Content deleted Content added
mNo edit summary |
m Disambiguating links to Object-orientation (link changed to Object-oriented programming) using DisamAssist. |
||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Object-oriented programming language}}
{{About|the object-oriented programming language|the software platform|Java (software platform)|the Indonesian island|Java|the Indonesian Language|Javanese (disambiguation){{!}}Javanese|other uses|Java (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|JavaScript}}
{{Redirect|Openframe|the ten-pin bowling term|Open frame}}
{{Pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox programming language
| name = Java
| logo = Java programming language logo.svg
| logo size = 121px
| logo caption =
| paradigm = [[Programming paradigm#Multi-paradigm|Multi-paradigm]]: [[generic programming|generic]], [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] ([[class-based programming|class-based]]), [[functional programming|functional]], [[imperative programming|imperative]], [[reflective programming|reflective]], [[concurrent computing|concurrent]]
| year = {{Start date and age|1995|5|23}}<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/oracle/2015/05/20/javas-20-years-of-innovation/|title=Java's 20 Years of Innovation|magazine=Forbes|date=May 20, 2015|access-date=March 18, 2016|author=Binstock, Andrew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314102242/http://www.forbes.com/sites/oracle/2015/05/20/javas-20-years-of-innovation/|archive-date=March 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| discontinued = <!-- Set to yes if software is discontinued, otherwise omit. -->
| ver layout = <!-- simple (default) or stacked -->
| latest release version = {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q251|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|{{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q251|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}}}
| designer = [[James Gosling]]
| developer = [[Oracle Corporation]]
| typing = [[type system|Static, strong, safe]], [[nominal type system|nominative]], [[manifest typing|manifest]]
| memory management = [[Garbage collection (computer science)|Automatic garbage collection]]
| influenced_by = [[CLU (programming language)|CLU]],<ref name="BarbaraLiskov">{{cite book |title=Program Development in Java – Abstraction, Specification, and Object-Oriented Design|author=[[Barbara Liskov]] with [[John Guttag]]|isbn=978-0-201-65768-5|publisher=USA, Addison Wesley|year=2000}}</ref> [[Simula67]],<ref name="BarbaraLiskov" /> [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]],<ref name="BarbaraLiskov" /> [[Smalltalk]],<ref name="BarbaraLiskov" /> [[Ada (programming language)|Ada 83]], [[C++]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rUtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA133|title=Cracking The Java Programming Interview :: 2000+ Java Interview Que/Ans|first=Harry H.|last=Chaudhary|access-date=2016-05-29|date=2014-07-28|archive-date=September 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929040943/https://books.google.com/books?id=0rUtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA133#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]],<ref>Java 5.0 added several new language features (the [[foreach loop|enhanced for loop]], [[object type (object-oriented programming)#Autoboxing|autoboxing]], [[variadic function|varargs]] and [[Java annotation|annotations]]), after they were introduced in the similar (and competing) [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] language. [http://www.barrycornelius.com/papers/java5/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319065438/http://www.barrycornelius.com/papers/java5/|date=March 19, 2011}} [http://www.levenez.com/lang/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107162045/http://www.levenez.com/lang/|date=January 7, 2006}}</ref> [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]],<ref>{{cite web|author1=Gosling, James|author2=McGilton, Henry|title=The Java Language Environment|date=May 1996|url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/langenv-140151.html|access-date=May 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506214653/http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/langenv-140151.html|archive-date=May 6, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mesa (programming language)|Mesa]],<ref>{{cite web|author1=Gosling, James|author2=Joy, Bill |author3=Steele, Guy|author4=Bracha, Gilad|title=The Java Language Specification, 2nd Edition |url=https://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/second_edition/html/intro.doc.html#237601|access-date=February 8, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805051057/http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/second_edition/html/intro.doc.html#237601|archive-date=August 5, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Modula-3]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerworld.com.au/index.php/id;1422447371;pp;3;fp;4194304;fpid;1|title=The A-Z of Programming Languages: Modula-3 |publisher=Computerworld|access-date=2010-06-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105145818/http://www.computerworld.com.au/index.php/id%3B1422447371%3Bpp%3B3%3Bfp%3B4194304%3Bfpid%3B1|archive-date=January 5, 2009}}</ref> [[Oberon (programming language)|Oberon]],<ref>[[Niklaus Wirth]] stated on a number of public occasions, e.g. in a lecture at the Polytechnic Museum, Moscow in September 2005 (several independent first-hand accounts in Russian exist, e.g. one with an audio recording: {{cite web|author=Filippova, Elena|title=Niklaus Wirth's lecture at the Polytechnic Museum in Moscow|date=September 22, 2005|url=http://www.delphikingdom.com/asp/viewitem.asp?catalogid=1155|access-date=November 20, 2011|archive-date=December 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201054813/http://www.delphikingdom.com/asp/viewitem.asp?catalogid=1155|url-status=live}}), that the Sun Java design team licensed the Oberon compiler sources a number of years prior to the release of Java and examined it: a (relative) compactness, type safety, garbage collection, no multiple inheritance for classes{{snd}} all these key overall design features are shared by Java and Oberon.</ref> [[Objective-C]],<ref>[[Patrick Naughton]] cites [[Objective-C]] as a strong influence on the design of the Java programming language, stating that notable direct derivatives include Java interfaces (derived from Objective-C's [[Objective-C#Protocols|protocol]]) and primitive wrapper classes. [http://cs.gmu.edu/~sean/stuff/java-objc.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713014816/http://cs.gmu.edu/~sean/stuff/java-objc.html|date=July 13, 2011}}</ref> [[UCSD Pascal]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fscript.org/prof/javapassport.pdf |quote=The project went ahead under the name ''green'' and the language was based on an old model of [[UCSD Pascal]], which makes it possible to generate interpretive code. |title=History of Java|work=Java Application Servers Report|author=TechMetrix Research|year=1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229090912/http://www.fscript.org/prof/javapassport.pdf|archive-date=December 29, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=A Conversation with James Gosling |magazine=[[ACM Queue]] |date=August 31, 2004 |url=http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1017013 |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |volume=2 |issue=5 |access-date=2010-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716194245/http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1017013|archive-date=July 16, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Object Pascal]]<ref>{{cite report |author=((The Java Language Team)) |publisher=JavaSoft, Sun Microsystems, Inc. |url=http://java.sun.com/docs/white/delegates.html |quote=In the summer of 1996, Sun was designing the precursor to what is now the event model of the AWT and the JavaBeans component architecture. Borland contributed greatly to this process. We looked very carefully at Delphi Object Pascal and built a working prototype of bound method references in order to understand their interaction with the Java programming language and its APIs. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627043929/http://java.sun.com/docs/white/delegates.html |archive-date=2012-06-27 |url-status=dead |type=White Paper |title=About Microsoft's 'Delegates'}}</ref>
