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{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨x⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA|ipa-number=140|ipa=120|ipa-image=Xsampa-x.png|xsampa=x|kirshenbaum=x|sound=voiceless velar fricative.ogg}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=x
|ipa number=140
|decimal=120
|xsampa=x
|kirshenbaum=x
|braille=x
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0078.svg
}}{{Infobox IPA
| above = Voiceless velar approximant
| ipa symbol = ɰ̊
}}
 
The '''voiceless velar fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in some [[speechSpeech|spoken]] [[language]]s. It Thewas symbolpart inof the [[Internationalconsonant Phoneticinventory Alphabet]]of that[[Old representsEnglish this sound is {{IPAlanguage|x}},Old and the equivalent [[X-SAMPAEnglish]] symboland iscan <tt>x</tt>.still Thebe {{IPA|[x]}} sound is rarefound in, butsome notdialects completely absent from,of [[English Languagelanguage|English]]. To give English speakers an example of the sound with which they might be familiar, considermost the sound represented by "ch"notably in [[ScotsScottish Gaelic|ScottishEnglish]], e.g. in ''loch'', ''broch'' or [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''Chanukahsaugh'' (willow).
 
The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|x}}, the [[X|Latin letter x]]. It is also used in [[Phonetic transcription#Narrow versus broad transcription|broad transcription]] instead of the symbol {{angbr IPA|χ}}, the [[Chi (letter)#Greek chi|Greek chi]], for the [[voiceless uvular fricative]].
==Features==
 
There is also a '''voiceless post-velar fricative''' (also called '''pre-uvular''') in some languages, which can be transcribed as {{angbr IPA|x̠}} or {{angbr IPA|χ̟}}. For '''voiceless pre-velar fricative''' (also called '''post-palatal'''), see [[voiceless palatal fricative]].
 
Some scholars also posit the '''voiceless velar approximant''' distinct from the fricative, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɰ̊}}, but this symbol is not suitable in case of the voiceless velar approximant that is unspecified for rounding (the sound represented by the symbol {{angbr IPA|ɰ̊}} is specified as unrounded), which is best transcribed as {{angbr IPA|x̞}}, {{angbr IPA|ɣ̞̊}} or {{angbr IPA|ɣ̊˕}} - see [[voiced velar approximant]]. The velar approximant can in many cases be considered the [[semivowel|semivocalic]] equivalent of the voiceless variant of the [[close back unrounded vowel]] {{angbr IPA|ɯ̊}}.
 
==Features==
[[File:Voiceless velar fricative articulation.svg|thumb|right|Voiceless velar fricative (x)]]
Features of the voiceless velar fricative:
 
{{fricative}}
* Its [[manner of articulation]] is [[fricative consonant|fricative]], which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing [[turbulence]].
{{velar}}
* Its [[place of articulation]] is [[velar consonant|velar]] which means it is articulated with the back part of the [[tongue]] (the dorsum) against the [[soft palate]] (the velum).
{{voiceless}}
* Its [[phonation]] type is voiceless, which means the vocal cords are not vibrating during the articulation.
{{oral}}
* It is an [[oral consonant]], which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
{{central articulation}}
* It is a [[central consonant]], which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
{{pulmonic}}
* The [[airstream mechanism]] is [[pulmonic egressive]], which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the [[lung]]s and through the vocal tract, rather than from the [[glottis]] or the mouth.
 
