Content deleted Content added
Lucas barrett |
m Open access bot: url-access=subscription updated in citation with #oabot. |
||
| (99 intermediate revisions by 51 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
'''The year 1862 CE in [[science]] and [[technology]]'''.▼
{{Year nav topic5|1862|science}}
{{Science year nav|1862}}
▲
==Astronomy==
* January 31 – [[Alvan Graham Clark]] makes the first observation of [[Sirius]] B, a [[white dwarf]] star, through an eighteen-inch telescope at [[Northwestern University]] in Illinois.
==Biology==
* May 15 – [[Charles Darwin]] publishes ''[[Fertilisation of Orchids|On the various contrivances by which British and foreign Orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing]]''.
* [[Henry Walter Bates]] publishes "Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. ''Lepidoptera: Heliconidae''"<ref>''Transactions of the [[Linnean Society of London|Linnean Society]]'' (London) '''23''' pp. 495–566.</ref> describing [[Batesian mimicry]].
* [[George Bentham]] and [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] begin publication of ''[http://www.botanicus.org/title/b12029907 Genera plantarum]'' based on the collections of the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]], [[England]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Isely|first=Duane|year=1994|title=One hundred and one botanists|___location=Ames|publisher=Iowa State University Press}}</ref>
* [[John Gwyn Jeffreys]] begins publication of ''British Conchology, or an account of the Mollusca which now inhabit the British Isles and the surrounding seas''.
==Chemistry==
* Chemist and composer [[Alexander Borodin]] describes the first [[nucleophilic displacement]] of chlorine by fluorine in [[benzoyl chloride]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Borodin |first=E. J. |last=Behrman |journal=[[Journal of Chemical Education]]|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/ed083p1138.1 |year=2006 |volume=83 |pages=1138 |format=PDF |doi=10.1021/ed083p1138.1 |bibcode=2006JChEd..83.1138B |doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[Mineralogist]] [[Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois]] makes the first proposal to arrange the [[chemical element]]s in order of [[atomic weight]]s, although this is largely ignored by chemists.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Periodic Table|url=http://www.3rd1000.com/history/periodic.htm|accessdate=2011-10-07}}</ref>
* [[Alexander Parkes]] exhibits [[Parkesine]], one of the earliest [[synthetic polymer]]s, at the International Exhibition in London. This discovery forms the foundation of the modern [[plastics industry]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Alexander Parkes (1813–1890) |work=People & Polymers |publisher=Plastics Historical Society |url=http://www.plastiquarian.com/parkes.htm |accessdate=2007-03-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315102347/http://www.plastiquarian.com/parkes.htm |archivedate=2007-03-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Earth sciences==
* [[Friedrich Albert Fallou]] publishes "Pedologie oder allgemeine und besondere Bodenkunde" ([[Pedology]] or general and special soil science), founding soil science.<ref name=yari>{{cite journal|author-last=Yarilov|author-first=A. A.|year=1904|title=Fr. A'b, Fallu, osnovatel' pedologii|trans-title=Fr. A'b, Fallu, founder of soil science|journal=Pochvovedenie|volume=2|pages=125–135|language=Russian}}</ref>
==Medicine==
* [[Maurice Raynaud]] describes the vasospastic [[Raynaud syndrome|syndrome named after him]] in his doctoral dissertation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wigley|first1=F. M.|last2=Flavahan|first2=N. A.|title=Raynaud's Phenomenon.|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|date=2016-08-11|volume=375|issue=6|pages=556–65|pmid=27509103|doi=10.1056/nejmra1507638}}</ref>
* [[Hermann Snellen]] publishes the [[Snellen chart]] for testing [[visual acuity]].
==Technology==
* July 8 – [[Theodore Timby]] is granted a United States patent for discharging guns in a revolving [[Gun turret|turret]], using electricity.
* July 22 – Henry O. Peabody is granted a United States patent for the [[Peabody action]] for rifles.
* November 4 – [[Richard Jordan Gatling]] is granted a United States patent for the [[Gatling gun]].