| influenced = [[Ada (programming language)|Ada 2005]], [[ArkTS]], [[BeanShell]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Chapel (programming language)|Chapel]],<ref name="chplspec">{{cite web|title=Chapel spec (Acknowledgements)|url=http://chapel.cray.com/spec/spec-0.98.pdf|date=2015-10-01|access-date=2016-01-14|publisher=Cray Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205114946/http://chapel.cray.com/spec/spec-0.98.pdf|archive-date=February 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Clojure]], [[ECMAScript]], [[Fantom (programming language)|Fantom]], [[Gambas]],<ref name="gambas">{{cite web|url=http://gambaswiki.org/wiki/doc/intro?nh&l=en|title=Gambas Documentation Introduction|publisher=Gambas Website|access-date=2017-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009041815/http://gambaswiki.org/wiki/doc/intro?nh&l=en|archive-date=October 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Groovy (programming language)|Groovy]], [[Hack (programming language)|Hack]],<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.infoworld.com/article/2610885/facebook-q-a--hack-brings-static-typing-to-php-world.html|title=Facebook Q&A: Hack brings static typing to PHP world|magazine=InfoWorld|date=March 26, 2014|access-date=2015-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213220946/http://www.infoworld.com/article/2610885/facebook-q-a--hack-brings-static-typing-to-php-world.html|archive-date=February 13, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Haxe]], [[Visual J Sharp|J#]], [[JavaScript]], [[JS++]], [[Kotlin (programming language)|Kotlin]], [[PHP]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]], [[Seed7]], [[Vala (programming language)|Vala]]
| website = {{ubl|{{URL|oracle.com/java/}}|{{URL|java.com}}|{{URL|dev.java}}}}
| file_ext = .java, [[Java class file|.class]], [[JAR (file format)|.jar]], .jmod, [[WAR (file format)|.war]]
| wikibooks = Java Programming
}}
'''Java''' is a [[High-level programming language|high-level]], [[General-purpose programming language|general-purpose]], [[Memory safety|memory-safe]], [[object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[programming language]]. It is intended to let [[programmer]]s ''write once, run anywhere'' ([[Write once, run anywhere|WORA]]),<ref>{{cite web|title=Write once, run anywhere?|date=May 2, 2002 |publisher=[[Computer Weekly]] |url=http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2002/05/02/186793/write-once-run-anywhere.htm|access-date=2009-07-27|url-status=live|archive-date=August 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193857/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Write-once-run-anywhere}}</ref> meaning that [[compiler|compiled]] Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need to recompile.<ref name="design_goals">{{cite web |title=1.2 Design Goals of the Java Programming Language|date=January 1, 1999 |url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/intro-141325.html|access-date=2013-01-14|publisher=Oracle|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123204103/http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/intro-141325.html|archive-date=January 23, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Java applications are typically compiled to [[Java bytecode|bytecode]] that can run on any [[Java virtual machine]] (JVM) regardless of the underlying [[computer architecture]]. The [[syntax (programming languages)|syntax]] of Java is similar to [[C (programming language)|C]] and [[C++]], but has fewer [[low-level programming language|low-level]] facilities than either of them. The Java runtime provides dynamic capabilities (such as [[Reflective programming|reflection]] and runtime code modification) that are typically not available in traditional compiled languages.
Java gained popularity shortly after its release, and has been a popular programming language since then.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Melanson |first=Mike |date=August 9, 2022 |title=Don't call it a comeback: Why Java is still champ |url=https://github.com/readme/featured/java-programming-language |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825195416/https://github.com/readme/featured/java-programming-language |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |access-date=October 15, 2023 |website=[[GitHub]]}}</ref> Java was the third most popular programming language in {{As of|2022|bare=yes}} according to [[GitHub]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The top programming languages |url=https://octoverse.github.com/2022/top-programming-languages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802203718/https://octoverse.github.com/2022/top-programming-languages |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=The State of the Octoverse |publisher=[[GitHub]]}}</ref> Although still widely popular, there has been a gradual decline in use of Java in recent years with [[List of JVM languages|other languages using JVM]] gaining popularity.<ref name=":0">{{cite magazine |last=McMillan |first=Robert |date=August 1, 2013 |title=Is Java Losing Its Mojo? |url=https://www.wired.com/2013/01/java-no-longer-a-favorite/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |magazine=[[wired.com|Wired]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215115409/https://www.wired.com/2013/01/java-no-longer-a-favorite/ |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |access-date=October 15, 2023 |quote=}}</ref>
Java was designed by [[James Gosling]] at [[Sun Microsystems]]. It was released in May 1995 as a core component of Sun's [[Java (software platform)|Java platform]]. The original and [[reference implementation]] Java [[compiler]]s, virtual machines, and [[library (computing)|class libraries]] were released by Sun under [[proprietary license]]s. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the [[Java Community Process]], Sun had [[Software relicensing|relicensed]] most of its Java technologies under the [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-only]] license. [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]], which bought Sun in 2010, offers its own [[HotSpot (virtual machine)|HotSpot]] Java Virtual Machine. However, the official [[reference implementation]] is the [[OpenJDK]] JVM, which is open-source software used by most developers and is the default JVM for almost all Linux distributions.
[[Java version history|Java 24]] is the version current {{as of|lc=y|2025|March}}. Java 8, 11, 17, and 21 are [[long-term support]] versions still under maintenance.