==Varieties of {{IPA|[x]}}==
 
{| class=wikitable
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"
! IPA !! Description
|-
| style="font-size:24px1.714em" align="center"|{{IPA|x}} || plain velar fricative
|-
| style="font-size:24px1.714em" align="center"|{{IPA|xʷ}} || [[labializationlabialisation|labializedlabialised]]
|-
| style="font-size:24px1.714em" align="center"|{{IPA|x’xʼ}} || [[ejective consonant|ejective]]
|-
| style="font-size:24px1.714em" align="center"|{{IPA|xʷ’xʷʼ}} || ejective labializedlabialised
|-
| style="font-size:24px1.714em" align="center"|{{IPA|x̜ʷ}} || semi-labializedlabialised
|-
| style="font-size:24px1.714em" align="center"|{{IPA|x̹ʷ}} || strongly labializedlabialised
|-
| style="font-size:1.714em" |{{IPA|xʲ}} || [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalised]]
|-
| style="font-size:1.714em" |{{IPA|xʲʼ}} || ejective palatalised
|}
 
== Occurrence ==
==In [[English language|English]]==
The voiceless velar fricative and its labialized variety are postulated to have occurred in [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]], the ancestor of the [[Germanic languages]], as the [[linguistic reconstruction|reflex]] of the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] voiceless palatal and velar stops and the labialized voiceless velar stop. Thus Proto-Indo-European {{lang|ine-x-proto|'''ḱ'''r̥nom}} "horn" and {{lang|gem-x-proto|'''kʷ'''ód}} "what" became Proto-Germanic *'''h'''urnan and *'''hw'''at, where *h and *hw were likely {{IPA|[x]}} and {{IPA|[xʷ]}}. This [[sound change]] is part of [[Grimm's law]].
 
In [[Modern Greek]], the voiceless velar fricative (with its [[allophone]], the voiceless palatal fricative {{IPAblink|ç}}, occurring before front vowels) originated from the [[Ancient Greek]] voiceless aspirated stop {{IPA|/kʰ/}} in a sound change that [[lenition|lenited]] Greek aspirated stops into fricatives.
Standard English does not have {{IPA|[x]}}, except for a few loan words such as [[Scots Gaelic|Scottish]] ''loch'' {{IPA|/lɒx/}} and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''Chanukah'' {{IPA|/xanukaː/}}. Where it occurs, it is nearly always represented by a "ch." Many speakers, especially in the United States, do not (often cannot) make this sound, and are sometimes not even aware of its existence; these speakers replace it with {{IPA|[h]}} in words such as "chutzpah" or "challah," or {{IPA|[k]}} in words such as "loch" or "leprechaun." These alternative pronunciations are considered acceptable by most authorities.
 
{| class="wikitable"
Some dialects in England, particularly London and Liverpool, may have {{IPA|[x]}} where other dialects have {{IPA|[k]}}, as in ''cat''. In London it is a younger, lower-class pronunciation.
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
 
