Flexitarianism: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Diet of reduced meat consumption}}

'''Flexitarianism''' is the practice of being flexible about the degree one practices [[vegetarianism]] or [[veganism]]. A flexitarian might make only vegetarian dishes at home, but eat dishes including [[meat]] at the home of family or friends. In [[2003]], the [[American Dialect Society]] voted ''flexitarian'' as the year's most useful word, and defined it as "a vegetarian who occasionally eats meat."

{{Globalize|1=article|date=May 2022|reason=Much of the Definitions and Development sections is focused on the Netherlands.}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}

[[File:Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png|thumb|400px|The amount of globally needed agricultural land would be reduced by almost half if no beef or mutton were eaten.]]

A '''flexitarian diet''', also called a '''semi-vegetarian''' diet,<ref name="Derbyshire 2017"/> is one that is centered on plant foods with limited or occasional inclusion of [[meat]].<ref>{{cite book|author1-link=Simon Langley-Evans|last=Langley-Evans|first=Simon |title=Nutrition: A Lifespan Approach |year=2009 |publisher=Wiley |page=172 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxejlilBot4C&q=%22semi-vegetarian%22&pg=PA172 |isbn=978-1-4443-1640-7 |quote=There are many forms of vegetarian diet from the semi-vegetarian (consumes meat infrequently)...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kidshealth.org/teen/food_fitness/nutrition/vegetarian.html |title=Becoming a Vegetarian |publisher=Kidshealth.org |access-date=2015-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Semi-Vegetarian - Vegetarianism|url=http://www.medicineonline.com/articles/s/2/semi-vegetarian/vegetarianism.html |work=Medicine Online |quote=semi-vegetarian: mostly follows a vegetarian diet but eats meat, poultry and fish occasionally}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Koletzko |first=Berthold |title=Pediatric Nutrition in Practice |year=2008|publisher=[[Karger]] |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGR_0EHF-a8C&q=%22semi-vegetarianism%22&pg=PA130 |isbn=978-3-8055-8477-7}}</ref> For example, a flexitarian might eat meat only some days each week.<ref name="Derbyshire 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Derbyshire |first1=Emma J. |title=Flexitarian Diets and Health: A Review of the Evidence-Based Literature |journal=Frontiers in Nutrition |date=6 January 2017 |volume=3 |page=55 |doi=10.3389/fnut.2016.00055 |pmid=28111625 |pmc=5216044 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Why Flexitarianism=Definitions ==

Different definitions of flexitarianism are used. According to the Dutch environmental organisation ''[[Natuur & Milieu]]'' a flexitarian eats no meat, fish or lunch meat for at least one day a week.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2016-09-29|title=Onderzoek: 67% Nederlanders is flexitarier|url=https://www.natuurenmilieu.nl/nieuwsberichten/onderzoek-67-nederlanders-is-flexitarier/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415224702/https://www.natuurenmilieu.nl/nieuwsberichten/onderzoek-67-nederlanders-is-flexitarier/|archive-date=2017-04-15|access-date=2021-10-02|publisher=[[Natuur & Milieu]]|language=nl}}</ref> The Dutch research agency ''I&O Research'' calls people flexitarian when they do not eat meat one or more days a week. The Dutch Food Health authority ''Voedingscentrum'' states that flexitarians do not eat meat (but can eat fish) three or more days a week in between or with a hot meal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-09|title=Eet de flexitariër soms een broodje aap?|url=https://mountainviewresearch.nl/2020/03/flexitariers-eten-evenveel-vlees-als-de-gemiddelde-nederlander/|access-date=2021-10-02|website=Mountainview Research|language=nl}}</ref>

[[Vegetarianism]] is the strict practice of abstaining from consuming meat or any other animal tissue. ''Flexitarianism'' is a neoteric term that gained a considerable increase in usage in both science and public sectors in the 2010s.<ref name="Derbyshire 2017" /> ''Flexitarian'' was listed in the mainstream ''[[Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary]]'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|last=Italie|first=Leanne|title=F-bomb makes it into mainstream dictionary|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/aug/13/f-bomb-makes-it-mainstream-dictionary/|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|access-date=15 August 2012}}</ref> In 2003, the [[American Dialect Society]] voted ''flexitarian'' as the year's most useful word.<ref>{{cite web|title=2003 Words of the Year |publisher=American Dialect Society |date=2007-01-13|url=http://www.americandialect.org/index.php/amerdial/2003_words_of_the_year/ |access-date=2007-12-03}}</ref>