== History ==
{{See also|Java (software platform)#History}}
[[File:Duke (Java mascot) waving.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|Duke, the Java mascot]]
[[File:James Gosling 2008.jpg|thumb|[[James Gosling]], the creator of Java, in 2008]]
[[James Gosling]], Mike Sheridan, and [[Patrick Naughton]] initiated the Java language project in June 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=Java technology: The early years |last=Byous |first=Jon |date=c. 1998 |work=Sun Developer Network |publisher=[[Sun Microsystems]] |url=https://java.sun.com/features/1998/05/birthday.html |access-date=2005-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420081440/http://java.sun.com/features/1998/05/birthday.html |archive-date=April 20, 2005}}</ref> Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time.<ref>Object-oriented programming {{cite web |title=The History of Java Technology |date=c. 1995 |work=Sun Developer Network |url=http://www.java.com/en/javahistory/ |access-date=2010-04-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210225651/http://www.java.com/en/javahistory/ |archive-date=February 10, 2010}}</ref> The language was initially called ''[[Oak (programming language)|Oak]]'' after an [[oak]] tree that stood outside Gosling's office. Later the project went by the name ''Green'' and was finally renamed ''Java'', from [[Java coffee]], a type of coffee from [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Kieron |date=1996-10-04 |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2077265/so-why-did-they-decide-to-call-it-java-.html |title=So why did they decide to call it Java? |work=[[JavaWorld]] |access-date=2020-07-13 |archive-date=July 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713234202/https://www.infoworld.com/article/2077265/so-why-did-they-decide-to-call-it-java-.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Gosling designed Java with a [[C (programming language)|C]]/[[C++]]-style syntax that system and application programmers would find familiar.<ref>Kabutz, Heinz; [http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=7555 ''Once Upon an Oak''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070413072630/http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=7555 |date=April 13, 2007}}. Artima. Retrieved April 29, 2007.</ref>
Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1996.<ref name="oraclejavahistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/1996-01/sunflash.960123.10561.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310235103/http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/1996-01/sunflash.960123.10561.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-03-10 |title=JAVASOFT SHIPS JAVA 1.0 |access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref> It promised [[write once, run anywhere]] (WORA) functionality, providing no-cost run-times on popular [[Computing platform|platforms]]. Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Major [[web browser]]s soon incorporated the ability to run [[Java applet]]s within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. The Java 1.0 compiler was re-written [[Bootstrapping (compilers)|in Java]] by [[Arthur van Hoff]] to comply strictly with the Java 1.0 language specification.<ref>{{cite book |url={{Google books|rXGMFYXFDwMC|plainurl=yes}} |title=Object-oriented Programming with Java: Essentials and Applications |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |page=34}}</ref> With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998{{snd}} 1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. [[Java 2 Enterprise Edition|J2EE]] included technologies and APIs for enterprise applications typically run in server environments, while J2ME featured APIs optimized for mobile applications. The desktop version was renamed J2SE. In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as ''[[Java Platform, Enterprise Edition|Java EE]]'', ''[[Java Platform, Micro Edition|Java ME]]'', and ''[[Java Platform, Standard Edition|Java SE]]'', respectively.
In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the [[ISO/IEC JTC 1]] standards body and later the [[Ecma International]] to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/JSG/|title=JSG – Java Study Group|work=open-std.org|access-date=August 2, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825082008/http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/JSG/|archive-date=August 25, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Why Java Was – Not – Standardized Twice |url=http://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/hicss/2001/0981/05/09815015.pdf |access-date=June 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113101235/http://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/hicss/2001/0981/05/09815015.pdf |archive-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zdnet.com/news/what-is-ecma-and-why-microsoft-cares/298821 |title=What is ECMA—and why Microsoft cares |website=[[ZDNet]] |access-date=May 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506215226/http://www.zdnet.com/news/what-is-ecma-and-why-microsoft-cares/298821 |archive-date=May 6, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Java remains a [[de facto standard|''de facto'' standard]], controlled through the [[Java Community Process]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jcp.org/en/home/index |title=Java Community Process website |publisher=Jcp.org |date=May 24, 2010 |access-date=2010-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808070528/http://www.jcp.org/en/home/index |archive-date=August 8, 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> At one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without charge, despite their [[proprietary software]] status. Sun generated revenue from Java through the selling of licenses for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System.
On November 13, 2006, Sun released much of its Java virtual machine (JVM) as [[free and open-source software]] (FOSS), under the terms of the [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-only]] license. On May 8, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of its JVM's core code available under [[free software]]/open-source distribution terms, aside from a small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://grnlight.net/index.php/programming-articles/115-javaone-sun-the-bulk-of-java-is-open-sourced |title=JAVAONE: Sun – The bulk of Java is open sourced |publisher=GrnLight.net |access-date=2014-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220942/http://grnlight.net/index.php/programming-articles/115-javaone-sun-the-bulk-of-java-is-open-sourced |archive-date=May 27, 2014 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
Sun's vice-president Rich Green said that Sun's ideal role with regard to Java was as an ''evangelist''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onjava.com/pub/a/onjava/2002/04/17/evangelism.html|title=Sun's Evolving Role as Java Evangelist|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915162748/http://onjava.com/pub/a/onjava/2002/04/17/evangelism.html|archive-date=September 15, 2010|url-status=live|access-date=August 2, 2009
}}</ref> Following [[Oracle Corporation]]'s acquisition of Sun Microsystems in 2009–10, Oracle has described itself as the steward of Java technology with a relentless commitment to fostering a community of participation and transparency.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/java/|title=Oracle and Java|work=oracle.com|publisher=Oracle Corporation |access-date=2010-08-23|quote=Oracle has been a leading and substantive supporter of Java since its emergence in 1995 and takes on the new role as steward of Java technology with a relentless commitment to fostering a community of participation and transparency. |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131091008/http://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/java/ |archive-date=January 31, 2010}}</ref> This did not prevent Oracle from filing a lawsuit against Google shortly after that for using Java inside the [[Android SDK]] (see the ''[[#Android|Android]]'' section).
On April 2, 2010, James Gosling resigned from [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nighthacks.com/roller/jag/entry/time_to_move_on |title=Time to move on... |last=Gosling |first=James |date=April 9, 2010 |work=On a New Road |access-date=2011-11-16 |author-link=James Gosling |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105031239/http://nighthacks.com/roller/jag/entry/time_to_move_on |archive-date=November 5, 2010}}</ref>
In January 2016, Oracle announced that Java run-time environments based on JDK 9 will discontinue the browser plugin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/java-platform-group/entry/moving_to_a_plugin_free|title=Moving to a Plugin-Free Web|first=Dalibor|last=Topic|access-date=March 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316164325/https://blogs.oracle.com/java-platform-group/entry/moving_to_a_plugin_free|archive-date=March 16, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
Java software runs on most devices from laptops to [[data center]]s, [[Video game console|game consoles]] to scientific [[supercomputer]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Learn About Java Technology|url=http://www.java.com/en/about/|publisher=Oracle|access-date=November 21, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090716/http://www.java.com/en/about/|archive-date=November 24, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] (and others) highly recommend uninstalling outdated and unsupported versions of Java, due to unresolved security issues in older versions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.java.com/en/download/faq/remove_olderversions.xml|title=Why should I uninstall older versions of Java from my system?|publisher=Oracle|access-date=2021-09-24|archive-date=February 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212011608/https://java.com/en/download/faq/remove_olderversions.xml|url-status=live}}</ref>
===
There were five primary goals in creating the Java language:<ref name="design_goals" />
# It must be simple, [[object-oriented programming|object-oriented]], and familiar.
# It must be [[Robustness (computer science)|robust]] and secure.
# It must be architecture-neutral and portable.
# It must execute with high performance.
# It must be [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreted]], [[thread (computing)|threaded]], and [[Dynamic programming language|dynamic]].