|-
==In other languages==
|colspan=2| [[Abaza language|Abaza]] || {{lang|abq-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''хь'''зы]]}} /xzë || {{IPA|[xʲzə]}} || 'name' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|ady-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''х'''ы]]}} /xë || {{Audio-IPA|Ady-6.oga|[xəː]}} || 'six' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Afrikaans]] || {{lang|af|[[Afrikaans#Orthography|'''g'''root]]}} || {{IPA|[χrʊət]}} || 'big' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Albanian language|Albanian]]|| {{lang|sq|gju'''h'''a}} || {{IPA|[ɟuxɑ]}} || 'language' || Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}. See [[Albanian phonology]]
|-
| [[Aleut language|Aleut]] || Atkan dialect || {{lang|ale-Latn|ala'''x'''}} || {{IPA|[ɑlɑx]}} || 'two' ||
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]] || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|'''ﺧ'''ﻀراء]]|rtl=yes}} || {{IPA|[xadˤraːʔ]}} || 'green' ([[grammatical gender|f.]]) || May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.{{sfnp|Watson|2002|pp=17, 19–20, 35–36 and 38}} See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || {{lang|as|[[Armenian alphabet|խրոխտ/xëroxt]]}} || {{IPA|[χəˈɾoχt]}} || 'brave' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || {{lang|as|[[Assamese alphabet|অ'''স'''মীয়া/oxomia]]}}|| {{IPA|[ɔxɔmia]}} || 'Assamese' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]] || ܚܡܫܐ {{lang|aii-Latn|[[Syriac alphabet|'''x'''emša]]}} || {{IPA|[xεmʃa]}} || 'five' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Avar language|Avar]] || {{lang|av-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|чe'''хь''']]}} / {{lang|av-Latn|če'''x'''}} || {{IPA|[tʃex]}} || 'belly' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]|| {{lang|az-Latn|[[Azeri alphabet|'''x'''oş]]|italic=yes}} / {{lang|az-Cyrl|'''х'''ош}}/{{lang|az-Arab|'''ﺧ'''ﻮش|rtl=yes}} || {{IPA|[xoʃ]}} || 'pleasant' ||
|-
| [[Basque language|Basque]] || Some speakers{{sfnp|Hualde|Ortiz de Urbina|2003|pp=16 and 26}} || {{lang|eu|'''j'''an}} || {{IPA|[xän]}} || 'to eat' || Either velar or post-velar.{{sfnp|Hualde|Ortiz de Urbina|2003|pp=16 and 26}} For other speakers it's {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|j}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʝ}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɟ}}]}}.{{sfnp|Hualde|Ortiz de Urbina|2003|p=16}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Blackfoot language|Blackfoot]]<ref name="nlguide2">{{cite web|url=http://www.native-languages.org/blackfoot_guide.htm|title=Blackfoot Pronunciation and Spelling Guide|work=Native-Languages.org|access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref> || {{lang|bla|[[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics|ᖻᖳᐦᓱᖽᐧ]]}} / {{Transliteration|bla|''naaá'''h'''siksi''}} || {{IPA|[naːáxsik͡si̥]}} || 'my grandparents' || Sometimes /x/ becomes allophone /[[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]/ in beginning of words like "hánnia!" Really! Or becomes allphone /[[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]]/ after i/ii like ihkitsika seven.
|-
|colspan=2| [[Brahui language|Brahui]]{{sfnp|Bhadriraju Krishnamurti|2003|p=100}} || '''ﺧ'''ﻦ || {{IPA|[xan]}} || 'eye' || Corresponds to /x/ in [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] and /q/ in [[Malto language|Malto]].
|-
|colspan=2| [[Breton language|Breton]] || {{lang|br|hor '''c'h'''i}} || {{IPA|[hor xiː]}} || 'our dog' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|ти'''х'''о]]}} / {{lang|bg-Latn|[[Romanization of Bulgarian|ti'''h'''o]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Tiho.ogg|[ˈt̪ixo]}} || 'quietly' || Described as having "only slight friction" ({{IPA|[x̞]}}).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ternes|first1=Elmer|last2=Vladimirova-Buhtz|first2=Tatjana|year=1999|chapter=Bulgarian|pages=55|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63751-0}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=2| [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|'''kh'''arja]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈxaɾ(d)ʑə]}} || '[[kharja]]' || Found in loanwords and interjections. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || {{lang|ce-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''х'''ан]]}} / {{lang|ce-Latn|'''x'''an}} || {{IPA|[xɑːn]}} || 'time' ||
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|河]]}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Hanyu Pinyin|'''h'''é]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xɤ˧˥]}} || 'river' || See [[Standard Chinese phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Czech language|Czech]] || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|'''ch'''lap]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xlap]}}|| 'guy'|| See [[Czech phonology]]
