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{{short description|Counts of dead and wounded in WWI}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
<!--Please do not change any casualty numbers until it has been suggested/discussed on the talk page. Sources should also be stated.-->
[[File:British wounded Bernafay Wood 19 July 1916.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|British and German wounded, Bernafay Wood, 19 July 1916. Photo by [[Ernest Brooks (photographer)|Ernest Brooks]].]]
The total number of [[military]] and [[civilian casualties]] in [[World War I]] was about 40 million: estimates range from around 15 to 22 million deaths<ref name = Britannica>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing|title=World War I - Killed, wounded, and missing | Britannica|website=Britannica.com|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> and about 23 million wounded military personnel, ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history.
The total number of deaths includes from 9 to 11 million [[military personnel]]. The [[civilians|civilian]] death toll was about 6 to 13 million.<ref name = Britannica /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses|title=War Losses | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)|website=Encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> The [[Triple Entente]] (also known as the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]) lost about 6 million military personnel while the [[Central Powers]] lost about 4 million. At least 2 million died from diseases and 6 million went missing, presumed dead. This article lists the casualties of the belligerent powers based on official published sources.
About two-thirds of military deaths in World War I were in battle, unlike the conflicts that took place in the 19th century when the majority of deaths were due to disease. Nevertheless, disease, including the [[1918 flu pandemic]] and deaths while held as [[prisoners of war]], still caused about one third of total military deaths for all belligerents.
<!--Please do not change any casualty numbers until it has been suggested/discussed on the talk page. Sources should also be stated.-->
== Classification of casualty statistics ==
[[File:Douaumont ossuary3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Douaumont French Army cemetery seen from [[Douaumont ossuary]], which contains remains of French and German soldiers who died during the [[Battle of Verdun]] in 1916]]
Casualty statistics for World War I vary to a great extent; estimates of total deaths range from 9 million to over 15 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm |title=Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls |website=necrometrics.com |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> Military casualties reported in official sources list deaths due to all causes, including an estimated 7 to 8 million combat related deaths (killed or died of wounds) and another 2 to 3 million military deaths caused by accidents, disease and deaths while [[prisoners of war]]. Official government reports listing casualty statistics were published by the United States and Great Britain.<ref>Military Casualties – World War – Estimated. Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924</ref><ref>The War Office, Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920</ref> These [[secondary sources]] published during the 1920s, are the source of the statistics in reference works listing casualties in World War I.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/casualties.htm |title=Military Casualties of World War One |access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/greatwar/resources/casdeath_pop.html |title=World War One Casualty and death tables |website=[[PBS]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016014336/http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/resources/casdeath_pop.html |archive-date=16 October 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="EPFW">The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia Spencer C. Tucker Garland Publishing, New York 1999 {{ISBN|978-0815333517}}</ref><ref name="Ellis 2001 269 70">John Ellis, The World War I Databook, Aurum Press, 2001, {{ISBN|1-85410-766-6}} pp. 269–70</ref><ref name="World War I 2010 p. 219">World War I: People, Politics, and Power, published by Britannica Educational Publishing (2010) p. 219</ref> This article summarizes the casualty statistics published in the official government reports of the United States and Great Britain as well as France, Italy, Belgium, Germany, Austria and Russia. More recently the research of the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] (CWGC) has revised the military casualty statistics of the UK and its allies; they include in their listing of military war dead personnel outside of combat theaters and civilians recruited from Africa, the Middle East and [[Chinese Labour Corps|China]] who provided logistical and service support in combat theaters.<ref name="CWGCAR">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014–2015 p. 38 |url=https://issuu.com/wargravescommission/docs/ar_2014-2015?e=4065448/31764375 |website=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |access-date=24 May 2016}}Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greatwar.co.uk/ypres-salient/cemetery-lijssenthoek.htm |title=World Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery, Poperinge, Ypres Salient Battlefields, Belgium (The Chinese Labour Corps was used to clear battlefields, dig graves, trenches and carry out other such tasks which were often difficult and dangerous.) |access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="MOMBASA AFRICAN MEMORIAL">{{cite web |url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/4007267/MOMBASA%20AFRICAN%20MEMORIAL |title=Mombasa African Memorial (The non-combatant porters, stevedores and followers of the Military Labour Corps 600,000. Almost 50,000 of these men were lost, killed in action died of sickness or wounds) |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="The Long, Long Trail is a personal website written by Chris Baker">{{cite web |author=The Long, Long Trail is a personal website written by Chris Baker |url=http://www.1914-1918.net/labour.htm |title=The Labour Corps of 1917–1918 |date=26 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="skycitygallery.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.skycitygallery.com/japan/wwi_chinese_1.pdf |title=The Chinese Labour Corps at the Western Front (In all, nearly 2,000 men from the Chinese Labour Corps died during the First World War, some as a direct result of enemy action, or of wounds received in the course of their duties but many more in the influenza epidemic that swept Europe in 1918–19 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> The casualties of these support personnel recruited outside of Europe were previously not included with British war dead, however the casualties of the [[Royal Pioneer Corps|Labour Corps]] recruited from the British Isles were included in the rolls of British war dead published in 1921.<ref name="familysearch.org">{{cite web |url=https://familysearch.org/search/catalog/292837?availability=Family%20History%20Library |title=Soldiers died in the great war, 1914–1919, London : Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1920–1921, 80 pts. in 17 v (pt. 80. Labour corps, Royal army ordnance corps, veterinary corps and pay corps, Channel Isles militia, corps of army schoolmasters, military mounted police, military foot police) |website=[[FamilySearch]] |access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref> The methodology used by each nation to record and classify casualties was not uniform, a general caveat regarding casualty figures is that they cannot be considered comparable in all cases.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses |title=International Encyclopedia of the First World War, Antoine Prost, War Losses |access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref> First World War civilian deaths are "hazardous to estimate" according to Micheal Clodfelter who maintains that "the generally accepted figure of [[noncombatant]] deaths is 6.5 million."<ref name="Clodfelter, Micheal 2002 p. 479">Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 2nd Ed.. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-1204-4}}. p. 479</ref>
== Casualties by borders of 1914 ==
<!--Please do not change any casualty numbers until it has been suggested/discussed on the talk page. Sources should also be stated.-->{{center|('''when the number of deaths in a country is disputed, a range of war losses is given''')}}
{{center|('''sources and details of figures are provided in the footnotes''')}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|- valign=top
! Nation
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number"| Population (millions)
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number"| Combat deaths and missing in action (included in total military deaths)
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number"| Total military deaths (from all causes)
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number"| Civilian deaths (military action and crimes against humanity)
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number"| Increase in civilian deaths (malnutrition and disease excluding [[Influenza pandemic]])
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number"| Total deaths
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number"| Deaths as % of population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number"| Military wounded
|-
! colspan=9 style="text-align:center;background:#B0C4DE" | [[Allies of World War I|Allies and co-belligerents of World War I]]
|-
| align=left | {{flag|Australia}} {{Ref|Australia|b}}
| 5.0
| 61,527<ref name="awm.gov.au">{{Cite web|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/war_casualties|title=Deaths as a result of service with Australian units | Australian War Memorial|website=Awm.gov.au|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref>
| 59,330<ref name="stats">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/statisticsofmili00grea |title=Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1920 |last=Great Britain. War Office |date=14 April 2018 |publisher=London H.M. Stationery Off |access-date=14 April 2018 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><br />to 62,149<ref name="CWGCAR" />
|
|
| 59,330<br />to 62,149
| 1.2% <br /> to 1.2%
| 152,171<ref name="vlib.us">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/statisticsofmili00grea |title=Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1920 |last=Great Britain. War Office |date=14 April 2018 |publisher=London H.M. Stationery Off |access-date=14 April 2018 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flag|Canada|1868}} {{Ref|Canada|d}}
| 7.2
| 56,638<ref name="statcan.gc.ca">{{cite web |url=http://www65.statcan.gc.ca/acyb02/1947/acyb02_19471126002-eng.htm |title=Canada Year Book (CYB) Historical Collection |first=Statistics |last=Canada |website=www65.statcan.gc.ca |date=31 March 2008 |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>
| 56,639<ref name="vlib.us" /><br /> to 64,996<ref name="CWGCAR" /> || 1,963<ref name="Halifax Explosion Remembrance Book">{{Cite web |url=https://novascotia.ca/archives/remembrance/ |title=Website Update – Nova Scotia Archives |website=novascotia.ca |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/life-at-home-during-the-war/wartime-tragedies/the-halifax-explosion |title=Wartime Tragedies – The Halifax Explosion – Canada and the First World War |website=Canada and the First World War |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>
|
| 58,639<br /> to 66,996
| {{#expr: 58639 / 7.2 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 66996 / 7.2 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 149,732<ref name="vlib.us" /> <!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|British Raj}} {{Ref|India|g}}
| 315.1
| 64,449<ref name="vlib.us" />
| 64,449<ref name="vlib.us" /> <br /> to 73,905<ref name="CWGCAR" />
|
|
| 64,449<br /> to 73,905
| {{#expr: 66449 / 315.1 / 10000 round 3}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 73895 / 315.1 / 10000 round 3}}%
| 69,214<ref name="vlib.us" /><!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|Dominion of New Zealand}} {{Ref|NZ|l}}
| 1.1
| 18,166<ref name="Auckland War Memorial Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/visit/our-galleries/top-floor/world-war-1-sanctuary |title=Auckland War Memorial Museum |website=aucklandmuseum.com |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>
| 16,711<ref name="vlib.us" /><br /> to 18,060<ref name="CWGCAR" />
|
|
| 16,711<br /> to 18,060
| {{#expr: 16711 / 1.1 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 18053 / 1.1 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 41,317<ref name="vlib.us" /><!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|Dominion of Newfoundland}} {{Ref|Newf|m}}
| 0.2
| 1,204<ref name="vlib.us" />
| 1,204<ref name="vlib.us" /><br /> to 1,570<ref name="journals.hil.unb.ca">{{cite web |url=http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/NFLDS/index |title=Newfoundland and Labrador Studies |website=journals.hil.unb.ca |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>(included with UK)
|
|
| 1,204<br />to 1,570
| {{#expr: 1204 / 0.2 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 1570 / 0.2 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 2,314<ref name="vlib.us" /><!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912}} {{Ref|SouthAfrica|r}}
| 6.0
| 7,121<ref name="vlib.us" />
| 7,121<ref name="vlib.us" /><br /> to 9,726<ref name="CWGCAR" />
|
|
| 7,121<br /> to 9,726
| {{#expr: 7121 / 6.0 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 9726 / 6.0 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 12,029<ref name="vlib.us" /> <!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} (and colonies) {{Ref|UK|s}}
| 45.4
| 744,000{{Ref|new|s1}}
| 887,858<ref name="CWGCAR" />
| 16,829<ref name="vlib.us"/><ref name="Gilbert, Martin 1994">Gilbert, Martin (1994). Atlas of World War I. Oxford UP. {{ISBN|978-0-19-521077-4}} (908 civilians killed in naval attacks)</ref>
| 107,000<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 47">Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 47–61</ref> to 400,000<ref name=Kramer>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of the First World War|chapter=18: Blockade and Economic Warfare|volume=3|last=Kramer|first=Alan|editor-first=Jay|editor-last=Winter|year=2014|doi=10.1017/CHO9780511675676|isbn=9780511675676}}</ref>
| 867,829<br /> to 1,011,687
| {{#expr: 867829 / 45.4 / 10000 round 1}}% <br />to {{#expr: 1011540/ 45.4 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 1,675,000{{Ref|new|s1}}<!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | ''{{ubl|Sub-total|British Empire}}''
| 380.0
| 953,104
| 949,454<br /> to 1,118,264
| 18,829
| 107,000
| 1,077,283<br />to 1,244,093
| {{#expr: 1077283/ 380.0 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 1244093 /380.0 / 10000 round 1}}%
|
2,101,077<!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flag|Belgium}} {{Ref|Belgium|c}}
| 7.4
| 38,170<ref name="stats"/>
| 38,170<ref name="ia800502.us.archive.org">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/statisticsofmili00grea |title=Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1920 |last=Great Britain. War Office |date=14 April 2018 |publisher=London H.M. Stationery Off |access-date=14 April 2018 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><br />to 58,637<ref name="extranet.arch.be">[http://extranet.arch.be//BIB_A4P131/BIB_A4P131_1915-1919.pdf#search=%22belgique%22 Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919. Bruxelles. 1922 p. 100] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041947/http://extranet.arch.be//BIB_A4P131/BIB_A4P131_1915-1919.pdf#search=%22belgique%22 |date=4 March 2016 }} Per Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919 figure of 58,637 includes 2,620 colonial troops and 15,650 porters in Africa</ref>
| 23,700<ref>[http://extranet.arch.be//BIB_A4P131/BIB_A4P131_1915-1919.pdf#search=%22belgique%22 Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919. Bruxelles. 1922 p. 100]</ref>