=== Versions ===
{{Main|Java version history}}
{{As of|2024|11}}, Java 8, 11, 17, and 21 are supported as [[long-term support]] (LTS) versions, with Java 25, releasing in September 2025, as the next scheduled LTS version.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle Java SE Support Roadmap |publisher=Oracle |date=September 13, 2021 |url=https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/java-se-support-roadmap.html|access-date=September 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919090451/https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/java-se-support-roadmap.html |archive-date=2021-09-19|url-status=live}}</ref>
Oracle released the last zero-cost public update for the [[legacy system|legacy]] version [[Java 8]] LTS in January 2019 for commercial use, although it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use indefinitely. Other vendors such as [[Adoptium]] continue to offer free builds of OpenJDK's long-term support (LTS) versions. These builds may include additional security patches and bug fixes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Temurin™ Support; Adoptium |url=https://adoptium.net/support/ |website=adoptium.net |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329061257/https://adoptium.net/support/ |archive-date=29 March 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Major release versions of Java, along with their release dates:
{| class="wikitable"
! Version !! Date
|-
| JDK [[beta version|Beta]] || 1995
|-
| JDK 1.0 || January 23, 1996<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/1996-01/sunflash.960123.10561.xml |title=JAVASOFT SHIPS JAVA 1.0|website=sun.com |access-date=2008-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310235103/http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/1996-01/sunflash.960123.10561.xml |archive-date=March 10, 2007}}</ref>
|-
| JDK 1.1 || February 19, 1997
|-
| J2SE 1.2 || December 8, 1998
|-
| J2SE 1.3 || May 8, 2000
|-
| J2SE 1.4 || February 6, 2002
|-
| J2SE 5.0 || September 30, 2004
|-
| Java SE 6 || December 11, 2006
|-
| Java SE 7 || July 28, 2011
|-
| Java SE 8 (LTS) || March 18, 2014
|-
| Java SE 9 || September 21, 2017
|-
| Java SE 10 || March 20, 2018
|-
| Java SE 11 (LTS) || September 25, 2018<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/java-platform-group/introducing-java-se-11|title=Introducing Java SE 11|first=Sharat|last=Chander|website=oracle.com|access-date=September 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926093144/https://blogs.oracle.com/java-platform-group/introducing-java-se-11|archive-date=September 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Java SE 12 || March 19, 2019
|-
| Java SE 13 || September 17, 2019
|-
| Java SE 14 || March 17, 2020
|-
| Java SE 15 || September 15, 2020<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/java-platform-group/the-arrival-of-java-15|title=The Arrival of Java 15!|date=September 15, 2020|publisher=[[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]]|access-date=2020-09-15|archive-date=September 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916092332/https://blogs.oracle.com/java-platform-group/the-arrival-of-java-15|url-status=live |last1=Chander |first1=Sharat }}</ref>
|-
| Java SE 16 || March 16, 2021
|-
| Java SE 17 (LTS) || September 14, 2021
|-
| Java SE 18 || March 22, 2022
|-
| Java SE 19 || September 20, 2022
|-
| Java SE 20 || March 21, 2023
|-
| Java SE 21 (LTS) || September 19, 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openjdk.org/projects/jdk/21/|title=JDK 21|website=openjdk.org|access-date=September 20, 2023|archive-date=September 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920173515/https://openjdk.org/projects/jdk/21/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Java SE 22 || March 19, 2024
|-
| Java SE 23 || September 17, 2024
|-
| Java SE 24 || 18 March 2025<ref name="jdk24">{{cite web | url=https://openjdk.org/projects/jdk/24/ | title=JDK 24 }}</ref>
|}
== Editions ==
{{See also|Free Java implementations#Class library}}
{{Java platforms}}
Sun has defined and supports four editions of Java targeting different application environments and segmented many of its [[application programming interface|APIs]] so that they belong to one of the platforms. The platforms are:
* [[Java Card]] for smart-cards.<ref name="java_card">{{cite web |url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/embedded/javacard/overview/ |title=Java Card Overview |publisher=Oracle |work=Oracle Technology Network |access-date=December 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107034738/http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/embedded/javacard/overview/ |archive-date=January 7, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Java Platform, Micro Edition]] (Java ME) – targeting environments with limited resources.<ref name="java_me">{{cite web |url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/embedded/javame/ |title=Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME) |publisher=Oracle |work=Oracle Technology Network |access-date=December 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104210546/http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/embedded/javame/ |archive-date=January 4, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Java Platform, Standard Edition]] (Java SE) – targeting workstation environments.<ref name="java_se">{{cite web |url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/overview/ |title=Java SE |publisher=Oracle |work=Oracle Technology Network |access-date=December 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224184532/http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/overview/ |archive-date=December 24, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Java Platform, Enterprise Edition]] (Java EE) – targeting large distributed enterprise or Internet environments.<ref name="java_ee">{{cite web |url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javaee/overview/ |title=Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) |publisher=Oracle |work=Oracle Technology Network |access-date=December 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217155326/http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javaee/overview/ |archive-date=December 17, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Class (computer programming)|classes]] in the Java APIs are organized into separate groups called [[Java package|packages]]. Each package contains a set of related [[Interface (Java)|interfaces]], classes, subpackages and [[exception handling|exceptions]].
Sun also provided an edition called [[PersonalJava|Personal Java]] that has been superseded by later, standards-based Java ME configuration-profile pairings.