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || |Southern [[Jutlandic dialect|Jutlandic]] || {{lang|da|[[Danish orthography|ka'''g'''e]]|italic=yes}} || [ˈkʰaːx] || 'cake' || See [[Jutlandic dialect#S.C3.B8nderjysk|Sønderjysk dialect]]
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard [[Flemish dialects|Belgian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Verhoeven|2005|p=243}}</ref><ref name="cm">{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|p=191}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|loo'''ch'''en]]|italic=yes}} || rowspan="2" | {{Audio-IPA|Nl-loochen (Belgium).ogg|[ˈloː.xən]}} || rowspan="2" | 'deny' || rowspan="2" | May be post-palatal {{IPAblink|ç̠}} instead. In dialects spoken above the rivers [[Rhine]], [[Meuse]] and [[Waal (river)|Waal]] the corresponding sound is a postvelar-uvular fricative trill {{IPAblink|ʀ̝̊˖}}.<ref name="cm"/> See [[Dutch phonology]] and [[Hard and soft G in Dutch]]
|-
| Southern Netherlands accents<ref name="cm"/><ref name="gus">{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|1999|p=74}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3| [[English language|English]] || [[Scottish English|Scottish]] || ''[[English orthography|lo'''ch''']]'' || {{IPA|[ɫɔx]}} || '[[loch]]' ||Younger speakers may [[Lock–loch merger|merge]] this sound with {{IPAslink|k}}.<ref name=glaswegian>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/STELLA/Glasgow%20accent/annex4.htm |title=Annexe 4: Linguistic Variables |access-date=2014-12-03 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225075912/https://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/STELLA/Glasgow%20accent/annex4.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/archive/viewconf2000/abstracts.html |title=University of Essex :: Department of Language and Linguistics :: Welcome |publisher=Essex.ac.uk |access-date=2013-08-01}}</ref> See [[Scottish English#Phonology|Scottish English phonology]]
|-
| [[Hiberno-English|Irish]] || ''[[English orthography|lou'''gh''']]'' || {{IPA|[lɑx]}} || '[[lough]]' || Occurs only in [[Irish language|Gaelic]] borrowings. See [[Hiberno-English#Overview of pronunciation and phonology|Irish English phonology]]
|-
| [[Scouse]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|p=373}}</ref> || ''[[English orthography|boo'''k''']]'' || {{IPA|[bʉːx]}} || 'book'<!-- Example from Wikipedia article, rather than from Wells. --> || A syllable-final allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} ([[lenition]]).
|-
|colspan=2| [[Esperanto]] || {{lang|eo|[[Esperanto orthography|mona'''ĥ'''o]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[moˈnaxo]}} || 'monk' || See [[Esperanto phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Estonian language|Estonian]] || {{lang|et|[[Estonian orthography|ja'''h''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jɑx]}} || 'yes' || Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}. See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Eyak language|Eyak]] || {{lang|eya-Latn|du'''x'''ł}} || {{IPA|[tʊxɬ]}} || 'traps' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish orthography|ka'''h'''vi]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkɑxʋi]}} || 'coffee' || Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}. See [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[French language|French]] || {{lang|fr|[[French alphabet|'''j'''ota]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xɔta]}} || 'jota' || Occurs only in loanwords (from Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, etc.). See [[French phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Georgian language|Georgian]]{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|p=255}} || {{lang|ka|[[Georgian alphabet|ჯო'''ხ'''ი]]}} / {{lang|ka-Latn|joxi}} || {{IPA|[ˈdʒɔxi]}} || 'stick' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[German language|German]] || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|Bu'''ch''']]|italic=yes}} || {{audio-IPA|De-Buch.ogg|[buːx]}} || 'book' || See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Greek language|Greek]] || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|τέ'''χ'''νη]]}} / {{lang|el-Latn|[[Romanization of Greek|té'''ch'''nî]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈte̞xni]}} || 'art' || See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] || [[Biblical Hebrew|Biblical]] || {{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|מִיכָאֵל]]|rtl=yes}}/Michael ||{{IPA|[mixaʔel]}} || '[[Michael (given name)|Michael]]' || See [[Biblical Hebrew#Phonology|Biblical Hebrew phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| [[Hindi]]