Ethically, flexitarians tend not to lean towards vegetarianism due to [[animal rights]] concerns, as there would be a stringent moral rule involved. Some reasons people choose to follow flexitarianism are as follows:

The term is also used more generally for any type of animal-product reduction without complete abstinence, such as abstaining from the meat of certain species while retaining that of others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malesu |first=Vijay Kumar |title=The Flexitarian Diet: A Flexible Path to Better Health |url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/The-Flexitarian-Diet-A-Flexible-Path-to-Better-Health.aspx |url-status=live |access-date=August 11, 2025 |website=Medical News |quote=For example, some individuals may exclude red meat but still consume poultry or fish, whereas others may consume all types of meat in limited amounts, such as once or twice a week.}}</ref> Other [[neologism]]s used as synonyms for semi-vegetarianism are ''demi-vegetarianism'',<ref name="Derbyshire 2017"/> ''reducetarianism'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Getting through the lobster feast as a vegan |author=Mary MacVean |work=Los Angeles Times |date=8 January 2015|url=https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-vegan-month-lobster-20150107-story.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meat-Eaters And Vegetarians Meet In The Middle: The Birth Of 'Reducetarianism' |author=Samantha Olson |publisher=Medical Daily |date=6 January 2015|url=https://www.medicaldaily.com/meat-eaters-and-vegetarians-meet-middle-birth-reducetarianism-316584 }}</ref> and ''semi-veganism''.<ref>Bittman, Mark. (2011). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/01/magazine/mark-bittman-going-semi-vegan.html "No Meat, No Dairy, No Problem"]. ''The New York Times Magazine''. Retrieved 18 May 2021.</ref>

* They believe vegetarian food conserves water and land resources.

* They believe vegetarian food feeds more people.

* Some, like [[freegan]]s, believe that wasting already-cooked food does more damage than eating it.

* They are not ethically opposed to eating meat, but find a vegetarian diet to be less expensive.

* Other members of their household are vegetarian and flexitarian diet is more convenient.

* They consider a vegetarian diet to be healthier, but enjoy eating meat.

== Developments ==

===Origin of term===

In 2015, according to the Voedingscentrum, 55% of Dutch people were flexitarians.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meer dan de helft van de Nederlanders is 'flexitariër' {{!}} Voedingscentrum|url=https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/nl/pers/persmappen/persmap-eetpatronen-van-verschillende-sociale-milieus-duurzaamheid-en-voedselverspilling/meer-dan-de-helft-van-de-nederlanders-is-flexitarier.aspx|access-date=2021-10-02|website=www.voedingscentrum.nl}}</ref> According to Natuur & Milieu, in 2016, 67% of the Dutch were flexitarian.<ref name=":0"/> According to research by [[Wageningen University & Research]], the number of Dutch people who call themselves flexitarians increased from 14% in 2011 to 43% in 2019. However, the number of days that self-proclaimed flexitarians ate meat increased over that period from 2.9 days a week to 3.7 days. The researchers suspected that this was mainly due to the inflation of this term among the Dutch.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=June 2020|title=Factsheet Consumptiecijfers en aantallen vegetariërs {{!}} Vegetariersbond|url=https://www.vegetariers.nl/bewust/veelgestelde-vragen/factsheet-consumptiecijfers-en-aantallen-vegetariers-|access-date=2021-10-02|website=|publisher=[[De Nederlandse Vegetariërsbond]]|language=nl}}</ref>

According to a study by [[LEI Wageningen UR]], the proportion of Dutch people who eat meat daily decreased from 26.7% to 18.4% between 2010 and 2012.<ref name="LEI_coveev">{{aut|Hans Dagevos, Jantine Voordouw, et.al}}, ''[http://edepot.wur.nl/212318 Vlees vooral(snog) vanzelfsprekend: Consumenten over vlees eten en vleesminderen]''. LEI Wageningen UR, juni 2012</ref> According to a study by Dutch research agency ''Motivaction'' at the beginning of June 2012, reducing meat consumption is a conscious choice for 35% of the Dutch. 14.8% of the population ate meat no more than one or two days a week.<ref name="LEI_coveev" />

The earliest known use of the term "flexitarian" occurred in the [[October 17]], [[1992]] issue of the ''Austin American-Statesman''. In this issue, reporter Linda Anthony wrote an article titled, "Acorn serves up 'flexitarian fare'". The article discussed the recent opening of the new Acorn Cafe and stated that owner Helga Morath calls her fare "flexitarian".