| 62,000<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 59">Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 59–62</ref>
| 123,870<br />to 144,337
| {{#expr: 123870/ 7.4 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 144337/ 7.4 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 44,686<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /> <!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|French Third Republic}} {{Ref|France|e}}
| 39.6
| 1,150,000<ref>Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris. p. 420. The figure includes killed, missing in action and died of wounds excluding died of disease</ref><ref name="Australian Army Medical Services 1943 p. 870">Official History of the Australian Army Medical Services, 1914–1918 Volume III – Special Problems and Services (1st edition, 1943) p. 870</ref>
| 1,357,000<ref name="stats" /><br />to 1,397,800<ref name="Huber, Michel 1931 p. 414">Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris p. 414</ref>
| 40,000<ref name="Clodfelter, Micheal 2002 p. 479" /><ref name="Ellis, John 1993 p. 269">Ellis, John (1993). World War I–Databook. Aurum Press. {{ISBN|978-1-85410-766-4}}, p. 269</ref><ref name="isbn1991">Randal Grey. Chronicle of World War I, Vol2 Facts on File 1991 {{ISBN|0-8160-2139-2}} p. 292</ref>
| 300,000<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 59" /> to 600,000<ref name=Kramer/>
| 1,697,000<br />to 1,737,800
| {{#expr: 1697800 / 39.6 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 1737800 / 39.6 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 4,266,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010">Military Casualties-World War-Estimated," Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924; cited in World War I: People, Politics, and Power, published by Britannica Educational Publishing (2010) p. 219</ref>
<!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Greece|state}} {{Ref|Greece|f}}
| 4.8
| 5,000<ref name="stats"/>
| 5,000<ref name="stats" /><br /> to 26,000<ref name="Urlanis, Boris 1971 p. 209">Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow p. 209</ref>
|
| 150,000<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 80">Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 80–81</ref>
| 155,000<br /> to 176,000
| {{#expr: 155000 /4.8 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 176000 /4.8 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 21,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
<!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}} {{Ref|Italy|h}}
| 35.6
| 460,000<ref name="ia800502.us.archive.org" />
| 460,000<ref name="ia800502.us.archive.org" /><br /> to 709,000<ref name="Mortara, G 1925 P 28">Mortara, G (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 28–29</ref><ref name="ITA, 14-18">{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_italy|title=War Losses (Italy); International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)|website=Encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net|access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref>
| 3,400<ref>Mortara, G (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 56–57</ref>
| 332,000<ref name=Kramer/> to 589,000<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 52">Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron – The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 52–59</ref>
| 1,052,400<br /> to 1,301,400
| {{#expr: 1052400 / 35.6 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 1301400 / 35.6 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 947,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /> to 1,050,000<ref name="ITA, 14-18"/><!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}} {{Ref|Japan|i}}
| 53.6
| 300<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
| 300<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /><br /> to 4,661<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29">International Labour Office, Enquête sur la production. Rapport général. Paris [etc.] Berger-Levrault, 1923–25. Tom 4, II Les tués et les disparus p. 29 {{OCLC|6445561}}</ref>
|
|
| 300<br /> to 4,661
| {{#expr: 300 / 53.6 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 4661 / 53.6 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 907<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /> <!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Montenegro}} {{Ref|Monte|k}}
| 0.5
| 3,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
| 3,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /><br /> to 13,325<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
|
|
| 3,000<br /> to 13,325
| {{#expr: 3000 / 0.5 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr:13335 / 0.5 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 10,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /> <!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|First Portuguese Republic}} {{Ref|Portugal|n}}
| 6.0
| 7,222<ref name="ia800502.us.archive.org" />
| 7,222<ref name="ia800502.us.archive.org" />
| 13<ref>{{Cite book |title=Portugal na Grande Guerra |last=Martins |first=Ferreira |publisher=Empresa Editorial Ática |year=1934 |___location=Lisboa }}</ref>
| 82,000<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 61">Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 61–64</ref>
| 89,235
| {{#expr: 89222 / 6.0 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 13,751<ref name="ia800502.us.archive.org" /> <!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}} {{Ref|Romania|o}}
| 7.5
| 335,706<ref name="stats" />
| 250,000<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" /><br /> to 335,706<ref name="stats" />
| 130,000<ref name="Erlikman, Vadim 2004 p. 51">Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 51 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref>
| 200,000<ref name="Erlikman, Vadim 2004 p. 51" />
| 580,000<br /> to 665,706
| {{#expr: 580000/ 7.5 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 665706 / 7.5 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 120,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /><!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|Russian Empire}} {{Ref|Russia|p}}
| 175.1
| 775,369 to 1,700,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /><ref name="stats"/>
| 1,700,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /> to<br />2,254,369<ref name="rus-sky.com">{{cite web |title=РОССИЯ И СССР В ВОЙНАХ XX ВЕКА. Глава II. ПЕРВАЯ МИРОВАЯ ВОЙНА |website=RUS†SKY |url=http://www.rus-sky.com/history/library/w/w02.htm |language=ru |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref>
| 410,000<ref name="Erlikman, Vadim 2004 p. 18">Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 18 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.(Civilians killed on Eastern Front)</ref>
| 730,000<ref name="Erlikman, Vadim 2004 p. 18" />
| 2,840,000 to<br />3,394,369
| {{#expr: 2840000 / 175.1 / 10000 round 1}}% to {{#expr: 3394369 / 175.1 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 3,749,000<ref name="rus-sky.com" /> to<br />4,950,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /><!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Serbia}} {{Ref|Serbia|q}}
| 4.5
| 127,500<ref name="stats" />
| 300,000<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 65">Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 65–76</ref><br />to 450,000<ref name="Moal 1918, p. 231">Frédéric Le Moal, La Serbie du martyre à la Victoire 1914–1918, 2008, éditions 14–18 (2013) ({{ISBN|978-2-916385-18-1}}), p. 231</ref>
|
| 450,000<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 65" /><br />to 800,000<ref name="Moal 1918, p. 231" />
| 750,000<br /> to 1,250,000
|{{#expr: 750000 / 4.5 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 1250000 / 4.5 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 133,148<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /> <!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flag|United States|1912}} {{Ref|US|t}}
| 92.0
| 53,402<ref name="va.gov">[http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, va.gov]</ref>
| 116,708<ref name="fas.org">{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf |title=Congressional Research Service, American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics |website=fas.org |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="uscg.mil">{{Cite web |url=http://www.uscg.mil/history/faqs/wars.asp |title=United States Coast Guard Coast Guard History |website=uscg.mil |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805220127/http://www.uscg.mil/history/faqs/wars.asp |archive-date=5 August 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>
| 757<ref name="usmm.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.usmm.org/ww1.html |title=Merchant Marine in World War I |website=usmm.org |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408091437/http://www.usmm.org/ww1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
| 117,466
| {{#expr: 117465 / 92.0 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 204,002<ref name="fas.org" /> <!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | ''{{ubl|Total|Allied Powers}}''
| 806.6
| 4,833,404
| 5,186,854<br /> to 6,433,692
| 626,699
| 3,420,000<br />to 3,770,000
| 9,235,553<br /> to 10,080,391
| {{#expr: 8485540 / 806.6 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 10080391/ 806.6 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 11,611,271<br /> to 12,812,271 <!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
! colspan=9 style="text-align:center;background:#B0C4DE" | [[Central Powers]]
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|Austria-Hungary}} {{Ref|AustHun|u}}
| 51.4
| 1,016,200<ref>Ellis, John (1993). World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants. London: Aurum Press. {{ISBN|978-1-85410-766-4}}. p. 269</ref><ref name="Herreswesen 1938">Österreichisches Bundesministerium für Herreswesen (1938). Österreich-Ungarns letzer Krieg, 1914–1918 Vol. 7. Vienna. VII, Beilage 37</ref>
| 1,200,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vlib.us/wwi/resources/britishwwi.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730173252/http://www.vlib.us/wwi/resources/britishwwi.pdf|url-status=dead|title=''Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920'', The War Office, p. 357|archive-date=30 July 2012|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref><br />to 1,494,200<ref name="Herreswesen 1938" />
| 120,000<ref>.Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 49 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.(Civilians killed in the fighting on the Eastern Front)</ref>
| 467,000<ref name="Grebler, Leo 1940 p. 147">Grebler, Leo (1940). The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Yale University Press. p. 147</ref>
| 1,787,000<br /> to 2,081,200
| {{#expr: 1787000 / 51.4 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 2081200 / 51.4 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 3,620,000<ref name="vlib.us"/><!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} {{Ref|Bulgaria|v}}
| 4.5
| 87,500<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
| 87,500<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /><ref name="stats"/>
|
| 100,000<ref name="Urlanis, Boris 1971 p. 268">Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow p. 268</ref>
| 187,500
| {{#expr: 187500 / 5.5 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 152,390<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /><ref name="stats" /><!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|German Empire}} {{Ref|Germany|w}}
| 64.9
| 1,800,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /><ref>The War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920. Reprinted by Naval & Military Press p. 355. {{ISBN|978-1-84734-681-0}}.</ref><ref>Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow p. 85, The demographer Boris Urlanis put total German war dead at 2,037,000, he estimated that the figure included 1,796,000 men killed, dead from wounds and gas poisoning.</ref>
| 2,037,000<ref name="Reichskriegsministeriums 1934 p. 12">Heeres-Sanitaetsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums (1934) (in German). Sanitaetsbericht über das deutsche Heer, (deutsches Feld- und Besatzungsheer), im Weltkriege 1914–1918. Volume 3, Sec 1. Berlin. pp. 12–14</ref><ref name="John Ellis p. 269" />
| 720<ref>The War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920. Reprinted by Naval & Military Press. p. 678. {{ISBN|978-1-84734-681-0}}.(Civilians killed by Allied bombing)</ref>
| 300,000<ref name=Kramer/> to 763,000<ref name="Vincent, C. Paul 1985">Vincent, C. Paul (1985). The Politics of Hunger: The Allied Blockade of Germany, 1915–1919. Athens (Ohio) and London: Ohio University Press.</ref><ref name="nationalarchives.gov.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/spotlights/blockade.htm |title=The National Archives – Exhibitions & Learning online – First World War – Spotlights on history |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>
| 2,198,420<br /> to 2,800,720
| {{#expr: 2198420/ 64.9 / 10000 round 1}}% to <br /> {{#expr: 2800720 / 64.9 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 4,215,662<ref name="Reichskriegsministeriums 1934 p. 12" /><!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left style="white-space:nowrap" | {{flagcountry|Ottoman Empire}} {{Ref|Ottoman|x}}
| 21.3
| 305,085<ref name="ordertodie">Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Edward J. Erickson. p. 211.</ref>
| 325,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /> <br /> to 771,844<ref name="Erickson, Edward J. 2001. p. 211">Erickson, Edward J., [[Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War]], Greenwood 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-313-31516-9}} p. 211</ref>
| 1,500,000<ref name="Totten, Samuel 2008, p. 19">Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) ''Dictionary of Genocide''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. {{ISBN|978-0-313-34642-2}}.</ref>
| 1,000,000<ref>Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}. pp. 61, 65, 73, 77–78 (In current borders Turkey 500,000; Syria 160,000; Lebanon 110,000; Iraq 150,000; Israel/Palestine 35,000 and Jordan 20,000)</ref>
| 2,825,000<br /> to 3,271,844
| {{#expr: 2825000 / 21.3 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 3271844 / 21.3 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 400,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /><br /> to 763,753<ref name="Erickson, Edward J. 2001. p. 211" /><!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| align=left | ''{{ubl|Total|Central Powers}}''
| 142.1
| 3,208,785
| 3,386,200<br /> to 4,390,544
| 1,620,720
| 1,991,000<br /> to 2,330,000
| 6,997,920 <br /> to 8,341,264
| {{#expr: 6997920 / 142.1 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 8334264/ 142.1 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 8,388,052<br />to 8,751,805<!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
! colspan=9 style="text-align: center;background:#B0C4DE" | Neutral nations
|-
| align=left | {{flag|Denmark}} {{Ref|Denmark|y}}
| 2.8
|See footnote re: Danes in German military
|
|
| 700<ref name="Byarkivet i Horsens">{{cite web |url=http://www.byarkivet-horsens.dk/Historie/Ubaadskrigen%201917.aspx |title=Byarkivet i Horsens |website=byarkivet-horsens.dk |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414091817/http://www.byarkivet-horsens.dk/Historie/Ubaadskrigen%201917.aspx |archive-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 700
| {{#expr: 722 / 2.7 / 10000 round 1}}%
| —
|-
| align=left | {{flag|Luxembourg}} {{Ref|Lux|j}}
| 0.3
|
| 2,800
|
|
|
| See footnote
| <!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|-
| align=left | {{flag|Norway}} {{Ref|Norway|z}}
| 2.4
|
|
|
| 1,180<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
| 1,180
| {{#expr: 1892 / 2.4 / 10000 round 1}}%
| —
|-
| align=left | {{flagcountry|Qajar Iran}} {{Ref|Qajar Iran|az}}