| {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|ख़ुशी]]}}/xuší
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[xʊʃiː]}}
| rowspan="2" |'happiness'
| rowspan="2" | Occurs only in loanwords. May be replaced in Hindi with {{IPA|/kʰ/}}. See [[Hindustani phonology]]
|-
| [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]
| {{lang|ur|[[Urdu alphabet|'''ﺧ'''ﻮشی]]|rtl=yes}}/xuşi
|-
|colspan=2| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|sa'''hh'''al]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʃɒxːɒl]}} || 'with a shah' || See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || {{lang|is|[[Icelandic orthography|o'''k'''tóber]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈɔxtoːupɛr̥]}} || 'October' || See [[Icelandic phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] || {{lang|id|'''kh'''as|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xas]}} || 'typical' || Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Often pronounced as [h] or [k] by some Indonesians. See [[Indonesian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Irish language|Irish]] || {{lang|ga|[[Irish orthography|deo'''ch''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[dʲɔ̝̈x]}} || 'drink' || See [[Irish phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Japanese language|Japanese]] || {{lang|ja-Hani|[[katakana|マッハ]]}} / {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Romanization of Japanese|ma'''hh'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[maxːa]}} || 'Mach' || Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}.<ref name="Japanese">{{cite journal |last1=Okada |first1=Hideo |title=Japanese |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=December 1991 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=94–96 |doi=10.1017/S002510030000445X |s2cid=242782215 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/abs/japanese/EF0E01DD40A1B2779F3ADFF96B5D97E3 |access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''х'''ы]]}} / '''kh'''y || {{Audio-IPA|Хы.ogg|[xəː]}} || 'sea' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || '''х'''анзада / {{lang|kk-Latn|'''h'''anzada}} || {{IPA|[xanzada]}} || 'prince' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko-Hang|[[Hangul|흥정]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|'''h'''eungjeong]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xɯŋd͡ʑʌ̹ŋ]}}|| 'bargaining' || Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} before {{IPA|/ɯ/}}. See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] || {{lang|ku|[[Kurmanji alphabet|'''x'''anî]]}} || {{IPA|[xɑːˈniː]}} || 'house' || See [[Kurdish phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]{{sfnp|Bhadriraju Krishnamurti|2003|p=74}} || कुड़ुख़ || {{IPA|[kuɽux]}} || 'Kurukh' || Corresponds to /x/ in [[Brahui language|Brahui]] and /q/ in [[Malto language|Malto]].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Peters|2006|p=119}}</ref> || {{lang|li|lo'''ch'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[lɔx]}} || 'air' || The example word is from the [[Maastrichtian dialect]]. See [[Maastrichtian dialect phonology]] and [[Hard and soft G in Dutch]]
|-
|[[Lishán Didán|Lishan Didan]]
|Urmi Dialect
|חלבא ''/ xalwa''
|{{IPA|[xalwɑ]}}
|'milk'
|Generally post-velar
|-
|colspan=2| [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] || {{lang|lt|'''ch'''oras|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈxɔrɐs̪]}} || 'choir' || Occurs only in loanwords (usually international words)
|-
|colspan=2| [[Lojban]] || {{lang|jbo|[[Lojban grammar#Orthography|'''x'''atra]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xatra]}} || 'letter' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] || {{lang|mk|[[Macedonian alphabet|О'''х'''рид]]}} / {{lang|mk-Latn|[[Romanization of Macedonian|O'''h'''rid]]}} || {{audio-IPA|Mk-Ohrid.ogg|[ˈɔxrit]}} || '[[Ohrid]]' || See [[Macedonian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Malay language|Malay]] || [[Jawi alphabet|ا'''ﺧ'''ير]] / {{lang|ms|a'''kh'''ir|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[axir]}}|| 'last', 'end' || Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Often pronounced as [h] or [k]. See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Manx language|Manx]] || {{lang|gv|aasha'''gh'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈɛːʒax]}} || 'easy' ||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|{{Lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|आँ'''खा'''/axa]]}}
|{{IPA|[ä̃xä]}}
|'eye'
|Allophone of {{IPA|/kʰ/}}. See [[Nepali phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
|-
