Content deleted Content added
No edit summary |
|||
| (74 intermediate revisions by 33 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Distinguish| Pembina Valley Region}}
{{Infobox Former subdivision
|conventional_long_name = Pembina Region
|nation = United States
|subdivision = [[Territories of the United States#Formerly unorganized territories|Unorganized territory]]
|common_name = Pembina
|event_pre = Former British Territory
|date_pre = October 19, 1818
|event_start = Created from [[Treaty of 1818]]
|date_start =
|year_start = 1818
|event1 = US/British boundary change to US
|date_event1 = 1818
|event2 = To Territory of Missouri
|date_event2 = October 20, 1818
|event3 = unorganized Territory (after Missouri became a state)
|date_event3 = August 10, 1821
|event4 = Dakota Territotry
|date_event4 = March 2, 1861
|event_end = [[North Dakota]] and [[South Dakota]] statehood
|date_end = November 2,
|year_end = 1889
|p1 = Nebraska Territory
|flag_p1 = US flag 33 stars.svg
|p2 = Territories of the United States#Formerly unorganized territories{{!}}Unorganized territory
|flag_p2 = US flag 33 stars.svg
|s1 = Idaho Territory
|flag_s1 = US flag 34 stars.svg
|s2 = Wyoming Territory
|flag_s2 = US flag 45 stars.svg
|s3 = North Dakota
|flag_s3 = Flag of North Dakota.svg
|s4 = South Dakota
|flag_s4 = Flag of South Dakota (1909-1963).svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|symbol_type =
|image_map = DakotaTerritory.png
|image_map_caption =
|capital = [[Washington DC]] (1818–1849)<br>[[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]] (1883–1889)
|government_type = Unorganized unincorporated Territory or Region
|title_leader = Governor
|leader1 = <!-- ''[[List of Governors of Dakota Territory|List]]'' -wrong list -->
|year_leader1 =
|leader2 =
|year_leader2 =
|leader3 =
|year_leader3 =
|leader4 =
|year_leader4 =
|legislature =
}}
[[File:Selkirks land grant (Assiniboia).jpg|thumb|Assiniboia]]
The '''Pembina Region''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɛ|m|b|ɪ|n|ə}} {{respell|PEM|bi-nə}}), also referred to as the '''Pembina District''' and '''Pembina Department''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.nd.gov/historicsites/pembina/|title=Pembina State Museum - The Pembina Region|publisher=State Historical Society of North Dakota|accessdate=3 October 2015}}</ref> is the historic name of an [[Territories of the United States#Formerly unorganized territories|unorganized territory]] of land that was ceded to the [[United States]] in 1818. The area included the portions of what became the States of [[Minnesota]], [[North Dakota]], and [[South Dakota]] lying within the [[Hudson Bay drainage basin]]. The area included settlements in the [[Pembina River (Manitoba – North Dakota)|Pembina River]] area. The region was formerly part of British [[Rupert's Land]], granted by British [[royal charter]] to the [[Hudson's Bay Company]]. After the [[Selkirk Concession]] and establishment of the agricultural [[Red River Colony]] in 1812, the area was governed as the [[District of Assiniboia]]. The [[Treaty of 1818]] de jure transferred the region south of the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]] to the United States from the British. Settlements south of the boundary continued to be de facto administered as part of Assiniboia until at least 1823.
The area was referred to as the Pembina District after the U.S. Army Major [[Stephen Harriman Long]] made surveys during the 1823 expedition to the Red River of the North and placed an [[Canada–United States border|International boundary]] marker north of [[Pembina, North Dakota|Pembina]] clearly defining the border between the United States and [[British North America]]. Prior to 1823, the Pembina settlement was believed by both countries to be within the boundary of [[British North America]].
Several attempts at formal recognition and naming failed to pass Congress. In 1849 Father [[Georges-Antoine Belcourt]] described the area, referred to as Pembina district or department, as ''a country about 400 miles from north to south and more than five hundred miles from east to west.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndstudies.org/resources/IndianStudies/turtlemountain/historical_move.html|title=The History and Culture of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa|publisher=North Dakota Studies|accessdate=3 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118021536/http://www.ndstudies.org/resources/IndianStudies/turtlemountain/historical_move.html|archive-date=18 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The region was considered unorganized territory from 1818 until June 28, 1834, when Congress assigned it to the [[Michigan Territory]]. Subsequently, the region was successively a part of [[Iowa Territory]], [[Wisconsin Territory]], and finally [[Minnesota Territory]]. When Minnesota became a state on May 11, 1858, and its western boundary was set at the Red River, the western part of the Pembina region again became unorganized territory. Organization of [[Dakota Territory]] on March 2, 1861 marked the final establishment of organized territorial government.
The portion of the historic Pembina region not incorporated into the State of Minnesota was apportioned to the States of [[North Dakota|North]] and [[South Dakota]] on their admission to the Union of November 2, 1889.
