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{{short description|Pyrotechnic device}}
{{Other uses|M80 (disambiguation){{!}}M80}}
[[File:M-80's.png|thumb|M-80]]
'''M-80s''' are an American class of large powerful [[firecracker]]s, sometimes called [[Salute (pyrotechnics)|salutes]].<ref name="FW-GLOSS-S">{{cite web |title=Fireworks Glossary: S |url=http://www.usfireworks.biz/glossary.htm#s |access-date=2006-07-06 |archive-date=2006-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705024032/http://www.usfireworks.biz/glossary.htm#s |url-status=live }}</ref> M-80s were originally made in the mid 20th century for the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]] to simulate explosives or [[artillery]] fire. The "M" is designated by a U.S. military convention for "standard" equipment and "80" is for the 80 grains (5.2 grams) of flash powder within it.<ref>[https://dynamitefireworks.com/what-is-an-m-80-and-is-it-legal-or-illegal/], 5.1.1 and 5.1.3.2</ref> Later, M-80s were manufactured as consumer [[fireworks]] made from a small [[Cardboard (paper product)|cardboard]] tube, often red, approximately {{convert|1+1/2|in|cm}} long and {{convert|9/16|in|cm}} inside diameter, with a fuse coming out of the side; this type of fuse is commonly known as cannon fuse or [[Visco fuse]], after a company responsible for standardizing the product. The consumer version holds a reduced charge of 45 grains (approximately 3 grams) of [[pyrotechnic]] [[flash powder]].<ref>"M80s: The Big Illicit Bang," [[Wall Street Journal]], Weekend Journal Section, July 3–5, 2009, p. W12</ref>
==Legality==
==
M-80s are not authorized under the law, making importation, possession, transportation, storage, or manufacture of them illegal in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401152613/http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/mms-smm/expl-expl/agcdf-crpcf-eng.htm|url-status=dead|title=Language selection - Natural Resources Canada / Sélection de la langue - Ressources naturelles Canada|first1=Natural Resources|last1=Canada|first2=Ressources naturelles|last2=Canada|archivedate=April 1, 2011|website=www.nrcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
===United States===
Regulation of M-80s in the United States began in 1966 with [[United States congressional hearing|congressional hearings]] proposing amendments to the Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act in response to several cases of property damage and bodily harm caused by unregulated fireworks.<ref name="Hazard Hearings">{{Citation |author=U.S. Government Printing Office Washington |year=1966 |title=The Child Protection Act of 1966: Hearings Before the Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce, United States Senate, Eighty-Ninth Congress, Second Session on S. 3298, a Bill to Amend the Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act to Ban Hazardous Toys and Articles Intended for Children, and Other Articles So Hazardous as to Be Dangerous in the Household Regardless of Labeling, and to Apply to Unpackaged Articles Intended for Household Use, and for Other Purposes. |publisher=govinfo.gov |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-89shrg70820/pdf/CHRG-89shrg70820.pdf |access-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-date=August 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809021136/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-89shrg70820/pdf/CHRG-89shrg70820.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The resultant Child Protection Act of 1966, with help from the [[Consumer Product Safety Commission]], set groundwork for policies that would later regulate M-80s as ground-based "consumer fireworks," enforced by the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]].<ref name="ATF on Consumer Fireworks">{{cite web |url=https://www.atf.gov/explosives/fireworks |title=Fireworks |author=(([[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]])) |date=September 2, 2022 |website=atf.gov |access-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-date=July 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706034703/https://www.atf.gov/explosives/fireworks |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Per the ATF, possession of such fireworks containing a charge in excess of 50 milligrams of pyrotechnic flash powder (such as M-80s) require a license issued by federal authorities.<ref name="ATF on Licenses">{{cite web |url=https://www.atf.gov/explosives/illegal-explosives |title=Illegal Explosives |author=(([[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]])) |date=April 12, 2021 |website=atf.gov |access-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-date=July 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704220754/https://www.atf.gov/explosives/illegal-explosives |url-status=dead }}</ref> This law extends to [[M-100 (explosive)|M-100s]], [[Quarter stick|quarter sticks]], [[cherry bomb|cherry bombs]], and silver [[salute (pyrotechnics)|salutes]], among other pyrotechnics.<ref name="ATF on Illegal Fireworks">{{cite web |url=https://www.atf.gov/file/11156/download |title=Illegal Explosive Devices |author=(([[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]])) |date=May 2014 |website=atf.gov |access-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-date=July 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706034703/https://www.atf.gov/explosives/fireworks |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In 1975, [[regulations|federal regulations]] were passed to limit all consumer-grade fireworks available for general sale to the public in the United States to a maximum of 50 milligrams flash powder, down from a previous maximum of 200 milligrams. However, firecrackers mounted onto a rocket stick, or other aerial firework devices, such as [[Rocket (firework)|rocket]]s, [[Roman candle (firework)|Roman candle]]s, and the larger version of M-80s (M-1000 etc.), may still have significantly more, up to 130 mg, or more, depending on device and classification, and can be legally purchased by any American civilian citizen, except where prohibited by state law.<ref name="CFR on Banned Hazardous Substances">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-II/subchapter-C/part-1500/section-1500.17 |title=§ 1500.17 Banned hazardous substances. |author=[[Code of Federal Regulations]] |website=ecfr.gov |access-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-date=July 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709095317/https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-II/subchapter-C/part-1500/section-1500.17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== References ==▼
