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{{short description|Series of protests in East Asia}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2011}}
The '''anti-Japanese demonstrations of 2005''' were a series of demonstrations, some peaceful, some violent, which were held across most of [[East Asia]] in the spring of 2005. They were sparked off by a number of issues, including the approval of a [[Japanese history textbook controversies|Japanese history textbook]] and the [[G4 nations|proposal that Japan be granted a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council]].
Across China, businesses with connections to Japan were vandalized by protesters, as were billboards advertising Japanese goods and stores stocking Japanese-made products. Most of the damage was caused to businesses which were Chinese-owned and operated.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} Several Japanese nationals residing in China were injured in the violence,<ref>{{cite news |last=Pan |first=Philip P. |date=April 18, 2005 |title=Japan-China Talks Fail to Ease Tensions |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A60258-2005Apr17.html |access-date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> though there were no known fatalities.
==Demonstrations==
===Mainland China===
{{Wikinews|Anti-Japan protests spread to more Chinese cities}}
[[File:Canton 2005 (6942944679).jpg|thumb|Anti-Japanese march in Guangzhou on April 10, 2005.]]
In March 2005, demonstrations were organized in several cities in the [[People's Republic of China]], including [[Chongqing]], [[Guangzhou]], [[Shenzhen]], [[Zhengzhou]], [[Shenyang]], [[Ningbo]], [[Harbin]], [[Chengdu]], [[Luoyang]], [[Qingdao]], [[Changsha]], [[Hefei]], [[Beijing]], [[Wuhan]], [[Fuzhou]], [[Hangzhou]] and [[Shanghai]]. In some cases, demonstrators attacked and damaged Japanese [[embassy|embassies]], [[Consulate general|consulate]]s, [[supermarket]]s, [[restaurant]]s (mostly [[Franchising|franchise]] [[business]]es owned by Chinese) as well as people, prompting the Japanese government to demand an apology and compensation for damages.
The official PRC attitude towards the demonstrations is considered by foreign observers as enigmatic. On the one hand, the government allowed the demonstrations to occur in the first place. While the PRC policed the protests, some observers believe that measures to rein in the violence and property damage were deliberately ineffective. However, the PRC has only indirectly reported the current protests in state-owned [[mass media|media]], withholding coverage from a national audience. State-owned media in the PRC nevertheless carried extensive coverage of anti-Japanese demonstrations in [[South Korea]], as well as distant but related events, such as the European commemoration of the liberation of the [[Buchenwald]] [[concentration camp]]. [[Internet censorship in mainland China|Internet censorship]] has been extended to subjects related to the protests. Many universities prohibited students from coming onto or leaving the campus. [[Public transport|Mass transit]] systems in close proximity to protest rally points were shut down. However, this policy was contradicted in several cities, including Beijing, where city buses were used by the municipal authorities to ferry students into the protests. Students at [[Tsinghua University|Tsinghua]] and [[Peking University|Peking]] Universities also reported receiving phone calls from university authorities encouraging them to demonstrate. In the second half of April 2005, the ''[[People's Daily]]'' published several articles to calm down the protesters, and the Ministry of Public Security declared that "unauthorized marches were illegal".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yardley |first=Jim |date=April 23, 2005 |title=China puts brakes on anti-Japan protests |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/04/22/news/china.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050424040136/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/04/22/news/china.php |archive-date=2005-04-24 |website=[[International Herald Tribune]]}}</ref>
[[File:"Never Forget" (311691465).jpg|thumb|Protesters displaying a sign that reads "China shall not forget" (中国，不应忘记)]]
PRC police tactics are perceived to be similar to those utilized when demonstrations were held outside the American embassy in Beijing after [[NATO]] forces [[United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade|bombed the PRC embassy]] in [[Belgrade]], [[Yugoslavia]] in May 1999.
The slogan "patriotism is not a sin" ({{zh|c={{linktext|爱|国|无|罪}}|p=àiguó wúzuì|l=patriotism [is] no crime}}) is popular, albeit in a sarcastic sense, among the PRC protesters.