| 10.5<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1066992042000300684?needAccess=true&journalCode=ccri19 |title = Hygiene, eugenics, genetics, and the perception of demographic crisis in Iran, 1910s–1940s |date= Fall 2004 |doi = 10.1080/1066992042000300684 |access-date= October 22, 2010|last1 = Schayegh |first1 = Cyrus |journal = Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies |volume = 13 |issue = 3 |pages = 335–361 |s2cid = 220377033 |url-access = subscription }}</ref>
|
|
|
| 2,000,000<ref name=StevenWard>{{cite book|last1=Ward|first1=Steven R.|year=2014|title=Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=9781626160651|page=123 |quote=As the Great War came to its close in the fall of 1918, Iran's plight was woeful. The war had created an economic catastrophe, invading armies had ruined farmland and irrigation works, crops and livestock were stolen or destroyed, and peasants had been taken from their fields and forced to serve as laborers in the various armies. Famine killed as many as two million Iranians out of a population of little more than ten million while an influenza pandemic killed additional tens of thousands.}}</ref>
| 2,000,000
| {{#expr: 2000000 / 10.5 / 10000 round 1}}%
| —
|-
| align=left | {{flag|Sweden}} {{Ref|Sweden|bz}}
| 5.6
|
|
|
| 800<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
| 800
| {{#expr: 877 / 5.6 / 10000 round 1}}%
| —
|-
| align=left | {{Flag|Albania|1914}} {{Ref|Albania|cz}}
|0.7 to 0.8<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Gingeras |first=Ryan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGyMCwAAQBAJ |title=Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1908-1922 |publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2016 |isbn=9780191663581 |pages=87}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|70,000<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer |title=World War I: Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |last2=Mary Roberts |first2=Priscilla |pages=77}}</ref>
|8.75% to 10%
|—
|-
| align=left | {{flag|Liechtenstein|1852}}{{Ref|Liechtenstein|dz}}
|0.0087<ref>{{cite web |title=Liechtenstein Database |url=https://etab.llv.li/PXWeb/pxweb/en/eTab/?rxid=a4cb8296-58ac-4452-821a-0c587794da64}}</ref>
|
|4<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Quaderer |first=Rupert |author-link=Rupert Quaderer |date=31 December 2011 |title=Erster Weltkrieg |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Erster_Weltkrieg |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref>
|
|
|4
|0.05%
|—
<!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|- style="background:#ccc;"
| align=left | Grand total
| 959.7
| 8,042,189
| 8,573,058<br /> to 10,824,240
| 2,250,099
| 5,411,000 <br /> to 8,100,000
| 15,000,000 to 22,000,000<ref name = Britannica />
| {{#expr: 16236153 / 959.7 / 10000 round 1}}% <br /> to {{#expr: 22000000/ 959.7 / 10000 round 1}}%
| 22,101,100 <br /> to 23,665,873 <!--Please do not change casualty numbers without discussion-->
|}
The source of population data is: Haythornthwaite, Philip J., ''The World War One Source Book'' pp. 382–383<ref name="auto">Haythornthwaite, Philip J., ''The World War One Source Book'' Arms and Armour, London, 1993, {{ISBN|978-1-85409-102-4}}.</ref>
== Casualties by post-war (1924) borders ==
[[File:Europe 1914 and 1924.png|thumb|Europe 1914 and 1924]]
The war involved multi-ethnic empires such as Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Turkey. Many ethnic groups in these territories were conscripted for military service. The casualties listed by modern borders are also included in the above table of figures for the countries that existed in 1914. The casualty figures by 1924 post war borders are rough estimates by Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century, the sources of his figures were published in the Soviet era and in post-Soviet Russia.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref>
According to the 1914–1918 Online Encyclopedia "In addition to losses suffered by African military personnel and the laborers supporting their operations, very large, but unknown numbers of African civilians perished during the war." They made an estimate of civilian losses in Africa of 750,000 based on the study by the Vadim Erlikman. They noted that Erlikman's figures are based on the work of the Russian demographer Boris Urlanis, noting that these estimates were "imprecise" and "could be used to provide a frame of reference for further inquiry".<ref name="War Losses Africa">{{cite web |title=War Losses (Africa) |url=http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_africa |website=1914–1918 Online Encyclopedia |access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> The ''Oxford History of World War One'' notes that "In east and central Africa the harshness of the war resulted in acute shortages of food with famine in some areas, a weakening of populations, and epidemic diseases which killed hundreds of thousands of people and also cattle."<ref name="Strachan, Hew 1999 p. 100">Strachan, Hew (1999). World War I: A History. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-820614-9}} p. 100</ref>
*
The following estimates of Austrian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 175,000: including military losses 120,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 30,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 25,000.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 36 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref>
* {{flag|Belarus}}
The following estimates of Belarusian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 130,000: including military losses 70,000 with the Russian forces. Civilian dead were 60,000.<ref name = Erlikman>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 25 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref>
* {{flag|Ukraine}}
The following estimates of Ukrainian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 590,000: including military losses 450,000,(Erlikman did not break out military losses between Austro-Hungarian and Russian armed forces). Civilian dead were 140,000.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 34 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref>
* {{COD}}
The [[Belgian Congo]] was part of the Kingdom of Belgium during the war. A Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia estimated a total of 155,000 deaths in the Belgian Congo during the war.<ref name="narodonaseleniia2004" />
* {{flag|Czechoslovakia}}
Czechoslovakia was part of Austro-Hungary during the war. The estimates of Czechoslovak deaths within 1991 borders were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 185,000: including military losses 110,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 45,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 30,000.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 54 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref> The [[Czechoslovak Legion in France|Czechoslovak Legions]] fought with the armies of the Allies during the war.
[[File:Obermillstatt 16 2006.JPG|thumb|Austrian memorial commemorating soldiers from the village of [[Obermillstatt]] who died in World War I]]
* {{flag|Estonia}}
Estonia was part of the Russian Empire during the war and about 100,000 Estonians served in the Russian Army. Of them about 10,000 were killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esm.ee/11419/?id=11419&album_id=11403The |title=Estonian War Museum – General Laidoner Museum |website=esm.ee |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121164512/http://www.esm.ee/11419/?id=11419&album_id=11403The |archive-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flag|Finland}}
From 1809 Finland was an autonomous [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Grand Duchy]] in the [[Russian Empire]] until the end of 1917. Finland's autonomous status meant that Finns were exempt from conscription into the Russian Army. Approximately 800 Finns voluntarily served during World War I.<ref>Haapala, Pertti (2014). “The Expected and Non-Expected Roots of Chaos: Preconditions of the Finnish Civil War,” in The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy, ed. Tuomas Tepora and Aapo Roselius (Leiden ; Boston: Brill Academic Pub, 2014), 36–37 {{ISBN|978-90-04-24366-8}}.</ref> According to data regarding Finnish war casualties, 317 Finns were killed between 1914 and 1917.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vesta.narc.fi/cgi-bin/db2www/sotasurmaetusivu/stat |title=The registry of names of the war dead between 1914-1922 |website=vesta.narc.fi |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=9 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709072135/http://vesta.narc.fi/cgi-bin/db2www/sotasurmaetusivu/stat |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[French colonial empire|French colonies]]
The following estimates of deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.<ref name="Erlikman, Vadim 2004 p. 59">Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. pp. 59, 83–99 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref> These numbers only include military deaths, total civilian deaths in Africa could amount up to 750,000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=War Losses (Africa) {{!}} International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)|url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_africa|access-date=2021-03-24|website=encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net}}</ref>
:{{DZA}}'' (1914 known as [[French Algeria]])'': 26,000
:{{VNM}} ''(1914 known as [[French Indochina]])'': 12,000
:{{MLI}} ''(1914 part of [[French West Africa]])'': 10,000
:{{MAR}} ''(1914 known as the [[French protectorate of Morocco]])'': 8,000
:{{SEN}} ''(1914 part of [[French West Africa]])'': 6,000
:{{GIN}} ''(1914 part of [[French West Africa]])'': 2,500
:{{MDG}}: 2,500 military
:{{BEN}} ''(1914 part of [[French West Africa]])'': 2,000
:{{BFA}} ''(1914 part of [[French West Africa]])'': 2,000
:{{COG}} ''(1914 part of [[French Equatorial Africa]])'': 2,000
:{{CIV}} ''(1914 part of [[French West Africa]])'': 2,000
:{{TUN}} ''(1914 known as [[French occupation of Tunisia|French Tunisia]])'': 2,000
:{{TCD}} ''(1914 part of [[French Equatorial Africa]])'': 1,500
:{{CAF}} ''(1914 known as French [[Ubangi-Shari|Oubangui-Chari]])'': 1,000
:{{NER}} ''(1914 part of [[French West Africa]])'': 1,000
:{{GAB}} ''(1914 part of [[French Equatorial Africa]])'': 500
:{{flag|India}} ''([[French India|French Establishments in India]])'': 195
<br /> Total: 82,000
* {{flag|Georgia}}
The following estimates of Georgian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Georgia was part of the Russian Empire during the war and about 150,000 Georgians served in the Russian Army. Of them about 10,000 were killed.<ref name = Erlikman />
* {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[German colonial empire|German colonies]]
The following estimates of deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. pp. 83–99 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref> These numbers only include military deaths, total civilian deaths in Africa could amount up to 750,000.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Willy Jaeckel, Ohne Titel - Sans titre.jpg|thumb|''Dying Soldier in a Trench'' (1915) by [[Willy Jaeckel]]]]
:{{TZA}} ''(1914 part of [[German East Africa]])'': 20,000
:{{NAM}} ''(1914 known as [[German South-West Africa]])'': 1,000
:{{CMR}} ''(1914 known as [[Kamerun]])'': 5,000 military and 50,000 civilian
:{{flag|Togo}} ''(1914 known as [[Togoland|German Togoland]])'': 2,000
:{{RWA}} ''(1914 part of [[German East Africa]])'': 15,000
<br /> Total: 48,000
* {{flag|Hungary}}
The following estimates of Hungarian deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 385,000: including military losses 270,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 70,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 45,000.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 41 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}</ref>
* {{flag|Ireland}}
Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom during World War I. Five-sixths of the island left to form the [[Irish Free State]], now the [[Republic of Ireland]], in 1922. A total of 206,000 Irishmen served in the British forces during the war.<ref>Fergus Campbell, Land and Revolution, Nationalist Politics in the West of Ireland 1891–1921, p. 196</ref> The number of Irish deaths in the British Army recorded by the registrar general was 27,405.<ref name="David Fitzpatrick 1922, p392">David Fitzpatrick, Militarism in Ireland, 1900–1922, in Tom Bartlet, Keith Jeffreys ed's, p. 392</ref> A significant number of these casualties were from what, in 1920, became [[Northern Ireland]]. While 49,400 soldiers died serving in Irish divisions (the 10th, 16th and [[36th (Ulster) Division|36th]]), although not all of the men serving in these divisions were natives of Ireland and many Irish who died in non-Irish regiments are not listed.<ref>Dúchas The Heritage Service, Visitors Guide to the Gardens</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/irish-soldiers-in-the-first-world-war-who-where-and-how-many-1.1884022 |title=Irish soldiers in the first World War: who, where and how many? |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> For example, 29% of the casualties in the 16th Division were not natives of Ireland.<ref name="David Fitzpatrick 1922, p392" /> Neither does it include Irish emigrants in Britain who enlisted there and are not categorised as Irish. Australia lists 4,731 of its first World War soldiers as having been born in Ireland and more than 19,000 Irish-born soldiers served in the Canadian Corps. According to research done by John Horne of [[Trinity College Dublin]], there are at least 30,986 soldiers who were born in Ireland that died; however, that's considered a "conservative" estimate and is very likely to rise.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/irish-soldiers-in-the-first-world-war-who-where-and-how-many-1.1884022 |title=Irish soldiers in the first World War: who, where and how many? |last=McGreevy |first=Ronan |date=2 August 2014 |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414233936/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/irish-soldiers-in-the-first-world-war-who-where-and-how-many-1.1884022 |archive-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{MOZ}}
The losses of [[Portuguese Mozambique]] were estimated by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.<ref name="Erlikman, Vadim 2004 p. 59" /> 52,000
* {{flag|Poland}}
Poland was territory of Germany, Austria-Hungary and partially annexed by Russia, from 1795 to 1918. By late 1915, Germany had complete control over modern-day Poland. A 2005 Polish study estimated 3,376,800 Poles were conscripted into the armed forces of these countries during World War I, an additional 300,000 were conscripted for forced labor by the Germans. The Russians and Austrians forcibly resettled 1.6 to 1.8 million persons from the war zone in Poland.<ref>Andrzej Gawryszewski (2005). Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku. Warsaw. pp. 411–412</ref> According to Micheal Clodfelter, Polish war dead were 1,080,000, whilst 200,000 Polish civilians were killed in the fighting on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]]; 870,000 men served in the German, Austrian and Russian armies.<ref name="Clodfelter, Micheal 2002 p. 479" /> Another estimate made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century, put total Polish war dead at 640,000, including military losses of 270,000 Poles conscripted, civilian losses of 120,000 due to military operations and 250,000 caused by famine and disease.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 49 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref> The ethnic Polish [[Blue Army (Poland)|Blue Army]] served with the French Army. The ethnic [[Polish Legions in World War I|Polish Legions]] fought as part of the Austro-Hungarian Army on the Eastern Front.
* {{flag|Romania}}
The territory of [[Transylvania]] was part of Austria-Hungary during World War I. The following estimates of Romanian deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead: 748,000, including military losses of 220,000 with the Romanian forces, 150,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 48,000. Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease: 200,000, killed in military operations 120,000 and 10,000 dead in Austrian prisons.