A person with a federal explosives license, issued by the [[ATF]], may be allowed to purchase M-80s. Federal and state officials sometimes distribute them to farmers to scare away wildlife damaging their crops.<ref name="M-80s 2009">"M-80s: The Big, Illicit Bang," ''The Wall Street Journal'', July 3–5, 2009, p. W12</ref><ref name="ATF on Explosive Pest Control">{{cite web |url=https://www.atf.gov/explosives/explosive-pest-control-devices |title=Explosive Pest Control Devices |author=(([[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]])) |date=December 20, 2022 |website=atf.gov |access-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-date=February 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221111058/https://www.atf.gov/explosives/explosive-pest-control-devices |url-status=dead }}</ref>
====Fake M-80====
Many firecrackers sold legally in the United States to consumers have names and appearances intended to mimic the "M-80", such as for example "M-80 Firecracker", "M-8000", or "M-''##''" (where ''##'' is a number). Those differ significantly from the actual "M-80" as they are subject to the regulations with regard to the sale of explosives and fireworks to the general public.<ref>{{cite web
|title=About M-80s
|first=Colin
|last=Bradley
|url=http://www.pyrouniverse.com/m80.htm
|access-date=2006-07-06
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707092322/http://www.pyrouniverse.com/m80.htm
|archive-date=2006-07-07
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> These firecrackers most commonly have a small capsule with up to 50 milligrams of powder (30 milligrams is most common), in contrast with the 5200 milligrams (5.2 g) that real M-80s contain, and a fuse in it. Surrounding the capsule is plaster or a similar material, and finally a red tube and two plastic endcaps. Because of the size of these firecrackers, buyers are occasionally deceived into thinking that the entire tube is full. Also the fuse, at times, protrudes from the ends of these firecrackers, as opposed to the middle of the tube in real M-80s. Genuine M-80s have paper endcaps, and contain slightly more powder.
Contrary to urban legend, an M-80 that contains 3,000 mg of powder is not equivalent to a quarter-stick of [[dynamite]]. Dynamite generally contains a stable [[nitroglycerin]]-based high explosive, whereas M-80s or any other kind of firecracker contain a low explosive powder, like flash powder or black powder.<ref name="M-80s 2009"/>
[[Category:Fireworks]]▼
==Accidents==
Cases of documented injuries and accidents accompanied civilian M-80 use during the 1950s and 1960s, and still occur, as M-80s are still produced and sold to the public. There have been documented cases of users losing their fingers or hands.<ref name="CPSC">{{cite report|title=2004 Fireworks Annual Report: Fireworks-Related Deaths, Emergency Department-Treated Injuries, and Enforcement Activities During 2004|date=June 2005|author1=Greene, Michael A.|author2=Joholske, James|name-list-style=amp|url=http://www.cpsc.gov/LIBRARY/2004fwreport.pdf|access-date=2006-07-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815184408/http://www.cpsc.gov/LIBRARY/2004fwreport.pdf|archive-date=2006-08-15}}</ref>
On July{{nbs}}8, 1976, during a [[Richmond Coliseum]] [[Kiss (band)|KISS]] concert, a fan threw an M-80 onto the stage, leaving drummer [[Peter Criss]] with partial hearing loss for the remainder of the night.<ref>{{cite book
|last = Gooch | first = Curt|author2=Suhs, Jeff | title = KISS Alive Forever: The Complete Touring History | publisher = Billboard Books| year = 2002| page = 69| isbn = 0-8230-8322-5}}</ref>
On October{{nbs}}9, 1977, during an [[Aerosmith]] concert in Philadelphia's [[Spectrum (arena)|Spectrum]], a fan threw an M-80 firework that injured singer [[Steven Tyler]]'s cornea, and lead guitarist [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]]'s hand. The band stopped touring for a month while the two recovered.<ref>{{cite book | last =Brod | first = Doug| authorlink = | title = They Just Seem a Little Weird: How KISS, Cheap Trick, Aerosmith, and Starz Remade Rock and Roll | publisher =[[Hachette Books]] | series = | volume = | edition = | date =2020 | ___location = | pages = | language = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iWHbDwAAQBAJ&dq=Aerosmith+m-80+injuries&pg=PT158 | doi = | id = | isbn =9780306845215 | quote=}}</ref>
On May{{nbs}}24, 1983, a truck trailer being used as a clandestine fireworks factory manufacturing M-80 fireworks exploded outside of [[Rowesville, South Carolina]], killing two, injuring five, and damaging houses up to two and a half miles away.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rowesville, SC Fireworks Truck Explosion, May 1983 {{!}} GenDisasters ... Genealogy in Tragedy, Disasters, Fires, Floods|url=http://www.gendisasters.com/south-carolina/16514/rowesville-sc-fireworks-truck-explosion-may-1983|access-date=2020-12-24|website=www.gendisasters.com|archive-date=2020-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031005918/http://gendisasters.com/south-carolina/16514/rowesville-sc-fireworks-truck-explosion-may-1983|url-status=live}}</ref> Three days later an [[Benton fireworks disaster|explosion at a clandestine fireworks factory]] producing M-80 and [[M-100 (explosive)|M-100]] fireworks near [[Benton, Tennessee]], killed eleven, injured one, and inflicted damage within a radius of several miles.