== Execution system ==
=== Java JVM and bytecode ===
{{Main|Java (software platform)|Java virtual machine}}
<!-- we apparently have two main sections for what seems to be the same thing. Merge needed? -->
One design goal of Java is [[software portability|portability]], which means that programs written for the Java platform must run similarly on any combination of hardware and operating system with adequate run time support. This is achieved by compiling the Java language code to an intermediate representation called [[Java bytecode]], instead of directly to architecture-specific [[machine code]]. Java bytecode instructions are analogous to machine code, but they are intended to be executed by a [[virtual machine]] (VM) written specifically for the host hardware. [[End user|End-users]] commonly use a [[Java virtual machine|Java Runtime Environment]] (JRE) installed on their device for standalone Java applications or a web browser for [[Java applet]]s.
Standard libraries provide a generic way to access host-specific features such as graphics, [[thread (computing)|threading]], and [[Computer network|networking]].
The use of universal bytecode makes porting simple. However, the overhead of [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreting]] bytecode into machine instructions made interpreted programs almost always run more slowly than native [[executable]]s. [[Just-in-time compilation|Just-in-time]] (JIT) compilers that compile byte-codes to machine code during runtime were introduced from an early stage. Java's Hotspot compiler is actually two compilers in one; and with [[GraalVM]] (included in e.g. Java 11, but removed as of Java 16) allowing [[tiered compilation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-06 |title=Deep Dive Into the New Java JIT Compiler – Graal {{!}} Baeldung |url=https://www.baeldung.com/graal-java-jit-compiler |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=www.baeldung.com |language=en-US |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028165746/https://www.baeldung.com/graal-java-jit-compiler |url-status=live }}</ref> Java itself is platform-independent and is adapted to the particular platform it is to run on by a [[Java virtual machine]] (JVM), which translates the [[Java bytecode]] into the platform's machine language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/java-questions/jvm-platform-dependent/|title=Is the JVM (Java Virtual Machine) platform dependent or platform independent? What is the advantage of using the JVM, and having Java be a translated language?|publisher=Programmer Interview|access-date=2015-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119144223/http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/java-questions/jvm-platform-dependent/ |archive-date=January 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
====
{{Main|Java performance}}
Programs written in Java have a reputation for being slower and requiring more memory than those written in [[C++]].<ref name=Jelovic>{{cite web |title=Why Java will always be slower than C++ |last=Jelovic |first=Dejan |url=http://www.jelovic.com/articles/why_java_is_slow.htm |access-date=2008-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211111923/http://www.jelovic.com/articles/why_java_is_slow.htm |archive-date=February 11, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hundt |first=Robert |title=Loop Recognition in C++/Java/Go/Scala |url=https://days2011.scala-lang.org/sites/days2011/files/ws3-1-Hundt.pdf |access-date=2012-07-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116151424/https://days2011.scala-lang.org/sites/days2011/files/ws3-1-Hundt.pdf |archive-date=November 16, 2011}}</ref> However, Java programs' execution speed improved significantly with the introduction of [[just-in-time compilation]] in 1997/1998 for [[Java version history|Java 1.1]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.symantec.com/about/news/release/article.jsp?prid=19970407_03 |title=Symantec's Just-In-Time Java Compiler To Be Integrated into Sun JDK 1.1 |access-date=August 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628171748/http://www.symantec.com/about/news/release/article.jsp?prid=19970407_03 |archive-date=June 28, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the addition of language features supporting better code analysis (such as inner classes, the StringBuilder class, optional assertions, etc.), and optimizations in the Java virtual machine, such as [[HotSpot (virtual machine)|HotSpot]] becoming Sun's default JVM in 2000. With Java 1.5, the performance was improved with the addition of the {{code|java.util.concurrent}} package, including [[lock-free]] implementations of the [[Java ConcurrentMap|ConcurrentMaps]] and other multi-core collections, and it was improved further with Java 1.6.
=== Non-JVM ===
Some platforms offer direct hardware support for Java; there are micro controllers that can run Java bytecode in hardware instead of a software Java virtual machine,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Salcic|first1=Zoran|last2=Park|first2=Heejong|last3=Teich|first3=Jürgen|last4=Malik|first4=Avinash|last5=Nadeem|first5=Muhammad|date=2017-07-22|title=Noc-HMP: A Heterogeneous Multicore Processor for Embedded Systems Designed in SystemJ|journal=ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems |volume=22|issue=4|pages=73|doi=10.1145/3073416|s2cid=11150290|issn=1084-4309}}</ref> and some [[ARM architecture family|ARM]]-based processors could have hardware support for executing Java bytecode through their [[Jazelle]] option, though support has mostly been dropped in current implementations of ARM.
=== Automatic memory management ===
Java uses an [[Garbage collection (computer science)|automatic garbage collector]] to manage memory in the [[object lifetime|object lifecycle]]. The programmer determines when objects are created, and the Java runtime is responsible for recovering the memory once objects are no longer in use. Once no references to an object remain, the [[unreachable memory]] becomes eligible to be freed automatically by the garbage collector. Something similar to a [[memory leak]] may still occur if a programmer's code holds a reference to an object that is no longer needed, typically when objects that are no longer needed are stored in containers that are still in use.{{sfn|Bloch|2018|loc=§Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references|p=26-28}} If methods for a non-existent object are called, a [[null pointer]] exception is thrown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/NullPointerException.html |title=NullPointerException |publisher=Oracle |access-date=2014-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506214735/http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/NullPointerException.html |archive-date=May 6, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artima.com/designtechniques/exceptions.html |title=Exceptions in Java |publisher=Artima.com |access-date=2010-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121152332/http://www.artima.com/designtechniques/exceptions.html |archive-date=January 21, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
One of the ideas behind Java's automatic memory management model is that programmers can be spared the burden of having to perform manual memory management. In some languages, memory for the creation of objects is implicitly allocated on the [[Stack (abstract data type)|stack]] or explicitly allocated and deallocated from the [[Memory management#DYNAMIC|heap]]. In the latter case, the responsibility of managing memory resides with the programmer. If the program does not deallocate an object, a [[memory leak]] occurs.{{sfn|Bloch|2018|loc=§Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references|p=26-28}} If the program attempts to access or deallocate memory that has already been deallocated, the result is undefined and difficult to predict, and the program is likely to become unstable or crash. This can be partially remedied by the use of [[smart pointer]]s, but these add overhead and complexity. Garbage collection does not prevent [[logical address|logical memory]] leaks, i.e. those where the memory is still referenced but never used.{{sfn|Bloch|2018|loc=§Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references|p=26-28}}
Garbage collection may happen at any time. Ideally, it will occur when a program is idle. It is guaranteed to be triggered if there is insufficient free memory on the heap to allocate a new object; this can cause a program to stall momentarily. Explicit memory management is not possible in Java.