<ref name="Erlikman, Vadim 2004 p. 51" />
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[British Empire|British colonies]]
Britain recruited Indian, Chinese, native [[South Africa]]n, Egyptian and other overseas labour to provide logistical support in the combat theatres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/|title=Welcome|website=Longlongtrail.co.uk|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> Included with British casualties in East Africa are the deaths of 44,911 recruited labourers.<ref name="casualties1931">Mitchell, T.J. (1931). Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War. London: Reprinted by Battery Press (1997). p. 12 {{ISBN|978-0-89839-263-0}}</ref> The CWGC reports that nearly 2,000 workers from the Chinese Labour Corps are buried with British war dead in France.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Chinese Labour Corps at the Western Front |url=http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/cwgc_clc.pdf |via=cwgc.org |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219033940/http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/cwgc_clc.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008 |url-status=dead |publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission}}</ref>
The following estimates of [[British Empire]] colonial military deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.<ref name=erlikman2004pp8399>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. pp. 83–99 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref>
:{{GHA}} ''(1914 known as the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]])'': 1,200
:{{KEN}} ''(1914 known as [[British East Africa]])'': 2,000
:{{MWI}} ''(1914 known as [[Nyasaland]])'': 3,000
:{{NGA}} ''(1914 part of [[British West Africa]])'': 5,000
:{{SLE}} ''(1914 part of [[British West Africa]])'': 1,000
:{{UGA}} ''(1914 known as the [[Uganda Protectorate]])'': 1,500
:{{ZMB}} ''(1914 known as [[Company rule in Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]])'': 3,000
:{{ZWE}} ''(1914 known as [[Company rule in Rhodesia|Southern Rhodesia]])'': 5,716 persons of European origin [[Southern Rhodesia in World War I|served in the war]], of whom about 700 were killed, or died of wounds or other causes. In explicitly Rhodesian units, 127 were killed, 24 died of wounds, 101 died of disease or other causes and 294 were wounded. Of the territory's black African servicemen, 31 were killed in action, 142 died of other causes and 116 were wounded.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ragtime Soldiers: the Rhodesian Experience in the First World War |last=McLaughlin |first=Peter |author-link=Peter McLaughlin |publisher=Books of Zimbabwe |___location=Bulawayo |year=1980 |isbn=0-86920-232-4 |page=140}}</ref>
<br /> Total: 18,000
* {{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}
The following estimates are for Yugoslavia within the 1991 borders.
[[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia]] and [[Vojvodina]] (Now part of Serbia) were part of Austria-Hungary during [[World War I]]. [[Serbia]], which included [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], and [[Montenegro]] was an independent nation. The Yugoslav historian [[Vladimir Dedijer]] put the total losses of the Yugoslav lands at 1.9 million, of which 43% were from Serbia.<ref>Vladimir Dedijer, History of Yugoslavia McGraw-Hill Inc., US, 1975 {{ISBN|0-07-016235-2}} p. 501</ref> The following estimates of Yugoslav deaths, within 1991 borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead: 996,000 including military losses, 260,000 with the Serbian forces, 80,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces, 13,000 with Montenegrin forces and POW deaths in captivity of 93,000. Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease: 400,000, killed in military operations: 120,000 and 30,000 dead in Austrian prisons or executed.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 55 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref>
* {{flag|Nepal}}
During World War I, the Nepalese army was expanded and six new regiments, totaling more than 20,000 troops—all volunteers—were sent to India, most of them to the North-West Frontier Province, to release British and Indian troops for service overseas. Simultaneously, the Nepalese government agreed to maintain recruitment at a level that would sustain the existing British Gurkha units and allow the establishment of additional ones. The battalions were increased to thirty-three with the addition of 55,000 new recruits and Gurkha units were placed at the disposal of the British high command for service on all fronts. Many volunteers were assigned to non-combat units, such as the Army Bearer Corps and the labour battalions but they also were in combat in France, Turkey, Palestine and Mesopotamia. The Rana prime ministers urged Nepalese males to fight in the war. Of the more than 200,000 Nepalese who served in the British army, there were some 20,000 Gurkha casualties included above with the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>US Library of Congress ''A Country Study: Nepal''</ref>
== Footnotes ==
[[File:WorldWarI-DeathsByAlliance-Piechart.svg|thumb|Deaths by alliance and military/civilian. Most of the civilian deaths were due to war-related [[famine]].]]
[[File:WorldWarI-MilitaryDeaths-EntentePowers-Piechart.png|thumb|Deaths of the Allied powers]]
[[File:WorldWarI-MilitaryDeaths-CentralPowers-Piechart.svg|thumb|Deaths of the Central powers]]
{{note|Africa|<sup>a</sup>}}''' East and Central Africa'''
* The [[East African Campaign (World War I)|conflict in '''East Africa''']] caused enormous civilian casualties. The ''Oxford History of World War One'' notes that "In east and central Africa the harshness of the war resulted in acute shortages of food with famine in some areas, a weakening of populations, and epidemic diseases which killed hundreds of thousands of people and also cattle."<ref name="Strachan, Hew 1999 p. 100" /> According to the 1914–1918 Online Encyclopedia "In addition to losses suffered by African military personnel and the laborers supporting their operations, very large, but unknown numbers of African civilians perished during the war." They made an estimate of civilian losses in Africa of 750,000<ref name="War Losses Africa" /> The following estimates of civilian deaths in East Africa during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century: [[Kenya]] 30,000; [[Tanzania]] 100,000; [[Mozambique]] 50,000; [[Rwanda]] 15,000; [[Burundi]] 20,000 and the [[Belgian Congo]] 150,000.<ref name="narodonaseleniia2004">Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 88 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref>
* The military casualties of the UK, France, Germany, Belgium and Portugal include Africans who served with their armed forces, the details are noted above in the list of the various colonies.
[[File:Massengrab Fromelles retuschiert.jpg|thumb|Fallen British and Australian soldiers in a mass grave, dug by German soldiers, 1916 or 1917]]
{{note|Australia|<sup>b</sup>}}'''Australia'''
* The [[Australian War Memorial]] puts their war dead at 61,513.<ref name="awm.gov.au" />
* The [[Australian War Memorial]] maintains a database listing the names of war dead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/research/people/roll_of_honour |title=Roll of Honour |website=awm.gov.au |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>
* The [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] figure for Australian war dead is 62,149.<ref name="CWGCAR" />
* The report of the UK [[War Office]] listed 59,330 Army war dead, 152,171 wounded and 4,084 taken prisoner.<ref name="vlib.us" />
* In 1924, the Australian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported 412,953 men mobilized and 59,337 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
* The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total military deaths are 54,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971">Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow p. 85</ref>
{{note|Belgium|<sup>c</sup>}} '''Belgium'''
* Belgian government figures for military losses in Europe were 40,367 (26,338 killed, died of wounds or accidents and 14,029 died of disease or missing). In Africa: 2,620 soldiers were killed and 15,650 porters died. The combined total for Europe and Africa is 58,637.<ref name="extranet.arch.be" />
* United States War Dept. figures for Belgium are: Total mobilized force 267,000; total casualties 93,061 including killed and died 13,716; wounded 44,686; Prisoners and missing 34,659.<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
* The report of the UK [[War Office]] listed 93,061 casualties up until 11 November 1918 including 13,716 killed and died; 24,456 missing; 44,686 wounded and 10,208 POW. "These figures are approximate only, the records being incomplete."<ref name="stats" />
* In 1924, the Belgian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported 365,000 men mobilized and 40,936 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
* The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Belgian military deaths are 35,000 killed and died of wounds<ref name="population1971" />
* Civilian deaths according to Belgian government statistics were 23,700 (6,000 killed in the 1914 German massacres and 17,700 victims in prisons, deportations and by military tribunals).<ref name="extranet.arch.be" /> According to a demographic study, there were 92,000 indirect deaths in Belgium (62,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 30,000 in the [[Spanish flu]] pandemic).<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 59" /> John Horne estimated that 6,500 Belgian and French civilians were killed in German reprisals.<ref>Horne, John and Kramer, Alan, German Atrocities, 1914 {{ISBN|978-0-300-08975-2}}</ref>
{{note|Canada|<sup>d</sup>}}'''Canada'''
* According to the Canadian War Museum Close to 61,000 Canadians were killed during the war, and another 172,000 were wounded. The small Dominion of Newfoundland suffered 1,305 killed and several thousand wounded. The [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] lost 59,544 in the war, including 51,748 due to enemy action; the Royal Canadian Navy reported 150 deaths from all causes and 1,388 Canadians died while serving with the British Flying Services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/guerre/cost-war-e.aspx |title=Legacy – The Cost of Canada's War – Canada and the First World War |website=Canada and the First World War |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>
* The [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] figure for Canadian war dead is 64,996.<ref name="CWGCAR" />
* The report of the UK [[War Office]] listed 56,639 Canadian war dead, 149,732 wounded and 3,729 taken prisoner.<ref name="vlib.us" />
* In 1924, the Canadian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported 628,964 men mobilized and 51,674 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
* The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Canadian military deaths are 53,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
* The Canadian Virtual War Memorial contains a registry of information about the graves and memorials of Canadians and Newfoundlanders who served valiantly and gave their lives for their country.<ref>[http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/canadian-virtual-war-memorial Canadian Virtual War Memorial]</ref>
* The 2,000 civilian deaths were due to the [[Halifax Explosion]].<ref name="Halifax Explosion Remembrance Book" />
{{note|France|<sup>e</sup>}}'''France'''
* French casualty figures up until 1 June 1919 were listed in a French government report of 1 August 1919 presented to the French Chamber of Deputies.<ref name="Ref-1" /> Total Army dead and missing up until 11 November 1918 were 1,357,800; in addition there were 28,600 deaths after 11 November 1918 of those wounded and 11,400 Navy dead which brings total dead and missing to 1,397,800. These figures include 35,200 [[French Colonial Forces]], 35,900 "north Africans" and 4,600 [[French Foreign Legion]] personnel.<ref name="Huber, Michel 1931 p. 414" />
* According to the French Army official report "La Statistique médicale de l'armée" Total dead were 1,325,000 (675,000 killed in action, 225,000 missing and prisoners killed, 250,000 died of wounds and 175,000 died of disease.)<ref>Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris. p. 420</ref>
* A breakdown of French casualties published in the Official History of the Australian Army Medical Services, 1914–1918 lists 674,700 killed in action, 250,000 died of wounds, 225,300 missing and presumed dead and 175,000 dead from disease and injury. Wounded amounted to 2,300,000.<ref name="Australian Army Medical Services 1943 p. 870" />
* United States War Dept. figures for French casualties are: Total mobilized force 8,410,000; total casualties 6,160,800 including killed and died: 1,357,800, wounded: 4,266,000, prisoners and missing: 537,000.<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
* The UK [[War Office]] put French dead, killed and missing at 1,385,300 dead and missing, including 58,000 colonial soldiers up until 1 November 1918. They noted that a government report of 1 August 1919, listed the number of killed and died at 1,357,000. There were no figures available of the wounded.<ref name="stats" />
* In 1924, the French government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported 7,935,000 men mobilized and 1,400,000 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
* The names of the soldiers who died for France during World War I are listed on-line by the French government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/fr/arkotheque/client/mdh/recherche_transversale/bases_nominatives.php |title=Rechercher dans les bases nominatives – Mémoire des hommes |website=memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>
* The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total French military deaths are 1,126,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
* According to the [[Quid (encyclopedia)|French encyclopedia Quid]] 30–40,000 foreign volunteers from about 40 nationalities served in the French army, including 12,000 with the [[Czechoslovak Legion in France|Czechoslovak Legion]] and the ethnic Polish [[Blue Army (Poland)|Blue Army]]; 5,000 Italians served in a "Legion" commanded by Colonel Garibaldi. There were also 1,000 Spaniards and 1,500 Swiss in French service, 200 American volunteers served with the French from 1914 to 1916, including the [[Lafayette Escadrille]].<ref>Quid 2007 Robert Laffont, 2006 {{ISBN|2-221-10677-6}} p. 1083</ref> Luxembourg was occupied by Germany during the war. According to the Mobile Reference travel Guide 3,700 Luxembourg citizens served in the French armed forces, 2,800 gave their lives in the war. They are commemorated at the [[Gëlle Fra]] in Luxembourg.<ref name="ReferenceC">Travel Luxembourg (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg)</ref> The [[French Armenian Legion]] served as part of the French armed forces during the war. French colonies, such as Algeria and Vietnam, also sent troops to fight and serve on the battlefront. American military historian [[Douglas Porch]] reported of the [[French Foreign Legion]], in which most non-French nationals served, that some estimates put Legion casualties during the war as high as 31,000 of the 44,150 men who served in the Legion, a 70 per cent casualty rate.<ref>{{cite book |last=Porch |first=Douglas |title=The French Foreign Legion: A Complete History of the Legendary Fighting Force |year=1991}}</ref>
* According to a demographic study, there were 500,000 indirect deaths in France (300,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 200,000 in the [[Spanish flu]] pandemic).<ref>Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron – The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 30–47</ref> Another estimate of the demographic loss of the civilian population in the France during the war, put total excess deaths at 264,000 to 284,000, not including an additional 100,000 to 120,000 [[Spanish flu]] deaths.<ref>Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford. p. 157</ref> Civilian dead include 1,509 merchant sailors and 3,357 killed in air attacks and [[Paris Gun|long range artillery bombardments]]<ref>Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris pp. 312–313</ref> Kramer quotes Huber as estimating 600,000 excess deaths, though it's unclear what proportion are due to influenza.<ref name=Kramer/>
* [[tertiary source|Tertiary]] sources put French civilian war dead at 40,000.<ref name="Clodfelter, Micheal 2002 p. 479" /><ref name="Ellis, John 1993 p. 269" /><ref name="isbn1991" />