| [[Urban East Norwegian|Urban East]]{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=40}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|'''h'''at]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xɑːt]}} || 'hate' || Possible allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} near back vowels; can be voiced {{IPAblink|ɣ}} between two voiced sounds.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=40}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| [[Brekke]] dialect<ref name="nos">{{cite web|title=Nordavinden og sola: Opptak og transkripsjoner av norske dialekter|url=http://www.ling.hf.ntnu.no/nos/?xsampa_search_string=M%5C_0|accessdate=13 April 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025954/http://www.ling.hf.ntnu.no/nos/?xsampa_search_string=M%5C_0|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| rowspan=4 | {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|se'''g''']]}}
| rowspan=2 | {{IPA|[sɛɰ̊]}}
| rowspan=4 | 'oneself'
| rowspan=4 | Also described as an approximant. Coda allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}; reported to occur only in this word.<ref name="nos"/> See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| [[Kaldfarnes]] dialect<ref name="nos"/>
|-
| [[Sørkjosen]] dialect<ref name="nos"/>
| {{IPA|[sæɰ̊]}}
|-
| [[Undheim]] dialect<ref name="nos"/>
| {{IPA|[seɰ̊]}}
|-
| [[Bryne]] dialect<ref name="nos"/>
| rowspan=5 | {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|ste'''r'''kaste]]}},<br>{{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|ste'''r'''keste]]}}
| rowspan=4 | {{IPA|[ˈstæɰ̊kɑstə]}}
| rowspan=5 | 'strongest'
| rowspan=5 | Also described as an approximant. Allophone of {{IPA|/r/}} when it is in contact with voiceless consonants. Exact distribution may differ between dialects. In the Hafrsfjord dialect, {{IPA|[ɰ̊]}} may also occur in the word ''se'''g'''''. See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| [[Hafrsfjord]] dialect<ref name="nos"/>
|-
| [[Raundalen]] dialect<ref name="nos"/>
|-
| [[Stanghelle]] dialect<ref name="nos"/>
|-
|[[Fyllingsdalen]] dialect<ref name="nos" />
|{{IPA|[ˈstæɰ̊kestɛ]}}
|-
|colspan=2| [[Pashto]] || {{lang|fa|[[Pashto alphabet|'''اخ'''ته]]|rtl=yes}} / ax'''ta'''||{{IPA|[ax.t̪a]}} || 'occupied' || See [[Pashto phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Persian language|Persian]] || {{lang|fa|[[Persian alphabet|دُ'''خـ'''تَر]]|rtl=yes}} / do'''x'''tär ||{{IPA|[doxˈtær]}} || 'daughter' || See [[Persian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Polish language|Polish]]{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=103}} || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''ch'''leb]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xlɛp]}} || 'bread' || Also (in great majority of dialects) represented orthographically by {{angbr|h}}. See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Fluminense]] || {{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese orthography|a'''r'''te]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈaxtɕi]}} || 'art' || In free variation with {{IPAblink|χ}}, {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, {{IPAblink|ħ}} and {{IPAblink|h}} before voiceless consonants
|-
| General [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]]{{sfnp|Barbosa|Albano|2004|pp=5–6}} || {{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese orthography|'''r'''osa]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈxɔzɐ]}} || 'rose' || Some dialects. An allophone of {{IPA|/ʁ/}}. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| [[Gurmukhi]]
| {{lang|pa|[[Gurmukhi|ਖ਼ਬਰ]]}}/xabar
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[xəbəɾ]}}
| rowspan="2" |'news'
| rowspan="2" |Less frequent and may merge with /kʰ/ in Gurmukhi varieties.
|-
| [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]
| {{lang|pa-Arab|[[Shahmukhi alphabet|'''ﺧ'''ﺒر]]|rtl=yes}}/xabar
|-
|colspan=2| [[Romanian language|Romanian]] || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|'''h'''ram]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xräm]}} || 'patronal feast of a church' || Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}. See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Padgett|2003|p=42}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''х'''ороший]]}} / {{lang|ru-Latn|[[Romanization of Russian|horošij]]}}|| {{Audio-IPA|Ru-хороший.ogg|[xɐˈr̠ʷo̞ʂɨ̞j]}} || 'good' || See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Scottish Gaelic]]<ref>Oftedal, M. (1956) ''The Gaelic of Leurbost''. Oslo. Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap.</ref> || {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|dro'''ch'''aid]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɾɔxɪtʲ]}} || 'bridge' || See [[Scottish Gaelic phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Serbo-Croatian]] || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''х'''раст]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''h'''rast]]}} || {{IPA|[xrâːst]}} || 'oak' || See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak alphabet|'''ch'''lap]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xɫäp]}} || 'guy' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Slovene language|Slovene]]