==History==
Several events shaped the area of the Pembina Region within the United States. The [[Louisiana Purchase]] (1803) included almost all of current South Dakota, the southern half and some of the north-central part of Minnesota, that became the [[District of Louisiana]]. The area was populated mostly with [[Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians|Chippewa]] ([[Ojibwe]]), [[fur trappers]], and [[Métis people (United States)|Métis]], that was a mixture of French and Indian.
After trying unsuccessfully to get a [[United Kingdom|British]] land grant, because the land was under a monopoly of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), [[Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk]] acquired controlling interest in the HBC and received 116,000 square miles of land in the [[Selkirk Concession]] of 1811. The area of land within the grant became known as the [[Assiniboia Territory]],<ref>[http://history.nd.gov/textbook/unit1_natworld/unit1_2_ossiniboia.html Ossiniboia Territory]- Retrieved 2014-12-26</ref> and extended south to the watershed of the Red River near the [[45th parallel north]].<ref>[http://www.digitalhorizonsonline.org/cdm/ref/collection/uw-ndshs/id/3717 territory of Assiniboia map]; State Historical Society of North Dakota- Retrieved 2014-12-26</ref> The current community of [[Pembina, North Dakota|Pembina]] was within the area.
===Treaties===
The [[Treaty of Paris (1783)]] did not clearly set northern United States/Canadian boundaries. According to the treaty the boundary line was to leave the Northwesternmost point of the [[Lake of the Woods]] (the current boundary) "on a due West Course to the [[Mississippi River|river Mississippi]]"<ref>[http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=6&page=transcript US/Canada boundary]- Retrieved 2014-12-26</ref> which is much farther south.
[[Jay Treaty]] (1796) boundaries issues were still unresolved in 1801. The [[Treaty of Ghent]] (1814-1815). The [[Rush–Bagot Treaty]] (April 16, 1818) was a treaty of disarmament and peaceful negotiations creating a demilitarized boundary. The following [[Treaty of Washington (1871)]] set up peaceful international arbitration. Indian treaties further open land to expansion and this was the beginning of the seeking of territorial status.
The [[Treaty of 1818]] (October 20, 1818) was a land swap, exchanging [[British possessions]] south of the new 49th parallel boundary for US possessions that extended north of the border. After a border survey in 1823, the Hudson's Bay Company could not continue to assume that Pembina stood on British soil and moved into southern Canada.
{{clear}}
===Territorial Status===
In 1834, the Pembina District became part of the Michigan Territory, and was subsequently assigned to Wisconsin and Iowa Territories. For a brief period after the admission of the States of [[Iowa]] (December 28, 1846) and [[Wisconsin]] (May 29, 1848), some or all of the region reverted to unorganized status. Establishment of Minnesota Territory on March 3, 1849 was followed by organization of [[Kittson County, Minnesota|Pembina County]], encompassing the historic Pembina settlement.
Pembina was represented by [[Joe Rolette]] in the Minnesota Territorial legislature. Rolette is renowned for subverting passage of a bill proposing to divide Minnesota Territory along an east-west line, which would have moved the State capital to [[St. Peter, Minnesota|St. Peter]], and left Pembina once again in unorganized territory.
When Minnesota became a state in 1858 the area became unorganized again. A provisional government was set up that lobbied for territory status. The main reason to organize the area was to induce settlement with a more localized government. After the Dakota Territory was organized there was still a move for more local territorial control because of the distance to the territorial capital. Factions were attempting this in different areas of the territory. South Dakota introduced legislation, with the support of the Committee on Territories, for the creation of the [[West River (South Dakota)|West]] and [[East River (South Dakota)|East River]] Territories.
In 1868, after the discovery of gold in the [[Black Hills]] (1876), there was a proposal to separate the western half into the "Territory of Lincoln" and the eastern half as the Dakota Territory. In February 1872 the Senate Committee on Territories reviewed a bill to create the Pembina Territory with the capital at [[Bismarck, ND|Bismarck]], and Dakota (present-day South Dakota) with [[Yankton, South Dakota|Yankton]] as the capital.<ref name="Pembina Region">{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGdBAQAAMAAJ&q=Pembina+seek+territory+status&pg=PA1608 | title=History of Dakota Territory, Volume 2 | publisher=S. J. Clarke publishing Company | date=1915 | accessdate=October 4, 2015 | author=Kingsbury, George Washington | pages=1612}}</ref> A final solution was found on November 2, 1889, when both North and South Dakota became separate states.
==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px>
File:USA Territorial Growth 1820 alt.jpg|Territorial growth
File:Minnesotaterritory.PNG|
</gallery>
==See also==
* [[Treaty of Old Crossing]]
* [[Red River ox carts]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord|48|20|N|97|50|W|region:US-ND_scale:2500000|display=title}}
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of North Dakota]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Minnesota]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of South Dakota]]
[[Category:Rupert's Land]]
| |||