{{note|Greece|<sup>f</sup>}}'''Greece'''
* The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated total military dead of 26,000, including 15,000 deaths due to disease and 11,000 killed and died of wounds<ref name="Urlanis, Boris 1971 p. 209" /><ref>Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow p. 160</ref><ref name="population1971"/>
* United States War Dept. figures for Greek casualties are: Total mobilized force 230,000; total casualties 27,000 (killed and died 5,000; wounded 21,000; prisoners and missing 1,000).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
* The report of the UK [[War Office]] listed 27,000 casualties (5,000 killed or died of wounds; 21,000 wounded and 1,000 prisoners and missing).<ref name="stats" />
* In 1924, the Greek government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported 355,000 men mobilized and no dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
* Jean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War I, listed 8,365 combat related deaths and 3,255 missing.<ref>Bujac, Jean, Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique, 1918–1922, Paris, 1930 p. 339</ref>
* According to a demographic study there were 150,000 indirect deaths in Greece due to wartime privations.<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 80" />
{{note|India|<sup>g</sup>}}'''India (British)'''
* The [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] figure for Indian war dead is 73,905.<ref name="CWGCAR" />
* The report of the UK [[War Office]] listed 64,449 Army war dead, 69,214 wounded and 11,264 taken prisoner, these figures include British serving in the Indian Army (2,393 dead, 2,325 wounded and 194 taken prisoner).<ref name="vlib.us" />
* The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Indian military deaths are 27,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
{{note|Italy|<sup>h</sup>}}'''Italy'''
* The Italian government put military war deaths at 651,000 (killed in action or died of wounds 378,000; died of disease 186,000 plus an additional 87,000 deaths of invalids from 12 November 1918 until 30 April 1920, due to war related injuries.) These official figures were published in an Italian study of war losses by G. Mortara, however he estimated actual losses until the war's end in Nov. 1918, at 600,000 (400,000 killed or died of wounds and 200,000 deaths due to disease).<ref name="Mortara, G 1925 P 28" /> A brief summary of data from this study can be found online.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographic-research.org |title=Demographic Research |website=Demographic Research |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>
* United States War Dept. figures for Italian casualties are: Total mobilized force 5,615,000; total casualties 2,197,000 (killed and died 650,000; wounded 947,000; prisoners and missing 600,000).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
* The report of the UK [[War Office]] listed 1,937,000 casualties up until 11 November 1918 (460,000 dead; 947,000 wounded and 530,000 prisoners).<ref name="stats" />
* In 1924, the Italian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported 5,615,000 men mobilized and 750,000 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
* The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Italian military deaths are 433,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
* According to a demographic study there were 1,021,000 indirect deaths in Italy (589,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 432,000 in the [[Spanish flu]] pandemic).<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 52" /> Another estimate of the demographic loss of the civilian population in the Italy during the war, put total excess deaths at 324,000 not including an additional 300,000 [[Spanish flu]] deaths.<ref>Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford. p. 165</ref> Civilian deaths due to military action were 3,400 (including 2,293 by attacks on shipping, 965 during air raids and 142 by sea bombardment).<ref>Mortara, G (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra. New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 57–66</ref> Kramer cites Mario Isnenghi and Giorgio Rochat, La Grande Guerra, 1914–1918 (Florence: Scandicci, 2000), pp. 301–2. They give excess war-related civilian mortality for the period 1915–18 of 606,407, of which influenza accounts for 274,041.<ref name=Kramer/>
* A relatively recent initiative to render easily accessible data concerning all Italian war dead, is the “ISTORECO PROJECT” (see: [https://www.istoreco.re.it/ ISTORECO] Reggio Emilia (Italy). The project, launched in 2008 and continuously expanded and updated (2025), involved the creation and development of a comprehensive Database containing all the data from the " ''Roll of Honour of the'' ''Military Fallen in the National War 1915–1918''” (an editorial initiative of the Italian fascist Government, by the Royal Decree of November 22, 1925, No. 2130, and published in Rome in 28 volumes). The database has been made available online by ISTORECO through a publicly accessible website: [https://www.albimemoria-istoreco.re.it/albidellamemoria/ricerca/96e012ed-26dc-4a17-989b-44a6ece23ec4 “Roll of the Italian Fallen in the Great War” ('''Albo caduti militari della Guerra 1915-18''')], under the patronage of the Italian Ministry of Defence and other institutions. The digital Roll provides a permanent tool for free and easy access to the data of more than 531,000 fallen soldiers. The information collected is continuously corrected, updated, and supplemented thanks to ongoing researches or access to new sources by the editorial team of the website. Among the project’s most commendable goals is the effort to identify the exact burial place of every fallen soldier recorded.
{{note|Japan|<sup>i</sup>}} '''Japan'''
* In 1924, the Japanese government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported 800,000 men mobilized and 4,661 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
* The [[Yasukuni Shrine]] lists 4,850 dead in World War I.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/index.html |title=靖国神社 |website=yasukuni.or.jp |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>
* United States War Dept. figures for Japanese casualties are: total mobilized force 800,000; total casualties 1,210 (including Killed and died 300; wounded 907; Prisoners and missing 3).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
[[File:NLS Haig - Smashed up German trench on Messines Ridge with dead.jpg|thumb|German trench destroyed by a [[Tunnel warfare|mine explosion]], 1917]]
{{note|Monte|<sup>k</sup>}} '''Montenegro'''
* In 1924, the Yugoslav government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported Montenegro mobilized 50,000 men and 13,325 were dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
* United States War Dept. figures for Montenegrin casualties are: total mobilized force 50,000; total casualties 20,000 including killed and died 3,000; wounded 10,000; prisoners and missing 7,000.<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
{{note|NZ|<sup>l</sup>}} '''New Zealand'''
* The [[Auckland War Memorial Museum]] commemorates the 18,060 New Zealand World War I dead.<ref name="Auckland War Memorial Museum" />
* The [[Auckland War Memorial Museum]] maintains a database listing the names of the New Zealand war dead.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/war-memorial/online-cenotaph |title=Online Cenotaph |via=Online Cenotaph |publisher=[[Auckland War Memorial Museum]] |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref>
* The [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] figure for New Zealand war dead is 18,060.<ref name="CWGCAR" />
* The report of the UK [[War Office]] listed 16,711 army war dead, 41,317 wounded and 498 taken prisoner.<ref name="vlib.us" />
* The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total New Zealand military deaths are 14,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
{{note|Newf|<sup>m</sup>}} '''Newfoundland'''
* The [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] was not part of Canada during World War I. The report of the UK [[War Office]] listed 1,204 Army war dead, 2,314 wounded and 150 taken prisoner.<ref name="vlib.us" />
* An academic journal published in Newfoundland has given the details of Newfoundland's military casualties. Fatalities totaled 1,570 The [[Royal Newfoundland Regiment]] suffered 1,297 dead; there were an additional 171 dead in the [[Royal Navy]] and 101 in the [[Merchant Navy]].<ref name="journals.hil.unb.ca" />
{{note|Portugal|<sup>n</sup>}} '''Portugal'''
* United States War Dept. figures for Portuguese casualties are: total mobilized force 100,000; total casualties 33,291 (including killed and died 7,222; wounded 13,751; prisoners and missing 12,318).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
* The report of the UK [[War Office]] listed 33,291 casualties: 7,222 dead (1,689 in Europe and 5,533 in Africa); 13,751 wounded (figure for Europe only) and 12,318 prisoners and missing (6,678 in Europe and "a large number of missing in Mozambique).<ref name="stats" />
* In 1924, the Portuguese government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported 100,000 men mobilized and 4,000 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
* The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Portuguese military deaths are 6,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
* According to a demographic study there were 220,000 indirect deaths in Portugal (82,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 138,000 in the [[Spanish flu]] pandemic).<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 61" />
* 13 Portuguese civilians that were killed during bombardment of Funchal, Madeira Island on 3 December 1916, and 12 December 1917, by German submarines.<ref>Martins, Ferreira (1934). Portugal na Grande Guerra. Lisboa: Empresa Editorial Ática.</ref>
[[File:Re-educating wounded. Blind French soldiers learning to make baskets. American Red Cross., 1917 - 1919 - NARA - 533674.jpg|thumb|Re-educating wounded. Blind French soldiers learning to make baskets, World War I.]]
{{note|Romania|<sup>o</sup>}} '''Romania'''
* In 1924, the Romanian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported 1,000,000 men mobilized and 250,000 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
* United States War Dept. figures for Romanian casualties are: total mobilized force 750,000; total casualties 535,706 (including killed and died 335,706; wounded 120,000; prisoners and missing 80,000).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
* The report of the UK [[War Office]] listed military casualties of 335,706 killed or missing. In addition 265,000 civilians were killed or missing.<ref name="stats" />
* The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Romanian military deaths are 177,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
* According to a demographic study there were 430,000 indirect deaths in Romania due to wartime privations.<ref>Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron – The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 76–80</ref>
* A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 330,000 civilian dead (120,000 due to military activity, 10,000 as prisoners and 200,000 caused by famine and disease).<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}. p. 51</ref>
{{note|Russia|<sup>p</sup>}} '''Russian Empire'''
* According to the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis the sources for Russian casualties are difficult to ascertain. Casualty figures, compiled from the field reports during the war, were published in 1925 by the Soviet Central Statistical office<ref>Россия в мировой войне 1914–1918 гг. (в цифрах)., 1925, Russia and the World War 1914–1918 (in figures)</ref> They put Russia's total losses at 775,400 dead and missing, 348,500 disabled and 3,343,900 POW. Those evacuated to the rear area were 1,425,000 sick and 2,844,500 wounded. Included in these figures are battle casualties of 7,036,087. (626,440 killed in action, 17,174 died of wounds, 228,838 missing, 3,409,433 held as prisoners of war and 2,754,202 wounded in action).<ref>Россия в мировой войне 1914–1918 гг. (в цифрах)., 1925, Russia and the World War 1914–1918 (in figures) pp. 20, 30 and 31</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://militera.lib.ru/research/golovnin_nn/05.html |title=ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА – [ Исследования ] – Головин H. H. Военные усилия России в Мировой войне |website=militera.lib.ru |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> Urlanis believes that the figures for those killed were considerably underestimated, because a large part of the reports were lost in retreats. Urlanis estimated the actual total military war dead at 1,811,000 (killed 1,200,000, died of wounds 240,000, gassed 11,000, died from disease 155,000, POW deaths 190,000, deaths due to accidents and other causes 15,000).<ref name="population1971" />
* A study by the Russian military historian [[G.F. Krivosheev]] estimated the total war dead at 2,254,369 (killed in action 1,200,000; missing and presumed dead 439,369; died of wounds 240,000, gassed 11,000, died from disease 155,000, POW deaths 190,000, deaths due to accidents and other causes 19,000). Wounded 3,749,000. POW 3,343,900. Total mobilized force 15,378,000.<ref name="rus-sky.com" />
* United States War Dept. figures for Russian casualties are: Total mobilized force 12,000,000. Total casualties 9,150,000 (including Killed and died 1,700,000, wounded 4,950,000, prisoners and missing 2,500,000).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
* The UK [[War Office]] Based on a telegram from Petrograd to Copenhagen in December 1918 listed military casualties of 9,150,000 (including 1,700,000 killed, 1,450,000 disabled, 3,500,000 wounded and 2,500,000 POW).<ref name="stats" />
* In 1924, the Soviet government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported for Russia 15,070,000 men mobilized and 1,700,000 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
* According to the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis there were 1,500,000 civilian deaths due to wartime privations up until the end of 1917.<ref>Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow pp. 266–268</ref>
* A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 1,140,000 war related Russian civilian deaths, from 1914 to 1917 in 1914 borders (410,000 due to military operations and 730,000 caused by famine and disease).<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}. p. 18</ref>
{{note|Serbia|<sup>q</sup>}} '''Serbia'''
* Sources for total Serbian casualties range from 750,000 to 1,250,000.<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 65" /><ref name="Moal p. 231">Frédéric Le Moal, La Serbie du martyre à la Victoire 1914–1918, 2008, éditions 14–18 (2013) ({{ISBN|978-2-916385-18-1}}), p. 231.</ref>
* A demographic study in 1927, put total the war dead for Serbia and Montenegro at 750,000 (300,000 military and 450,000 civilians). The overall population loss from 1912 to 1920, based on the pre-war level was 1,236,000 persons (including 750,000 in World War I; 150,000 killed in the [[Balkan Wars]] and a decline in the number of births of 336,000), in addition there were 47,000 war related deaths during 1914–1920, that are included with [[death by natural causes|deaths by natural causes]].<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 65" />
* According to [[:fr:Frédéric Le Moal|Frédéric Le Moal]], Serbian historian [[Dušan T. Bataković]] puts their losses at 1,250,000 (450,000 military and 800,000 civilians). These losses are from 1912 to 1918 and include the [[Balkan Wars]].<ref name="Moal p. 231" /> In July 2014, Serbian poet and academic [[Matija Bećković]] said "that 402,435 Serbian soldiers have been killed and 845,000 civilians hanged or exterminated in concentration camps during WWI.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.balkaneu.com/kusturica-reveals-monument-gavrilo-princip |title=Kusturica reveals monument to Gavrilo Princip |date=22 April 2014 |access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> At a September 2014 conference sponsored by the Serbian Ministry of Defense, Dr. Alexander Nedok put Serbian war dead at 1,247,435 persons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mod.gov.rs/sadrzaj.php?id_sadrzaja=7222 |title=Симпозијум о српском војном санитету у Првом светском рату – Министарство одбране Републике Србије |website=Министарство одбране Републике Србије |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>