Java does not support C/C++ style [[pointer (computer programming)|pointer arithmetic]],<ref>Walter, A. (2010). Towards Certification of Java Applications for Safety Critical Projects. ''Proceedings of Embedded Real-Time Software and Systems, ERTS2'', 1-7.</ref> where object addresses can be arithmetically manipulated (e.g. by adding or subtracting an offset). This allows the garbage collector to relocate referenced objects and ensures type safety and security.
As in C++ and some other object-oriented languages, variables of Java's [[primitive data type]]s are either stored directly in fields (for objects) or on the [[Stack-based memory allocation|stack]] (for methods) rather than on the heap, as is commonly true for non-primitive data types (but see [[escape analysis]]). This was a conscious decision by Java's designers for performance reasons.
Java contains multiple types of garbage collectors. Since Java 9, HotSpot uses the [[Garbage-first collector|Garbage First Garbage Collector]] (G1GC) as the default.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/vm/performance-enhancements-7.html |title=Java HotSpot™ Virtual Machine Performance Enhancements |publisher=Oracle.com |access-date=2017-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529071720/http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/vm/performance-enhancements-7.html |archive-date=May 29, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, there are also several other garbage collectors that can be used to manage the heap, such as the Z Garbage Collector (ZGC) introduced in Java 11, and Shenandoah GC, introduced in Java 12 but unavailable in Oracle-produced OpenJDK builds. Shenandoah is instead available in third-party builds of OpenJDK, such as [[Adoptium#Eclipse Temurin|Eclipse Temurin]]. For most applications in Java, G1GC is sufficient. In prior versions of Java, such as Java 8, the [https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/vm/gctuning/parallel.html Parallel Garbage Collector] was used as the default garbage collector.
Having solved the memory management problem does not relieve the programmer of the burden of handling properly other kinds of resources, like network or database connections, file handles, etc., especially in the presence of exceptions.
== Syntax ==
{{Main|Java syntax}}
[[File:JavaUniverse.png|thumb|upright|This dependency graph of the Java Core classes was created with jdeps and [[Gephi]].]]
The syntax of Java is largely influenced by [[C++]] and [[C (programming language)|C]]. Unlike C++, which combines the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented programming, Java was built almost exclusively as an object-oriented language.<ref name="design_goals" /> All code is written inside classes, and every data item is an object, with the exception of the primitive data types, (i.e. integers, floating-point numbers, [[Boolean data type|boolean values]], and characters), which are not objects for performance reasons. Java reuses some popular aspects of C++ (such as the {{java|printf}} method).
Unlike C++, Java does not support [[operator overloading]]<ref name="msdn_operator_overloading">{{cite web |url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms228498%28v=vs.90%29.aspx |title=Operator Overloading (C# vs Java) |publisher=Microsoft |work=C# for Java Developers |access-date=December 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107190007/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms228498(v=vs.90).aspx |archive-date=January 7, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> or [[multiple inheritance]] for classes, though multiple inheritance is supported for [[interface (Java)|interfaces]].<ref name="oracle_multiple_inheritance">{{cite web |url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/multipleinheritance.html |title=Multiple Inheritance of State, Implementation, and Type |publisher=Oracle |work=The Java Tutorials |access-date=December 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109034520/https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/multipleinheritance.html |archive-date=November 9, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Java uses [[Comment (computer programming)|comments]] similar to those of C++. There are three different styles of comments: a single line style marked with two slashes (<code>//</code>), a multiple line style opened with <code>/*</code> and closed with <code>*/</code>, and the [[Javadoc]] commenting style opened with <code>/**</code> and closed with <code>*/</code>. The Javadoc style of commenting allows the user to run the Javadoc executable to create documentation for the program and can be read by some [[integrated development environment]]s (IDEs) such as [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] to allow developers to access documentation within the IDE.
=== Hello world ===
The following is a simple example of a [["Hello, World!" program]] that writes a message to the [[standard output]]:
<syntaxhighlight lang="java" line="1">public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}</syntaxhighlight>
== Special classes ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2019}}
=== Applet ===
{{Main|Java applet}}
Java applets were programs embedded in other applications, mainly in web pages displayed in web browsers. The Java applet API was deprecated with the release of Java 9 in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/9-deprecated-features-3745636.html#JDK-8074165|title=Deprecated APIs, Features, and Options| publisher=Oracle |access-date=2019-05-31|archive-date=June 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619200811/https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/9-deprecated-features-3745636.html#JDK-8074165|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Applet (Java Platform SE 7)|url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/applet/Applet.html|website=Docs |publisher=Oracle |access-date=2020-05-01 |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802033524/https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/applet/Applet.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Servlet ===
{{Main|Java servlet}}
[[Java servlet]] technology provides Web developers with a simple, consistent mechanism for extending the functionality of a Web server and for accessing existing business systems. Servlets are [[server-side]] Java EE components that generate responses to requests from [[client (computing)|clients]]. Most of the time, this means generating [[HTML]] pages in response to [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol|HTTP]] requests, although there are a number of other standard servlet classes available, for example for [[WebSocket]] communication.
The Java servlet API has to some extent been superseded (but still used under the hood) by two standard Java technologies for web services:
* the [[Java API for RESTful Web Services]] (JAX-RS 2.0) useful for AJAX, JSON and REST services, and
* the [[Java API for XML Web Services]] (JAX-WS) useful for [[SOAP]] [[Web Service]]s.
Typical implementations of these APIs on Application Servers or Servlet Containers use a standard servlet for handling all interactions with the [[HTTP]] requests and responses that delegate to the web service methods for the actual business logic.