Political observers on the [[United States|U.S.]] [[National Public Radio]] have argued that the controversy is being allowed by the PRC government partly in order to further a multitude of political goals.<ref name="Jennifer Ludden">{{cite news |last=Ludden |first=Jennifer |date=April 9, 2005 |title=Chinese Protest Japanese Texts on World War II |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4584435 |access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref> American news outlets [[CNN]] and ''[[Time Magazine]]'' have also pointed out that historical inaccuracies are not limited to Japanese textbooks, but that Chinese government-made textbooks are equally rife with omissions and non-neutral point of view. Cases of questioned text include the [[Great Leap Forward]], China's 1979 invasion of Vietnam, the [[Cultural Revolution]] ("lots of appalling events happened") and the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]], in which hundreds or thousands of protesters were killed. [[Tibet]] is a subject given scant mention except by foreign press,<ref name="Fred Hiatt">{{cite news |last=Hiatt |first=Fred |date=April 18, 2005 |title=China's Selective Memory |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61708-2005Apr17.html |access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref> and [[Xinjiang]] remains detached from the ongoing controversy.
====Japanese response to Chinese protests====
In [[Japan]], no large-scale anti-PRC rallies or demonstrations took place, although a small number of protesters demonstrated outside PRC consulates, and in one case a spent cartridge case was mailed to Chinese officials. Nevertheless, more and more people canceled their travel plans to [[People's Republic of China|China]], and some doubt was raised about the [[2008 Summer Olympics]], scheduled to be held in [[Beijing]].
The Japanese foreign minister visited Beijing to meet his counterpart on April 17. The [[Xinhua News Agency]] reported that in the meeting held in Beijing between PRC and Japanese foreign ministers, the Japanese minister offered an apology for Japan's wrongdoings during [[World War II]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}}. However, Xinhua omitted in its report that in this meeting the Japanese negotiators demanded an apology and compensation for damage against Japanese property and people. That demand was rejected by [[Li Zhaoxing]], the Chinese foreign minister{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}. Meanwhile, the Japanese foreign ministry officially denied the news reports from the state-controlled [[Xinhua News Agency]], which reports little about the ongoing patriotic demonstrations in major Chinese cities.
The [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]] recorded a sharp plunge on Monday, April 18, and correlations between the demonstrations and Sino-Japanese economic ties are raised in the financial industry.
Japanese Prime Minister [[Junichiro Koizumi]] expressed his "deep remorse and heartfelt apology" for the suffering that Japan caused other Asian nations during World War II at the [[Asia-Africa Conference]] in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] on April 22. However, 81 Diet members visited [[Yasukuni Shrine]] hours before, causing more [[Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine|controversy]] inside and outside Japan about the true attitude of [[Tokyo]] on this subject.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dower |first=John |title=Japan Addresses its War Responsibility |url=http://global-alliance.net/SFPT/JapanAddressedWarResponsibilityWWII50thAnniversaryByJohnDower2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027163739/http://global-alliance.net/SFPT/JapanAddressedWarResponsibilityWWII50thAnniversaryByJohnDower2.htm |archive-date=2005-10-27 |website=[[Global Alliance for Preserving the History of WWII in Asia]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Aglionby |first1=John |last2=McCurry |first2=Justin |last3=Watts |first3=Jonathan |date=2005-04-22 |title=MPs undermine Japanese apology to China |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/apr/23/china.japan |access-date=2023-05-15 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Koizumi met with [[Hu Jintao]] on April 23.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-04-23 |title=Asia press concern at China-Japan row |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4476099.stm |access-date=2023-05-15}}</ref>