* According to the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis regarding Serbia "it is particularly difficult to ascertain the number of killed". Based on a demographic analysis of the population, Urlanis estimated total Serbian and Montenegrin casualties of 728,000 including military dead: 278,000 (140,000 killed in action; 25,000 died of wounds; 50,000 disease; 60,000 POW and 3,000 from other causes) and total civilian dead of 450,000.<ref>Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow pp. 66, 79, 83, 85, 160, 171, 268.</ref>
* In 1924, the Serbian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported 1,008,240 men mobilized and 365,164 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
* United States War Dept. figures for Serbian casualties are: total mobilized force 707,343; total casualties 331,106 (including killed and died 45,000; wounded 133,148; prisoners and missing 152,958).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
* The report of the UK [[War Office]] listed military casualties of 331,106 including 45,000 killed, 133,148 wounded and 70,243 prisoners and 82,535 missing.<ref name="stats" />
* A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century, estimated 120,000 Serbian civilian deaths due to military activity and 30,000 executed (казнено и убито) by the Austro-Hungarians. His estimate for total Yugoslav civilian casualties including Austro-Hungarian territory was 550,000.<ref name="narodonaseleniia1" />
{{note|SouthAfrica|<sup>r</sup>}} '''South Africa'''
* The [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] figure for South Africa war dead is 9,726<ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/learning-and-resources/publications/annual-report.aspx Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013–2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104004037/http://www.cwgc.org/learning-and-resources/publications/annual-report.aspx |date=4 November 2015 }}, p. 48. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials.</ref>
* The report of the UK [[War Office]] listed 7,121 Army war dead, 12,029 wounded and 1,538 taken prisoner.<ref name="vlib.us" />
* In 1924, the South African government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported 136,070 men mobilized and 7,134 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
* The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total South African military deaths are 5,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00169A, Westfront, Abgeschossener englischer Flieger.jpg|thumb|British pilot killed in action, 1917]]
{{note|UK|<sup>s</sup>}} '''United Kingdom'''
* {{note|new|s1}}UK military casualties were reported separately by branch of service: Total of 744,000 dead and missing from the British Isles: Army 702,410 "soldiers";<ref name="vlib.us" /> Royal Navy 32,287<ref name="stats 339">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/statisticsofmili00grea|title=Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920|date=5 December 1922|publisher=London H.M. Stationery Off|access-date=5 December 2021|website=Archive.org}}</ref> Losses at sea were 908 UK civilians and 63 fisherman killed in U-boat attacks.<ref name="Gilbert, Martin 1994" />
* Overseas labor units serving with the British and French forces. The UK employed about 300,000 Indian, Chinese, native South African, Egyptian and other nations as laborers during the war. By the end of 1917, there were 50,000 Chinese workers in France, rising to 96,000 by August 1918 (with another 30,000 working for the French). 100,000 Egyptians were working in France and the Middle East, alongside 21,000 Indians and 20,000 South Africans, who were also in East Africa.<ref name="The Long, Long Trail is a personal website written by Chris Baker" /> A total of about 140,000 Chinese workers recruited in the [[Beiyang government]], served on the Western Front during and after the war with the British and French Armed Forces.<ref>{{cite news |author=Charlemagne |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/charlemagne/2010/04/china_and_first_world_war |title=Strange meeting |newspaper=The Economist |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=WW1 Photos Centenary Website: 2014–2018 By Paul Reed |url=http://greatwarphotos.com/2012/01/03/chinese-labour-corps-1919 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120173810/http://greatwarphotos.com/2012/01/03/chinese-labour-corps-1919/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 November 2015 |title=Chinese Labour Corps 1919 |publisher=Paul Reed |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> According to the Commonwealth war Graves Commission "In all, nearly 2,000 men from the Chinese Labour Corps died during the First World War, some as a direct result of enemy action, or of wounds received in the course of their duties, but many more in the influenza epidemic that swept Europe in 1918–19"<ref name="skycitygallery.com" /> One historical controversy is the number who died in the war. Some Chinese scholars say the number was as high as 20,000 but records kept by the British and French recruiters, show just under 2,000 lost their lives, many from the flu pandemic that swept the world starting in 1919.<ref>{{cite web |author=Voice of America (VOA) |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/chinas-world-war-one-effort-draws-new-attention-103623809/126459.html |title=chinas-world-war-one-effort-draws-new-attention |publisher=VOA |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, "The African combatant troops raised for the East African campaign numbered 34,000. The non-combatant porters, stevedores and followers of the Military Labour Corps 600,000. Almost 50,000 of these men were lost, killed in action died of sickness or wounds"<ref name="MOMBASA AFRICAN MEMORIAL" /> According to The [[Africa Research Institute]] official British figures the death toll exceeded 105,000 native African troops and military carriers<ref>{{cite web |title=How the Great War Razed East Africa by Richard Price |url=http://www.africaresearchinstitute.org/publications/how-the-great-war-razed-east-africa/ |publisher=Africa Research Institute |access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref>
* Kramer gives 600,000 excess civilian deaths, of which 200,000 are due to the influenza pandemic, citing Brill’s Encyclopedia of the First World War, pp. 732–3.<ref name=Kramer/>
{{note|US|<sup>t</sup>}}'''United States'''
* US Dept. of Defense figures from 2010, list 116,516 war dead from all causes for the period ending 31 December 1918, including 106,378 in the Army, 7,287 in the Navy and 2,851 in the Marine Corps. There were 53,402 battle deaths, including 50,510 in the Army, 431 in the navy and 2,461 in the Marines. There were 63,114 non-combat deaths, 55,868 in the Army, 6,856 in the Navy and 390 in the Marines. Wounded: 204,002 (Army: 193,663, Navy: 819, Marines: 9,520).<ref name="fas.org" /> The figures include 279 deaths during the [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]] from 1918 to 1920.<ref>Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 2nd Ed. Clodfelter, Micheal 2002 {{ISBN|978-0-7864-1204-4}} pp. 384–85</ref> The U.S. casualty figures were revised by the US Dept. of Defense in 1957.<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /> The US Coast Guard lost 192 dead (111 deaths in action and 81 from other causes).<ref name="uscg.mil" /><ref>Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 2nd Ed. Clodfelter, Micheal 2002 {{ISBN|978-0-7864-1204-4}} p. 481</ref>
* United States War Dept. figures from 1924 for U.S. casualties were: total mobilized force 4,355,000; total casualties 350,300 (including killed and died from all causes 126,000; wounded 234,300 (including 14,500 died of wounds); prisoners and missing 4,500).<ref>Casualties-World War-Estimated," Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924</ref>
* In 1924, the U.S. government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported 4,272,521 men mobilized and 67,813 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
* United States civilian losses include 128 killed in the [[Sinking of the RMS Lusitania|sinking of the RMS ''Lusitania'']] (before the U.S. became a belligerent) as well as 629 [[United States Merchant Marine|Merchant Mariners]] killed in enemy submarine attacks on their merchant ships.<ref name="usmm.org" />
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 104-0981, Revelon, gefallener Deutscher.jpg|thumb|Fallen German soldier in France, 1917]]
{{note|AustHun|<sup>u</sup>}} '''Austria-Hungary'''
* The official history of Austria-Hungary's involvement in the First World War put total military dead at 1,494,200: (1,016,200 killed and 478,000 while prisoners of war).<ref name="Herreswesen 1938" /><ref name="John Ellis p. 269">John Ellis, The World War I Databook, Aurum Press, 2001 {{ISBN|1-85410-766-6}} p. 269</ref>
* In 1924, the Austrian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported 9,000,000 men mobilized and 1,542,817 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
* United States War Dept. figures for Austro-Hungarian casualties are: total mobilized force 7,800,000; total casualties 7,020,000 (including killed and died 1,200,000; wounded 3,620,000; prisoners and missing 2,200,000).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
* The UK [[War Office]] estimate for Austro-Hungarian casualties up to 31 December 1918: total casualties of 7,020,000 including 1,200,000 killed, 3,620,000 wounded and 2,200,000 prisoners.<ref name="vlib.us"/> Preliminary figures up to the end of May 1918, given by the U. K. Director of Military Intelligence give the following estimated totals: 800,000 killed, 1,800,000 prisoners/missing, and 3,200,000 wounded/sick, for a total of 5,800,000. An additional 80,000 killed, 320,000 wounded/sick, and 20,000 prisoners are estimated in the Austrian offensive against Italy from 1 June to 24 October 1918. At the same time there 72,500 casualties on the Balkans and Western Fronts. Finally, during the [[Battle of Vittorio Veneto|last Italian offensive]] the prisoners claimed by the Italians amounted to 448,000, while a further 30,000 Austro-Hungarians were killed and 50,000 wounded.<ref>Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, pp. 356–357.</ref>
* The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Austro-Hungarian military deaths are 900,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
* A study published by the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] estimated that there were 467,000 civilian deaths attributable to wartime privations caused by the allied blockade.<ref name="Grebler, Leo 1940 p. 147" />
* A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 120,000 civilian deaths due to military activity in Austro-Hungarian [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]].<ref name="narodonaseleniia1">Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}. p. 49</ref>
{{note|Bulgaria|<sup>v</sup>}} '''Bulgaria'''
* United States War Dept. figures for Bulgarian casualties are: total mobilized force 1,200,000; total casualties 266,919 (including Killed and died 87,500; wounded 152,930; Prisoners and missing 27,029).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
* The UK [[War Office]] listed casualties reported by the Bulgarian War Office: 87,500 total dead (48,917 killed, 13,198 died of wounds, 888? accidentally killed, 24,497 died of disease); 13,729 missing; 152,390 wounded and 10,623 prisoners. The Bulgarian War Office stated that "losses during the retreat from sickness and privations were much greater than the figures they possess".<ref name="vlib.us"/>
* In 1924, the Bulgarian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported 400,000 men mobilized and 32,772 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
* The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Bulgarian military deaths are 62,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
* According to the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis there were 100,000 civilian deaths due to wartime privations.<ref name="Urlanis, Boris 1971 p. 268" />
[[File:Q 004256GermanDeadGuillemont.jpg|thumb|right|German dead scattered in the wreck of a machine gun post near [[Battle of Guillemont|Guillemont]], 1916]]
{{note|Germany|<sup>w</sup>}} '''German Empire'''
* In 1934, the official German war history listed 2,037,000 military dead.<ref name="John Ellis p. 269" /> Confirmed dead from all causes 1,936,897 (Army 1,900,876, Navy 34,836, Colonial troops 1,185); wounded 4,215,662; prisoners and missing 974,977 of which an estimated 100,000 were presumed dead.<ref name="Reichskriegsministeriums 1934 p. 12" />
* United States War Dept. figures for German casualties are: total mobilized force 11,000,000; total casualties 7,142,558 (including Killed and died 1,773,700; wounded 4,216,058; prisoners and missing 1,152,800).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
* The UK [[War Office]] listed official German figures from 1921 of 1,808,545 killed and 4,247,143 wounded, exclusive of 14,000 African conscript deaths during the war.<ref name="stats"/>
* In 1924, the German government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported 13,250,000 men mobilized and 2,000,000 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
* The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total German military deaths are 1,796,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
* The UK War Office listed official German figures from 1919 of 720 German civilians who were killed by allied air raids.<ref name="The War Office 1922 p. 678">The War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920. Reprinted by Naval & Military Press. p. 678. {{ISBN|978-1-84734-681-0}}.</ref>
* The figures for civilian deaths due to the [[Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)|Blockade of Germany]] are disputed. The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 maintained that 763,000 German civilians died from malnutrition and disease caused by the blockade up until the end of December 1918.<ref name="Vincent, C. Paul 1985" /><ref name="nationalarchives.gov.uk" /><ref>Germany. Gesundheits-Amt. Schaedigung der deutschen Volkskraft durch die feindliche Blockade. Denkschrift des Reichsgesundheitsamtes, Dezember 1918. (Parallel English translation) Injuries inflicted to the German national strength through the enemy blockade. Memorial of the German Board of Public Health, 27 December 1918 [Berlin, Reichsdruckerei,] The report notes on p. 17 that the figures for the second half of 1918 were estimates based on the first half of 1918.</ref> A German academic study in 1928 put the death toll at 424,000.<ref>Bumm, Franz, ed., Deutschlands Gesundheitsverhältnisse unter dem Einfluss des Weltkrieges, Stuttgart, Berlin [etc.] Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt; New Haven, Yale University Press, 1928 pp. 22–61</ref> A study sponsored by the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] in 1940, estimated the German civilian death toll due to the war at over 600,000. Based on the above-mentioned German study of 1928, they maintained that "A thorough inquiry has led to the conclusion that the number of "civilian" deaths traceable to the war was 424,000, to which number must be added about 200,000 deaths caused by the influenza epidemic".<ref name="Grebler, Leo 1940 Page78">Grebler, Leo (1940). The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Yale University Press. 1940 p. 78</ref> Finally, Kramer cites Jay Winter, who estimates 478,500 civilian war-related excess deaths, of which 180,000 was due to the influenze pandemic.<ref name=Kramer/>
[[File:Human remains from the massacre of the Armenians at Erzingan.jpg|thumb|The remains of Armenians massacred at [[Erzinjan]]<ref>{{citation |publisher=BYU |chapter-url=http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/morgenthau/Morgen27.htm |title=Ambassador Morgenthau's Story |year=1918 |chapter=Twenty-Seven}}.</ref>]]
{{note|Ottoman|<sup>x</sup>}} '''Ottoman Empire'''
* Based on his analysis of the non-published individual World War I campaign histories in the [[Ottoman Archives]], [[Edward J. Erickson]] estimated Ottoman military casualties in the study [[Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War]]. The casualties included total war dead of 771,844, (243,598 killed in action, 61,487 missing action and 466,759 deaths due to disease). The number of wounded was 763,753 and POWs 145,104.<ref>Erickson, Edward J. 2001. p. 211</ref>