<ref name=spokesman>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19830530&id=5O0vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2-4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6978,8211234 |title=Fireworks suspect charged with deaths |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=May 30, 1983 |website=news.google.com |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |access-date=April 19, 2013 |archive-date=March 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312055000/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19830530&id=5O0vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2-4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6978,8211234 |url-status=live }}</ref> The operation was by far the largest-known illegal fireworks operation, and the initial blast was heard as far away as {{convert|20|mi}} from the site.<ref name=spokesman/> Both operations were connected to a multi-state illegal fireworks distribution and production ring, and multiple people were eventually sent to prison for their involvement in both incidents.<ref>{{cite news |title=Big Fireworks Explosion Etched in Reporter's Memory |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69663420/big-fireworks-explosion-etched-in/ |access-date=9 February 2021 |work=The Times and Democrat |date=August 29, 1999 |___location=Orangeburg, South Carolina |page=9B |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |archive-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705085852/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69663420/big-fireworks-explosion-etched-in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[1986 San Francisco fireworks disaster]] occurred on April{{nbs}}5 of that year when an illegal machine making M-80s failed, resulting in widespread destruction of a city block, killing at least 8 people, and devastating 125 small businesses.
Angar Hussan, a fourteen-year-old [[Indian people|Indian]] immigrant, died at the [[Beth Israel Medical Center]] in New York City on July{{nbs}}5, 1990, a day after he was struck in the throat by metal shards from an exploding steel garbage can while watching M-80 firecrackers being set off at a [[Fourth of July]] block party sponsored by the [[Hells Angels Motorcycle Club]] outside the club's headquarters in Manhattan's [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]]. Three other bystanders were injured, two seriously.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/06/nyregion/youth-14-dies-after-fireworks-explode-in-can.html Youth, 14, Dies After Fireworks Explode in Can] Richard D. Lyons, ''[[The New York Times]]'' (July 6, 1990)</ref> Hells Angels members Anthony Morabito and John Tannuzzo were charged with second-degree murder in Hussan's death on October{{nbs}}22.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/23/nyregion/2-hell-s-angels-are-charged-in-death-of-14-year-old-boy.html 2 Hell's Angels Are Charged In Death of 14-Year-Old Boy] ''[[The New York Times]]'' (October 23, 1990)</ref> The motorcycle club as a corporation also was indicted on the charges.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/137412706/ Hell's Angels charged in July 4th explosion] ''[[Democrat and Chronicle]]'' (October 31, 1990)</ref> Of the two men charged with murder, one was convicted of criminally negligent homicide, and the case against the other was dismissed.<ref name="Trouble With Angels; Motorcycle Gang Is in a U.S. Court Fight Over Its Clubhouse">[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/03/nyregion/trouble-with-angels-motorcycle-gang-is-in-a-us-court-fight-over-its-clubhouse.html Trouble With Angels; Motorcycle Gang Is in a U.S. Court Fight Over Its Clubhouse] Richard Perez-Pena, ''[[The New York Times]]'' (January 3, 1994)</ref>
On July{{nbs}}1, 2019, [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] reported that a nine-year-old girl was critically injured after handling what was suspected to be an M-80.<ref>{{cite news | title=9-year-old girl critical after illegal explosive device detonates inside home, Philadelphia police say | url=https://abc13.com/girl-critical-after-illegal-explosive-detonates-in-her-hands/5372936/ | access-date=2019-07-01 | archive-date=2019-07-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701114737/https://abc13.com/girl-critical-after-illegal-explosive-detonates-in-her-hands/5372936/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
On July 4, 2025, a [[hip-hop]] artist named 4XTRA posted a video of him holding M80s to his Instagram account where he can be heard jokingly insinuating that he is "going to blow someone up" with these - he ended up losing part of his right hand to an accident after lighting up 2 M80s for the [[Independence Day (United States)|4th of July]] fireworks celebration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-06 |title=Rapper 4xtra reportedly loses his fingers in horrific fireworks accident |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/4xtra-fireworks-accident-fingers-b2783554.html |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-05 |title=Rapper 4Xtra blows up his hand with fireworks in shocking July 4 accident |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/rapper-4xtra-blows-up-his-hand-with-fireworks-in-shocking-july-4-accident/articleshow/122260939.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-06 |title=Rapper 4xtra reportedly loses his fingers in horrific fireworks accident on Fourth of July |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/rapper-4xtra-reportedly-loses-fingers-151430193.html |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
* John Donner, ''A Professional's Guide to Pyrotechnics: Understanding and Making Exploding Fireworks'', Paladin Press, 1997.
{{DEFAULTSORT:M-80 (Explosive)}}
[[Category:Bombs]]
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