===Taiwan===
Although in the past, the government of the [[Republic of China]] on [[Taiwan]] has been severely critical of the content of Japanese history textbooks, in the wave of 2005 revisions of the textbooks, Taiwan has, for the most part, been much quieter than the PRC. This is indicative of the relatively high level of tension in the relationship between the PRC and the ROC and the comparatively good relations between Taiwan and Japan. Earlier in 2005, Japan and the [[United States]] had issued a joint declaration calling for a "peaceful solution" to the [[political status of Taiwan|Taiwan issue]], a declaration that angered the PRC, which protested that this declaration constituted interference in "internal affairs".{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
===Hong Kong===
In late April 2005, peaceful marches and rallies concerning Japanese war crimes during the [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|occupation of Hong Kong]] took place. The [[Government of Hong Kong]] also issued a statement of protest against the official approval of the 2005 Japanese history textbooks.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
===North Korea===
In 2005, [[Government of North Korea|North Korea]] condemned the official approval of the revision of Japanese textbooks. One official was quoted as calling the textbooks "[[philistinism]] peculiar to Japan, a vulgar and shameless political dwarf".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2005-04-18 |title=Japan's Worst Enemy |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-apr-18-ed-china18-story.html |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
===South Korea===
[[South Korea]] vigorously protested the official approval of the 2005 Japanese history textbooks. South Korean Minister of Trade Kim Hyun-Chong canceled a planned visit to an Asian trade summit in Japan.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
On May 6, 2005, in a meeting between then-President [[Roh Moo-hyun]] and [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party's]] Secretary General [[Tsutomu Takebe]], President Roh demanded Japan takes step to properly educate its citizens. He told Takemura that the teaching of history should not be treated as the academic matter and freely discussed but as the political matter and with the responsibility falling on the government to control it.
===Philippines===
Similar to [[Taiwan]], [[Philippines|the Philippines]] has been much quieter than other Asian countries invaded by the Japanese during World War II, even though many atrocities were committed by the invading Japanese during the war, such as the systematic rape of Filipino women whom the Japanese referred to as [[comfort women]]. An estimated one million Filipinos were killed during the war, out of a wartime population of 17 million, and many more were injured. Nearly every Filipino family was hurt by the war on some level. Despite this, "Filipinos are not as offended as the Chinese or the Koreans are, for example, about the fact that these atrocities are given only fleeting attention in Japanese classrooms, if at all...".<ref>{{cite news |last=Conde |first=Carlos H. |date=August 13, 2005 |title=Letter from the Philippines: Long afterward, war still wears onFilipinos |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/12/world/asia/12iht-phils.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0}}</ref> The soothing of Filipino anger towards Japanese imperialism is helped by close ties with the Japanese people and cooperation of Japan government with the Philippines government for infrastructure building and rural development. However, many Filipinos still do harbor anger toward the Japanese government. For example, there are the anti Japanese-U.S. military alliance protests and the comfort women issues.
==Specific issues==
===Textbook controversy===
A significant contributing factor to the demonstrations was Japanese state approval of the "Atarashii Rekishi Kyōkasho" (新しい歴史教科書, the New History Textbook) written by the [[Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform]].
According to critics, the textbook covers up Japanese war crimes committed during the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], in [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japan's annexation of Korea in 1910]], the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], and in [[World War II]].