* The Ottoman official casualty statistics published in 1922 were: total dead 325,000 including (killed in action 50,000, 35,000 died of wounds, 240,000 died of disease). Wounded 400,000. POWs, sick and missing 1,565,000 and total mobilized: 2,850,000.<ref>Mehmet Beşikçi Ottoman mobilization of manpower in the First World War: Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. {{ISBN|90-04-22520-X}} pp. 113–114</ref>
* United States War Dept. figures for Ottoman casualties are: total mobilized force 2,850,000; total casualties 975,000 (including killed and died 325,000; wounded 400,000; prisoners and missing 250,000).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
* The UK [[War Office]] figures for Ottoman casualties were: total accounted for 725,000 (killed 50,000, died of wounds 35,000, died of disease 400,000, wounded 400,000). Total unaccounted for: 1,565,000 (prisoners, deserters, invalids and missing).<ref name="The War Office p. 355">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/statisticsofmili00grea |title=Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1920 |last=Great Britain. War Office |date=14 April 2018 |publisher=London H.M. Stationery Off |access-date=14 April 2018 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
* The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Ottoman military deaths are 318,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
* Estimates of Ottoman civilian casualties in western sources range from 2,000,000 to 2,150,000.<ref name="isbn1991" /><ref>Ellis, John (1993). World War I–Databook. Aurum Press. {{ISBN|978-1-85410-766-4}}. p. 270</ref><ref name="Ref-2">Warfare and Armed Conflicts–A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 2nd Ed Clodfelter, Micheal 2002 {{ISBN|978-0-7864-1204-4}} p. 483</ref><ref name="encyclopedia1999">Tucker, Spencer C (1999). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-8153-3351-7}}.</ref> A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated total Ottoman civilian dead from 1915 to 1918 at about 3.2 million including the deaths of 2.2 million Armenian, Assyrian, and Greek victims of genocides committed by the Ottomans and 1,000,000 war-related civilian deaths in the Ottoman Empire due to famine and disease.(In current borders Turkey 500,000; Syria 160,000; Lebanon 110,000; Iraq 150,000; Israel/Palestine 35,000 and Jordan 20,000)<ref>Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}. pp. 61, 65, 73, 77–78</ref> According to the BBC 200,000 persons perished in the [[Great Famine of Mount Lebanon]] during the war.<ref>{{cite web |title=Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30098000 |website=BBC World Service |publisher=BBC |access-date=12 July 2016 |date=26 November 2014}}</ref>
* Civilian casualties include the [[Armenian genocide]]. The total number of resulting Armenian deaths is generally held to have been 1.5 million.<ref name="Totten, Samuel 2008, p. 19" /> Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including [[Assyrian genocide|Assyrians]] and [[Greek genocide|Greeks]]. Some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422005726/http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf|url-status=dead|title=International Association of Genocide Scholars Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire|archive-date=22 April 2008|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref><ref>Gaunt, David. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4mug9LrpLKcC&q=Massacres,+Resistance,+Protectors Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I]''. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/14623520801950820 |last1=Schaller |first1=Dominik J |last2=Zimmerer |first2=Jürgen |s2cid=71515470 |year=2008 |title=Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=7–14}}</ref> The overwhelming majority of historians as well as academic institutions on Holocaust and Genocide Studies [[Armenian genocide recognition|recognize the Armenian Genocide]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teachgenocide.com/files/DocsMaps/A%20Brief%20History%20of%20the%20Armenian%20Genocide.pdf |title=A Brief History of the Armenian Genocide |access-date=21 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507120810/http://teachgenocide.com/files/DocsMaps/A%20Brief%20History%20of%20the%20Armenian%20Genocide.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Monroe |first1=Kristen Renwick |title=Ethics in an age of terror and genocide: identity and moral choice |date=2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press |___location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-691-15143-4 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfWCEiDUVo0C}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Loytomaki |first1=Stiina |title=Law and the Politics of Memory: Confronting the Past |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-00736-1 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ_AAwAAQBAJ |quote=To date, more than 20 countries in the world have officially recognized the events as genocide and most historians and genocide scholars accept this view.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frey |first1=Rebecca Joyce |title=Genocide and international justice |date=2009 |publisher=Facts On File |___location=New York |isbn=978-0-8160-7310-8 |page=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m569AfPJkB4C}}</ref> "Despite the vast amount of evidence that points to the historical reality of the Armenian Genocide, eyewitness accounts, official archives, photographic evidence, the reports of diplomats, and the testimony of survivors, [[Armenian genocide denial|denial of the Armenian Genocide]] by successive regimes in Turkey has gone on from 1915 to the present".<ref>{{cite web |title=Armenian Genocide-Resource Library for Teachers |url=http://www.teachgenocide.org/background/denial.htm |website=The Genocide Education Project |access-date=22 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220105247/http://www.teachgenocide.org/background/denial.htm |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{note|Denmark|<sup>y</sup>}} '''Denmark'''
* Denmark was neutral in the war but Germany at that time included part of Danish Schleswig. Men from this area were conscripted into the German forces and their losses are included with German casualties. Over 700 Danish merchant sailors and fisherman died, mostly due to vessels torpedoed by German submarines.<ref name="Byarkivet i Horsens" />
* The Danish National Archives estimated the losses of Danes in the German forces at 6,000.<ref>name"Første Verdenskrig fortalt gennem de danske soldater og ofre" |url=https://www.berlingske.dk/kultur/foerste-verdenskrig-fortalt-gennem-de-danske-soldater-og-ofre</ref>
{{note|Lux|<sup>j</sup>}} '''Luxembourg'''
* [[German occupation of Luxembourg in World War I|Luxembourg remained under German occupation during the war]]. The government, led by [[Paul Eyschen]], chose to remain neutral. This strategy had the approval of [[Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg]]. Some citizens were conscripted into the German forces and others escaped to volunteer for the Allies. According to the Mobile Reference travel Guide, 3,700 Luxembourgeois citizens served in the French armed forces and 2,800 gave their lives in the war. They are commemorated at the [[Gëlle Fra]] in Luxembourg.<ref name="ReferenceC" />
{{note|Norway|<sup>z</sup>}}'''Norway'''
* Norway was neutral in the war but lost ships and merchant sailors in trading through the war zones. Norway is at times referred to as [[the Neutral Ally]] due to its close relationship with the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] during the war. In 1924, the Norwegian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported 1,180 persons dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
{{Note|Qajar Iran|<sup>az</sup>}}'''Qajar Persia'''
* Though [[Qajar Persia]] maintained a neutral stance, the country was divided into many factions and militaries, some allying with the Allied powers such as the [[Persian Cossack Brigade]] and others with the Central Powers such as the [[Persian Central Government Gendarmerie]] and [[Khamseh|Khamseh Tribesmen]]. The presence of British and Russian troops led to blockades of food distribution, which culminated into the [[Persian famine of 1917–1919]], which under most modern estimates caused 2 million deaths.<ref name=StevenWard />
{{note|Sweden|<sup>bz</sup>}}'''Sweden'''
* Sweden was neutral in the war but lost ships and merchant sailors in trading through the war zones. In 1924, the Swedish government in a reply to a questionnaire from the [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], reported 800 persons dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
{{note|Albania|<sup>cz</sup>}}'''Albania'''
* Albania was invaded and occupied by both Allied and Central powers despite its neutrality. During occupation, [[Massacres of Albanians in World War I|Albanians were massacred on numerous occasions]], both inside and outside of Albania. The total number of Albanian deaths due to disease and fighting is approximately 70,000 according to Spencer Tucker, roughly 8.75% to 10% of the pre-war population.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> The number of Albanians that died due to famine, however, is unknown, but contemporary estimates by the [[American Red Cross]] indicate a death toll of 150,000 in 1915, resulting in 200,000 refugees.<ref>{{Cite news |year=1915 |title=Famine in Albania: Awful Harvest of Death |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/221927152/24384128 |work=[[The Sun (Sydney)]] |pages=5}}</ref>
{{note|Liechtenstein|<sup>dz</sup>}}'''Liechtenstein'''
* Liechtenstein was neutral in the war yet held sympathies to the Central Powers, particularly Austria-Hungary. As such, a number of Liechtensteiner citizens volunteered for both the German and Austro-Hungarian armies, of which 4 were confirmed to have been killed.<ref name=":15" />
* Foreign nationals living in Liechtenstein who were conscripted into the armies of their home countries are not counted.
== Sources ==
<!--Please do not change any casualty numbers until it has been suggested/discussed on the talk page. Sources should also be stated.-->
[[File:Ypres-necropole-national-gravestones.redvers.jpg|right|thumb|Graves of French soldiers who died on the [[Ypres Salient]], Ypres Necropole National, [[Ypres]], [[Belgium]]]]
[[File:India Gate in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg|thumb|right|The [[India Gate]] in [[Delhi]] commemorates the [[British Indian Army|Indian soldiers]] who died during World War I.]]
* The [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] (CWGC) Annual Report 2014–2015<ref name="CWGCAR" /> provides current statistics on the military dead for the [[British Empire]]. The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead. The statistics tabulated by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen/women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies, whose death was attributable to their war service. Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions. For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 4 August 1914 to 31 August 1921. Total World War I dead were 1,116,371 (UK and former colonies 887,711; Undivided India 73,895; Canada 64,997; Australia 62,123; New Zealand 18,053; South Africa 9,592). The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figures also include the [[Merchant Navy]].
* ''Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920'', The [[War Office]] March 1922.<ref name="stats" /> This official report lists Army casualties (including Royal Naval Division) of 908,371 killed in action, died of wounds, died as prisoners of war and were missing in action from 4 August 1914 to 31 December 1920, (British Isles 702,410; India 64,449; Canada 56,639; Australia 59,330; New Zealand 16,711; South Africa 7,121 and Newfoundland 1,204, other colonies 507).<ref name="stats" /> Figures of the [[Royal Navy]] war dead and missing of 32,287 were listed separately.<ref name="stats 339" /> These figures do not include the [[Merchant Navy]] dead of 14,661.<ref name="vlib.us"/><br /> The losses of France, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Greece, Russia, the USA, Bulgaria, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey were also listed in the UK War Office report.<ref name="stats"/>
* The official "final and corrected" casualty figures for British Army, including the Territorial Force (not including allied [[British Empire]] forces) were issued on 10 March 1921. The losses were for the period 4 August 1914 until 30 September 1919, included 573,507 "killed in action, died from wounds and died of other causes"; 254,176 missing less 154,308 released prisoners; for a net total of 673,375 dead and missing. There were 1,643,469 wounded also listed in the report.<ref name="The Army Council 1919. p. 62">The Army Council. General Annual Report of the British Army 1912–1919. Parliamentary Paper 1921, XX, Cmd.1193., Part IV pp. 62–72</ref>
* Sources for British Empire casualties are divergent and contradictory. The report of the War Office published in 1922 put the total number of British Empire "soldiers who lost their lives" at 908,371.<ref name="The War Office 1922 p. 239">The War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920. Reprinted by Naval & Military Press. p. 239 {{ISBN|978-1-84734-681-0}}.</ref> On a separate schedule the War Office listed the losses of the Royal Navy at 32,237 dead and missing.<ref>The War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920. Reprinted by Naval & Military Press. p. 339 {{ISBN|978-1-84734-681-0}}.</ref> It is implicit in this presentation that the figures for "soldiers who lost their lives" do not include the Royal Navy. However many published reference works list total British Empire(including the Dominions) losses at 908,371, it is implicit in these presentations that the figures for total losses include the Royal Navy.<ref name="EPFW" /><ref name="Ellis 2001 269 70" /><ref name="World War I 2010 p. 219" />
* The War Office report puts the number of "soldiers who lost their lives" from the British Regular Army and Royal Naval Division at 702,410.<ref name="The War Office 1922 p. 239" /> This is not in agreement with the "final and corrected" figures in the 1921 report for the army published in the General Annual Report of the British Army 1912–1919, which put British Army dead and missing at 673,375 and the official compilation of Army war dead published in 1921 that put total losses at about 673,000.<ref name="The Army Council 1919. p. 62" /><ref>Soldiers died in the great war, 1914–1919, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1920–1921</ref> The War Office report did not explain the reason for this discrepancy; the difference is more than likely due to their inclusion of the [[Royal Naval Division]] and deaths outside of combat theaters.<ref name="Dumas, Samuel 1923 p. 139">Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford. p. 139 "From Dr. T.H.C. Stevenson of the General Register Office, London, I received privately the following figures. There were also about 19,000 deaths among troops not connected with any of the expeditionary forces"</ref>
* ''Casualties and Medical Statistics'' published in 1931.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008226945 |title=Medical services; casualties and medical statistics of the great war, by Major T. J. Mitchell and Miss G. M. Smith p. 12 |access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref><ref>Mitchell, T. J. (1931). Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War. London: Reprinted by Battery Press (1997) {{ISBN|978-0-89839-263-0}} p. 12</ref> was the final volume of the ''Official Medical History of the War'', gives [[British Empire]], including the Dominions, for Army losses by cause of death. Total war dead in combat theaters from 1914 to 1918 were 876,084, which included 418,361 killed, 167,172 died of wounds, 113,173 died of disease or injury, 161,046 missing and presumed dead and 16,332 prisoner of war deaths. Also listed were 2,004,976 wounded and 6,074,552 sick and injured.<ref>Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War p. 12 lists a total of 352,458 missing and prisoners of war; included in this total were 191,412 prisoners of whom 16,332 died in captivity.</ref> Total losses were not broken out for the UK and each [[Dominion]], the figures are for losses in combat theaters only and do not include casualties of forces stationed in the UK from accidents or disease, casualties of the [[Royal Naval Division]] are also not included in these figures; the losses of the [[Gallipoli Campaign]] are for British forces only, since records for [[Dominion]] forces were incomplete.<ref name="casualties1931" /> Figures do not include the [[Royal Navy]].