* [[Brown & Sharpe]] produce the first Universal [[Milling machine]].<ref>{{Roe1916}}</ref>
* [[David Kirkaldy]] publishes ''Results of an Experimental Inquiry into the Comparative Tensile Strength and other properties of various kinds of Wrought-Iron and Steel'' in [[Glasgow]] describing his pioneering work in [[tensile testing]].
==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[Thomas Graham (chemist)|Thomas Graham]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=23 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wollaston Medal|Wollaston Medal for geology]]: [[Robert Alfred Cloyne Godwin-Austen|Robert Godwin-Austen]]
==Births==
* January 23 – [[David Hilbert]] (died [[1943 in science|1943]]), [[German people|German]] [[mathematician]]
* February 14 – [[Agnes Pockels]] (died [[1935 in science|1935]]), German [[chemist]] (in Venice)
* March 14 – [[Vilhelm Bjerknes]] (died [[1951 in science|1951]]), [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] [[physicist]] and [[meteorologist]]
* May 27 – [[John Edward Campbell]] (died [[1924 in science|1924]]), [[Ireland|Irish]]-born [[mathematician]]
* June 7 – [[Philipp Lenard]] (died [[1947 in science|1947]]), German physicist
* June 9 – [[Ernest William Moir]] (died [[1933 in science|1933]]), [[British people|British]] [[civil engineer]]
* July 2 – [[William Henry Bragg]] (died [[1942 in science|1942]]), [[English people|English]] winner of the 1915 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]
* August 2 – [[Paul Bujor]] (died [[1952 in literature|1952]]), [[Romania]]n animal morphologist, politician and short story writer
* October 12 – [[Theodor Boveri]] (died [[1915 in science|1915]]), German [[geneticist]]
* October 19 – [[Auguste Lumière]] (died [[1954 in science|1954]]), [[French people|French]] inventor, film pioneer
* November 23 - [[Ernest Guglielminetti]] (died [[1943 in science|1943]]), [[Swiss people|Swiss]] [[physician]]<ref>{{in lang|it|fr|de}} {{Cite web |last=Heldner |first=Paul |title=Guglielminetti, Ernest |url=http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F14394.php |publisher=Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse |date =21 July 2005 |accessdate = 13 February 2021 }}</ref>
* [[William Hoskins (inventor)|William Hoskins]] (died [[1934 in science|1934]]), [[Americans|American]] [[inventor]]
==Deaths==
*
* February 3 – [[Jean-Baptiste Biot]] (born [[1774 in science|1774]]), French [[physicist]]
* February 7 – [[Prosper Ménière]] (born [[1799 in science|1799]]), French [[physician]] who first described the symptoms of [[Ménière's disease]]
* February 11 – [[Luther V. Bell]] (born [[1806 in science|1806]]), American psychiatric physician
* March 1 – [[Peter Barlow (mathematician)|Peter Barlow]] (born [[1776 in science|1776]]), English [[mathematician]]
* April 3 – Sir [[James Clark Ross]] (born [[1800 in science|1800]]), English explorer of the [[Polar region]]s
* May 6 – [[Olry Terquem]] (born [[1782 in science|1782]]), French Jewish [[geometer]]
* October 8 – [[James Walker (engineer)|James Walker]] (born [[1781 in science|1781]]), [[Scotland|Scottish]]-born [[civil engineer]]
* October 21 – [[Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet]] (born [[1783 in science|1783]]), English [[physiologist]]
* December 18 – [[Lucas Barrett]] (born [[1837 in science|1837]]), English [[natural history|naturalist]] (drowned)
* December 20 – [[Robert Knox (surgeon)|Robert Knox]] (born [[1791 in science|1791]]), [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[anatomist]]
* December 21 – [[Karl Kreil]] (born [[1798 in science|1798]]), [[Austria]]n [[astronomer]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1862 In Science}}
[[Category:1862 in science| ]]
[[Category:1860s in science]]
[[Category:19th century in science]]
| |||