In [[Flanders]], 1 in 6 people in 2013 do not eat meat one or more days a week. A quarter opts for a meat-free day at least once a month.{{fact|date=December 2022}}

In 2003, the [[American Dialect Society]] chose the word flexitarian as the most useful word of the year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-01-13|title=2003 Words of the Year|url=http://www.americandialect.org/index.php/amerdial/2003_words_of_the_year/|access-date=2007-12-03|publisher=American Dialect Society}}</ref>

==External links==

* [http://www.mediterrasian.com/delicious_recipes.htm Many Flexitarian-friendly recipes]

== Motivations ==

* [http://msnbc.msn.com/id/4541605/ Are you a 'flexitarian?']

Common reasons for adopting a flexitarian diet include religious restrictions, [[weight management]],<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Forestell |first1=Catherine A. |title=Flexitarian Diet and Weight Control: Healthy or Risky Eating Behavior? |journal=Frontiers in Nutrition |date=10 July 2018 |volume=5 |pages=59 |doi=10.3389/fnut.2018.00059 |pmid=30042947 |pmc=6048256 |doi-access=free }}</ref> health consciousness, concern for [[animal welfare]] or [[animal rights]], the environment (see [[environmental vegetarianism]]), or reducing resource use (see [[economic vegetarianism]]). Flexitarians may have attitudes and endorsement behavior concerning health issues,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Boer |first1=Joop |last2=Schösler |first2=Hanna |last3=Aiking |first3=Harry |title=Towards a reduced meat diet: Mindset and motivation of young vegetarians, low, medium and high meat-eaters |journal=Appetite |date=June 2017 |volume=113 |pages=387–397 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.007 |pmid=28300608 |hdl=1871.1/6cdbf2da-61bc-4cd9-84b0-7fed528ed6a6 |s2cid=3646506 |url=https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/6cdbf2da-61bc-4cd9-84b0-7fed528ed6a6 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[humanitarianism]], and animal welfare.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=De Backer |first1=Charlotte J. S. |last2=Hudders |first2=Liselot |title=From Meatless Mondays to Meatless Sundays: Motivations for Meat Reduction among Vegetarians and Semi-vegetarians Who Mildly or Significantly Reduce Their Meat Intake |journal=Ecology of Food and Nutrition |date=2 November 2014 |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=639–657 |doi=10.1080/03670244.2014.896797 |pmid=25357269 |hdl=10067/1205320151162165141 |s2cid=5449566 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoek |first1=Annet C. |last2=Luning |first2=Pieternel A. |last3=Stafleu |first3=Annette |last4=de Graaf |first4=Cees |title=Food-related lifestyle and health attitudes of Dutch vegetarians, non-vegetarian consumers of meat substitutes, and meat consumers |journal=Appetite |date=June 2004 |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=265–272 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2003.12.003 |pmid=15183917 |s2cid=24018607 }}</ref>

* [http://www.veggieboards.com VeggieBoards] (message boards and recipes)

==Varieties==

The main fundamental of some specific flexitarian diets is about the inflexible adherence to a diet that omits multiple classes and types of animals from the diet in entirety, rather than a sole focus on reduction in consumption frequency. Some examples include:

* Demitarianism: the practice of reducing meat consumption to half of what is culturally typical.<ref>{{cite web |author=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=2013-02-18 |title=Halve meat consumption, scientists urge rich world &#124; Environment |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/feb/18/halve-meat-consumption-scientists |accessdate=2013-04-29 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> The term was devised in October 2009 in Barsac, France combined workshop of Nitrogen in Europe (NinE) and Biodiversity in European Grasslands: Impacts of Nitrogen (BEGIN) where they developed "The Barsac Declaration: Environmental Sustainability and the Demitarian Diet".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Barsac Declaration: Environmental Sustainability and the Demitarian Diet |year=2009 |url=http://www.nine-esf.org/sites/nine-esf.org/files/Barsac%20Declaration%20V5.pdf |access-date=2013-11-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126112928/http://www.nine-esf.org/sites/nine-esf.org/files/Barsac%20Declaration%20V5.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-26 }}</ref>