=== JavaServer Pages ===
{{Main|JavaServer Pages}}
JavaServer Pages ([[Jakarta Server Pages|JSP]]) are [[server-side]] Java EE components that generate responses, typically [[HTML]] pages, to [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol|HTTP]] requests from [[client (computing)|clients]]. JSPs embed Java code in an HTML page by using the special [[delimiter]]s <code><%</code> and <code>%></code>. A JSP is compiled to a Java ''servlet'', a Java application in its own right, the first time it is accessed. After that, the generated servlet creates the response.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is a JSP Page? - The Java EE 5 Tutorial|url=https://docs.oracle.com/javaee/5/tutorial/doc/bnagy.html|website=docs.oracle.com|access-date=2020-05-01|archive-date=August 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802003029/https://docs.oracle.com/javaee/5/tutorial/doc/bnagy.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Swing application ===
{{Main|Swing (Java)}}
[[Swing (Java)|Swing]] is a graphical user interface [[library (computing)|library]] for the Java SE platform. It is possible to specify a different look and feel through the [[pluggable look and feel]] system of Swing. Clones of [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[GTK+]], and [[Motif (software)|Motif]] are supplied by Sun. [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] also provides an [[Aqua (user interface)|Aqua]] look and feel for [[macOS]]. Where prior implementations of these looks and feels may have been considered lacking, Swing in Java SE 6 addresses this problem by using more native [[Graphical control element|GUI widget]] drawing routines of the underlying platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trail: Creating a GUI With JFC/Swing (The Java Tutorials)|url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/uiswing/|website=docs.oracle.com|access-date=2020-05-01|archive-date=April 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429104302/https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/uiswing/|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== JavaFX application ===
{{Main|JavaFX}}
[[JavaFX]] is a [[Computing platform|software platform]] for creating and delivering [[Application software|desktop applications]], as well as [[rich web application]]s that can run across a wide variety of devices. JavaFX is intended to replace [[Swing (Java)|Swing]] as the standard [[graphical user interface]] (GUI) library for [[Java Platform, Standard Edition|Java SE]], but since JDK 11 JavaFX has not been in the core JDK and instead in a separate module.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Removed from JDK 11, JavaFX 11 arrives as a standalone module |work=InfoWorld |date=September 20, 2018 |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/3305073/removed-from-jdk-11-javafx-11-arrives-as-a-standalone-module.html|access-date=2020-10-13|archive-date=October 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014141716/https://www.infoworld.com/article/3305073/removed-from-jdk-11-javafx-11-arrives-as-a-standalone-module.html|url-status=live}}</ref> JavaFX has support for [[desktop computer]]s and [[web browser]]s on [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Linux]], and [[macOS]]. JavaFX does not have support for native OS look and feels.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Getting Started with JavaFX: Hello World, JavaFX Style |work=JavaFX 2 Tutorials and Documentation|url=https://docs.oracle.com/javafx/2/get_started/hello_world.htm |publisher=Oracle |access-date=2020-05-01|archive-date= August 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802013650/https://docs.oracle.com/javafx/2/get_started/hello_world.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Generics ===
{{Main|Generics in Java}}
In 2004, [[generic programming|generics]] were added to the Java language, as part of J2SE 5.0. Prior to the introduction of generics, each variable declaration had to be of a specific type. For container classes, for example, this is a problem because there is no easy way to create a container that accepts only specific types of objects. Either the container operates on all subtypes of a class or interface, usually <code>Object</code>, or a different container class has to be created for each contained class. Generics allow compile-time type checking without having to create many container classes, each containing almost identical code. In addition to enabling more efficient code, certain runtime exceptions are prevented from occurring, by issuing compile-time errors. If Java prevented all runtime type errors (<code>ClassCastException</code>s) from occurring, it would be [[type safety|type safe]].
In 2016, the type system of Java was proven [[soundness|unsound]] in that it is possible to use generics to construct classes and methods that allow assignment of an instance of one class to a variable of another unrelated class. Such code is accepted by the compiler, but fails at run time with a class cast exception.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/namin/unsound/master/doc/unsound-oopsla16.pdf|title=Java and Scala's Type Systems are Unsound|access-date=February 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128174902/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/namin/unsound/master/doc/unsound-oopsla16.pdf |archive-date=November 28, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Criticism ==
{{Main|Criticism of Java}}
Criticisms directed at Java include the implementation of generics,<ref>{{cite web
|last=Arnold
|first=Ken
|date=June 27, 2005
|title=Generics Considered Harmful
|url=https://weblogs.java.net/blog/arnold/archive/2005/06/generics_consid_1.html
|publisher=java.net
|access-date=September 10, 2015
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010002142/http://weblogs.java.net/blog/arnold/archive/2005/06/generics_consid_1.html
|archive-date=October 10, 2007
}}</ref> speed,<ref name=Jelovic /> the handling of unsigned numbers,<ref>{{cite web
|last=Owens |first=Sean R.
|url=http://darksleep.com/player/JavaAndUnsignedTypes.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220171410/http://darksleep.com/player/JavaAndUnsignedTypes.html
|archive-date=February 20, 2009
|title=Java and unsigned int, unsigned short, unsigned byte, unsigned long, etc. (Or rather, the lack thereof)
|access-date=2011-07-04
}}</ref> the implementation of floating-point arithmetic,<ref>{{cite web
|last=Kahan
|first=William
|date=March 1, 1998
|title=How Java's Floating-Point Hurts Everyone Everywhere – ACM 1998 Workshop on Java (Stanford)
|url=http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/JAVAhurt.pdf
|publisher=Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of California at Berkeley
|access-date=June 4, 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905004527/http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/JAVAhurt.pdf
|archive-date=September 5, 2012
|url-status=live
}}</ref> and a history of security vulnerabilities in the primary Java VM implementation [[HotSpot (virtual machine)|HotSpot]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://blogs.technet.com/b/mmpc/archive/2010/10/18/have-you-checked-the-java.aspx
|title=Have you checked the Java?