Japan's official policy is that publishers have the right to freedom of speech.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} The central government does have the right to stop textbooks from being published (see [[Japanese history textbook controversies]]), provided that they do not contain factual errors or personal opinions. The particular concern of the 2005 demonstrations was the textbook of the Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform. Since its official authorization in 2001, this textbook has hampered relations between Japan and its East Asian neighbors, primarily [[Korea]] and [[People's Republic of China|China]]. In early 2005, news of the Japanese government's re-authorization of the "Atarashii Rekishi Kyokasho" led to multinational public protest demonstrations. The textbook has been publicly denounced by the [[Japan Teachers Union]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} According to a CNN article in April 2004, it is being used by only 18 of the nation's 11,102 junior high schools.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} According to a recent [[Asahi Shimbun]] article from September 2005, in the four years since its initial adoption, the textbook is only being used in 0.04% of Japan's junior high schools, which is far from the 10% penetration that the Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform had aimed for.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
The [[United Nations Human Rights Commission]], the [[United States House of Representatives]], the [[European Parliament]] and the [[Dutch Parliament|Dutch]] and [[Canadian Parliament]]s have issued reports and passed resolutions calling on Japan to take clear, full and open responsibility for the war crimes of the Japanese military against women who were forced into prostitution during World War II.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}
===Nanjing Massacre===
{{main|Nanjing Massacre}}
:many Chinese soldiers and civilians were killed or wounded by Japanese troops (the Nanjing Incident). Documentary evidence has raised doubts about the actual number of victims claimed by the incident. The debate continues even today" (p. 49). <ref>{{Cite web |title=New History Textbook (Chapter 4 & 5) 2005 version |url=http://www.tsukurukai.com/05_rekisi_text/rekishi_English/English.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906080746/http://www.tsukurukai.com/05_rekisi_text/rekishi_English/English.pdf |archive-date=2005-09-06 |website=[[Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform]]}}</ref>
While the use of the word "incident" is standard Japanese historiographical terminology for focal events, such as Tiananmen "Incident" (天安門事件) rather than massacre, it is objected to by Chinese as a deliberate playing down of the events in question.
===Japan's membership in the UN Security Council===
Another contribution to the spark in anti-Japanese sentiment in 2005 was Japan's bid for permanent membership on the [[United Nations Security Council|United Nations Security Council (UNSC)]].{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Japanese [[Kiichi Aichi|Foreign Minister Aichi]] first applied for permanent member status in 1969, but failed to win support from the international community. In September 2004, the [[G4 nations]] (Brazil, Germany, India and Japan) issued a joint declaration supporting each other's bids for permanent membership status on the UNSC.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Current [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|P5 members]] France and the United Kingdom supported their bid{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}, but there was strong sentiment against the idea from Japan's Far Eastern neighbors, including P5 member, China.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Suggestions have been made {{by whom|date=March 2022}} that affording Japan too much power on an international level could result in the re-emergence of Japanese [[imperialism]], and that Japan should not be given a seat given what many consider to be a lack of repentance for their wartime atrocities{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}.
===Comfort women===
{{main|Comfort women}}
[[Comfort women]] were women who worked as sex slaves in brothels in Japanese-occupied countries during [[World War II]]. There is much controversy surrounding this subject namely, to what extent the women were forced and to who moral culpability falls on. On one side, some groups in Japan claimed that prior to Japanese expansion, brothels always existed in the eastern and southeastern regions of Asia in order to service European and American sailors and merchant vessels. Most of academia, especially of nations outside Japan, assert that the majority of comfort women were young girls abducted from their homes and forced into prostitution by the Japanese government and [[Imperial Japanese Army]] as sexual slaves and demand Japan take responsibility and formally apologize and educate the next generation about such an atrocity.
===Testing of chemical and biological weapons on civilians and POWs===
{{main|Unit 731}}
In 1942, the Japanese military began testing various chemical and biological agents as an alternate method to win the war. [[Human experimentation|Human experiments]] were conducted on Chinese and ethnic Korean civilians; Allied POWs were also subjected to experimentation. After the war, China (PRC) demanded data from these experiments in exchange for not raising the issue{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}, while the U.S. granted immunity from prosecution to many of the scientists involved (see [[Unit 731]]) in exchange for their weapons research.
===Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands===
{{main|Senkaku Islands}}
The Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands, known in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as the ''Diaoyu Islands'', are a group of islands in the [[East China Sea]] with an area of 7 km<sup>2</sup>. Japan currently has control over the islands, but both the [[People's Republic of China]] and the [[Republic of China]] government on Taiwan claim them. Tensions over the islands have surfaced in the late 1990s and were one issue in the 2005 protests in [[People's Republic of China|China]].