|Standard
|{{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|po'''h'''lep]]|italic=yes}}
|{{IPA|[poˈxlɛ̂p]}}
|'greed'
|See [[Slovene phonology]]
|-
|Some dialects
|{{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|bo'''g''']]|italic=yes}}
|{{IPA|[ˈbôːx]}}
|'god'
|Allophone of {{IPA|/ɣ/}} before voiceless obstruents or pause. See [[Slovene phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Somali language|Somali]] || {{lang|so|'''kh'''ad|italic=yes}}||{{IPA|[xad]}} || 'ink' || Also occurs allophone of /q/ in Arabic loan words. See [[Somali phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}} || [[Latin American Spanish|Latin American]]{{sfnp|Chen|2007|p=13}} ||rowspan=2| {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|o'''j'''o]]}} ||rowspan=2| {{IPA|[ˈo̞xo̞]}} || rowspan="2" | 'eye' || rowspan=2| May be [[Voiceless glottal fricative|glottal]] instead;{{sfnp|Chen|2007|p=13}} in northern and central Spain it is often post-velar{{sfnp|Chen|2007|p=13}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hamond|2001|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Scipione|Sayahi|2005|p=128}}</ref>{{sfnp|Lyons|1981|p=76}} or [[Voiceless uvular fricative|uvular]] /[[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]/.{{sfnp|Lyons|1981|p=76}}{{sfnp|Harris|Vincent|1988|p=83}} See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| Southern [[Spain]]{{sfnp|Chen|2007|p=13}}
|-
| colspan=2| [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] || {{lang|syl|[[Sylheti Nagari|'''ꠈ'''ꠛꠞ]]}}/xobor ||{{IPA|[xɔ́bɔɾ]}} || 'news' ||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Tachelhit]]
|ixf
|[ixf]
|'head'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Taqbaylit]]
|axaṭar
|[ɑχɑtˤɑr]
|'because'
|
|-
| colspan=2| [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || {{lang|tl|ba'''k'''it|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[baxit]}} || 'why' || Allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} in intervocalic positions. See [[Tagalog phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Toda language|Toda]]{{sfnp|Bhadriraju Krishnamurti|2003|p=149}} || pa'''x''' || {{IPA|[pax]}} || 'smoke' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]<ref name="gk6">{{Harvcoltxt|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=6}}</ref> || {{lang|tr|ı'''h'''lamur|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɯxlämuɾ]}} || 'linden' || Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}.<ref name="gk6"/> See [[Turkish phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] || {{lang|tkm|'''h'''ile}} || {{IPA|[xiːle]}} || 'cunning' (noun)||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Tyap language|Tyap]] || {{lang|kcg|'''kh'''am|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xam]}} || 1. 'calabash'; 2. 'prostitute' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] || {{lang|xh|'''rh'''oxisa}} || {{IPA|[xɔkǁiːsa]}} || 'to cancel' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|'''х'''лопець]]}} / {{lang|uk-Latn|'''h'''lopeć|italic=yes}}|| {{IPA|[ˈxɫɔ̝pɛt͡sʲ]}} || 'boy' || See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2"| [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|pp=11–12}} || {{lang|uz|o'''x'''irgi}} || {{IPA|[ɒxirgi]}} || 'last' || Post-velar. Occurs in environments different from word-initially and pre-consonantally, otherwise it is [[Voiceless palatal fricative|pre-velar]].{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|pp=11–12}}
|-
|colspan=2| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}} || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''kh'''ông]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xəwŋ͡m˧]}} || 'no', 'not', 'zero' || See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Yaghan language|Yaghan]] || {{lang|yag|'''x'''an}} || {{IPA|[xan]}} || 'here' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Nuosu language|Yi]] || {{lang|ii|[[Yi script|ꉾ]]}} / {{lang|ii-Latn|[[Yi script|'''h'''e]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xɤ˧]}} || 'good' ||
|-
| [[Zapotec languages|Zapotec]] || [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=109}} || {{lang|zts|me'''j'''or}} || {{IPA|[mɘxoɾ]}} || 'better' || Used primarily in loanwords from [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|}
 