* ''Military Casualties–World War–Estimated," Statistics Branch, General Staff, U.S. War Department, 25 February 1924''. This report prepared by the U.S. War Department estimated the casualties of the belligerents in the war. The figures from this report are listed in the Encyclopædia Britannica and often cited in historical literature.<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
* Huber, Michel ''La Population de la France pendant la guerre'', Paris 1931.<ref name="Ref-1">Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris.</ref> This study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, lists official French government figures for war-related military deaths and missing of France and its colonies.
* Mortara, Giorgo ''La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra'', New Haven: Yale University Press 1925.<ref>Mortara, G (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra. New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref> The official government Italian statistics on war dead are listed here. A brief summary of data from this report can be found online. [http://www.demographic-research.org/ go to Vol 13, No. 15]
* The demographer Boris Urlanis, analysis of the military dead for the belligerents in the war including his estimates for the combat related deaths included in total deaths.<ref name="population1971" />
* The Belgian government published statistics on their war losses in the ''Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919''<ref name="extranet.arch.be" />
* Heeres-Sanitätsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums, ''Sanitätsbericht über das deutsche Heer, (Deutsches Feld- und Besatzungsheer), im Weltkriege 1914–1918'', Volume 3, Sec. 1, Berlin 1934. The official German Army medical war history listed German losses.
* Grebler, Leo and Winkler, Wilhelm ''The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary'' This study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace details the losses of Austria-Hungary and Germany in the war.<ref name="university1940">Grebler, Leo (1940). The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Yale University Press.</ref>
* Erickson, Edward J. [[Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War]] The authors estimates were made based data from official Ottoman sources.<ref>Erickson, Edward J., Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-313-31516-9}}</ref>
* [[Liebmann Hersch|Hersch, Liebmann]], ''La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale'', Metron. The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. No 1. This study published in an academic journal, detailed the demographic impact of the war on France, the UK, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, Serbia, Romania and Greece. The total estimated increase in the number of civilian deaths due to the war was 2,171,000, not including an additional 984,000 [[Spanish flu]] deaths. These losses were due primarily wartime privations.<ref>The article is available from [http://www.metronjournal.it/ Metron, the publisher] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929042637/http://www.metronjournal.it/ |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>
* Dumas, Samuel (1923). ''Losses of Life Caused by War'' published by Oxford University Press. This study detailed the impact of the war on the civilian population. The study estimated excess civilian deaths at: France (264,000 to 284,000), the UK (181,000), Italy (324,000) and Germany(692,000).<ref>Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford.</ref>
* In The [[International Labour Office]], an agency of the [[League of Nations]], published statistics on the military dead and missing for the belligerents in the war.<ref>International Labour Office, Enquête sur la production. Rapport général. Paris [etc.] Berger-Levrault, 1923–25. Tome 4 p. 29</ref>
The source of population data is:
* Haythornthwaite, Philip J., ''The World War One Source Book'' pp. 382–383<ref name="auto" />
== See also ==
* [[General Pershing WWI casualty list]]
* [[List of nurses who died in World War I]]
* [[Thankful Villages]] – villages in England and Wales which lost no men in World War I
* [[World War I memorials]]
* [[World War II casualties]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=The Blockade of Germany after the Armistice 1918–1919 |last1=Bane |first1=S. L. |last2=Lutz |first2=R. H. |year=1942 |publisher=Stanford University Press |___location=Stanford, CN |oclc=876320449}}
* Cabanes Bruno. ''August 1914: France, the Great War, and a Month That Changed the World Forever'' (2016) argues that the extremely high casualty rate in very first month of fighting permanently transformed France.
* {{cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheal |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 |year=2002 |publisher=Mcfarland |___location=Jefferson, NC |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-7864-1204-4}}
* {{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Debt of Honour Register |publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] |___location=Maidenhead |url=http://www.cwgc.org/debt_of_honour.asp?menuid=14 |access-date=4 May 2015}}
* {{cite book |last=Dumas |first=Samuel |title=Losses of Life Caused by War |year=1923 |publisher=Clarendon Press |___location=Oxford |oclc=9380953}}
* {{cite book |title=World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants |last=Ellis |first=John |year=1993 |publisher=Aurum Press |___location=London |isbn=978-1-85410-766-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Erickson |first=Edward J. |title=[[Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War]] |year=2001 |publisher=Greenwood |___location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-0-313-31516-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Gelvin |first=James L. |title=The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |___location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-85289-0}}
* {{cite book |title=General Annual Report of the British Army 1912–1919. Parliamentary Paper 1921 |issue=XX |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=The Army Council, War Office |___location=London |id=Cmd.1193}}
* {{cite book |title=Atlas of World War I |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Gilbert |year=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |___location=London |isbn=978-0-19-521077-4}}
* {{cite book |title=The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary |last=Grebler |first=Leo |year=1940 |publisher=Yale University Press for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |___location=New Haven, CT |oclc=890037}}
* {{cite book |title=Chronicle of the First World War: 1917–1921 |volume=II |last=Grey |first=Randal |year=1991 |publisher=Facts On File |___location=New York |isbn=978-0-8160-2595-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Harries |first=Merion |title=Soldiers of the Sun – The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army |year=1991 |publisher=Random House |___location=New York |isbn=978-0-679-75303-2}}
* {{cite book |title=The World War One Sourcebook |last=Haythornthwaite |first=Philip J. |year=1992 |publisher=Arms and Armour |___location=London |isbn=978-1-85409-102-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Horne |first1=John |last2=Kramer |first2=Alan |title=German atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial |year=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |___location=New Haven, CT |isbn=978-0-300-08975-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Mayhew |first=Emily |title=Wounded: A New History of the Western Front in World War I |year=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |___location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-932245-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Mitchell |first=T. J. |title=Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War |year=1997 |orig-year=1931 |publisher=HMSO |edition=repr. Battery Press |___location=London |isbn=978-0-89839-263-0}}
* {{cite book |title=Österreich-Ungarns letzer Kreig, 1914–1918: Herausgegeben vom österreichischen Bundesministerium für Heereswesen und vom Kriegsarchiv |trans-title=Austria-Hungary's Last War, 1914–1918 |volume=VII |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=1938 |publisher=Österreichischen Bundesministerium für Herreswesen [Published by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Military Affairs and the War Archive] |___location=Vienna |edition=online scan |translator-first=Stan |translator-last=Hanna |url=http://www.comroestudios.com/StanHanna/Vol7.pdf |access-date=3 May 2015 |oclc=557493618 |via=www comroestudios com/StanHanna/}}
* {{cite book |title=Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=1922 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |___location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/statisticsofmili00grea |access-date=4 March 2017 |oclc=924169428}}
* {{cite book |title=World War I: A History |last=Strachan |first=Hew |author-link=Hew Strachan |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |___location=London |isbn=978-0-19-820614-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer C. |title=The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopaedia |year=1999 |publisher=Garland |___location=New York |isbn=978-0-8153-3351-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Urlanis |first=Boris |title=Wars and Population |year=1971 |publisher=Progress |___location=Moscow |oclc=579400}}
* {{cite book |last=Yalman |first=Ahmed Emin |series=Economic and Social History of the World War, Turkish Series |title=Turkey in the World War |year=1930 |publisher=Yale University Press |___location=New Haven |oclc=397515}}
{{refend}}
=== Other languages ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bujac |first=Jean |title=Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique, 1918–1922 |trans-title=The Campaigns of the Greek Army, from 1918 to 1922 |publisher=Charles-Lavauzelle |___location=Paris |year=1930 |oclc=10808602}}
* {{cite book |last=Erlikman |first=Vadim |title=Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik |trans-title=The Loss of Population in the Twentieth Century: Handbook |language=ru |year=2004 |publisher=OLMA-Press |___location=Moscow |isbn=978-5-93165-107-1}}
* {{cite book |series=Monografie / Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN |volume=V |title=Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku |trans-title=Polish Population in the Twentieth Century |last=Gawryszewski |first=Andrzej |year=2005 |publisher=Warszawa: Instytut Geografii |___location=Warsaw |isbn=83-87954-66-7}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hersch |first=L. |title=La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale |trans-title=Mortality Caused by the World War |publisher=Metron |journal=The International Review of Statistics |year=1927 |volume=VII |oclc=744635608}}
* {{cite book |last=Huber |first=Michel |title=La Population de la France pendant la guerre |trans-title=The Population of France During the War |language=fr |year=1931 |publisher=Les Presses Universitaires de France |___location=Paris |oclc=64110984}}
* {{cite book |last=Krivosheev |first=G. F. |title=Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : poteri vooruzhennykh sil : statisticheskoe issledovanie / pod obshchei redaktsiei |trans-title=Russia and the Soviet Union in the Wars of the Twentieth Century: The Loss of the Armed Forces: A Statistical Study |language=ru |year=2001 |publisher=OLMA-Press |___location=Moscow |url=http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/1939-1945/KRIWOSHEEW/poteri.txt#w02.htm-186 |access-date=3 May 2015 |isbn=5-224-01515-4}}
* {{cite book |title=l'Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919 |trans-title=Statistical Yearbook of Belgium and the Belgian Congo 1915–1919 |language=fr |volume=XLVI |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=1922 |publisher=A. Lesigne |___location=Bruxelles |oclc=460112561}}
* {{cite book |last=Mortara |first=G. |title=La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra |trans-title=Public Health in Italy During and After the War |language=it |year=1925 |publisher=Yale University Press |___location=New Haven, CT |oclc=2099099}}
* {{cite book |title=Sanitätsbericht über das deutsche Heer, (deutsches Feld- und Besatzungsheer), im Weltkriege 1914–1918 (Heeres-Sanitätsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums) |trans-title=Medical Report on the German Army (German Field and Garrison Army) in the World War 1914–1918 (Army Medical Inspectorate in the Reich Ministry of War) Section 1 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=1934 |publisher=Mittler |___location=Berlin |volume=III |language=de |oclc=493867080 |ref=none}}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Casualties of World War I}}
* [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home/ 1914–1918 online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War]
** [[Antoine Prost|Prost, Antoine]]: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses War Losses]
** Schmied-Kowarzik, Anatol: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_austria-hungary War Losses (Austria-Hungary)]
** Lunn, Joe Harris: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_africa War Losses (Africa)]
** Majerus, Benoît: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_belgium War Losses (Belgium)]
** Lafon, Alexandre: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_france War Losses (France)]
** Scolè, Pierluigi: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_italy War Losses (Italy)]
** Tang, Chi-hua: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_and_reparations_china War Losses and Reparations (China)]
** Whalen, Robert Weldon: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_germany War Losses (Germany)]
** Noonan, David C.: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_australia War Losses (Australia)]
** Byerly, Carol R.: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_usa War Losses (US)]
** Cook, Tim; Stewart, William: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_canada War Losses (Canada)]
** Baş, Mehmet Fatih: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_ottoman_empiremiddle_east War Losses (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)]
* [http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm#WW1 World War I casualties from Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century]
* [http://longwaytotipperary.ul.ie/ Long way to Tipperary – an Irish story of the great war]
{{World War I}}
{{Historiography}}
[[Category:World War I casualties| ]]
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