* [[Pescetarianism|Pescetarian]] diet: someone who follows this diet eats [[fish]] and/or [[shellfish]] and may or may not consume dairy and eggs. The consumption of other meat, such as poultry, mammal meat, and the flesh of other land-dwelling animals is abstained from.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/pescatarian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002726/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/pescatarian|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 February 2018|title=Pescatarian|author=Graham Hill|date=31 July 2000|publisher=Oxford|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> In the past, some vegetarian societies used to consider it to simply be a less-strict type of vegetarianism.<ref name="MedicalTimes">"International Health Exhibition", ''The Medical Times and Gazette'', 24 May 1884, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2rdXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA712 712]. "There are two kinds of vegetarians—one an extreme form, the members of which eat no animal food whatever; and a less extreme sect, who do not object to eggs, milk, or fish. The Vegetarian Society&nbsp;... belongs to the latter more moderate division."</ref> This is no longer the case now that modern day vegetarian societies object to the consumption of all fish and shellfish.

* [[Pollotarianism|Pollotarian]] diet: someone who follows this diet eats [[chicken]] and/or other [[poultry]] and usually eggs as well. A pollotarian would not consume [[seafood]] or the meat from [[mammal]]s or other animals, often for environmental, health or [[food justice]] reasons.<ref name="PreedyBurrow2009">{{cite book|last1=Preedy|first1=Victor R.|last2=Burrow|first2=Gerard N.|last3=Watson|first3=Ronald|title=Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine: Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7v7g5XoCQQwC&q=pollotarians&pg=PA523|access-date=17 September 2011|date=2009-02-09|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-374135-6|page=523}}</ref><ref name="HayesLaudan2008">{{cite book|last1=Hayes|first1=Dayle|last2=Laudan|first2=Rachel|title=Food and Nutrition; Editorial Advisers, Dayle Hayes, Rachel Laudan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2w5i2MBvZf8C&q=pollotarians&pg=PA1058|access-date=17 September 2011|date=September 2008|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7827-0|page=1058}}</ref>

* [[Macrobiotic diet]]: a plant-based diet that may include occasional fish or other seafood.<ref name="KushiBlauer2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMquGvp31XEC&q=kushi+on+miso1XEC&pg=PA83|title=The macrobiotic way: the complete macrobiotic lifestyle book|last1=Kushi|first1=Michio|last2=Blauer|first2=Stephen|date=2004-03-08|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-58333-180-4|page=83|access-date=17 September 2011}}</ref> Cereals, especially brown rice, are the staples of the macrobiotic diet, supplemented by small amounts of vegetables and occasionally fish. Some advocates of the macrobiotic diet promote a vegetarian (or nearly vegan) approach as the ideal.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=ER|date=Nov 2006|title=The effects of macronutrients on blood pressure and lipids: an overview of the DASH and OmniHeart trials|journal=Curr Atheroscler Rep|volume=8|issue=6|pages=460–5|doi=10.1007/s11883-006-0020-1|pmid=17045071|s2cid=72616374}}</ref>

* [[Planetary health diet]]: dietary paradigms that have the following aims: to feed a growing world's population, to greatly reduce the worldwide number of deaths caused by poor diet, and to be environmentally sustainable as to prevent the collapse of the natural world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–''Lancet'' Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems|url=https://www.thelancet.com/commissions/EAT|access-date=2020-12-05|website=www.thelancet.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>Gallagher, James. (2019). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-46865204 "A bit of meat, a lot of veg - the flexitarian diet to feed 10bn"]. BBC News. Retrieved 24 December 2020.</ref>