==See also==
The {{IPA|[x]}} sound is a somewhat common sound cross-linguistically and very common in [[Assamese language|Assamese]].
* [[Guttural]]
 
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]
===[[Armenian language|Armenian]]===
In Armenian, {{IPA|[x]}} is spelled Խ.
 
===[[Czech language|Czech]]===
In Czech, as in other slavic languages using the roman alphabet, "ch" is pronunced as voiceless velar fricative. Unlike in Polish, the difference between the sound of "ch" and the sound of regular "h" are still being clearly differentiated. In some words, the difference in the pronounciation of "ch" and "h" is even crucial for the identification of the word (e.g. Czech "vrch" and "vrh", meaning "(the) top", "(a) throw", respectively).
 
===[[Dutch language|Dutch]]===
Standard Dutch has no g-sound as in "garden". They use a voiceless velar fricative or a [[voiced velar fricative]] instead.
The word for "laugh" in both German and Dutch is "lachen", with ''ch'' to be pronounced as
{{IPA|/x/}}.
 
===[[Esperanto language|Esperanto]]===
Esperanto has an {{IPA|[x]}}, spelled Ĥ.
 
===[[Georgian language|Georgian]]===
Georgian has an {{IPA|[x]}}, spelled ხ.
 
===[[German language|German]]===
German has the voiceless velar fricative and it is spelled with "ch", as in ''ach'' {{IPA|[ax]}} (the interjection Oh!). The Germans call this sound ''ach-Laut''. This is the sound represented by "ch" when it follows "a", "o", "u", or the diphthong "au". The sound represented by "ch" following "e", "i", "ä", "ö", "ü", the diphthongs "eu" or "äu", or the consonants "l", "n" or "r" is a different consonant, the [[voiceless palatal fricative]]. The sounds are [[allophone]]s that are just starting to become separate phonemes, a rather interesting situation. See [[German phonology]].
 
===[[Polish language|Polish]]===
In Polish, as in other slavic languages using the roman alphabet, "ch" is pronunced as voiceless velar fricative, though in modern Polish the sound of "ch" blends with the sound of regular "h".
 
==Notes==
===[[Russian language|Russian]]===
{{reflist|30em}}
Russian uses the cyrillic letter '''Kha''' (Х, х) for the voiceless velar fricative.
 
==See also==
 
==References==
* [[List of phonetics topics]]
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{{refend}}
 
==External links==
{{Consonants}}
* {{phoible|x}}
 
{{IPA navigation}}
[[Category:Fricative]]
[[Category:Guttural R]]
 
[[Category:Fricative consonants]]
[[de:Stimmloser velarer Frikativ]]
[[Category:Velar consonants]]
[[fr:Consonne fricative vélaire sourde]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[ja:無声軟口蓋摩擦音]]
[[Category:Voiceless oral consonants]]
[[pt:Fricativa velar surda]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]
[[Category:Voiceless approximants]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative"