timman-in-FIDE-chess-championship/8965751262400/ |work=United Press International |date=22 October 1993 |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McLellan |first1=Joseph |last2=Kavalek |first2=Lubomir |date=24 September 1993 |title=CHESS |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1993/09/24/chess/3fd58dba-e409-4403-a54f-b34581baced0/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619053138/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1993/09/24/chess/3fd58dba-e409-4403-a54f-b34581baced0/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
FIDE removed Kasparov and Short from its rating list. Subsequently, the PCA created a rating list of its own, which featured all the world's top players regardless of their relation to FIDE. There were now two world champions: PCA champion Kasparov and FIDE champion Karpov.<ref>{{cite news |last=Evans |first=Larry |date=4 November 1995 |title=CONTROVERSY OVER TWO RIVAL RATING SYSTEMS |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1995-11-05-9511010243-story.html |work=[[Sun-Sentinel]] |access-date=2 July 2021 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702070806/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1995-11-05-9511010243-story.html |archive-date=2 July 2021}}</ref> The title remained split for 13 years.
Kasparov defended his PCA title in a [[PCA World Chess Championship 1995|1995 match]] against [[Viswanathan Anand]] at the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] in New York City. Kasparov won the match by four wins to one, with thirteen draws.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 June 2021|title=Throwback Thursday: Kasparov and Anand atop the World Trade Center|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/throwback-thursday-pca-world-championship-1995|access-date=27 January 2022|website=Chess News|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114194312/https://en.chessbase.com/post/throwback-thursday-pca-world-championship-1995|url-status=live}}</ref>
Kasparov tried to organise another world championship match under a different organisation, the World Chess Association (WCA), with [[Linares chess tournament|Linares]] organiser [[Luis Rentero]]. [[Alexei Shirov]] and Kramnik played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in an upset. But when Rentero admitted that the funds required and promised had never materialised, the WCA collapsed. Yet another body stepped in, BrainGames.com, headed by [[Raymond Keene]]. After a match with Shirov could not be agreed by BrainGames.com and talks with Anand collapsed, a match was instead arranged against Kramnik.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/05/nyregion/chess-how-kramnik-kept-kasparov-off-his-game.html |title=CHESS; How Kramnik Kept Kasparov Off His Game |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 November 2000 |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081555/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/05/nyregion/chess-how-kramnik-kept-kasparov-off-his-game.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
During this period, Kasparov was approached by [[Oakham School]] in the United Kingdom, at the time the only school in the country with a full-time chess coach,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/expateducation/4179931/Tradition-with-an-eye-on-the-future.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/expateducation/4179931/Tradition-with-an-eye-on-the-future.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Tradition with an eye on the future|date=6 November 2001|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=2 May 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and developed an interest in the use of chess in education. In 1997, Kasparov supported a scholarship programme at the school.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/6318657.local-youngsters-lead-the-way/ |title=Local youngsters lead the way |date=8 July 2002 |website=News Shopper |access-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228235023/https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/6318657.local-youngsters-lead-the-way/ |archive-date=28 December 2022}}</ref> Kasparov also won the [[Marca Leyenda]] trophy that year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Marca Leyenda |url=https://www.marca.com/marca-leyenda.html |website=Marca|___location=Spain |date=3 April 2018 |access-date=22 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717072614/http://www.marca.com/marca-leyenda.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1999, he played a well-known [[Kasparov's Immortal|game against Topalov wherein he won after a rook sacrifice and king hunt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/throwback-thursday-kasparov-wijjk-1999|title=Throwback Thursday: Kasparov's immortal|last1=Colodro|first1=Carlos Alberto| date=11 March 2021 |quote=Garry Kasparov defeated Veselin Topalov in what is now known as his 'immortal game'|access-date=8 March 2022|archive-date=4 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304063452/https://en.chessbase.com/post/throwback-thursday-kasparov-wijjk-1999|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chess.com/article/view/the-best-chess-games-of-all-time|publisher=[[Chess.com]]|title=The Best Chess Games Of All Time|date=18 August 2018 |quote=Kasparov has a long list of brilliancies to his credit, but this game is his virtually undisputed masterpiece.|access-date=8 March 2022|archive-date=4 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304063450/https://www.chess.com/article/view/the-best-chess-games-of-all-time|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Losing the title and aftermath ===
[[File:Kasparov-11.jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|Kasparov playing against Kramnik in the Botvinnik Memorial match in Moscow, 2001]]
[[Classical World Chess Championship 2000|The Kasparov-Kramnik match]] took place in London during the latter half of 2000. Kramnik had been a student of Kasparov's at the famous Botvinnik/Kasparov chess school in Russia and had served on Kasparov's team for the 1995 match with Anand.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/95ka$$.htm |title=1995 Kasparov – Anand : World Chess Championship |website=Mark-weeks.com |date= |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=29 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129064139/https://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/95ka$$.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
The better-prepared Kramnik won game 2 against Kasparov's [[Grünfeld Defence]] and achieved winning positions in games 4 and 6, although Kasparov managed a draw in both games. Kasparov made a critical error in game 10 with the [[Nimzo-Indian Defence]], which Kramnik exploited to win in 25 moves. As White, Kasparov could not crack the passive but solid [[Ruy Lopez#Berlin Defence|Berlin Defence in the Ruy Lopez]], and Kramnik managed to draw all his games as Black. Kramnik won the match 8½–6½.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic313.html#2 |title=The Week in Chess 313 |website=Theweekinchess.com |date= |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=23 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323095220/http://www.theweekinchess.com/html/twic313.html#2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Kasparov won a series of major tournaments and remained the PCA top-rated player in the world, ahead of both Kramnik and the FIDE World Champion. In 2001, he refused an invitation to the 2002 Dortmund [[Candidates Tournament]] for the Classical title, claiming his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik.<ref>{{cite press release |title=BGN/Dortmund Event |publisher=This Week in Chess |date=6 September 2001 |url=http://www.chesscenter.com/twic/owenbrain.html |access-date=11 August 2001 |archive-date=7 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207171655/http://www.chesscenter.com/twic/owenbrain.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Kasparov and Karpov played a four-game match with rapid time controls over two days in December 2002 in New York City. Kasparov suffered a surprise loss (1.5 – 2.5).<ref>[http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=661 Anatoly Karpov wins X3D Rapid Match] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019054119/http://www.chessbase.com/newsprint.asp?newsid=661 |date=19 October 2012 }}, ''ChessBase News'', 21 December 2002</ref>
Because of Kasparov's continuing strong results and status as FIDE world No. 1, he was included in the so-called "Prague Agreement", masterminded by [[Yasser Seirawan]] and intended to reunite the two world championships. Kasparov was to play a match against the FIDE World Champion Ponomariov in September 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/peace-in-our-time |title=Peace in our time |date=6 May 2002 |website=ChessBase |access-date=11 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111132303/https://en.chessbase.com/post/peace-in-our-time |archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> But this match was called off after Ponomariov refused to sign his contract for it without reservation. In its place, there were plans for a match against [[Rustam Kasimdzhanov]], winner of the [[FIDE World Chess Championship 2004]], to be held in January 2005 in the [[United Arab Emirates]]. These also fell through owing to a lack of funding. Plans to hold the match in Turkey instead came too late. Kasparov announced in January 2005 that he was tired of waiting for FIDE to arrange a match and had decided to stop all efforts to become undisputed world champion once more.<ref name="chessbase1">{{cite web |author=ChessBase |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/kasparov-to-fide-enough-is-enough |title=Kasparov to FIDE: Enough is enough | ChessBase |website=En.chessbase.com |date=18 January 2005 |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610220927/https://en.chessbase.com/post/kasparov-to-fide-enough-is-enough |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Retirement from regular competitive chess ===
[[File:Kasparov-34.jpg{{!}}border|thumb|alt=refer to caption|Kasparov in 2007|upright=0.75]]
After winning the prestigious [[Linares chess tournament|Linares tournament]] for the ninth time, Kasparov announced on 10 March 2005 that he would retire from regular competitive chess. He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world. When winning the [[Russian Chess Championship|Russian championship]] in 2004, he commented that it had been the last major title he had never won outright. He also expressed frustration at the failure to reunify the world championship.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic540.html#2 |title=The Week in Chess 540 |website=Theweekinchess.com |date= |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630085740/https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic540.html#2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="chessbase1"/>
Kasparov said he might play in some rapid chess events for fun, but he intended to spend more time on his books, including the ''My Great Predecessors'' series, and work on the links between decision-making in chess and other areas of life. He also stated that he would continue to involve himself in [[Politics of Russia|Russian politics]], which he viewed as "headed down the wrong path."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Heintz|first=Jim|date=12 March 2005|title=Chess Genius Kasparov Retires|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2005/03/12/chess-genius-kasparov-retires/426a2569-9469-4c6f-ad8c-b7d81e22b7f3/|access-date=21 November 2021|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=22 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322122252/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2005/03/12/chess-genius-kasparov-retires/426a2569-9469-4c6f-ad8c-b7d81e22b7f3/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/mar/14/russia.chess |title=The endgame | Russia |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date= |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619053107/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/mar/14/russia.chess |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Post-retirement chess ===
On 22 August 2006, in his first public chess games since his retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof Chess Champions Tournament, a [[fast chess|blitz]] event played at the time control of five minutes per side and three-second increments per move. Kasparov tied for first with Karpov, scoring 4½/6.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3310 |title=The Credit Suisse Blitz – in pictures |access-date=11 August 2007 |date=27 August 2006 |publisher=Chessbase |archive-date=29 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120016/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3310 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Kasparov and Karpov played a 12-game match from 21 to 24 September 2009, in [[Valencia]], Spain. It consisted of four rapid (or semi rapid) games, in which Kasparov won 3–1, and eight blitz games, in which Kasparov won 6–2, winning the match with a final result of 9–3. The event took place exactly 25 years after the two players' unfinished encounter at [[World Chess Championship 1984]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://previews.chessdom.com/kasparov-karpov-valencia-2009 |title=Kasparov and Karpov to play 12 games match in Valencia |access-date=8 July 2009 |publisher=Chessdom |archive-date=12 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712002707/http://previews.chessdom.com/kasparov-karpov-valencia-2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Kasparov coached Carlsen for approximately one year, beginning in February 2009. The collaboration remained secret until September 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5742 |title=Breaking news: Carlsen and Kasparov join forces |access-date=8 September 2009 |date=7 September 2009 |publisher=Chessbase |archive-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722010319/http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5742 |url-status=live }}</ref> Under Kasparov's tutelage, in October 2009 Carlsen became the youngest ever to achieve a FIDE rating higher than 2800, and he rose from world number four to world number one. While the pair initially planned to work together throughout 2010,<ref name="carlsen">[http://www.chessvibes.com/reports/magnus-carlsen-my-job-is-to-improve-my-chess/#more-15978 Magnus Carlsen: "My job is to improve my chess"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128130236/http://www.chessvibes.com/reports/magnus-carlsen-my-job-is-to-improve-my-chess/#more-15978 |date=28 January 2013 }}, ''ChessVibes'', 7 September 2009</ref> in March of that year it was announced that Carlsen had split from Kasparov and would no longer be using him as a trainer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/mar/13/chess-magnus-carlsen-garry-kasparov|title=World No 1 Magnus Carlsen parts company with mentor Garry Kasparov|last=Barden|first=Leonard|date=13 March 2010|work=The Guardian|___location=UK|access-date=14 March 2010|archive-date=14 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514101144/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/mar/13/chess-magnus-carlsen-garry-kasparov|url-status=live}}</ref> According to an interview with the German magazine ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', Carlsen indicated that he would remain in contact and that he would continue to attend training sessions with Kasparov;<ref>"[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6187 Magnus Carlsen on his chess career] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903210833/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6187 |date=3 September 2011 }}", ''ChessBase News'', 15 March 2010.</ref> however, no further training sessions were held, and the cooperation fizzled out over the course of the spring.<ref>"NIC's Cafe: Last Call", New in Chess Magazine, 2011/07, p. 6.</ref> In 2011, Carlsen said: "Thanks to [Kasparov] I began to understand a whole class of positions better. ... Kasparov gave me a great deal of practical help."<ref name=a>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7778 |title=Magnus Carlsen – 'I don't quite fit into the usual schemes' |publisher=ChessBase News |date=22 December 2011 |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109162157/http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7778 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, when asked what he learnt from working with Kasparov, Carlsen answered: "Complex positions. That was the most important thing."<ref>{{cite web |author=Lubin, Gus |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/an-evening-with-magnus-carlsen-2012-9 |title=An Evening With Magnus Carlsen |work=Business Insider |date=4 September 2012 |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-date=7 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907104117/http://www.businessinsider.com/an-evening-with-magnus-carlsen-2012-9 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In May 2010, Kasparov played and won 30 games simultaneously against players at [[Tel Aviv University]] in Israel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=175227|title=Kasparov beats 30 challengers in simultaneous play at TAU|work=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=2 May 2015|archive-date=20 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020031553/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=175227|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same month, it was revealed that he had aided Anand in his preparation for the [[World Chess Championship 2010]] against challenger [[Veselin Topalov]]. Anand won the match 6½–5½ to retain the title.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6346 |title=Chess News – Anand in Playchess – the helpers in Sofia |access-date=19 May 2010 |date=19 May 2010 |publisher=Chessbase |archive-date=22 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522043142/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6346 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Garry Kasparov (23954609358).jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|Kasparov delivering a speech in Arizona in October 2017]]
Kasparov began training the U.S. grandmaster [[Hikaru Nakamura]] in January 2011. The first of several training sessions was held in New York just before Nakamura participated in the Tata Steel Chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands.<ref>Peterson, Macauley. "The Spirit of Saint Louis" New in Chess Magazine, 2001/07, p. 12.</ref> In December 2011, it was announced that their cooperation had come to an end.<ref>{{cite web|title=Now it's official: Kasparov no longer training Nakamura|url=http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7764|work=Chessbase Publishing|date=16 December 2011|publisher=Chessbase|access-date=16 December 2011|archive-date=7 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107175401/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7764|url-status=live}}</ref>
Kasparov played two blitz exhibition matches in the autumn of 2011. The first was in September against French grandmaster [[Maxime Vachier-Lagrave]], in [[Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine|Clichy]] (France), which Kasparov won 1½–½.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/kasparov-back-at-the-chessboard-beats-vachier-lagrave |title=Kasparov back at the chessboard, beats Vachier-Lagrave |last=Doggers |first=Peter |date=18 September 2011 |website=Chess.com |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208233842/https://www.chess.com/news/view/kasparov-back-at-the-chessboard-beats-vachier-lagrave |archive-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> The second was a longer match consisting of eight blitz games played on 9 October, against English grandmaster Short. Kasparov won again by a score of 4½–3½.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theweekinchess.com/chessnews/events/your-next-move-2011/kasparov-narrowly-beats-short-in-blitz-match-with-classy-final-game-win |title=Kasparov narrowly beats Short in blitz match with classy final game win |last=Crowther |first=Mark |date=9 October 2011 |website=The Week in Chess |access-date=2 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602052259/https://theweekinchess.com/chessnews/events/your-next-move-2011/kasparov-narrowly-beats-short-in-blitz-match-with-classy-final-game-win |archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/kasparov-beats-short-in-blitz-match-6429 |title=Kasparov Beats Short In Blitz Match |last=Emmett |first=Ryan |date=9 October 2011 |website=Chess.com |access-date=8 May 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508082952/https://www.chess.com/news/view/kasparov-beats-short-in-blitz-match-6429 |archive-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> A little after that, in October 2011, Kasparov played and defeated fourteen opponents in a [[simultaneous exhibition]] that took place in [[Bratislava]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.chessfriends.com/diary/kasparov-defeated-all-fourteen-opponents-game-photographs/|title=Kasparov Defeated All Fourteen Opponents|access-date=21 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704222148/http://news.chessfriends.com/diary/kasparov-defeated-all-fourteen-opponents-game-photographs/|archive-date=4 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
On 25 and 26 April 2015, Kasparov played a mini-match against Short. The match consisted of two rapid games and eight blitz games and was contested over the course of two days. Commentators GM [[Maurice Ashley]] and [[Alejandro Ramírez (chess player)|Alejandro Ramírez]] remarked how Kasparov was an 'initiative hog' throughout the match, consistently not allowing Short to gain any foothold in the games. Kasparov won the match decisively (8½–1½),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/battle-of-the-legends-2-2|title=Battle of the Legends (2/2)|work=Chess News|date=27 April 2015|access-date=2 May 2015|archive-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501012701/http://en.chessbase.com/post/battle-of-the-legends-2-2|url-status=live}}</ref> winning all five games on the second day. These victories were characterised by aggressive pawn moves breaking up Short's position, thereby allowing Kasparov's pieces to achieve positional superiority.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kasparov.com/kasparov-vs-short-battle-of-the-legends-2015/ |title=vs. Short | Battle of the Legends | April 25th – 26th, 2015 |website=Kasparov.com |date=27 April 2015 |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519184107/https://www.kasparov.com/kasparov-vs-short-battle-of-the-legends-2015/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Kasparov played and won all nineteen games of a simultaneous exhibition in [[Pula]], Croatia on 19 August 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chess-news.ru/en/node/19811|title=19–0|access-date=21 July 2016|archive-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822045823/http://chess-news.ru/en/node/19811|url-status=live}}</ref> At the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis on 28 and 29 April 2016, Kasparov played a 6-round exhibition blitz round-robin tournament with [[Fabiano Caruana]], [[Wesley So]] and Nakamura in an event called the Ultimate Blitz Challenge.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.uschesschamps.com/2016-us-championship-news/ultimate-blitz-challenge-garry-kasparov|title=Ultimate Blitz Challenge with Garry Kasparov|website=uschesschamps.com|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426005529/http://www.uschesschamps.com/2016-us-championship-news/ultimate-blitz-challenge-garry-kasparov|url-status=live}}</ref> He finished the tournament third with 9.5/18, behind Nakamura (11/18) and So (10/18). At the post-tournament interview, Kasparov announced that he would donate his winnings from playing the next top-level blitz exhibition match to assist funding of the [[United States at the Olympics|American Olympic Team]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/kasparov-to-face-caruana-nakamura-so-in-ultimate-blitz-challenge-8044|title=Kasparov To Face Caruana, Nakamura, So In Ultimate Blitz Challenge|first=Peter|last=Doggers (PeterDoggers)|website=Chess.com|date=28 April 2016|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=19 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619053103/https://www.chess.com/news/view/kasparov-to-face-caruana-nakamura-so-in-ultimate-blitz-challenge-8044|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 2 June 2016, Kasparov played against fifteen chess players in a simultaneous exhibition in the [[:de:Kaiser-Friedrich-Halle|Kaiser-Friedrich-Halle]] of [[Mönchengladbach]]. He won all games.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chess24.com/en/watch/live-tournaments/kasparov-simultaneous-moenchengladbach|title=Kasparov simultaneous exhibition Mönchengladbach|access-date=21 July 2016|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916215755/https://chess24.com/en/watch/live-tournaments/kasparov-simultaneous-moenchengladbach|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Candidate for FIDE presidency ====
On 7 October 2013, Kasparov announced his candidacy for World Chess Federation president during a reception in [[Tallinn]], Estonia, where the 84th FIDE Congress took place.<ref>{{cite news | title = Kasparov Announces Candidacy for FIDE President | publisher = [[Chess.com]] | date = 7 October 2013 | url = http://www.chess.com/news/breaking-kasparov-announces-candidacy-for-fide-president-1854 | access-date = 8 October 2013 | archive-date = 9 October 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131009072032/http://www.chess.com/news/breaking-kasparov-announces-candidacy-for-fide-president-1854 | url-status = live }}</ref> He was supported by reigning world champion and FIDE #1 ranked player Carlsen.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Карлсен: поддерживаю Каспарова на выборах президента FIDE|url=http://www.championat.com/other/news-1849106-karlsen-podderzhivaju-kasparova-na-vyborakh-prezidenta-fide.html|date=4 June 2014|publisher=Championat.com|access-date=8 June 2014|language=ru|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143806/http://www.championat.com/other/news-1849106-karlsen-podderzhivaju-kasparova-na-vyborakh-prezidenta-fide.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At the FIDE General Assembly in August 2014, Kasparov lost the presidential election to the incumbent [[Kirsan Ilyumzhinov]], with a vote of 110–61.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chess.com/news/breaking-ilyumzhinov-beats-kasparov-110-61-at-fide-presidential-elections-4528|title=Ilyumzhinov Beats Kasparov 110–61 at FIDE Presidential Elections|date=11 August 2014|website=Chess.com|language=en-US|access-date=13 August 2016|archive-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921015246/https://www.chess.com/news/breaking-ilyumzhinov-beats-kasparov-110-61-at-fide-presidential-elections-4528|url-status=live}}</ref>
A few days before the election took place, the ''New York Times Magazine'' had published a report on the viciously fought campaign. Included was information about a leaked contract between Kasparov and former FIDE Secretary General [[Ignatius Leong]] from Singapore, in which the Kasparov campaign reportedly "offered to pay Leong US$500,000 and to pay $250,000 a year for four years to the ASEAN Chess Academy, an organisation Leong helped create to teach the game, specifying that Leong would be responsible for delivering 11 votes from his region [...]".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Myers|first1=Steven Lee|title=Vladimir Putin's Chess-Master Nemesis|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/10/magazine/garry-kasparov.html|work=The New York Times Magazine|date=6 August 2014|access-date=8 February 2017|archive-date=15 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215232718/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/10/magazine/garry-kasparov.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2015, the FIDE Ethics Commission found Kasparov and Leong guilty of violating its Code of Ethics<ref>{{cite web|title=Kasparov, Leong Found Guilty of Breaching FIDE Code of Ethics|work=Chess.com|date=9 September 2015|url=https://www.chess.com/news/kasparov-leong-found-guilty-of-breaching-fide-code-of-ethics-6538?page=2|access-date=14 August 2016|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310053524/https://www.chess.com/news/kasparov-leong-found-guilty-of-breaching-fide-code-of-ethics-6538?page=2|url-status=live}}</ref> and later suspended them for two years from all FIDE functions and meetings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethics Commission Judgement|date=21 October 2015|work=Fide.com|url=https://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/9132-ethics-commission-judgement.html|access-date=14 August 2016|archive-date=16 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816025939/http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/9132-ethics-commission-judgement.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Return from chess retirement ===
Kasparov came out of retirement to participate in the inaugural [[Grand Chess Tour#Grand Chess Tour 2017|St. Louis Rapid and Blitz]] tournament from 14 to 19 August 2017, scoring 3.5/9 in the rapid and 9/18 in the blitz, representing Croatia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hina.hr/news/9564889|work=[[HINA]]|title=Kasparov participates in St Louis tournament under Croatian flag|date=18 August 2017}}</ref> He finished eighth in a strong field of ten, including Nakamura, Caruana, former world champion Anand and the eventual winner, [[Levon Aronian]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2017-07-15/chess-legend-kasparov-picks-st-louis-competition-for-return|title=Chess Legend Kasparov Picks St. Louis Competition for Return|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|date=15 July 2017|access-date=16 August 2017|first=Jim|last=Salter|archive-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817043227/https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2017-07-15/chess-legend-kasparov-picks-st-louis-competition-for-return|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/08/15/chess-legend-garry-kasparov-proving-hes-still-got-it-in-first-competitive-tournament-in-12-years/|title=Chess legend Garry Kasparov proving he's still got it in first competitive tournament in 12 years|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=15 August 2017|access-date=16 August 2017|first=Marissa|last=Payne|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825021613/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/08/15/chess-legend-garry-kasparov-proving-hes-still-got-it-in-first-competitive-tournament-in-12-years/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kasparov promised that any tournament money he earned would go towards charities to promote chess in Africa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Payne |first1=Marissa |title=Chess legend Garry Kasparov proving he's still got it in first competitive tournament in 12 years |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/08/15/chess-legend-garry-kasparov-proving-hes-still-got-it-in-first-competitive-tournament-in-12-years/ |access-date=10 August 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=15 August 2017 |archive-date=8 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308000811/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/08/15/chess-legend-garry-kasparov-proving-hes-still-got-it-in-first-competitive-tournament-in-12-years/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2020, he participated in 9LX, a [[Chess 960]] tournament, and finished eighth of a field of ten players.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://uschesschamps.com/tags/2020-champions-showdown-chess-9lx| title = 2020 Champions Showdown: Chess 9LX {{!}} www.uschesschamps.com| access-date = 16 November 2021| archive-date = 16 November 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211116172516/https://uschesschamps.com/tags/2020-champions-showdown-chess-9lx| url-status = live}}</ref> His game against Carlsen, who tied for first place, was drawn.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/kasparov-carlsen-chess9lx |title=Kasparov Escapes Vs Carlsen In 1st Clash In 16 Years |last=Doggers |first=Peter |date=12 September 2020 |website=Chess.com |access-date=26 September 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926010232/https://www.chess.com/news/view/kasparov-carlsen-chess9lx |archive-date=26 September 2020}}</ref>
He launched Kasparovchess, a subscription-based online chess community featuring documentaries, lessons, puzzles, podcasts, articles, interviews and playing zones, in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascarenhas |first1=Natasha |title=Garry Kasparov launches a community-first chess platform |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/04/15/garry-kasparov-launches-a-community-first-chess-platform/ |access-date=22 April 2021 |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=15 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421182729/https://techcrunch.com/2021/04/15/garry-kasparov-launches-a-community-first-chess-platform/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Kasparov played in the blitz section of the [[Grand Chess Tour]] 2021 event in [[Zagreb]], Croatia. He performed poorly, however, scoring 0.5/9 on the first day and 2/9 on the second day, getting his only win against [[Jorden Van Foreest]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/croatia-grand-chess-tour-2021-day-5|title=MVL wins Croatia GCT with a round to spare, Anand shines|author=Carlos Alberto Colodro|date=11 July 2021|website=chessbase|access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref> He also participated in 9LX 2, finishing fifth in a field of ten players, with a score of 5/9.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chess24.com/en/read/news/chess-9lx-2-kasparov-is-back-dominguez-leads|title=Chess 9LX 2: Kasparov is back! Dominguez leads|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116172507/https://chess24.com/en/read/news/chess-9lx-2-kasparov-is-back-dominguez-leads|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Olympiads and major team events ==
[[File:Garry Kasparov 1980 Malta.jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|right|Kasparov at Valletta in 1980]]
Kasparov played in a total of eight [[Chess Olympiad]]s. He represented the Soviet Union four times and Russia four times, following the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991. In his 1980 Olympiad debut, he became, at age 17, the youngest player to represent the Soviet Union or Russia at that level, a record which was broken by Kramnik in 1992. In 82 games, he scored (+50−3=29), for 78.7%, and won a total of nineteen medals, including team gold medals all eight times he competed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The chess games of Garry Kasparov |url=https://www.chessgames.com/player/garry_kasparov.html |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=www.chessgames.com |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221115102/https://www.chessgames.com/player/garry_kasparov.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
For the 1994 Moscow Olympiad, he had a significant organisational role in helping to put together the event on short notice, after [[Thessaloniki]] cancelled its offer to host only a few weeks before the scheduled dates. Kasparov's detailed Olympiad record follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olimpbase.org/players/ssimw2af.html|title=Kasparov, Garry: Men's Chess Olympiads|website=OlympBase|access-date=30 April 2021|archive-date=25 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125005032/http://www.olimpbase.org/players/ssimw2af.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[24th Chess Olympiad|Valletta 1980]], USSR 2nd reserve, 9½/12 (+8−1=3), team gold, board bronze;
* [[25th Chess Olympiad|Lucerne 1982]], USSR 2nd board, 8½/11 (+6−0=5), team gold, board bronze;
* [[27th Chess Olympiad|Dubai 1986]], USSR 1st board, 8½/11 (+7−1=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold;
* [[28th Chess Olympiad|Thessaloniki 1988]], USSR 1st board, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold;
* [[30th Chess Olympiad|Manila 1992]], Russia board 1, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance silver;
* [[31st Chess Olympiad|Moscow 1994]], Russia board 1, 6½/10 (+4−1=5), team gold;
* [[32nd Chess Olympiad|Yerevan 1996]], Russia board 1, 7/9 (+5−0=4), team gold, board silver, performance gold;
* [[35th Chess Olympiad|Bled 2002]], Russia board 1, 7½/9 (+6−0=3), team gold, performance gold.
Kasparov made his international debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Championship and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that championship. He won a total of five medals. His detailed record in this event follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olimpbase.org/playerse/ssimw2af.html|title=Kasparov, Garry: European Men's Team Chess Championship|website=OlympBase.org|access-date=30 April 2021|archive-date=13 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813084902/http://www.olimpbase.org/playerse/ssimw2af.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Skara]] 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 5½/6 (+5−0=1), team gold, board gold;
* [[Debrecen]] 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+4−0=4), team gold, board gold, performance silver.
Kasparov also represented the USSR once at the Youth Olympiad in Austria (1981). He scored 9/10 (+8–0=2) on the top board and his team lifted the title.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/player/garry_kasparov.html?kpage=18 'The chess games of Garry Kasparov'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225002942/https://www.chessgames.com/player/garry_kasparov.html?kpage=18 |date=25 February 2023 }}. Chessgames, undated, retrieved 25 February 2023</ref>
==Assessment and legacy==
Kasparov received a [[Chess Oscar]] eleven times as the best chess player of the year, in 1982–1983, 1985–1988, 1995–1996, 1999, and 2001–2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet the Legends|url=https://www.uschesschamps.com/battle-legends-kasparov-vs-short/information/meet-legends|access-date=21 November 2021|website=www.uschesschamps.com|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121212954/https://www.uschesschamps.com/battle-legends-kasparov-vs-short/information/meet-legends|url-status=live}}</ref> Between 1981 and 1991, he won or tied for first place in every tournament he entered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/4-tournaments/2810-1301-new-york-sports-commission-endorses-man-vs-machine.html |title=New York Sports Commission Endorses Man vs Machine |date=20 January 2003 |website=FIDE |access-date=30 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311054110/http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/4-tournaments/2810-1301-new-york-sports-commission-endorses-man-vs-machine.html |archive-date=11 March 2012}}</ref> In 1999, Kasparov reached an Elo rating of 2851, a record that stood for over thirteen years, until Carlsen achieved 2861 in January 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kavalek |first=Lubomir |date=13 December 2012 |title=Magnus Carlsen Breaks Kasparov's Record at the London Chess Classic |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/magnus-carlsen-breaks-kas_b_2264091 |work=HuffPost |access-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415093733/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/magnus-carlsen-breaks-kas_b_2264091 |archive-date=15 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=McClain |first=Dylan Loeb |date=15 December 2012 |title=Highest-Ever Ranking Is Milestone for Carlsen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/16/crosswords/chess/highest-ever-ranking-is-milestone-for-carlsen.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216190830/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/16/crosswords/chess/highest-ever-ranking-is-milestone-for-carlsen.html |archive-date=16 December 2012}}</ref> With the exception of the PCA period and sharing first place with Kramnik in 1996, Kasparov led the rating list from 1985 to 2006 – a total of 255 months.<ref>Colin McGourty, [https://chess24.com/en/read/news/magnus-carlsen-celebrates-10-years-unbroken-as-world-no-1 'Magnus Carlsen celebrates 10 years unbroken as world no. 1'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109082201/https://chess24.com/en/read/news/magnus-carlsen-celebrates-10-years-unbroken-as-world-no-1 |date=9 November 2023 }}. Chess24, 2 July 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2023</ref> On 1 January 2006, Kasparov ranked first with 2812. However, he was excluded from the FIDE rating list of 1 April 2006 because he had not participated in tournaments for the previous twelve months.<ref>{{cite news |title=В списке не значится Гарри Каспаров исключен из рейтинг-листа Международной федерации шахмат |trans-title=Does not appear on the list Garry Kasparov removed from the rating list of the International Chess Federation |url=https://lenta.ru/articles/2006/04/04/kasparov/ |work=Lenta.ru |language=Russian |date=4 April 2006 |access-date=11 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911005713/https://lenta.ru/articles/2006/04/04/kasparov/ |archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
The [[Karpov–Kasparov rivalry|rivalry between Kasparov and Karpov]] (often referred to as the "two Ks")<ref>{{cite news |last=Grigoryan |first=Mark |date=25 September 2009 |title=Два "К" "обречены играть друг с другом всю жизнь" |trans-title=Two "K" "doomed to play with each other for life" |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/sport/2009/09/090925_karpov_kasparov_grigoryan |work=BBC News |language=Russian |access-date=16 March 2011 |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214194451/https://www.bbc.com/russian/sport/2009/09/090925_karpov_kasparov_grigoryan |url-status=live }}</ref> is one of the greatest in the history of chess. In six years they played five matches comprising 144 games.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hoffman |first=Paul |date=21 December 2002 |title=Karpov Defeats an Old Rival in a Four-Game Rapid-Chess Match |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/21/nyregion/karpov-defeats-an-old-rival-in-a-four-game-rapid-chess-match.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=17 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527214503/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/21/nyregion/karpov-defeats-an-old-rival-in-a-four-game-rapid-chess-match.html |archive-date=27 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Weaver-Guardian">{{cite news |last=Weaver |first=Matthew |date=21 September 2009 |title=Chess legends Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov renew epic battle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/sep/21/karpov-kasparov-chess-rematch |work=The Guardian |access-date=17 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907130305/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/sep/21/karpov-kasparov-chess-rematch |archive-date=7 September 2013}}</ref> For a long time there was personal enmity between Karpov and Kasparov.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1050581,00.html |title=Sport: Bitterness and Brilliance in Moscow |last=Reed |first=J.D. |date=18 April 2005 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=1 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029161139/https://time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1050581,00.html |archive-date=29 October 2010}}</ref> The conflict between the two men also had a political connotation. Karpov was considered a representative of the Soviet [[nomenklatura]], while Kasparov was young and popular, positioned himself as a "child of change", willingly gave candid interviews and (especially in [[Western world|the West]]) had an aura of a rebel, although he was never a dissident.<ref name="Weaver-Guardian" /> Kasparov's 1985 victory coincided with the start of [[perestroika]] in the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1604889,00.html |title=Garry Kasparov: The Master's Next Move |date=29 March 2007 |magazine=Time |access-date=6 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729205355/https://time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1604889,00.html |archive-date=29 July 2011}}</ref>
Carlsen said of Kasparov: "I've never seen someone with such a feel for [[Glossary of chess#Dynamism|dynamics]] in complex positions."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7778 |title=Magnus Carlsen – 'I don't quite fit into the usual schemes' |publisher=ChessBase News |date=22 December 2011 |access-date=13 August 2013 |archive-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109162157/http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7778 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kramnik has opined that Kasparov's "capacity for study is second to none", adding "There is nothing in chess he has been unable to deal with."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kramnik.com/eng/interviews/getinterview.aspx?id=61 |title=The most important interviews by GM Vladimir Kramnik, World Chess Champion 2000–2007 |publisher=Kramnik.com |access-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512052013/http://www.kramnik.com/eng/interviews/getinterview.aspx?id=61 |archive-date=12 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In 2007, the international consulting company Synectics published a rating of 100 living geniuses in science, politics, art and entrepreneurship, in which Kasparov ranked 25th.<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 100 living geniuses |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567544/Top-100-living-geniuses.html |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=30 October 2007 |access-date=16 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207153501/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567544/Top-100-living-geniuses.html |archive-date=7 February 2011}}</ref>
Less known about Kasparov is his emphasis on physical fitness, including taking a month off each year to work out strenuously.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Garry Kasparov: the Chess Player |first=Joël |last=Calmettes |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CN4lxFjahtA |time=21:00 and 42:00 |work=[[France 3]] |date=September 2000 |access-date=10 November 2024 }}</ref>
===Playing style===
Kramnik called Kasparov a chess player with virtually no weaknesses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://e3e5.com/article.php?id=190 |title=В.Крамник. "ОТ СТЕЙНИЦА ДО КАСПАРОВА" |trans-title=V. Kramnyk. "FROM STEYNITSA TO KASPAROV" |date=1 July 2005 |website=e3e5.com |language=Russian |access-date=12 December 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726141013/http://www.e3e5.com/article.php?id=190 |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> His games are characterised by a dynamic style of play with a focus on tactics, depth of strategy, subtle calculation and original [[Chess opening|opening]] ideas.<ref name="Rocher-BBC">{{cite news |last=Rocher |first=Finlo |date=12 March 2005 |title=Каспаров: король уходит со сцены |trans-title=Kasparov: the king leaves the stage |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/sport/newsid_4342000/4342613.stm |work=BBC News |language=Russian |access-date=4 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025747/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/sport/newsid_4342000/4342613.stm |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> Kasparov was known for his extensive opening preparation and aggressive play in it.<ref>{{cite news|last=Byrne|first=Robert|title=Chess: How Kramnik Kept Kasparov Off His Game|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/05/nyregion/chess-how-kramnik-kept-kasparov-off-his-game.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=5 November 2000|access-date=8 February 2017|archive-date=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081555/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/05/nyregion/chess-how-kramnik-kept-kasparov-off-his-game.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1997-05-08/news/9705160275_1_deep-blue-garry-kasparov-45th-move |title=Game 4: Ibm, Kasparov Draw – Sun Sentinel |work=Sun-Sentinel |date=8 May 1997 |access-date=20 October 2013 |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404101039/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1997-05-08/news/9705160275_1_deep-blue-garry-kasparov-45th-move |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sergey Shipov considered Kasparov's moral and volitional qualities (impulsiveness and psychological instability) and excessive reliance on options, which can lead to overwork and mistakes, as amongst his few shortcomings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chesspro.ru/statistic/kasparov.shtml |title=Garry Kasparov |website=ChessPro |language=Russian |access-date=3 December 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824220909/http://www.chesspro.ru/statistic/kasparov.shtml |archive-date=24 August 2011}}</ref>
Kasparov's attacking style of play has been compared by many to Alekhine,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2000-02-06/entertainment/0002040830_1_garry-kasparov-judit-polgar-viswanathan-anand |title=Poll Picks Bobby Fischer As Favorite Player |work=Sun-Sentinel |date=6 February 2000 |access-date=20 October 2013 |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404071100/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2000-02-06/entertainment/0002040830_1_garry-kasparov-judit-polgar-viswanathan-anand |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/26th-july-1986/45/chess |title=Chess '25 Jul 1986' The Spectator Archive |work=The Spectator |date=25 July 1986 |access-date=20 October 2013 |archive-date=24 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024165057/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/26th-july-1986/45/chess |url-status=live }}</ref> his chess idol since childhood. Kasparov has described his style as being influenced chiefly by Alekhine, Tal and Fischer.<ref>Kasparov, Garry (2003). ''My Great Predecessors, part I''. Everyman Chess. {{ISBN|1-85744-330-6}}. p. 9 {{OCLC|223602528}}.</ref> Other influences on Kasparov were his early coaches. At a young age, he met with experienced teachers [[Aleksandr Nikitin (chess player)|Alexander Nikitin]] and [[Alexander Shakarov]]. Shakarov collected and systematised materials, and then became the keeper of Kasparov's "information bank". A revolutionary step at that time was the involvement of computer programs in analysing games, and it was Kasparov and his team who took the first steps in this direction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/2158/ |title=GARRY - GAME PRODUCER AND GENIUS (continued) |trans-title=ГАРРИ - ВУНДЕРКИНД И ГЕНИЙ ИГРЫ |date=2005 |website=Nauka i Zhizn |access-date=21 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728004825/http://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/2158/ |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbase.com/events/events.asp?pid=50 |title=FRANKFURT CHESS CLASSIC 1999 PORTRAITS |website=ChessBase |access-date=16 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604141851/http://www.chessbase.com/events/events.asp?pid=50 |archive-date=4 June 2011}}</ref> In 1973, Kasparov entered the Botvinnik school and immediately attracted attention. Botvinnik commented on the young schoolboy: "Garry's speed and memory capacity are amazing. He counts deep variations and finds unexpected moves. The power of combinational vision makes him similar to Alekhine himself".<ref name="nkj1">{{cite web |url=https://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/1791/ |title=GARRY - GAME PRODUCER AND GENIUS |trans-title=ГАРРИ - ВУНДЕРКИНД И ГЕНИЙ ИГРЫ |date=2005 |website=[[Nauka i Zhizn]] |access-date=21 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206171234/http://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/1791/ |archive-date=6 December 2008}}</ref>
===Contributions to opening theory===
Kasparov has made many contributions to opening theory. In the 1990s, he systematically developed new variants with computer programs. He also "reanimated" the [[Scotch Game]] in top-level competitions. Kasparov successfully used this opening, which was considered outdated, in the 1990 match against Karpov and in matches with Short and Anand.<ref>{{cite book |last=Linder |first=Isaak |date=2009 |title=Garry Kasparov. Life and the Game |url=https://xchess.ru/shakhmatnye-knigi/garri-kasparov-zhizn-i-igra.html?ysclid=l519mpgrrn549081242 |publisher=AST Publishing |page=398 |isbn=978-5-17-057379-0 |access-date=14 February 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113042514/https://xchess.ru/shakhmatnye-knigi/garri-kasparov-zhizn-i-igra.html?ysclid=l519mpgrrn549081242 |url-status=dead }}</ref> One of the offshoots of the Sicilian in the [[József Szén|Szén]] Variation is called the Kasparov Gambit.<ref name="gameknot">{{cite web |url=https://gameknot.com/chess-opening/sicilian-szen-variation-dely-kasparov-gambit-b44?nd=573 |title=Chess Openings, Sicilian, Szen variation, Dely-Kasparov gambit (B44) |website=GameKnot |access-date=12 December 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101022631/http://gameknot.com/chess-opening/sicilian-szen-variation-dely-kasparov-gambit-b44?nd=573 |archive-date=1 November 2011}}</ref> Kasparov used this variation in the 12th and 16th games of the match with Karpov in 1985; in the second of these games, he scored a victory.<ref name="gameknot" />
Another well-known case of winning an important game thanks to a novelty in the opening is Kasparov's 10th game of the 1995 match against Anand. On the 14th move, in a well-known position of the open variation of the Spanish Game (Ruy Lopez), Kasparov discovered a new idea with a rook sacrifice, which brought a decisive attack.{{sfn|Linder|2009|p=400}}
Kasparov has also co-authored several books on opening theory.<ref name="Modern-Chess-Part-One" />
===Chess rating===
Kasparov holds the record for the longest time as the [[List of FIDE chess world number ones|No. 1 rated player in the world]]—from 1984 to 2005 (Kramnik shared the No. 1 ranking with him once, in the January 1996 FIDE rating list).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chess.eusa.ed.ac.uk/Chess/Trivia/AlltimeList.html |title=All Time rankings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126000035/http://chess.eusa.ed.ac.uk/Chess/Trivia/AlltimeList.html |archive-date=26 November 2009 }}</ref> He headed the [[Professional Chess Association|PCA]] rating list during the split from FIDE. At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked No. 1 in the world, with a rating of 2812. His rating has fallen inactive since the January 2006 rating list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fide.com/ratings/toparc.phtml?cod=81 |title=FIDE Archive: Top 100 Players July 2005 |access-date=11 August 2007 |date=18 April 2007 |publisher=World Chess Federation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629035231/http://www.fide.com/ratings/toparc.phtml?cod=81 |archive-date=29 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In January 1990, Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Fischer's old record of 2785. By the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists, Kasparov had reached a 2851 [[Elo rating system|Elo rating]], at that time the highest rating ever achieved.<ref>[https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic270.html The Week in Chess 270] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930232038/https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic270.html |date=30 September 2011 }}, [[The Week in Chess]], 10 January 2000.</ref> He held that record until Carlsen attained a new record high rating of 2861 in January 2013.
===Other achievements===
Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in fifteen individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roudik|first=Peter|title=Culture and Customs of the Caucasus|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-313-34885-3|___location=Westport, Connecticut|page=186}}</ref> The streak was broken by [[Vasyl Ivanchuk]] at [[Linares chess tournament|Linares]] 1991, where Kasparov placed second, half a point behind him after losing their individual game. The details of this record winning streak follow:<ref name="chessmetrics" />
* [[Bishkek|Frunze]] 1981, USSR Championship, 12½/17, tie for 1st;
* [[Bugojno]] 1982, 9½/13, 1st;
* Moscow 1982, Interzonal, 10/13, 1st;
* [[Nikšić]] 1983, 11/14, 1st;
* [[Brussels]] OHRA 1986, 7½/10, 1st;
* [[Brussels]] SWIFT 1987, 8½/11, tie for 1st;
* [[Amsterdam]] Optiebeurs 1988, 9/12, 1st;
* [[Belfort]] (World Cup) 1988, 11½/15, 1st;
* Moscow 1988, USSR Championship, 11½/17, tie for 1st;
* [[Reykjavík]] (World Cup) 1988, 11/17, 1st;
* [[Barcelona]] (World Cup) 1989, 11/16, tie for 1st;
* [[Skellefteå]] (World Cup) 1989, 9½/15, tie for 1st;
* [[Tilburg]] 1989, 12/14, 1st;
* [[Belgrade]] (Investbank) 1989, 9½/11, 1st;
* [[Linares, Jaén|Linares]] 1990, 8/11, 1st.
Kasparov went nine years winning every super-tournament he played, in addition to contesting his series of five consecutive matches with Karpov. His only failure in this time period in either tournament or match play was the 1984 world title match against Karpov.
In the late 1990s, Kasparov went on another long streak of ten consecutive super-tournament wins.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kramnik-Leko, Anand-Kasparov Drawn. Leko Takes Title|date=9 March 2003|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/kramnik-leko-anand-kasparov-drawn-leko-takes-title|access-date=3 September 2003|archive-date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903132310/http://en.chessbase.com/post/kramnik-leko-anand-kasparov-drawn-leko-takes-title|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Wijk aan Zee]] Hoogovens 1999, 10/13, 1st;
* [[Linares, Jaén|Linares]] 1999, 10½/14, 1st;
* [[Sarajevo]] 1999, 7/9, 1st;
* [[Wijk aan Zee]] Corus 2000, 9½/13, 1st;
* [[Linares, Jaén|Linares]] 2000, 6/10, tie for 1st;
* [[Sarajevo]] 2000, 8½/11, 1st;
* [[Wijk aan Zee]] Corus 2001, 9/13, 1st;
* [[Linares, Jaén|Linares]] 2001, 7.5/10, 1st;
* [[Astana]] 2001, 7/10, 1st;
* [[Linares, Jaén|Linares]] 2002, 8/12, 1st.
In these tournament victories, Kasparov had a score of 53 wins, 61 draws and 1 loss in 115 games, his only defeat coming against [[Ivan Sokolov (chess player)|Ivan Sokolov]] in Wijk aan Zee 1999.
===Notable games===
*[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1067175, Anatoly Karpov vs Garry Kasparov, World Chess Championship 1985, Game 16, Sicilian Defence, Taimanov variation (B44), 0-1] An example of him at his very best, Kasparov takes advantage of Karpov's setup in the opening, offering a pawn sacrifice before dominating all three of White's major pieces with an "octopus knight" on d3.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chess.com/article/view/the-best-chess-games-of-all-time#Karpov_Kasparov|title=The Best Chess Games Of All Time|date=14 December 2022|publisher=[[Chess.com]]|quote=This game from their world championship match in 1985 demonstrates Kasparov at his very best.|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=4 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304063450/https://www.chess.com/article/view/the-best-chess-games-of-all-time#Karpov_Kasparov|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1011478, Garry Kasparov vs Veselin Topalov, Hoogovens Tournament Group A, Wijk aan Zee 1999, Round 4, Pirc Defence (B07), 1-0] In what is widely regarded as his masterpiece, Kasparov unleashes multiple brilliancies as he hunts down Black's king from one side of the board to another, ending in a precise combination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/throwback-thursday-kasparov-wijjk-1999|title=Throwback Thursday: Kasparov's immortal|last1=Alberto Colodro|first1=Carlos|date=11 March 2021|publisher=[[ChessBase]]|quote=Garry Kasparov defeated Veselin Topalov in what is now known as his 'immortal game'|access-date=8 March 2022|archive-date=4 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304063452/https://en.chessbase.com/post/throwback-thursday-kasparov-wijjk-1999|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chess.com/article/view/the-best-chess-games-of-all-time#Kasparov_Topalov|publisher=[[Chess.com]]|title=The Best Chess Games Of All Time|date=14 December 2022|quote=Kasparov has a long list of brilliancies to his credit, but this game is his virtually undisputed masterpiece.|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=4 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304063450/https://www.chess.com/article/view/the-best-chess-games-of-all-time#Kasparov_Topalov|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Chess and computers ==
[[Acorn Computers]] acted as one of the sponsors for Kasparov's Candidates semi-final match against Korchnoi in 1983. This was Kasparov's first introduction to computers. Kasparov was awarded a [[BBC Micro]], which he took back with him to Baku, making it perhaps one of the first Western-made microcomputers to reach the Soviet Union at that time.<ref>{{cite web |title=How it all started |date=24 December 2017 |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/garry-kasparov-on-how-it-all-started |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014160038/https://en.chessbase.com/post/garry-kasparov-on-how-it-all-started |url-status=live }}</ref>
Computer chess magazine editor Frederic Friedel consulted with Kasparov in 1985 on how a chess database program would be useful preparation for competition. Friedel founded [[Chessbase]] two years later, and he gave a copy of the program to Kasparov, who started using it in his preparation.<ref>Garry Kasparov. ''Deep Thinking''.</ref> That same year, Kasparov played against thirty-two chess computers in Hamburg, winning all games.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/feb/11/the-chess-master-and-the-computer/|title=The Chess Master and the Computer by Garry Kasparov|magazine=The New York Review of Books|access-date=2 May 2015|last1=Kasparov|first1=Garry|archive-date=2 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502140710/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/feb/11/the-chess-master-and-the-computer/|url-status=live}}</ref> Several commercially available Kasparov computers were made in the 1980s, the Saitek Kasparov Turbo King models.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacious-mind.com/html/turbo_king.html |title=Saitek Kasparov Model 320 Turbo King (1987) Electronic Chess Computer |website=Spacious-mind.com |date= |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926193401/http://www.spacious-mind.com/html/turbo_king.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/turbo_king.html |title=Turbo King |website=Chesscomputeruk.com |date= |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619053106/http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/turbo_king.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=KASPAROV TURBO 16K OWNER'S MANUAL |date= }}</ref> On 22 October 1989, Kasparov defeated the chess computer [[Deep Thought (chess computer)|Deep Thought]] in both games of a two-game match.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Kasparov | first1 = Garry | last2 = Speelman | first2 = Jon | last3 = Wade | first3 = Bob | title = Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess | page = 242 | publisher = Henry Holt | year = 1995}} {{Cite book | last = Hsu | first = Feng-hsiung | author-link= Feng-hsiung Hsu | title = Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion | pages=105–116 | publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-691-09065-3 }}</ref> In December 1992, Kasparov played thirty-seven blitz games against [[Fritz (chess)|Fritz]] 2 in Cologne, winning 24, drawing 4 and losing 9.<ref>''Computerschach & Spiele.'' 1993#1 p. 40</ref>
Kasparov cooperated in producing video material for the computer game ''[[Kasparov's Gambit]]'' released by [[Electronic Arts]] in November 1993. In April 1994, [[Intel]] acted as a sponsor for the first [[Professional Chess Association]] Grand Prix event in Moscow, played at a time control of twenty-five minutes per game. In May, [[Chessbase]]'s [[Fritz (chess)|Fritz]] 3 running on an [[Intel]] [[Pentium]] PC defeated Kasparov in their first game in the Intel Express blitz tournament in Munich, but Kasparov managed to tie it for first and won the play-off (+3=2). The next day, Kasparov lost to Fritz 3 again in a game on ZDF TV.<ref>Kasparov, Speelman and Wade. 1995. ''Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess.'' p. 290</ref> In August, Kasparov was knocked out of the London Intel Grand Prix by Richard Lang's [[ChessGenius]] 2 program in the first round.<ref>William Harstson, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/machine-beats-man-yet-again-at-chess-grand-prix-1446332.html 'Machine beats man again at chess grand prix'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227135318/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/machine-beats-man-yet-again-at-chess-grand-prix-1446332.html |date=27 February 2023 }}. ''The Independent'', 2 September 1994, retrieved 27 February 2023</ref> In 1995, during Kasparov's world title match with Anand, he unveiled an opening novelty that had been checked with a [[chess engine]], an approach that would become increasingly common in subsequent years.<ref>Garry Kasparov. 2014. Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov Part II 1993–2005. Everyman Chess.</ref>
[[Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov|Kasparov played in]] a pair of six-game chess matches with IBM supercomputer [[Deep Blue (chess computer)|Deep Blue]]. The first match took place in Philadelphia in February 1996 and was won by Kasparov (4–2).<ref>Hsu (2002), pp. 162–185</ref> The second was played in New York City in May 1997 and won by Deep Blue (3½–2½). The 1997 match was the first defeat of a reigning world champion by a computer under tournament conditions.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-ibms-deep-blue-beat-world-champion-chess-player-garry-kasparov |title=How IBM's Deep Blue Beat World Champion Chess Player Garry Kasparov |magazine=IEEE Spectrum |author=Joanna Goodrich |date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2023 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103032553/https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-ibms-deep-blue-beat-world-champion-chess-player-garry-kasparov |url-status=live }}</ref>
The match was even after five games but Kasparov lost quickly in [[Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1997, Game 6|Game 6]]. Kasparov said that he was "not well prepared" to face Deep Blue in 1997. He said that based on his "objective strengths" his play was stronger than that of Deep Blue.<ref name="Kristol2">{{cite web |url=http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/transcript/garry-kasparov-iv-transcript/ |title=Garry Kasparov IV Transcript |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=13 December 2017 |website=Conversations with Bill Kristol |publisher=The Foundation for Constitutional Government |access-date=6 June 2018 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720165804/http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/transcript/garry-kasparov-iv-transcript/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed against him in this match. In particular, he was denied access to Deep Blue's recent games, in contrast to the computer's team, which could study hundreds of Kasparov's.<ref name="Gimbel">{{Cite journal|last=Gimbel|first=Steven|year=1998|title=Get With the Program: Kasparov, Deep Blue, and Accusations of Unsportsthinglike Conduct|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24354219|journal=Journal of Applied Philosophy|volume=15|issue=2|pages=145–154|doi=10.1111/1468-5930.00082|jstor=24354219|issn=0264-3758|access-date=26 January 2022|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126175405/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24354219|url-status=live}}</ref>
After the loss, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during the second game chess players had intervened in contravention of the rules. IBM denied that it had cheated, stating the only human intervention occurred between games. The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match.<ref name="Gimbel" /> Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's log files but IBM refused, although the company later published them on the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/watch/html/c.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701232743/http://www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/watch/html/c.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2008|title=IBM Research – Deep Blue – Overview|date=1 July 2008}}</ref> Much later, it was suggested that the behaviour Kasparov noted had resulted from a glitch in the computer program.<ref name="Roberts">{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=Jacob|title=Thinking Machines: The Search for Artificial Intelligence|journal=Distillations|year=2016|volume=2|issue=2|pages=14–23|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/thinking-machines-the-search-for-artificial-intelligence|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819152455/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/thinking-machines-the-search-for-artificial-intelligence|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Plans for further engagement between Kasparov and IBM, including a rematch, did not come to fruition, due to the accusations of cheating.<ref>Hsu (2002), p. 268.</ref>
[[File:Kasparov-18.jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|right|Kasparov wearing 3D glasses in his match against the program [[X3D Fritz]]]]
[[Kasparov versus the World]] was a game that took place in 1999. Kasparov conducted the white moves while more than 50,000 people from all over the globe played against him. The game was a huge mixture of tactical and strategical ideas, with Kasparov saying: "It is the greatest game in the history of chess. The sheer number of ideas, the complexity, and the contribution it has made to chess make it the most important game ever played."<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2007 |title=Kasparov versus the World – Michael Nielsen |url=https://michaelnielsen.org/blog/kasparov-versus-the-world/#:~:text=In%201999,%20world%20chess%20champion%20Garry |access-date=3 October 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> After 62 moves, Kasparov won the game.
In January 2003, he engaged in a six-game classical time control match, with a $1 million prize fund, against [[Junior (chess program)|Deep Junior]]. It was billed as the FIDE "Man vs. Machine" world championship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=599 |title=Kasparov vs Deep Junior in January 2003 |date=15 November 2002 |access-date=11 August 2007 |publisher=ChessBase |archive-date=26 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223847/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=599 |url-status=live }}</ref> The engine evaluated three million positions per second.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/fun.games/02/08/cnna.kasparov/ |title=Kasparov: "Intuition versus the brute force of calculation" |access-date=11 August 2007 |date=10 February 2003 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=11 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911023617/http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/fun.games/02/08/cnna.kasparov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After one win each and three draws, it was all up to the final game. After reaching a decent position, Kasparov offered a draw, which was accepted by the Deep Junior team. Asked why he had offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared making a blunder.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thechessdrum.net/tournaments/Kasparov-DeepJr/ |title=Kasparov & Deep Junior fight 3–3 to draw! |access-date=11 August 2007 |last=Shabazz |first=Damian |publisher=The Chess Drum |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927222722/http://www.thechessdrum.net/tournaments/Kasparov-DeepJr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Deep Junior was the first machine to beat Kasparov with Black and at a standard time control.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kasparov knows more about Deep Junior than we do |publisher=[[ChessBase]] |date=15 February 2003 |url=http://en.chessbase.com/home/TabId/211/PostId/4000799 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130829184940/http://en.chessbase.com/home/TabId/211/PostId/4000799 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 August 2013 |access-date=27 August 2013 }}</ref>
In June 2003, [[Mindscape (company)|Mindscape]] released the computer game ''[[Kasparov Chessmate]]'', with Kasparov himself listed as a co-designer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kasparov Chessmate for Windows (2003)|url=https://www.mobygames.com/game/windows/kasparov-chessmate|access-date=17 February 2021|website=MobyGames|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001020642/https://www.mobygames.com/game/windows/kasparov-chessmate|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program [[X3D Fritz]], using a virtual board, [[3D glasses]] and a [[speech recognition]] system. After two draws and one win apiece, the X3D Man–Machine match ended in a draw. Kasparov received $175,000 and took home a golden trophy. He continued to regret the blunder in the second game that cost him a crucial point. He felt that he had outplayed the machine overall and performed well: "I only made one mistake but unfortunately that one mistake lost the game."<ref>{{cite web | title = Kasparov vs X3D Fritz match finishes 2–2 after game four draw | publisher = [[ChessBase]] | date = 19 November 2003 | url = http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1312 | access-date = 19 November 2009 | archive-date = 4 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110604222717/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1312 | url-status = live }}</ref>
In 2021, Kasparov promoted a series of 32 [[Non-fungible token|NFTs]] that detailed important moments in his career. The top four sold for more than $11,000.<ref>{{cite web |last=O'Brient |first=Samuel |date=14 December 2021 |title=Garry Kasparov Is Betting on NFTs. Strategic Investors Should Follow His Moves. |url=https://investorplace.com/2021/12/garry-kasparov-is-betting-on-nfts-strategic-investors-should-follow-his-moves/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=InvestorPlace |language=en-US |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215180225/https://investorplace.com/2021/12/garry-kasparov-is-betting-on-nfts-strategic-investors-should-follow-his-moves/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 January 2022 |title=Kasparov and NFT |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/kasparov-and-nft-3 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Chess News |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423004542/https://en.chessbase.com/post/kasparov-and-nft-3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Politics and political views==
===Russia===
====Early political activities====
Kasparov's grandfather was a staunch communist, but the young Kasparov gradually began to have doubts about the Soviet Union's political system at age 13 when he travelled abroad for the first time in 1976 to Paris for a chess tournament.<ref>[https://www.persuasion.community/p/kasparov#details 'Garry Kasparov on Resisting Authoritarianism'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405221532/https://www.persuasion.community/p/kasparov#details |date=5 April 2023 }}. Persuasion, 27 November 2021, retrieved 5 April 2023</ref> In 1981, at age 18, he read [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]'s ''[[The Gulag Archipelago]]'', a copy of which he bought while abroad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://conversationswithbillkristol.org/transcript/garry-kasparov-transcript|title=Garry Kasparov Transcript |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=25 April 2018 |website=Conversations with Bill Kristol |publisher=The Foundation for Constitutional Government |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720165728/http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/transcript/garry-kasparov-transcript/|url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, Kasparov joined the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU) in 1984, and was elected to the Central Committee of [[Komsomol]] in 1987. In 1990, he left the party.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kasparov|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/afet24052007_cvkasparov_/afet24052007_cvkasparov_en.pdf|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205100817/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/afet24052007_cvkasparov_/afet24052007_cvkasparov_en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
In May 1990, Kasparov took part in the creation of the [[Democratic Party of Russia]].<ref>Nick Gillespie, [https://www.kasparov.com/garry-kasparovs-gambit-reason-november-19-2021/ 'Garry Kasparov's Gambit|Reason|November 19, 2021'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405223123/https://www.kasparov.com/garry-kasparovs-gambit-reason-november-19-2021/ |date=5 April 2023 }}. Garry Kasparov official website, 19 November 2021, retrieved 5 April 2023</ref> He left the party on 28 April 1991, after its conference.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1991/04/910429.html(opt,text,unix,english,,new) |title=Split in Democratic Party of Russia |last=Tolz |first=Vera |date=29 April 2018 |website=friends-partners.org |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |access-date=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105402/http://friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1991/04/910429.html(opt,text,unix,english,,new) |archive-date=17 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kasparov was also involved with the creation of the "Choice of Russia" bloc of parties in June 1993. He took part in the election campaign of [[Boris Yeltsin]] in 1996. In 2001, he voiced his support for the Russian television channel [[NTV Russia|NTV]].<ref name="biography" />
After his retirement from chess in 2005, Kasparov turned to politics and created the [[United Civil Front]], a social movement whose main goal is to "work to preserve [[Election|electoral]] democracy in Russia".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/05/18/kasparovfront.shtml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070509165213/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/05/18/kasparovfront.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2007 |publisher=MOSNeWS.com|title=Russian Chess Legend Kasparov to Establish United Civil Front |date=18 May 2005 }}</ref> He has vowed to "restore democracy" to Russia by restoring the [[rule of law]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kasparov leads demonstration against Putin's rule |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/kasparov-leads-demonstration-against-putins-rule-452536.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310204529/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/kasparov-leads-demonstration-against-putins-rule-452536.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2009 |newspaper=The Independent on Sunday |date=10 June 2007 |access-date=17 November 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20050312/ai_n13466947 |title=Chess champ Kasparov's new gambit: politics |access-date=11 August 2007 |date=12 March 2005 |work=[[The Chicago Sun-Times]]|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825064913/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20050312/ai_n13466947 |archive-date=25 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_20070421/ai_n19047082 |title=Why Putin will stop at nothing to smash the new Russian revolution |access-date=11 August 2007 |date=21 April 2007 |work=The Spectator |___location=UK |first=Anne |last=Applebaum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622055528/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_20070421/ai_n19047082 |archive-date=22 June 2008 }}</ref> A year later the United Civil Front became part of [[The Other Russia (coalition)|The Other Russia]]. Kasparov was instrumental in setting up this coalition, which opposes Putin's government and the [[United Russia]] party. The Other Russia was boycotted by the leaders of Russia's mainstream opposition parties, [[Yabloko]] and [[Union of Right Forces]], due to its inclusion of both nationalist and radical groups. Kasparov has criticised these two parties as being secretly under the auspices of the [[Kremlin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=46B73D00E4AC1|title=Non-partying system|access-date=19 August 2007|archive-date=12 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812040535/http://www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=46B73D00E4AC1|url-status=live}}</ref>
In April 2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just signed. The assailant was reported to have said: "I admired you as a chess player, but you gave that up for politics" immediately before the attack.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2344 |title=Pictures of the Moscow assault |access-date=11 August 2007 |date=22 April 2005 |work=The Federal Post |publisher=Chessbase |archive-date=12 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812033554/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2344 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kasparov has been the subject of a number of other episodes since, including police brutality and alleged harassment from the Russian secret service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2393 |title=Kasparov manhandled by police at Moscow protest |access-date=11 August 2007 |date=16 May 2005 |work=Moscow Times |publisher=Chessbase |archive-date=7 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807184733/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2393 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2486 |title=Breaking news: Kasparov assaulted again |access-date=11 August 2007 |date=30 June 2005 |work=Mosnewsm.com |publisher=Chessbase |archive-date=7 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807102236/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2486 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:MarchNesoglas09juneSpB1.jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|right|Kasparov at the third [[Dissenters March]] in [[Saint Petersburg]] on 9 June 2007]]
Kasparov helped organise the [[Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March]] on 3 March 2007 and [[Dissenters March|The March of the Dissenters]] on 24 March 2007, both involving several thousand people rallying against Putin and Saint Petersburg Governor [[Valentina Matviyenko]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/03/03/russia.protest.ap/index.html |title=Anti-Kremlin protesters beaten by police |access-date=11 August 2007 |date=3 March 2007 |publisher=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314235206/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/03/03/russia.protest.ap/index.html |archive-date=14 March 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6492447.stm |title=Russian opposition demo quashed |access-date=11 August 2007 |date=25 March 2005 |work=[[BBC News]] |___location=London |archive-date=30 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070330040944/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6492447.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
Kasparov led a pro-democracy demonstration in Moscow in April 2007. Soon after it started, however, over 9,000 police descended on the group and seized almost everyone. Kasparov, who was briefly arrested, was warned by the prosecution office on the eve of the march that anyone participating risked being detained. He was held for some ten hours and then fined and released.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6554989.stm |title=Kasparov arrested at Moscow rally |access-date=11 August 2007 |date=17 April 2007 |work=[[BBC News]] |___location=London |archive-date=17 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817115217/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6554989.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> He was later summoned by the [[FSB (Russia)|FSB]] for violations of Russian anti-extremism laws.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/27e706a8-ed4a-11db-9520-000b5df10621.html |title=Russian intelligence to quiz Kasparov over "inciting extremism" |access-date=11 August 2007 |last=Buckley |first=neil |date=18 April 2007 |work=[[Financial Times]] |archive-date=12 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912094736/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/27e706a8-ed4a-11db-9520-000b5df10621.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Speaking about Kasparov in 2007, former [[KGB]] defector [[Oleg Kalugin]] remarked: "I do not talk in details – people who knew them are all dead now because they were vocal, they were open. I am quiet. There is only one man who is vocal, and he may be in trouble: world chess champion Kasparov. He has been very outspoken in his attacks on Putin, and I believe that he is probably next on the list."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3911 |title=Seven Questions: A Little KGB Training Goes a Long Way |access-date=11 August 2007 |last=Rivkin |first=Amanda |date=July 2007 |magazine=[[Foreign Policy]] |archive-date=18 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818042639/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3911 |url-status=live }}</ref>
====Presidential candidate (2008)====
On 30 September 2007, Kasparov entered the [[2008 Russian presidential election|Russian presidential race]], receiving 379 of 498 votes at a congress held in Moscow by The Other Russia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-09-30-kasparov_N.htm|title=Kasparov runs for Russian presidency|date=1 October 2007|agency=Associated Press|access-date=26 March 2017|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104042/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-09-30-kasparov_N.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency as the candidate of the "[[The Other Russia (coalition)|Other Russia]]" coalition and vowed to fight for a "democratic and just Russia". Later that month he travelled to the United States, where he appeared on several popular television programmes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2007 |title=Kasparov vs Wolf Blitzer on CNN's Late Edition |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/kasparov-vs-wolf-blitzer-on-cnn-s-late-edition |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=Chess News |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814220525/https://en.chessbase.com/post/kasparov-vs-wolf-blitzer-on-cnn-s-late-edition |url-status=live }}</ref>
In November 2007, Kasparov and other protesters were detained by police at an Other Russia rally in Moscow, which drew 3,000 demonstrators to protest against election rigging. Following an attempt by about 100 protesters to march through police lines to the electoral commission, which had barred Other Russia candidates from parliamentary elections, arrests were made. The Russian authorities stated a rally had been approved but not any marches, resulting in several demonstrators being detained.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7110910.stm |title=Kasparov seized by Russian Police |access-date=24 November 2007 |date=24 November 2007 |work=BBC News |___location=London |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322122242/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7110910.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Kasparov was subsequently charged with resisting arrest and organising an unauthorised protest, and was given a jail sentence of five days. Kasparov appealed the charges, citing that he had been following orders given by the police. He was released from jail on 29 November.<ref>{{cite news |first=Misha |last=Japaridze |title=Kasparov released from Moscow jail |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-11-29-kasparov-released_N.htm |agency=Associated Press |date=28 November 2007 |access-date=28 November 2007 |archive-date=9 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509084226/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-11-29-kasparov-released_N.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Putin castigated Kasparov at the rally for his use of English when speaking rather than Russian.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071221162206/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/personoftheyear/article/0,28804,1690753_1690757_1691279,00.html A Bible, But No E-mail] ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine</ref>
In December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a meeting hall where at least 500 of his supporters could assemble. With the deadline expiring on that date, he explained it was impossible for him to run. Russian election laws required sufficient meeting hall space for assembling supporters. Kasparov's spokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to deter anyone from renting a hall for the gathering and said that the electoral commission had rejected a proposal that would have allowed for smaller gathering sizes rather than one large gathering at a meeting hall.<ref>Andrew E. Kramer, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/13/world/europe/13russia.html "Kasparov Says He Was Forced to End Bid for Presidency"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404053320/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/13/world/europe/13russia.html |date=4 April 2017 }}, ''The New York Times'', 13 December 2007.</ref>
====Opposition to Putin administration (2010–2013)====
Kasparov was among the 34 first signatories and a key organiser of the online anti-Putin campaign "[[Putin must go]]", started on 10 March 2010. Within the text is a call to Russian law enforcement to ignore Putin's orders. By June 2011, there were 90,000 signatures. While the identity of the petition author remained anonymous, there was wide speculation that it was indeed Kasparov.<ref name=kasparov0604>{{cite web |url= http://www.ej.ru/?a=note&id=10000 |title= Гарри Каспаров. Возьмемся за руки, друзья... "ЕЖ", 6 April 2010 |publisher= Ej.ru |access-date= 17 January 2012 |archive-date= 11 March 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120311162237/http://www.ej.ru/?a=note&id=10000 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=ryzhkov>[http://www.echo.msk.ru/programs/personalno/663243-echo/ Особое мнение. Гость: Владимир Рыжков] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324101226/http://www.echo.msk.ru/programs/personalno/663243-echo/ |date=24 March 2012 }}. [Echo Moskvy], 12 March 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://igeid.livejournal.com/51463.html |title= Игорь Эйдман. Открытое письмо организаторам кампании по сбору подписей |publisher=Igeid.livejournal.com |date=25 March 2010 |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120305151607/http://igeid.livejournal.com/51463.html |archive-date=5 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://novayagazeta.ru/data/2010/027/17.html Гарри Каспаров: В интернет ОМОН не пришлешь] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110927004221/http://novayagazeta.ru/data/2010/027/17.html |date=27 September 2011}} [[Novaya Gazeta]], No. 27 of 17 March 2010.</ref> On 31 January 2012, Kasparov hosted a meeting of opposition leaders planning a [[Protests following the 2011 Russian elections#4 February|mass march on 4 February 2012]], the third major opposition rally held since the [[2011 Russian legislative election|disputed State Duma elections of December 2011]]. Among other opposition leaders attending were [[Alexei Navalny]] and [[Yevgeniya Chirikova]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Protest Organizers Meet to Settle on Demands | pages = 12–27 | newspaper = [[Moscow Times]] | date = 1 February 2012 | url = http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/protest-organizers-meet-to-settle-on-demands/452086.html | access-date = 3 February 2012 | archive-date = 4 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204063932/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/protest-organizers-meet-to-settle-on-demands/452086.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
Kasparov was arrested and beaten outside a Moscow court on 17 August 2012 while attending sentencing in the case involving the all-female punk band [[Pussy Riot]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=8416 |title= Breaking news: Kasparov arrested and beaten at Pussy Riot trial |publisher= Chessbase |date= 17 August 2012 |access-date= 20 October 2013 |archive-date= 19 August 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120819012034/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=8416 |url-status= live }}</ref> On 24 August, he was cleared of charges that he had taken part in an unauthorised protest against the conviction of three members of the band. Judge Yekaterina Veklich said there were "no grounds to believe the testimony of the police".<ref>{{cite news |title=Moscow court acquits Garry Kasparov |url=https://www.tert.am/en/news/2012/08/25/kasparov/1289403 |work=[[Tert.am]] |date=25 August 2012 |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221221503/https://www.tert.am/en/news/2012/08/25/kasparov/1289403 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kasparov later thanked all the bloggers and reporters who provided video evidence that contradicted the testimony of the police.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kasparov.com/314/|title=Kasparov Declared Innocent in Unprecedented Case (incl. statement)|date=21 January 2013|website=Kasparov|access-date=12 February 2020|archive-date=12 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212184326/http://www.kasparov.com/314/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kasparov wrote in February 2013 that "fascism has come to Russia. ...Project Putin, just like the old Project Hitler, is but the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elite. Fascist rule was never the result of the free will of the people. It was always the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elites!"<ref>{{cite web|last= Kasparov|first= Garry|title= Fascism in Our Own Backyard|url= http://www.kasparov.com/fascism-in-our-own-backyard/|publisher= Garry Kasparov|access-date= 2 November 2013|date= 6 February 2013|archive-date= 3 November 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131103061911/http://www.kasparov.com/fascism-in-our-own-backyard/|url-status= live}}</ref>
Kasparov denied rumours in April 2013 that he was planning to leave Russia for good. "I found these rumors to be deeply saddening and, moreover, surprising," he wrote. "I was unable to respond immediately because I was in such a state of shock that such an incredibly inaccurate statement, the likes of which is constantly distributed by the Kremlin's propagandists, came this time from [[Ilya Yashin]], a fellow member of the Opposition Coordination Council (KSO) and my former colleague from the Solidarity movement."<ref>{{cite web |last=Kasparov |first=Garry |title=Don't You Worry, I'm Not Leaving |url=http://www.kasparov.com/dont-you-worry-im-not-leaving/ |publisher=Garry Kasparov official website |access-date=5 November 2013 |date=7 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131105045837/http://www.kasparov.com/dont-you-worry-im-not-leaving/ |archive-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref> He also accused prominent Russian journalist [[Vladimir Pozner Jr.|Vladimir Posner]] of failing to stand up to Putin and to earlier Russian and Soviet leaders.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kasparov |first=Garry |title=The Doubling of VVP |url= http://www.kasparov.com/the-doubling-of-vvp/ |publisher= Garry Kasparov |access-date=7 November 2013 |date=24 April 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131026063733/http://www.kasparov.com/the-doubling-of-vvp/ |archive-date=26 October 2013 }}</ref>
However, Kasparov subsequently fled Russia less than three months later. On 6 June 2013, he announced that he had left his homeland on account of fear of persecution for his political views.<ref>Kirit Radia, [https://abcnews.go.com/International/chess-grand-master-garry-kasparov-latest-russian-flee/story?id=19339362 'Chess Grand Master Is Latest Russian To Flee'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301144417/https://abcnews.go.com/International/chess-grand-master-garry-kasparov-latest-russian-flee/story?id=19339362 |date=1 March 2023 }}. Abc News, 6 June 2013, retrieved 1 March 2023</ref> Further, at the 2013 Women in the World conference, Kasparov told ''[[The Daily Beast]]''{{'}}s [[Michael C. Moynihan|Michael Moynihan]] that democracy no longer existed in what he called Russia's "dictatorship".<ref name=dailybeast>{{cite news|last= Kasparov|first= Garry|title= I Will Not Return to the Dark Reality of Putin's Russia|url= http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/06/20/my-fight-for-russia-goes-on-garry-kasparov-declares.html|website= The Daily Beast|access-date= 14 November 2013|date= 20 June 2013|archive-date= 27 November 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131127203941/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/06/20/my-fight-for-russia-goes-on-garry-kasparov-declares.html|url-status= live}}</ref>
====Opposition to Putin from exile (2013–)====
[[File:Oslo Freedom Forum 2018 Press Conference (103112).jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|Kasparov at the 2018 [[Oslo Freedom Forum]]]]
Kasparov said at a press conference in June 2013 that if he returned to Russia, he doubted he would be allowed to leave again, given Putin's ongoing crackdown on dissenters. "So for the time being," he said, "I refrain from returning to Russia." He explained shortly thereafter in an article for ''The Daily Beast'' that this had not been intended as "a declaration of leaving my home country, permanently or otherwise", but merely an expression of "the dark reality of the situation in Russia today, where nearly half the members of the opposition's Coordinating Council are under criminal investigation on concocted charges". He noted that the Moscow prosecutor's office was "opening an investigation that would limit my ability to travel", making it impossible for him to fulfil "professional speaking engagements" and hindering his "work for the non-profit Kasparov Chess Foundation, which has centres in New York City, Brussels and Johannesburg, to promote chess in education".<ref name=dailybeast /> Kasparov further wrote in his June 2013 ''Daily Beast'' article that the mass protests in Moscow 18 months earlier against fraudulent Russian elections had been "a proud moment for me". He recalled that after joining the opposition movement in March 2005, he had been criticised for seeking to unite "every anti-Putin element in the country to march together regardless of ideology". Therefore, the sight of "hundreds of flags representing every group from liberals to nationalists all marching together for 'Russia Without Putin' was the fulfillment of a dream." Yet most Russians, he lamented, had continued to "slumber" even as Putin had "taken off the flimsy mask of democracy to reveal himself in full as the would-be KGB dictator he has always been".<ref>{{cite news|last= Kasparov|first= Garry|title= I Will Not Return to the Dark Reality of Putin's Russia|url= http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/06/20/my-fight-for-russia-goes-on-garry-kasparov-declares.html|website= The Daily Beast|access-date= 18 November 2013|date= 20 June 2013|archive-date= 27 November 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131127203941/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/06/20/my-fight-for-russia-goes-on-garry-kasparov-declares.html|url-status= live}}</ref>
Kasparov responded with several Twitter postings to a September 2013 ''[[The New York Times]]'' [[op-ed]] by Putin. "I hope Putin has taken adequate protections," he tweeted. "Now that he is a Russian journalist his life may be in grave danger!" Also: "Now we can expect NY Times op-eds by [[Robert Mugabe|Mugabe]] on fair elections, [[Fidel Castro|Castro]] on free speech, & [[Kim Jong-un]] on prison reform. The Axis of Hypocrisy."<ref>{{cite web|title=Checkmate: Garry Kasparov rips apart 'pathetic' NYT for providing Putin a platform for 'condescending propaganda'|url=http://twitchy.com/2013/09/11/checkmate-garry-kasparov-rips-apart-pathetic-nyt-for-providing-putin-a-platform-for-condescending-propaganda/|publisher=Twitchy|access-date=5 December 2013|date=11 September 2013|archive-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216072350/http://twitchy.com/2013/09/11/checkmate-garry-kasparov-rips-apart-pathetic-nyt-for-providing-putin-a-platform-for-condescending-propaganda/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Kasparov wrote in July 2013 about the trial in [[Kirov, Russia|Kirov]] of fellow opposition leader Navalny, who had been convicted "on concocted embezzlement charges", only to see the prosecutor, surprisingly, ask for his release the next day pending appeal. "The judicial process and the democratic process in Russia," wrote Kasparov, "are both elaborate mockeries created to distract the citizenry at home and to help Western leaders avoid confronting the awkward fact that Russia has returned to a police state". Still, Kasparov felt that whatever had caused the Kirov prosecutor's about-face, "my optimism tells me it was a positive sign. After more than 13 years of predictable repression under Putin, anything different is good."<ref>{{cite web|last=Kasparov|first=Garry|title=Kasparov: Why cracks are starting to appear in Putin's Russia|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/26/opinion/opinion-kasparov-russia/|publisher=CNN|access-date=27 November 2013|date=26 July 2013|archive-date=7 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007090901/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/26/opinion/opinion-kasparov-russia/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Kasparov has been outspoken regarding [[Russian gay propaganda law|Putin's antigay laws]], describing them as "only the most recent encroachment on the freedom of speech and association of Russia's citizens", which the international community had largely ignored. Regarding Russia's hosting of the [[2014 Winter Olympics]], Kasparov explained in August 2013 that he had opposed Russia's bid from the outset, since it would "allow Vladimir Putin's cronies to embezzle hundreds of millions of dollars" and "lend prestige to Putin's authoritarian regime". Kasparov did not support the [[Concerns and controversies at the 2014 Winter Olympics|proposed Sochi Olympics boycott]]—writing that it would "unfairly punish athletes"—but called for athletes and others to "transform Putin's self-congratulatory pet project into a spotlight that exposes his authoritarian rule" to the world.<ref>{{cite web|last=Portwood|first=Jerry|title=Garry Kasparov: Let's Boycott Putin at the Sochi Olympics|url=http://www.out.com/news-opinion/2013/08/28/garry-kasparov-russian-boycott-putin-sochi-olympics|publisher=Out|access-date=2 December 2013|date=28 August 2013|quote="The 'homosexual propaganda' law is only the most recent encroachment on the freedom of speech and association of Russia's citizens. Yet, the European Union and other governments have largely ignored the fact that Russia has signed various international conventions that categorically forbid this sort of discrimination. In the face of silent complicity by governments, it is up to artists, activists, and individuals like us to speak up against Putin's human rights abuses."|archive-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204060357/http://www.out.com/news-opinion/2013/08/28/garry-kasparov-russian-boycott-putin-sochi-olympics|url-status=live}}</ref> In September, Kasparov called upon politicians to refuse to attend the games and the public to pressure sponsors and the media, such that [[Coca-Cola]], for example, could put "a [[Rainbow flag (LGBT)|rainbow flag]] on each Coca-Cola can" and [[NBC]] could "do interviews with Russian gay activists or with Russian political activists". Kasparov also emphasised that although he was "still a Russian citizen", he had "good reason to be concerned about my ability to leave Russia if I returned to Moscow".<ref>{{cite web|last=Keating|first=Joshua|author-link=Joshua Keating|title=Garry Kasparov: "Obama Going to Russia Now Is Dead Wrong"|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2013/09/04/garry_kasparov_the_chess_champion_turned_political_activist_explains_why.html|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=4 September 2013|access-date=2 December 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004243/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2013/09/04/garry_kasparov_the_chess_champion_turned_political_activist_explains_why.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Kasparov spoke out against the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|2014 Russian annexation of Crimea]] and has stated that control of [[Crimea]] should be returned to Ukraine after the overthrow of Putin without additional conditions.<ref>{{in lang|uk}} [http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7118650/ After removing Putin of Russia returns the Crimea Ukraine – Kasparov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826214116/http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7118650/ |date=26 August 2016 }}, [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (25 August 2016)</ref> Kasparov's website was blocked by the Russian government censorship agency, [[Roskomnadzor]], at the behest of the public prosecutor, allegedly due to Kasparov's opinions on the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]]. Kasparov's block was made in unison with several other notable Russian sites that were accused of inciting public outrage. Reportedly, several of the blocked sites received an affidavit noting their violations. However, Kasparov stated that his site had received no such notice of violations after its block.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2014/03/13_a_5949065.shtml |title=В России заблокировали несколько интернет-СМИ и блог Алексея Навального – Газета.Ru |publisher=Gazeta.ru |date=17 June 2013 |access-date=17 March 2014 |archive-date=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317034508/http://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2014/03/13_a_5949065.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, a whole note on Kasparov was removed from a Russian language encyclopaedia of greatest Soviet players after an intervention from "senior leadership".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.znak.com/2015-07-18/imya_garri_kasparova_vycherknuli_iz_knigi_posvyachennoy_pobedam_sovetskogo_sporta|title=Имя Гарри Каспарова вычеркнули из книги, посвященной победам советского спорта|website=znak.com|access-date=25 November 2019|archive-date=20 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120160644/https://www.znak.com/2015-07-18/imya_garri_kasparova_vycherknuli_iz_knigi_posvyachennoy_pobedam_sovetskogo_sporta|url-status=live}}</ref>
In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled ''Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped''. In the book, Kasparov likens Putin to [[Adolf Hitler]] and explains the need for the West to oppose Putin sooner, rather than appeasing him and postponing the eventual confrontation. According to his publisher, "Kasparov wants this book out fast, in a way that has potential to influence the discussion during the [[United States presidential primary|primary season]]."<ref name="Lozada, Carlos">{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/book-party/wp/2015/01/28/garry-kasparov-on-his-next-book-and-why-vladimir-putin-is-like-tywin-lannister/ | title=Garry Kasparov on his next book – and why Putin is like Tywin Lannister | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=28 January 2015 | author=Lozada, Carlos | access-date=25 January 2016 | archive-date=2 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202015912/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/book-party/wp/2015/01/28/garry-kasparov-on-his-next-book-and-why-vladimir-putin-is-like-tywin-lannister/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a242ace8-7da8-11e5-98fb-5a6d4728f74e.html|title=Review: 'Winter is Coming', by Garry Kasparov|work=Financial Times|first=John|last=Thornhill|date=8 November 2015|access-date=15 February 2016|archive-date=16 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216170934/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a242ace8-7da8-11e5-98fb-5a6d4728f74e.html#axzz40EP98bQs|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, he said that "anything is better than Putin because that eliminates the probability of a [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]]. Putin is insane."<ref name="Incorrigible"/>
Following reports of Russian ransomware attacks against American agencies and companies in 2021, Kasparov stated that "the only language that Putin understands is power, and his power is his money," arguing that the United States should target the [[bank account]]s of [[Russian oligarch]]s to force Russia to rein in its [[Cybercrime|criminals' cyberattacks]].<ref>{{cite news |last2=Perlroth |first2=Nicole |last1=Sanger |first1=David E. |date=7 July 2021 |title=Biden Weighs a Response to Ransomware Attacks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/07/us/politics/biden-ransomware-russia.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708002827/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/07/us/politics/biden-ransomware-russia.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Kasparov spoke out against the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine by Russia]] on Twitter: "The only way this really ends is the fall of Putin's regime by collapse of Russian economy and defeat in Ukraine."<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1498149337276502016|user=Kasparov63|title=The time for long maneuvering games are over. The only way this really ends is the fall of Putin's regime by collapse of Russian economy and defeat in Ukraine. Everything else is waiting for the next crisis.|author=Garry Kasparov|date=28 February 2022|access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> He also believed that "pressure must be kept up" in terms of [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|sanctions]] and condemnations against Russia's actions<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1498146875798601729|user=Kasparov63|title=As Harry Truman said in 1951, "Good leaders.. do not stop to measure sacrifices with a teaspoon while the fight is on. We cannot lead the forces of freedom from behind." I hope the WH catches up soon, but the pressure must be kept up until that happens.|author=Garry Kasparov|date=28 February 2022}}</ref> and joined with other prominent Russian figures-in-exile to form the [[Anti-War Committee of Russia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/31727940.html |author=RFE/RL's Russian Service |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022 |title=Group Of Exiled Russian Public Figures Creates Anti-War Committee |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325171819/https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-exiles-anti-war-committee/31727940.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He said that Russia should be "thrown back into the Stone Age to make sure that the oil and gas industry and any other sensitive industries that are vital for survival of the regime cannot function without Western technological support."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Michalska |first1=Aleksandra |last2=Harte |first2=Julia |date=4 March 2022 |title=Kasparov calls on world powers to throw Russia 'back into the Stone Age' |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/kasparov-calls-world-powers-throw-russia-back-into-stone-age-2022-03-03/ |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317092333/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/kasparov-calls-world-powers-throw-russia-back-into-stone-age-2022-03-03/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 20 May 2022, Kasparov was designated as "foreign agent" by the [[Ministry of Justice (Russia)|Ministry of Justice]] of the Russian Federation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-foreign-agent-kasparov-khodorkovsky/31861022.html |title=Russia Adds Chess Champion Kasparov, Former Tycoon Khodorkovsky To 'Foreign Agents' Registry |website=Rferl.org |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610223053/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-foreign-agent-kasparov-khodorkovsky/31861022.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In May 2023, along with a large group of fellow exiles, Kasparov participated in the drafting of [[Mikhail Khodorkovsky]]'s "Declaration of Russia's Democratic Forces".<ref name="yahopp">{{cite news |title=Russian political opposition sign declaration in Europe against Putin's regime and war in Ukraine |url=https://news.yahoo.com/russian-political-opposition-sign-declaration-183410842.html |agency=Ukrayinska Pravda |publisher=Yahoo |date=1 May 2023 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515043656/https://news.yahoo.com/russian-political-opposition-sign-declaration-183410842.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 4 August 2023, Kasparov participated on the radio show ''Open to Debate''. In a debate with Charles Kupchan, he argued for Ukrainian admission into NATO and against any form of appeasement towards Putin.<ref>[https://opentodebate.org/debate/should-nato-admit-ukraine "Should NATO admit Ukraine?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805230235/https://opentodebate.org/debate/should-nato-admit-ukraine/ |date=5 August 2023 }} Open to Debate, 4 August 2023, retrieved 7 August 2023.</ref>
In March 2024, Russia placed Kasparov on its list of "terrorists and extremists."<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-World Chess No.1 Kasparov Added to Russian 'Terrorists and Extremists' List |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ex-world-chess-no1-kasparov-added-russian-terrorists-extremists-list-2024-03-06/ |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=Reuters |date=6 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chess Grandmaster Kasparov Added to Russia's 'Terrorists and Extremists' List |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/03/06/chess-grandmaster-kasparov-added-to-russias-terrorists-and-extremists-list-a84362 |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=The Moscow Times |date=6 March 2024 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619053130/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/03/06/chess-grandmaster-kasparov-added-to-russias-terrorists-and-extremists-list-a84362 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 24 April 2024 an arrest warrant was issued by a court in Russia's Komi region charging Kasparov of creating and leading a "terrorist" group.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siberia.Realities |first1=RFE/RL's |title=Russian Arrest Warrant Issued For Ex-Chess Champion Garry Kasparov |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-kasparov-arrest-warrant-terrorism/32920221.html |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429232621/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-kasparov-arrest-warrant-terrorism/32920221.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
===United States===
[[File:Garry Kasparov & Grover Norquist (37807627601).jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|Kasparov and American political activist [[Grover Norquist]] in 2017]]
Kasparov received the Keeper of the Flame award in 1991 from the [[Center for Security Policy]], a Washington, D.C.-based far-right, anti-Muslim think tank. In his acceptance speech, Kasparov lauded the defeat of communism while also urging the United States to give no financial assistance to central Soviet leaders.<ref name="New_Yorker"/><ref name="centerforsecuritypolicy.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/Home.aspx?SID=75 |title=The Center's Role in National Security Policy |access-date=11 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807064124/http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/Home.aspx?SID=75 |archive-date=7 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="1991: Keeper of the Flame Award">{{cite web|url=http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/Modules/NewsManager/ShowSectionNews.aspx?CategoryID=62&SubCategoryID=63&NewsID=3445 |title=1991: Keeper of the Flame Award |access-date=11 August 2007 |date=18 April 2007 |publisher=Center for Security Policy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917022412/http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/Modules/NewsManager/ShowSectionNews.aspx?CategoryID=62&SubCategoryID=63&NewsID=3445 |archive-date=17 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="neudob">{{cite web |url=http://www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=462668EB23D6F |script-title=ru:Неудобные вопросы |access-date=11 August 2007 |date=18 April 2007 |language=ru |archive-date=26 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426041004/http://www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=462668EB23D6F |url-status=live }}</ref> Kasparov gave speeches at other think tanks such as the [[Hoover Institution]].<ref name="New_Yorker"/>
In a 12 May 2013 op-ed for ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', Kasparov questioned reports that the Russian security agency, the [[Federal Security Service|FSB]], had fully cooperated with the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] in the matter of the [[Boston Marathon bombing|Boston bombers]]. He noted that the elder bomber, [[Tamerlan Tsarnaev]], had reportedly met in Russia with two known jihadists who "were killed in [[Dagestan]] by the Russian military just days before Tamerlan left Russia for the U.S." Kasparov argued, "If no intelligence was sent from Moscow to Washington" about this meeting, "all this talk of FSB cooperation cannot be taken seriously." He further observed, "This would not be the first time Russian security forces seemed strangely impotent in the face of an impending terror attack," pointing out that in both the [[Moscow theater hostage crisis|2002 Moscow theater siege]] and the [[Beslan school siege|2004 Beslan school attack]], "there were FSB informants in both terror groups – yet the attacks went ahead unimpeded." Given this history, he wrote, "it is impossible to overlook that the Boston bombing took place just days after the U.S. [[Magnitsky Act|Magnitsky List]] was published, creating the first serious external threat to the Putin power structure by penalising Russian officials complicit in human-rights crimes." In sum, Putin's "dubious record on counterterrorism and its continued support of terror sponsors Iran and Syria mean only one thing: common ground zero".<ref name=wsj>{{cite news|last=Kasparov|first=Garry|title=A Shared Enemy Does Not Mean Shared Values|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324244304578473603662138038|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=9 November 2013|date=12 May 2013|archive-date=3 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303150826/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324244304578473603662138038|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the [[2016 United States presidential election]], Kasparov described [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Donald Trump]] as "a celebrity showman with racist leanings and authoritarian tendencies"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kasparov.com/parties-pledges-and-principles-medium-march-6th-2016/|title=Parties, Pledges and Principles|first=Garry|last=Kasparov|date=6 March 2016|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313121714/http://www.kasparov.com/parties-pledges-and-principles-medium-march-6th-2016/|url-status=live}}</ref> and criticised him for calling for closer ties with Putin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kasparov.com/blog-post/trump-putin-and-real-fascism/|title=Trump, Putin, and Real Fascism|first=Garry|last=Kasparov|date=11 December 2015|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313122238/http://www.kasparov.com/blog-post/trump-putin-and-real-fascism/|url-status=live}}</ref> After Trump's running mate, [[Mike Pence]], called Putin a strong leader, Kasparov said that Putin is a strong leader "in the same way [[arsenic]] is a strong drink".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/kasparov63/status/773996059949404160|title=Garry Kasparov's response to Mike Pence on Twitter|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003231818/https://twitter.com/kasparov63/status/773996059949404160|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thedispatch.com/p/from-tucker-with-love?s=r | title=From Tucker with Love | date=10 December 2021 | access-date=13 February 2024 | archive-date=19 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619053146/https://thedispatch.com/article/from-tucker-with-love/?s=r | url-status=live }}</ref> He also disparaged the economic policies of [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] primary candidate [[Bernie Sanders]], but showed respect for Sanders as "a charismatic speaker and a passionate believer in his cause".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/03/10/garry-kasparov-hey-bernie-don-t-lecture-me-about-socialism-i-lived-through-it.html|title=Garry Kasparov: Hey, Bernie, Don't Lecture Me About Socialism. I Lived Through It.|first=Garry|last=Kasparov|website=The Daily Beast|date=10 March 2016|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313123826/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/03/10/garry-kasparov-hey-bernie-don-t-lecture-me-about-socialism-i-lived-through-it.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kasparov opined that [[Henry Kissinger]] "was selling the Trump Administration on the idea of a mirror of 1972 [Richard Nixon's visit to China], except, instead of a Sino-U.S. alliance against the U.S.S.R., this would be a Russian-American alliance against China".<ref name="Incorrigible"/>
In a 2024 interview with ''[[HuffPost]]'', Kasparov expressed concern over [[Elon Musk]] potentially running the [[Department of Government Efficiency]]: "Musk could be the first oligarch", he stated.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nicholson |first=Jonathan |date=1 December 2024|title="Trump's Next Term Could See America's First True Oligarchs, Warns Democracy Activist Garry Kasparov" |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/trump-musk-america-oligarchs_n_6746b6efe4b0800c73f710a5 |access-date=2 December 2024 |work=HuffPost}}</ref>
===Armenia===
In a 2020 interview discussing the [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]], Kasparov stated that the [[Republic of Artsakh]] has a right to independence and that Azerbaijan has no sovereign right over it. He considers this stance to be objective and without bias, as Soviet law allowed for autonomous republics (such as the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]]) to vote for independence separately and were given an equal right for self-determination, a factor he felt often went ignored.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kasparov: Start of Karabakh Tragedy Was Sumgait Pogrom |url=https://mirrorspectator.com/2020/10/15/kasparov-start-of-karabakh-tragedy-was-sumgait-pogrom/ |work=[[The Armenian Mirror-Spectator]] |date=15 October 2020 |access-date=16 October 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026005825/https://mirrorspectator.com/2020/10/15/kasparov-start-of-karabakh-tragedy-was-sumgait-pogrom/ |archive-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> Kasparov recalled that he was criticised by Armenians for not taking a strong stance when the [[Karabakh movement]] began in 1988, explaining that he was living in [[Baku]] with 200,000 other Armenians at the time and did not want to increase tensions.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Garry Kasparov |user=Kasparov63 |number=1318202135490723841 |date=19 October 2020 |title=An English translation of a part of my Ekho of Moscow interview on the past and present of conflict in Azerbaijan, Armenian, and Nagorno-Karabakh, which spurred troll forces to get my Russian FB page blocked.}}</ref> Kasparov and his family later fled Baku in January 1990 to escape [[Baku pogrom|pogroms against Armenians]].<ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/kasparov63/status/1317876091181256704 |title=I think I got a good education on the subject when my family and I had to flee Baku at night to escape the January 1990 pogroms against Armenians that were coordinated by local leaders with Soviet acquiescence. |last=Kasparov |first=Garry |user=Kasparov63 |number=1317876091181256704 |date=18 October 2020 |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kasparovchessfoundation.org/About/bio.html |title=Kasparov Chess Foundation - Bio |website=kasparovchessfoundation.org |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225100427/http://kasparovchessfoundation.org/About/bio.html |archive-date=25 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kasparov has declined invitations back to visit Baku, stating he would only return "if every other Armenian born there can do it without a problem and without special favors from the government."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasparov on Growing up in Baku Uniting Human Spirit – Asbarez.com |date=21 July 2003 |url=https://asbarez.com/kasparov-on-growing-up-in-baku-uniting-human-spirit/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126155046/https://asbarez.com/kasparov-on-growing-up-in-baku-uniting-human-spirit/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
He welcomed the [[2018 Armenian revolution|Velvet Revolution]] in [[Armenia]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/kasparov-armenia-unrest-political-bellwether|title=Kasparov: Armenia Unrest Is Political Bellwether|publisher=Voice of America|language=en|access-date=18 February 2020|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218145547/https://www.voanews.com/europe/kasparov-armenia-unrest-political-bellwether|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kasparov supports [[Armenian genocide recognition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Kasparov63/status/988758617607286784|title=A day of mourning and of hope. My solidarity and admiration for the heroic people of Armenia on the anniversary of the Genocide, who once again face the tide of history with courage and determination|last=Kasparov|first=Garry|date=24 April 2018|website=@Kasparov63|language=en|access-date=18 February 2020|archive-date=9 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709055310/https://twitter.com/Kasparov63/status/988758617607286784|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.am/eng/news/263724.html|title=Garry Kasparov: We must be brave enough to call evil by its name|website=news.am|language=en|access-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218145547/https://news.am/eng/news/263724.html|archive-date=18 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Kasparov63/status/856554032420225024|title=My note on Armenian Genocide Mem Day. 'Denial of atrocity is denial of humanity–of the victims and of ourselves.'|last=Kasparov|first=Garry|date=24 April 2017|website=@Kasparov63|language=en|access-date=18 February 2020|archive-date=9 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709061705/https://twitter.com/Kasparov63/status/856554032420225024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/803160 | title=Garry Kasparov calls on the world to recognise Armenian Genocide | date=24 April 2015 | access-date=3 January 2021 | archive-date=10 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610225707/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/803160 | url-status=live }}</ref>
===Other international affairs===
During the [[Yugoslav Wars]], Kasparov advocated for the Western world to destroy the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] and accused [[Slobodan Milošević]] of creating a "siege mentality" to maintain control over [[Serbia]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Raphael |first=Therese |date=26 March 1999 |title=How to Checkmate Milosevic |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB922401596272154289 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=18 May 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518093829/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB922401596272154289 |archive-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> In 1997, he was awarded honorary citizenship of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] for his support of Bosnian people during the [[Bosnian War]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://oconnorinstitute.org/civic-programs/civic-engagement-activities-events-speaker-series/garry-kasparov/#:~:text= |title=Garry Kasparov: World Chess Legend, Russian Pro-Democracy Leader and Chairman of Human Rights Foundation |work=[[Sandra Day O'Connor Institute]] |access-date=4 August 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814071756/https://oconnorinstitute.org/civic-programs/civic-engagement-activities-events-speaker-series/garry-kasparov/#:~:text=In |url-status=live }}</ref> Kasparov was named Chairman of the [[Human Rights Foundation]] in 2011; he served in this position until 2024, being succeeded by [[Yulia Navalnaya]].<ref>{{cite web|title=HRF Elects Garry Kasparov as New Chairman |url= http://humanrightsfoundation.org/news/hrf-elects-garry-kasparov-as-new-chairman-0067|publisher=Human Rights Foundation |access-date=31 October 2013|date=4 May 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150502164312/http://humanrightsfoundation.org/news/hrf-elects-garry-kasparov-as-new-chairman-0067 |archive-date=2 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Юлия Навальная стала председателем правозащитной организации Human Rights Foundation вместо Гарри Каспарова |url=https://meduza.io/news/2024/07/01/yuliya-navalnaya-stala-predsedatelem-pravozaschitnoy-organizatsii-human-rights-foundation-vmesto-garri-kasparova |trans-title=Yulia Navalnaya becomes chairperson of civil rights foundation Human Rights Foundation in place of Garry Kasparov |access-date=1 July 2024 |work=Meduza |date=1 July 2024 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Navalnaya Elected Head Of Human Rights Foundation, Succeeding Kasparov |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-navalnaya-human-rights-foundation-kasparov/33017558.html |access-date=1 July 2024 |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |date=1 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In addition, Kasparov was presented with the Morris B. Abram Human Rights Award, [[UN Watch]]'s annual human-rights prize, in 2013. The organisation praised him as "not only one of the world's smartest men" but "also among its bravest".<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian Dissident & Chess Champion Wins Human Rights Award |url= http://www.unwatch.org/cms.asp?id=3936405&campaign_id=65378 |publisher= UN Watch |access-date=7 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131216090902/http://www.unwatch.org/cms.asp?id=3936405&campaign_id=65378 |archive-date=16 December 2013 }}</ref>
Before the [[Gulf War|first Gulf War]], Kasparov expressed an unconventional viewpoint, recommending the United States to consider the use of an atomic bomb against Saddam Hussein in Iraq.<ref>{{Cite magazine| issn = 0028-792X| last = Remnick| first = David| title = The Tsar's Opponent| magazine = The New Yorker| accessdate = 3 July 2023| date = 24 September 2007| url = https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/10/01/the-tsars-opponent| quote = Before the first Gulf War, Kasparov told anyone who would listen that the United States should drop an atomic bomb on Saddam Hussein.| archive-date = 27 May 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180527015614/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/10/01/the-tsars-opponent| url-status = live}}</ref> In 2002, supporting [[Iraq War|military action against Iraq]], he also recommended planning for military action against [[Iran]], [[Syria]] and [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite news| issn = 0099-9660| last = Kasparov| first = Garry| title = The War Is Not Yet Won| work = [[The Wall Street Journal]]| accessdate = 3 July 2023| date = 5 August 2002| url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1028501135694580560| quote = Baghdad remains the next stop but not the last. We must also have plans for Tehran and Damascus, not to mention Riyadh. The tactics will vary, but the goal -- total defeat of terrorism -- is clear.| archive-date = 3 July 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230703192708/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1028501135694580560| url-status = live}}</ref>
In April 2013, Kasparov joined in an HRF condemnation of [[Kanye West]] for having performed for [[Nursultan Nazarbayev|the leader of Kazakhstan]] in exchange for a payment of $3 million, saying that West "has entertained a brutal killer and his entourage" and that his fee "came from the loot stolen from the Kazakhstan treasury".<ref>{{cite news |title= Rights Group Slams Kanye West for Gig in Kazakhstan |url= http://en.ria.ru/world/20130906/183208660.html |agency= RIA Novosti |access-date= 4 November 2013 |date= 6 September 2013 |archive-date= 4 November 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131104211453/http://en.ria.ru/world/20130906/183208660.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Further, in September 2013, Kasparov wrote in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine that in [[Syria]], Putin and [[Bashar al-Assad]] "won by forfeit when President Obama, Prime Minister Cameron and the rest of the so-called leaders of the free world walked away from the table." Kasparov lamented the "new game at the negotiating table where Putin and Assad set the rules and will run the show under the protection of the U.N."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ideas.time.com/2013/09/18/putins-pawn-forget-chess-or-checkers-obama-forfeited/|title=Putin's Pawn: Forget Chess or Checkers – Obama Forfeited Read more: Putin's Pawn: Forget Chess or Checkers – Obama Forfeited|last=Kasparov|first=Garry|date=18 September 2013|magazine=Time Ideas|access-date=1 December 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024740/http://ideas.time.com/2013/09/18/putins-pawn-forget-chess-or-checkers-obama-forfeited/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kasparov said in September 2013 that Russia was now a dictatorship.<ref>{{cite web|title='Russia is a Dictatorship Now:' Kasparov|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/video/-russia-is-a-dictatorship-now-kasparov-utIuVqgRSLGUqnrzPYulCA.html|publisher=Bloomberg TV|access-date=1 December 2013|year=2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004401/http://www.bloomberg.com/video/-russia-is-a-dictatorship-now-kasparov-utIuVqgRSLGUqnrzPYulCA.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same month he told an interviewer that "Obama going to Russia now is dead wrong, morally and politically," because Putin's regime "is behind Assad".<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Keating|first=Joshua|title=Garry Kasparov: 'Obama Going to Russia Now Is Dead Wrong'|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2013/09/04/garry_kasparov_the_chess_champion_turned_political_activist_explains_why.html|magazine=Slate|access-date=1 December 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004243/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2013/09/04/garry_kasparov_the_chess_champion_turned_political_activist_explains_why.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Kasparov was critical of the violence unleashed by the Spanish police against the [[2017 Catalan independence referendum|2017 independence referendum in Catalonia]] and accused the Spanish PM [[Mariano Rajoy]] of "betraying" the European promise of peace.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kasparov acusa a Rajoy de "traicionar" la promesa europea del fin de la fuerza|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/es/politica/kasparov-rajoy-represion-referendum_197727_102.html|work=El Nacional|access-date=12 February 2018|language=es|date=2 October 2017|archive-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084213/https://www.elnacional.cat/es/politica/kasparov-rajoy-represion-referendum_197727_102.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[2017 Catalan regional election|Catalan regional election]] held later the same year, Kasparov wrote: "Despite unprecedented pressure from Madrid, Catalonian separatists won a majority. Europe must speak and help find a peaceful path toward resolution and avoid more violence".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.es/2017/12/22/el-mensaje-de-kasparov-a-la-union-europea-tras-las-elecciones-en-cataluna_a_23315340|title=El mensaje de Kasparov a la Unión Europea tras las elecciones en Cataluña|work=[[HuffPost]]|language=es|date=22 December 2017|access-date=3 October 2018|archive-date=4 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021445/https://www.huffingtonpost.es/2017/12/22/el-mensaje-de-kasparov-a-la-union-europea-tras-las-elecciones-en-cataluna_a_23315340/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Kasparov63/status/944222399867904000|title=Despite unprecedented pressure from Madrid, Catalonian separatists won a majority. Europe must speak and help find a peaceful path toward resolution and avoid more violence|first=Garry|last=Kasparov|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-date=22 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322122326/https://twitter.com/Kasparov63/status/944222399867904000|url-status=live}}</ref> Kasparov recommended that Spain look to how Britain handled the [[2014 Scottish independence referendum]], adding: "look only at how Turkey and Iraq have treated the [[Kurdish nationalism|separatist Kurds]]. That cannot be the road for Spain and Catalonia."<ref>{{cite news |title=Kasparov recommends Spain look towards the UK instead of Turkey |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/kasparov-catalonia-spain-turkey-iraq_431774_102.html |work=El Nacional |date=2 December 2019 |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322122243/https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/kasparov-catalonia-spain-turkey-iraq_431774_102.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
On the occasion of the [[100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide|2015 centennial]] of the [[Armenian genocide]], Kasparov reflected that in 2002 he had called for [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|Turkey to be admitted to the European Union]] if Turkey recognised the genocide.<ref>{{cite news |title=Garry Kasparov calls on the world to recognize Armenian Genocide |url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/803160.html |work=[[Armenpress]] |date=24 April 2015 |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322122240/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/803160.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He condemned the [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi|assassination]] of [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] journalist [[Jamal Khashoggi]].<ref name="Kasparov-Salon">{{cite news |title=Jamal Khashoggi died for an important cause: We must not forget it |url=https://www.salon.com/2018/10/24/jamal-khashoggi-died-for-an-important-cause-we-must-not-forget-it/ |work=Salon |date=24 October 2018 |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-date=5 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105112037/https://www.salon.com/2018/10/24/jamal-khashoggi-died-for-an-important-cause-we-must-not-forget-it/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2018, Kasparov wrote that [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|President Erdoğan]]'s regime in Turkey "has jailed more journalists than any country in the world and scores of them remain in prison in Turkey. Since 2016, Turkey's intelligence agency has abducted at least 80 people in operations in 18 countries."<ref name="Kasparov-Salon"/>
The second series of ''[[Rise of the Nazis]]'', broadcast by the BBC in February 2022, featured Kasparov's views on the Soviet leader [[Josef Stalin]]. Kasparov stated: "Stalin, ruthless dictator, didn't hesitate to eliminate opposition, didn't hesitate to send millions of people to die. It's recorded that Stalin had very high opinion about the [[Night of the Long Knives]], Hitler's ruthlessness. And, of course, in 1940 Stalin admires Hitler because he succeeded in destroying France and almost bringing up England on her knees. It's a very special love story."<ref>{{cite AV media|title=Rise of the Nazis: Dictators at War: 1. Barbarossa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p09jgldz/rise-of-the-nazis-dictators-at-war-1-barbarossa|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=14 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511174922/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p09jgldz/rise-of-the-nazis-dictators-at-war-1-barbarossa|archive-date=11 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the wake of the [[Gaza war|Israel-Gaza war]], Kasparov vigorously called on the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden administration]] for the destruction of [[Hamas]] and [[Hezbollah]]. He further demanded the US to set up [[regime change]] in Russia and Iran.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kasparov |first1=Garry |date=13 October 2023 |title=Opinion {{!}} Biden Should Win the War, Then Step Aside |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/biden-should-win-the-war-then-step-aside-in-2024-election-lloyd-austin-56621075 |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112074316/https://www.wsj.com/articles/biden-should-win-the-war-then-step-aside-in-2024-election-lloyd-austin-56621075 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasparov |first=Garry |date=14 October 2023 |title=Facebook post |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/GKKasparov/posts/pfbid0tnCeweAHcg8Mm91dadfXULGnjkajLMRrBfz9BRkFMiXjFPfMM33cShutsUyBUNZgl |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109082141/https://www.facebook.com/GKKasparov/posts/pfbid0tnCeweAHcg8Mm91dadfXULGnjkajLMRrBfz9BRkFMiXjFPfMM33cShutsUyBUNZgl }}</ref>
====Artificial intelligence====
Speaking to ''[[Forbes]]'' in spring 2023, Kasparov said that he was not overly concerned about the potential for ChatGPT to gain unauthorised access into everyday appliances. Rather, he felt that it is individuals who "still have the monopoly on evil."<ref>Martine Paris, [https://www.kasparov.com/google-ai-and-microsoft-chatgpt-are-not-our-biggest-security-risks-forbes-march-20-2023/ 'Google AI And Microsoft ChatGPT Are Not Our Biggest Security Risks | Forbes | March 20, 2023']. Kasparov.com, 20 March 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2025</ref>
===Croatian citizenship===
Kasparov had maintained a summer home in the Croatian city of [[Makarska]]. In February 2014, he applied for [[Croatian nationality law#Citizenship by naturalisation|citizenship by naturalisation in Croatia]], according to media reports, claiming he was finding it increasingly difficult to live in Russia. According to an article in ''[[The Guardian]]'', Kasparov was "widely perceived" as having been a vocal supporter of [[Independence of Croatia|Croatian independence]] during the early 1990s.<ref name="CroatianCitizen">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/28/chess-champion-garry-kasparov-croatian-citizenship |title=Chess champion Garry Kasparov granted Croatian citizenship |work=The Guardian |___location=London |date=28 February 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620042610/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/28/chess-champion-garry-kasparov-croatian-citizenship |url-status=live }}</ref> Later in February 2014, his application for naturalisation was approved and he had a meeting with Croatian prime minister [[Zoran Milanović]] on 27 February.<ref name="dnevnik" /> Croatian press cited his "lobbying for Croatia in 1991" as grounds for the expedited naturalisation.<ref name="dnevnik">{{cite news |url= https://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/gari-kasparov-dobio-hrvatsko-drzavljanstvo---325283.html |title= Gari Kasparov dobio hrvatsko državljanstvo |work= Dnevnik |date= 27 February 2014 |access-date= 23 November 2021 |language= hr |archive-date= 23 November 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211123012433/https://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/gari-kasparov-dobio-hrvatsko-drzavljanstvo---325283.html |url-status= live }}</ref> In an interview for a Croatian daily published in February 2022, Kasparov said he was "very grateful" to Milanović for the help rendered by him (then as prime minister) in obtaining Croatian citizenship.<ref>[[Jutarnji list]], 5 February 2022, #8431, p. 22. [https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/svijet/ako-bi-se-ukrajina-prepustila-putinu-ne-bi-stalo-na-tome-znam-na-koje-zemlje-bi-tada-bacio-oko-15154286 Veliki intervju. Gari Kasparov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207232940/https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/svijet/ako-bi-se-ukrajina-prepustila-putinu-ne-bi-stalo-na-tome-znam-na-koje-zemlje-bi-tada-bacio-oko-15154286 |date=7 February 2022 }}</ref>
== Books and other writings ==
[[File:Autografo Garri Kasparov.jpg|thumb|Kasparov autograph]]
=== Early writings ===
Kasparov has written books on chess. He published a controversial<ref>[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/child.html Kasparov's Child of Change by Edward Winter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726055228/http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/child.html |date=26 July 2011 }} chesshistory.com</ref> autobiography when still in his early 20s. Originally titled ''Child of Change'', it was later published as ''Unlimited Challenge''. This book was updated several times after he became world champion. Its content is mainly literary, with a small chess component of key unannotated games. He published an annotated games collection in 1983, ''Fighting Chess: My Games and Career'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kasparov |first1=Garry |editor1-last=Wade |editor1-first=Robert G. |title=Fighting Chess: My Games and Career |date=1983 |publisher=HarperCollins Distribution Services |isbn=0-7134-1984-9}}</ref> which has been updated in further editions. He also wrote a book annotating the games from his [[World Chess Championship 1985]] victory, ''World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kasparov|first=G. K.|title=New world chess champion : all the championship games with annotations|date=1986|publisher=Pergamon Press|others=G. K. Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov|isbn=0-08-034044-X|edition=1st|___location=Oxford|oclc=13328176}}</ref>
He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yugoslav ''[[Chess Informant]]'' series.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=8028 |title=Kasparov – picking games for the Chess Informant |last=Asik |first=Josip |date=26 March 2012 |website=ChessBase |access-date=11 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329015611/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=8028 |archive-date=29 March 2012}}</ref> In 1982, he co-authored ''Batsford Chess Openings'' with British grandmaster Keene. That book sold well and was updated in a second edition in 1989.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kasparov |first1=Garry |last2=Keene |first2=Raymond |author-link2=Raymond Keene |title=Batsford Chess Openings |publisher=American Chess Promotions |year=1989 |isbn=0020339917}}</ref> He also co-authored two opening books with his trainer Alexander Nikitin in the 1980s for British publisher [[Pavilion Books|Batsford]]{{snd}}on the [[Caro–Kann Defence#Classical / Capablanca Variation|Classical Variation of the Caro–Kann Defence]] and on the [[Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation|Scheveningen Variation of the Sicilian Defence]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kasparov |first1=Garry |last2=Nikitin |first2=Aleksandr |author-link2=Aleksandr Nikitin (chess player) |title=Sicilian Defense. Scheveningen |publisher=[[Fizkultura i sport]] |year=1984}}</ref> Kasparov also contributed extensively to the five-volume openings series ''[[Encyclopedia of Chess Openings]]'' from [[Chess Informant]], for which Kasparov also wrote personal columns called ''Garry's Choice''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mihajlova |first=Diana |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/the-power-of-information-the-chess-informant |title=The Power of Information: The Chess Informant | ChessBase |website=En.chessbase.com |date=10 February 2021 |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sahovski.com/|title=Chess Informant Store|website=Chess Informant Store|access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref>
In 2000, Kasparov co-authored ''Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge''<ref>{{Cite book |isbn = 0-9704813-0-6|title = Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge|last1 = Kasparov|first1 = Garri Kimovich|last2 = King|first2 = Daniel|year = 2000| publisher=KasparovChess Online, Incorporated }}</ref> with grandmaster [[Daniel J. King|Daniel King]]. The 202-page book analyses the 1999 [[Kasparov versus the World]] game, and holds the record for the longest analysis devoted to a single chess game.<ref>Winter, Edward [https://chesshistory.com/winter/extra/records.html "Chess Records"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420062406/http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/records.html |date=20 April 2010 }} Chess Notes</ref>
=== ''My Great Predecessors'' series ===
{{Main|My Great Predecessors}}
In 2003, the first volume of his five-volume work ''Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors'' was published. This volume deals with world champions [[Wilhelm Steinitz]], [[Emanuel Lasker]], Capablanca and Alekhine, and some of their strong contemporaries. It won the [[British Chess Federation]]'s Book of the Year award in 2003. Volume two, covering [[Max Euwe]], Botvinnik, Smyslov and Tal, appeared later in 2003. Volume three, featuring [[Tigran Petrosian]] and [[Boris Spassky]], was published in early 2004. In December 2004, Kasparov released volume four, which covers [[Samuel Reshevsky]], [[Miguel Najdorf]] and [[Bent Larsen]] (none of whom was world champion), but focuses on Fischer. The fifth volume, devoted to the chess careers of world champion Karpov and challenger Korchnoi, was published in March 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/kasparov.html |title=Kasparov and his Predecessors |last=Winter |first=Edward |website=Chess Notes |access-date=23 December 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223150455/https://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/kasparov.html |archive-date=23 December 2019}}</ref>
=== ''Modern Chess'' series ===
{{Main|My Great Predecessors#Modern Chess}}
His ''Revolution in the 70s'' (published in March 2007) covers "the openings revolution of the 1970s–1980s" and was the first work in a new venture, "Modern Chess Series", which recounted his matches with Karpov and selected games. ''Revolution in the 70s'' is about the development of opening theory witnessed in that decade. Systems like the novel [[Hedgehog Defense|"Hedgehog"]] opening plan of passively developing the pieces no further than the first three ranks were examined in great detail. Kasparov also analysed some of the most notable games played in that period. In a section at the end of the book, top opening theoreticians provided their opinion on progress made in opening theory in the 1980s.<ref name="Modern-Chess-Part-One">{{cite book |last=Kasparov |first=Garry |year=2007 |title=Modern Chess, Part One: Revolution in the 70s |publisher=Everyman Chess |isbn=978-1-85744-422-3}}</ref>
=== ''Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov'' series ===
{{Main|My Great Predecessors#Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov}} From 2011 to 2014, Kasparov published a three-volume series of his games, spanning his career in three eras until he stopped playing full-time in 2005.<ref>[https://www.kasparov.com/books/ 'Books']. Garry Kasparov official website, undated, retrieved 1 March 2023</ref>
=== ''Winter Is Coming'' ===
In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled ''Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped''. The title is a reference to the [[Home Box Office|HBO]] television series ''[[Game of Thrones]]''. In the book, Kasparov writes about the need for an organisation composed solely of democratic countries to replace the United Nations. In an interview, he called the United Nations a "catwalk for dictators".<ref name="Kristol">{{cite web |url=http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/transcript/garry-kasparov-v-transcript/ |title=Garry Kasparov V Transcript |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=25 April 2018 |website=Conversations with Bill Kristol |publisher=The Foundation for Constitutional Government |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720165728/http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/transcript/garry-kasparov-v-transcript/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Historical revision ===
Kasparov believes that the conventional history of civilisation is incorrect. Specifically, he contends that the history of ancient civilisations is based on misdating of events and achievements that occurred in the medieval period.<ref name="taylorinterview">{{cite web|url=https://timothytaylor.ca/garry-kasparov-interview-from-2001/|title=Garry Kasparov Interview (originally published in Saturday Night Online, 2001)|website=timothytaylor.ca ([[wp:newsblog]])|date=23 August 2010|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011223939/http://timothytaylor.ca/garry-kasparov-interview-from-2001/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="taylortime">{{cite web|url=https://timothytaylor.ca/time-warp/|title=Time Warp (Originally published in Saturday Night Magazine)|website=timothytaylor.ca ([[wp:newsblog]])|date=31 August 2010|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=22 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322122245/https://timothytaylor.ca/time-warp/|url-status=live}}</ref> He has cited several aspects of ancient history that, he argues, are likely to be anachronisms.<ref name="ualberta">{{cite web|url=https://www.math.ualberta.ca/pi/issue5/page05-08.pdf|title=Mathematics of the Past|first=Garry|last=Kasparov|website=Pi in the Sky (magazine of the [[Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciences]], Canada)|access-date=20 April 2017|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105035/https://www.math.ualberta.ca/pi/issue5/page05-08.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Kasparov has written in support of the [[pseudohistory|pseudohistorical]] [[New Chronology (Fomenko)|New Chronology]] (Fomenko), although with some reservations.<ref>Winter, Edward [https://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/newchronology.html "Garry Kasparov and New Chronology"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627103201/http://chesshistory.com/winter/extra/newchronology.html |date=27 June 2014 }} ''Chess Notes''</ref> In 2001, he expressed a desire to devote his time to promoting the New Chronology after his chess career. "New Chronology is a great area for investing my intellect ... My analytical abilities are well placed to figure out what was right and what was wrong."<ref name="warren">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1311163/Email-from-Russia.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1311163/Email-from-Russia.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Email from Russia|first=Marcus|last=Warren|work=The Daily Telegraph|___location=London|date=24 April 2001}}{{cbignore}}</ref> "When I stop playing chess, it may well be that I concentrate on promoting these ideas... I believe they can improve our lives."<ref name="warren"/> Later, Kasparov renounced his support of Fomenko theories but reaffirmed his belief that mainstream historical knowledge is inconsistent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gazeta.ru/kasparov.shtml|title=Газета.Ru – Интервью с Гарри Каспаровым|website=gazeta.ru|access-date=19 October 2017|archive-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815100756/https://www.gazeta.ru/kasparov.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bulvar.com.ua/gazeta/archive/s48_62551/4992.html|title=Многократный чемпион мира по шахматам Гарри КАСПАРОВ|work=bulvar.com|access-date=19 October 2017|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215804/http://bulvar.com.ua/gazeta/archive/s48_62551/4992.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Other post-retirement writing ===
Kasparov wrote ''[[How Life Imitates Chess]]'', an examination of the parallels between decision-making in chess and in the business world, in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Life Imitates Chess: Making the Right Moves, from t…|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/2107677-how-life-imitates-chess-making-the-right-moves-from-the-board-to-the-b|access-date=27 October 2021|website=Goodreads|language=en|archive-date=22 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322122243/https://www.goodreads.com/user/new?remember=true|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, Kasparov published a sympathetic obituary for Fischer: "I am often asked if I ever met or played Bobby Fischer. The answer is no, I never had that opportunity. But even though he saw me as a member of the evil chess establishment that he felt had robbed and cheated him, I am sorry I never had a chance to thank him personally for what he did for our sport."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080130080716/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1707222,00.html The Chessman], ''Time'', 26 January 2008</ref>
Kasparov is the chief advisor for the book publisher [[Everyman Chess]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://everymanchess.com/|title=Everyman Chess: Publishers of chess books and eBooks|website=Everyman Chess|access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref> He works closely with [[Mig Greengard]] and his comments can often be found on Greengard's blog.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uschess.org/index.php/September/Interview-with-Mig-Greengard.html | title=The United States Chess Federation – Interview with Mig Greengard |website=Uschess.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chessninja.com/dailydirt/ | title=The Daily Dirt Chess News Blog|website=chessninja.com }}</ref> Kasparov collaborated with [[Max Levchin]] and [[Peter Thiel]] on ''The Blueprint'', a book calling for a revival of world innovation, planned for release in March 2013 but cancelled after the authors disagreed on its contents.<ref>[https://www.technologyreview.com/s/429690/why-we-cant-solve-big-problems/ Why We Can't Solve Big Problems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312224531/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/429690/why-we-cant-solve-big-problems/ |date=12 March 2017 }}, ''MIT Technology Review'', 24 October 2012.</ref> In an editorial comment on Google's [[AlphaZero]] chess-playing system, Kasparov argued that chess has become the model for reasoning in the same way that the fruit fly ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' became a model organism for geneticists: "I was pleased to see that AlphaZero had a dynamic, open style like my own," he wrote in late 2018.<ref>Garry Kasparov, "Chess, a Drosophila of reasoning". ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' 7 December 2018: Vol. 362, Issue 6419, pp. 1087. {{doi|10.1126/science.aaw2221}} [https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aaw2221 Full text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210144619/http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/1087.full |date=10 December 2018 }}</ref>
Kasparov served as a consultant for the 2020 [[Netflix]] miniseries ''[[The Queen's Gambit (miniseries)|The Queen's Gambit]]'' and gave an interview to ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' on his contributions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pahwa|first=Nitish|date=17 November 2020|title=World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov on What The Queen's Gambit Gets Right|url=https://slate.com/culture/2020/11/queens-gambit-garry-kasparov-interview-netflix-chess-adviser.html|access-date=17 February 2021|work=Slate|language=en|archive-date=18 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218171930/https://slate.com/culture/2020/11/queens-gambit-garry-kasparov-interview-netflix-chess-adviser.html|url-status=live}}</ref> That same year, Kasparov collaborated with [[Matt Calkins]], founder and CEO of [[Appian Corporation|Appian]], on ''Hyperautomation'', a book about [[Low-code development platform|low-code development]] and the future of business automation. Kasparov wrote the foreword where he discusses his experiences with human–machine relationships.<ref>{{cite web|title=All about automation: A deep dive into automation for a great cause|url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/all-about-automation-a-deep-dive-into-automation-for-a-great-cause/|access-date=18 February 2021|website=TechRepublic|date=5 November 2020|language=en|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125020329/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/all-about-automation-a-deep-dive-into-automation-for-a-great-cause/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Hyperautomation|last=Calkins|first=Matt|date=2020|isbn=978-1-7357329-0-9|___location=Pennsauken, NJ, USA|oclc=1237642165|publisher=BookBaby}} Foreword by Garry Kasparov.</ref> ''The New York Times'' published an essay by Kasparov titled "Garry Kasparov: What We Believe About Reality" in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kasparov |first=Garry |date=2 June 2021 |title=Garry Kasparov: What We Believe About Reality |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/02/special-series/garry-kasparov-what-we-believe-about-reality.html |access-date=15 October 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The essay is part of a series called ''The Big Ideas: What Do We Believe''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Big Ideas: What Do We Believe? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/column/the-big-ideas-what-do-we-believe |access-date=15 October 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This work was later published in a compendium titled ''Question Everything: A Stone Reader.''<ref>{{Cite book |title=Question Everything: A Stone Reader |publisher=W. W. Norton (Liverlight) |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-324-09183-7 |editor-last=Catapano |editor-first=Peter |edition=1st |pages=83–86}}</ref>
=== Bibliography ===
* ''Kasparov Teaches Chess'' (1984–85, Sport in the USSR Magazine; 1986, First Collier Books)
* ''The Test of Time (Russian Chess)'' (1986, Pergamon Pr)
* ''World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985'' (1986, Everyman Chess)
* ''Child of Change: An Autobiography'' (1987, Hutchinson)
* ''London–Leningrad Championship Games'' (1987, Everyman Chess)
* ''Unlimited Challenge'' (1990, Grove Pr)
* ''The Sicilian Scheveningen'' (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd)
* ''The Queen's Indian Defence: Kasparov System'' (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd)
* ''Kasparov Versus Karpov, 1990'' (1991, Everyman Chess)
* ''Kasparov on the King's Indian'' (1993, B.T. Batsford Ltd)
* Kasparov, Garry. Jon Speelman and Bob Wade. 1995. ''Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess.'' Henry Holt. {{ISBN|0-8050-4221-0}}
* ''Garry Kasparov's Chess Challenge'' (1996, Everyman Chess)
* ''Lessons in Chess'' (1997, Everyman Chess)
* ''Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge'' (2000, Kasparov Chess Online)
* ''My Great Predecessors Part I'' (2003, Everyman Chess)
* ''My Great Predecessors Part II'' (2003, Everyman Chess)
* ''Checkmate!: My First Chess Book'' (2004, Everyman Mindsports)
* ''My Great Predecessors Part III'' (2004, Everyman Chess)
* ''My Great Predecessors Part IV'' (2004, Everyman Chess)
* ''My Great Predecessors Part V'' (2006, Everyman Chess)
* ''How Life Imitates Chess'' (2007, William Heinemann Ltd.)
* ''Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part I: Revolution in the 70s'' (2007, Everyman Chess)
* ''Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part II: Kasparov vs Karpov 1975–1985'' (2008, Everyman Chess)
* ''Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part III: Kasparov vs Karpov 1986–1987'' (2009, Everyman Chess)
* ''Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part IV: Kasparov vs Karpov 1988–2009'' (2010, Everyman Chess)
* ''Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I'' (2011, Everyman Chess)
* ''Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part II'' (2013, Everyman Chess)
* ''Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part III'' (2014, Everyman Chess)
* ''Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped'' (2015, Public Affairs)
* ''Deep Thinking<ref>{{Cite book|lccn = 2017304768|isbn = 9781610397865|title = Deep thinking: Where machine intelligence ends and human creativity begins|year = 2017|publisher = PublicAffairs, an imprint of Perseus Books, LLC| oclc=958798641 }}</ref>'' with [[Mig Greengard]] (2017, Public Affairs)
=== Videos ===
* Kasparov, Garry, [[Nigel Short]], [[Raymond Keene]] and [[Daniel King (chess player)|Daniel King]]. 1993. ''Kasparov Short The Inside Story.'' Grandmaster Video.
* Kasparov, Garry, [[Jonathan Tisdall]] and Jim Plaskett. 2000. ''My Story.'' Grandmaster Video.
* Kasparov, Garry. 2004. ''How to Play the Queen's Gambit.'' Chessbase. {{ISBN|978-3-937549-06-4}}
* Kasparov, Garry. 2005. ''How to Play the Najdorf.'' Chessbase. vol. 1 {{ISBN|978-3-937549-25-5}}, vol. 2 {{ISBN|978-3-937549-78-1}}
* Kasparov, Garry. 2012. ''How I Became World Champion 1973–1985.'' Chessbase. {{ISBN|978-3-86681-341-0}}
* Kasparov, Garry. 2017. ''Garry Kasparov Teaches Chess.'' Masterclass.com.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.masterclass.com/classes/garry-kasparov-teaches-chess| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170907050046/https://www.masterclass.com/classes/garry-kasparov-teaches-chess| archive-date = 7 September 2017| title = MasterClass {{!}} Garry Kasparov Teaches Chess}}</ref>
* Kasparov, Garry. 2022. ''Stand with Ukraine in the fight against evil'', Ted Talk.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.ted.com/talks/garry_kasparov_stand_with_ukraine_in_the_fight_against_evil|title= Stand with Ukraine in the fight against evil|website=ted.com|date= 11 April 2022}}</ref>
==Personal life==
Kasparov has lived in New York City since 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Edwards |first1=Jim |title=Garry Kasparov told us what it's like to live in fear of being assassinated by Putin |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/garry-kasparov-fear-of-being-assassinated-by-putin-2018-1 |access-date=22 April 2021 |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=23 January 2018 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422030352/https://www.businessinsider.com/garry-kasparov-fear-of-being-assassinated-by-putin-2018-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Incorrigible">{{cite news |last1=Gessen |first1=Masha |title=Garry Kasparov Says We Are Living in Chaos, But Remains an Incorrigible Optimist |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-interview/garry-kasparov-says-we-are-living-in-chaos-but-remains-an-incorrigible-optimist |access-date=22 April 2021 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=4 December 2018 |archive-date=4 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204130512/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-interview/garry-kasparov-says-we-are-living-in-chaos-but-remains-an-incorrigible-optimist |url-status=live }}</ref>
He has been married three times: to Masha, with whom he had a daughter, Polina, before divorcing;<ref name="political move">{{cite news |last1=Cowing |first1=Emma |title=Kasparov makes his first political move on Putin |url=http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=1024232006 |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=14 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829054248/http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=1024232006 |archive-date=29 August 2006}}</ref> to Yulia, with whom he had a son, Vadim, before their 2005 divorce;<ref name="political move"/> and to Daria (Dasha), with whom he has two children, daughter Aida born in 2006 and son Nickolas born in 2015.<ref name="New_Yorker">{{Cite magazine |last=Remnick |first=David |date=1 October 2007 |title=The Tsar's Opponent: Garry Kasparov takes aim at the power of Vladimir Putin |url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/01/071001fa_fact_remnick?printable=true |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=22 October 2007 |archive-date=11 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011200603/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/01/071001fa_fact_remnick?printable=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Incorrigible"/><ref>Garry Kasparov (2017). ''Deep Thinking. Where machine intelligence ends and human creativity begins'' (John Murray, London), dedication page</ref> Kasparov's wife manages his business activities worldwide through Kasparov International Management Inc.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 October 2014|title=Team|url=https://www.kasparov.com/team/|access-date=26 December 2021|website=Kasparov|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226171752/https://www.kasparov.com/team/|url-status=live}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Chess|Biography}}
* ''[[Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine]]'', documentary film.
* [[Kasparov Chess]], Internet chess club.
* [[List of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik]]
* [[Committee 2008]]
* [[Putinism]]
* [[Advanced chess]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book
| author=Nikitin, Alexander
| title=Coaching Kasparov, Year by Year and Move by Move, Volume I: The Whizz-Kid (1973–1981)
| publisher=Elk and Ruby Publishing House
| year=2019
| isbn=978-5-604176-95-5}}
* {{Cite book
| author=Nikitin, Alexander
| title=Coaching Kasparov, Year by Year and Move by Move, Volume II: The Assassin (1982–1990)
| publisher=Elk and Ruby Publishing House
| year=2020
| isbn=978-5-604176-99-3}}
* {{Cite book
| author=Borik, Otto
| title=Kasparov's Chess Openings: A World Champion's Repertoire
| publisher=Trafalgar Square Pub
| year=1991
| isbn=0-943955-39-4}}
* {{Cite book
| author=Stohl, Igor
| title=Garry Kasparov's Greatest Chess Games, Volume 1
| year=2005
| publisher=[[Gambit Publications]]
| isbn=1-904600-32-8}}
* {{Cite book
| author=Stohl, Igor
| title=Garry Kasparov's Greatest Chess Games, Volume 2
| year=2006
| publisher=[[Gambit Publications]]
| isbn=1-904600-43-3}}
* {{Cite book
| author=Károlyi, Tibor
| author2=Aplin, Nick |author-link2=Nick Aplin
| title=Kasparov's Fighting Chess 1993–1998
| year=2007
| publisher=[[Anova Books|Batsford]]
| isbn=978-0-7134-8994-1|author-link=Tibor Károlyi (chess player) }}
* {{Cite book
| author=Károlyi, Tibor
| author2=Aplin, Nick
| title=Kasparov's Fighting Chess 1999–2005
| year=2007
| publisher=[[Anova Books|Batsford]]
| isbn=978-0-7134-8984-2}}
* {{Cite book
| author=Károlyi, Tibor
| author2=Aplin, Nick
| title=Kasparov: How His Predecessors Misled Him About Chess
| year=2009
| publisher=[[Anova Books|Batsford]]
| isbn=978-1-906388-26-3}}
== External links ==
{{Sister project links|d=Q28614|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no|c=Category:Garry Kasparov}}
<!-- DO NOT ADD chesshere.com SEE THE TALK/DISCUSSION page and explain why chesshere.com (an inferior site) deserves to be listed here. Wikipedia is not a links directory. One link to a database is sufficient and chessgames.com presents the data in a much better way. Continually adding it despite *many* requests for discussion will be taken to mean vandalism. See talk page, explain, and make no further additions until an agreement is made. Keeping article without chesshere.com because that's the way it was.
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* {{Official website}}
* {{Chessgames player|15940}}
* Garry Kasparov, [http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110011031 "Man of the Year?"], ''[[OpinionJournal.com|OpinionJournal]]'', 23 December 2007
* [[Edward Winter (chess historian)|Edward Winter]], [http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/fischerkasparov.html List of Books About Fischer and Kasparov]
* {{C-SPAN|49385}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhkTHkIZJEc Kasparov's "Deep Thinking" talk at Google]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180711230343/https://topchessvideos.com/garry-kasparov/ Garry Kasparov's best games analyzed in video]
{{S-start}}
{{s-sports}}
{{s-bef| rows = 2 | before = [[Anatoly Karpov]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = [[FIDE]] [[World Chess Champion]]
| years = 1985–93 }}
{{s-aft| after = [[Anatoly Karpov]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = Classical [[World Chess Champion]]
| years = 1985–2000 }}
{{s-aft| after = [[Vladimir Kramnik]] }}
{{s-bef|before = [[Peter Svidler]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Russian Chess Champion]]|years = 2004}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Sergei Rublevsky]]}}
{{s-ach|ach}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Anatoly Karpov]]<br />Anatoly Karpov<br />Vladimir Kramnik}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[List of FIDE chess world number ones|World No. 1]]|years = 1 January 1984 – 30 June 1985<br />1 January 1986 – 31 December 1995<br />1 July 1996 – 31 March 2006}}
{{s-aft|after = Anatoly Karpov<br />[[Vladimir Kramnik]]<br />[[Veselin Topalov]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{World Chess Championships}}
{{Authority control}}
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