===Gas and oil in the East China Sea===
Both China and Japan are interested in exploiting deposits of [[natural gas]] and [[petroleum|oil]] in the [[Xihu Trough]] of the [[East China Sea]]. Both countries are net importers of energy, and the energy needs of China are mushrooming. The [[U.S. Department of Energy]] notes a moderate estimate of 100 billion barrels of oil in the South China Sea. [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/schina.html notes]
China has been drilling in the Xihu Trough since 2003. China's claims to these islands come from its claim of the entire continental shelf. Japan's claim is by the standard 200 nautical mile (370 km) EEZ international maritime treaty. Practically speaking, both nations have split the territory. Japan fears that Chinese drilling is likely to remove oil from Japan's side of territory claimed by Japan through suction. After two years of repeated requests to China to disclose information on the deposits in the hope of co-development, on April 13, 2005, Japan granted drilling rights to two Japanese companies, a move immediately protested by the Chinese as the drilling will take place in disputed territorial waters. The companies have not yet been formally granted permission to drill and this is expected to take several months. China National Offshore Oil Corporation, a Chinese, state-owned company, plans to drill near the disputed [[EEZ]] line between China and Japan beginning in August.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oil & Gas Journal |url=http://ogj.pennnet.com/articles/article_display.cfm?Section=ONART&C=GenIn&ARTICLE_ID=225434&p=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050518210357/http://ogj.pennnet.com/articles/article_display.cfm?Section=ONART&C=GenIn&ARTICLE_ID=225434&p=7 |archive-date=2005-05-18 |website=[[Oil & Gas Journal]]}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=May 2023}}
==See also==
*[[List of war apology statements issued by Japan]]
*[[Anti-Japanese sentiment]]
*[[Anti-Japanese sentiment in China]]
*[[Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea]]
*[[Fei hua qing han]]
*[[Historical revisionism]]
*[[Japanese war crimes]]
*[[Nanjing Massacre denial]]
*[[Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform]]
*[[Japan Teachers Union]]
*[[Senkaku Islands]]
*[[Liancourt Rocks]]
*[[China–Japan relations]]
*[[Chinese nationalism]]
*[[May 1968 events in France]]
*[[Sinocentrism]]
*[[Fenqing]]
*[[Japanese nationalism]]
*[[2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations]]
*[[2005 French riots]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Ienaga, Saburō. ''Taiheiyō Sensō''. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1968. Written as a counterweight to the controversial textbooks, it attempts to survey the reasons for and the conduct of the Pacific War from 1931 to 1945. Translated and entitled variously:
** ''The Pacific War, 1931–1945: A Critical Perspective on Japan's role in World War II''. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978. {{ISBN|0-394-73496-3}}.
** ''The Pacific War: World War II and the Japanese, 1931–1945''. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978. {{ISBN|0-394-49762-7}}.
** ''Japan's Last War: World War II and the Japanese, 1931–1945''. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1979. {{ISBN|0-7081-0312-X}}.
* Saaler, Sven; ''Politics, Memory and Public Opinion : The History Textbook Controversy and Japanese Society ''. Munich: Iudicium, 2005. {{ISBN|3-89129-849-8}}
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050906080746/http://www.tsukurukai.com/05_rekisi_text/rekishi_English/English.pdf New History Textbook] - English translation of the schoolbook which is criticized by China and the Republic of Korea (Modern times history relation & contemporary history relation)
*[http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200504/kt2005041717380611980.htm Translated Version of Controversial Japanese Textbook to Go Online]
*[http://www.je-kaleidoscope.jp/english/index.html English Translations of Japan's Middle School History Textbooks] (JE Caleidoscope)
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4416593.stm Japan textbook angers Chinese, Korean press ] - BBC coverage of the story.
*[http://www.pbase.com/tangshan Pictures from around the world of protests against the Japanese history textbooks]
*
*[http://www.geocities.jp/baud_2005/tx310.swf Are Japanese textbooks distorting history?] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110514153124/http://www.geocities.jp/baud_2005/tx310.swf Archived] 2009-10-22)
*[http://www.aronpatrick.com/essays/2005AntiJapaneseProtests.html Essay: "Origins of the April 2005 Anti-Japanese Protests in the People's Republic of China", by Aron Patrick]
{{21st-century unrest in China|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anti-Japanese Demonstrations}}
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