== Dietary pattern ==

All semi-vegetarians could accurately be described as people who eat a [[plant-based diet]], but there is no firm consensus how infrequently someone would have to eat meat and fish for their diet to be considered a flexitarian diet rather than a regular plant-based diet. Recurring conditions of a flexitarian include consuming red meat or poultry only once a week.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tonstad |first1=S. |last2=Butler |first2=T. |last3=Yan |first3=R. |last4=Fraser |first4=G. E. |title=Type of Vegetarian Diet, Body Weight, and Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes |journal=Diabetes Care |date=1 May 2009 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=791–796 |doi=10.2337/dc08-1886 |pmid=19351712 |pmc=2671114 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clarys |first1=Peter |last2=Deliens |first2=Tom |last3=Huybrechts |first3=Inge |last4=Deriemaeker |first4=Peter |last5=Vanaelst |first5=Barbara |last6=De Keyzer |first6=Willem |last7=Hebbelinck |first7=Marcel |last8=Mullie |first8=Patrick |title=Comparison of Nutritional Quality of the Vegan, Vegetarian, Semi-Vegetarian, Pesco-Vegetarian and Omnivorous Diet |journal=Nutrients |date=24 March 2014 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1318–1332 |doi=10.3390/nu6031318 |pmid=24667136 |pmc=3967195 |doi-access=free }}</ref> One study defined semi-vegetarians as consuming meat or fish three days a week.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=De Backer |first1=Charlotte J. S. |last2=Hudders |first2=Liselot |title=From Meatless Mondays to Meatless Sundays: Motivations for Meat Reduction among Vegetarians and Semi-vegetarians Who Mildly or Significantly Reduce Their Meat Intake |journal=Ecology of Food and Nutrition |date=2 November 2014 |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=639–657 |doi=10.1080/03670244.2014.896797 |pmid=25357269 |hdl=10067/1205320151162165141 |s2cid=5449566 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Occasionally, researchers define semi-vegetarianism as eschewing red meat in entirety and flexitarianism as the distinct practice of eating very little meat.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Forestell |first1=Catherine A. |last2=Spaeth |first2=Andrea M. |last3=Kane |first3=Stephanie A. |title=To eat or not to eat red meat. A closer look at the relationship between restrained eating and vegetarianism in college females |journal=Appetite |date=1 February 2012 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=319–325 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2011.10.015 |pmid=22079892 |s2cid=22041112 |url=https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=psychologypub |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428101637/https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=psychologypub |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baines |first1=Surinder |last2=Powers |first2=Jennifer |last3=Brown |first3=Wendy J |title=How does the health and well-being of young Australian vegetarian and semi-vegetarian women compare with non-vegetarians? |journal=Public Health Nutrition |date=May 2007 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=436–442 |doi=10.1017/S1368980007217938 |pmid=17411462 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Semi-vegetarianism/flexitarianism may be the default diet for much of the world, where meals based on plant materials provide the bulk of people's regular energy intake.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hicks |first1=Talia M. |last2=Knowles |first2=Scott O. |last3=Farouk |first3=Mustafa M. |title=Global Provisioning of Red Meat for Flexitarian Diets |journal=Frontiers in Nutrition |date=14 June 2018 |volume=5 |pages=50 |doi=10.3389/fnut.2018.00050 |pmid=29963555 |pmc=6010543 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In many countries, this is often due to financial barriers as higher incomes are associated with diets rich in animal and dairy proteins rather than carbohydrate based staples. One estimate is that 14% of the global population is flexitarian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2018-09/an_exploration_into_diets_around_the_world.pdf|title=An exploration into diets around the world|publisher= Ipsos MORI Global Advisor Survey|date=2018|access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>

==Society and culture==

In the [[United Kingdom]], there was increased demand for vegan products in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jun/08/appetite-grows-vegan-products-uk-supermarkets-waitrose-iceland|title=Appetite grows for vegan products at UK supermarkets|work=The Guardian|date=8 June 2018|author=Sarah Butler|access-date=2019-05-08}}</ref> A 2018 study estimated that the amount of UK consumers following a "meat-free diet" had increased to 12%, including 6% vegetarians, 4% pescetarians and 2% vegans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/future-of-meat/12-of-brits-follow-meat-free-diet-the-grocer-research-shows/565771.article|title=12% of Brits follow meat-free diet, The Grocer research shows|author=Megan Tatum|date=13 April 2018|website=The Grocer|access-date=2019-05-08}}</ref> A 2018 poll indicated that 10% of adult Canadians considered themselves as vegetarians or vegans, among whom 42% were young adults.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/article/mind-blowing-survey-finds-most-vegans-vegetarians-in-canada-are-under-35/ |title = 'Mind-blowing': Survey finds most vegans, vegetarians in Canada are under 35|work=CTV News|date=13 March 2018|access-date=2019-05-08}}</ref>

In 2019, an international group stated that the adoption of the flexitarian diet would "save lives, feed 10 billion people and all without causing catastrophic damage to the planet," when compared to the current Western diet.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-46865204 |title = Meat, veg, nuts - a diet designed to feed 10bn|work = BBC News|date = 17 January 2019|last1 = Gallagher|first1 = James|access-date=2019-05-08}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Meat-free days]]

* [[Meatless Monday]]

* [[Dawn Jackson Blatner]]

* [[Reducetarian Foundation]]

== Sources ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Plant-based diets}}

{{Veganism and vegetarianism}}

[[Category:Plant-based diets]]

[[Category:Semi-vegetarianism]]