|access-date=December 23, 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921140402/http://blogs.technet.com/b/mmpc/archive/2010/10/18/have-you-checked-the-java.aspx
|archive-date=September 21, 2012
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
Developers have criticized the complexity and verbosity of the Java Persistence API (JPA), a standard part of Java EE. This has led to increased adoption of higher-level abstractions like Spring Data JPA, which aims to simplify database operations and reduce boilerplate code. The growing popularity of such frameworks suggests limitations in the standard JPA implementation's ease-of-use for modern Java development.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Chidester
|first=Ashlan
|title=Java Persistence API, Jenkins and AWS
|url=https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9798224253951
|access-date=September 16, 2024
|isbn=9798224253951
}}</ref>
== Class libraries ==
{{Main|Java Class Library}}
The [[Java Class Library]] is the [[standard library]], developed to support application development in Java. It is controlled by [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] in cooperation with others through the [[Java Community Process]] program.<ref>{{Citation|last=Cadenhead|first=Rogers|title=Understanding How Java Programs Work|date=2017-11-20|url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2832404&seqNum=4|access-date=2019-03-26|archive-date=August 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193850/https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2832404&seqNum=4|url-status=live}}</ref> Companies or individuals participating in this process can influence the design and development of the APIs. This process has been a subject of controversy during the 2010s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/26/google-wins-copyright-lawsuit-oracle-java-code|title=Google wins six-year legal battle with Oracle over Android code copyright|last=Woolf|first=Nicky|date=2016-05-26|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-03-26|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=March 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326203847/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/26/google-wins-copyright-lawsuit-oracle-java-code|url-status=live}}</ref> The class library contains features such as:
* The core libraries, which include:
** [[Input/output]] (I/O or IO){{sfn|Bloch|2018|loc=§ 1 Introduction|pp=1-4}} and [[Non-blocking I/O (Java)|non-blocking I/O]] (NIO), or IO/NIO<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/nio/package-summary.html|title=java.nio (Java Platform SE 8)|website=docs.oracle.com}}</ref>
** [[Computer network|Networking]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/net/|title=Java Networking|website=docs.oracle.com}}</ref> (new [[user agent]] (HTTP client) since Java 11<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.net.http/java/net/http/HttpClient.html|title=HttpClient (Java SE 11 & JDK 11)|website=docs.oracle.com}}</ref>)
** [[Reflective programming]] (reflection)
** [[Concurrent computing]] (concurrency){{sfn|Bloch|2018|loc=§ 1 Introduction|pp=1-4}}
** [[Generics in Java|Generics]]
** Scripting, Compiler
** [[Functional programming]] ([[Lambda (programming)|Lambda]], streaming)
** [[Java collections framework|Collection libraries]] that implement [[data structure]]s such as [[List (abstract data type)|lists]], [[associative array|dictionaries]], [[tree structure|trees]], [[Set (abstract data type)|sets]], [[Queue (abstract data type)|queues]] and [[double-ended queue]], or [[Stack (abstract data type)|stacks]]<ref name="collections">{{cite web |url=http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/collections/overview.html |title=Collections Framework Overview |publisher=Oracle |work=Java Documentation |access-date=December 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231132540/http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/collections/overview.html |archive-date=December 31, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[XML]] Processing (Parsing, Transforming, Validating) libraries
** [[Computer security|Security]]<ref name="security">{{cite web |url=http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/security/overview/jsoverview.html |title=Java Security Overview |publisher=Oracle |work=Java Documentation |access-date=December 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103045031/http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/security/overview/jsoverview.html |archive-date=January 3, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[Internationalization and localization]] libraries<ref name="i18n">{{cite web |url=http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/i18n/ |title=Trail: Internationalization |publisher=Oracle |work=The Java Tutorials |access-date=December 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231053232/http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/i18n/ |archive-date=December 31, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* The integration libraries, which allow the application writer to communicate with external systems. These libraries include:
** The [[Java Database Connectivity]] (JDBC) [[Application programming interface|API]] for database access
** [[Java Naming and Directory Interface]] (JNDI) for lookup and discovery
** [[Java remote method invocation]] (RMI) and [[Common Object Request Broker Architecture]] (CORBA) for distributed application development
** [[Java Management Extensions]] (JMX) for managing and monitoring applications
* [[User interface]] libraries, which include:
** The (heavyweight, or [[Native (computing)|native]]) [[Abstract Window Toolkit]] (AWT), which provides [[graphical user interface|GUI]] components, the means for laying out those components and the means for handling events from those components
** The (lightweight) [[Swing (Java)|Swing]] libraries, which are built on AWT but provide (non-native) implementations of the AWT widgetry
** APIs for audio capture, processing, and playback
** [[JavaFX]]
* A platform dependent implementation of the Java virtual machine that is the means by which the bytecodes of the Java libraries and third-party applications are executed
* Plugins, which enable [[Java applet|applets]] to be run in web browsers
* [[Java Web Start]], which allows Java applications to be efficiently distributed to [[end user]]s across the Internet
* Licensing and documentation
== Documentation ==
{{Main|Javadoc}}
Javadoc is a comprehensive documentation system, created by [[Sun Microsystems]]. It provides developers with an organized system for documenting their code. Javadoc comments have an extra asterisk at the beginning, i.e. the delimiters are <code>/**</code> and <code>*/</code>, whereas the normal multi-line comments in Java are delimited by <code>/*</code> and <code>*/</code>, and single-line comments start with <code>//</code>.<ref name="javadoc_comments">{{cite web |url=https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/index-137868.html |title=How to Write Doc Comments for the Javadoc Tool |publisher=Oracle |work=Oracle Technology Network |access-date=December 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218182906/http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/index-137868.html |archive-date=December 18, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
== Implementations ==
{{See also|Free Java implementations|List of Java compilers}}
{{More citations needed|section|date=September 2023}}
[[Oracle Corporation]] owns the official implementation of the Java SE platform, due to its acquisition of [[Sun Microsystems]] on January 27, 2010. This implementation is based on the original implementation of Java by Sun. The Oracle implementation is available for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[macOS]], [[Linux]], and [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]]. Because Java lacks any formal standardization recognized by [[Ecma International]], ISO/IEC, ANSI, or other third-party standards organizations, the Oracle implementation is the [[de facto standard]].
The Oracle implementation is packaged into two different distributions: The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) which contains the parts of the Java SE platform required to run Java programs and is intended for end users, and the [[Java Development Kit]] (JDK), which is intended for software developers and includes development tools such as the [[Java compiler]], [[Javadoc]], [[JAR (file format)|Jar]], and a [[debugger]]. Oracle has also released [[GraalVM]], a high performance Java dynamic compiler and interpreter.
[[OpenJDK]] is another Java SE implementation that is licensed under the GNU GPL. The implementation started when Sun began releasing the Java source code under the GPL. As of Java SE 7, OpenJDK is the official Java reference implementation.
The goal of Java is to make all implementations of Java compatible. Historically, Sun's trademark license for usage of the Java brand insists that all implementations be ''compatible''. This resulted in a legal dispute with [[Microsoft]] after Sun claimed that the Microsoft implementation did not support [[Java remote method invocation]] (RMI) or [[Java Native Interface]] (JNI) and had added platform-specific features of their own. Sun sued in 1997, and, in 2001, won a settlement of US$20 million, as well as a court order enforcing the terms of the license from Sun.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niccolai |first1=James |date=2001-01-24 |title=Sun, Microsoft settle Java lawsuit |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2074908/sun-microsoft-settle-java-lawsuit.html |work=[[JavaWorld]] |agency=[[IDG News Service]] |access-date=2020-07-13 |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714001541/https://www.infoworld.com/article/2074908/sun-microsoft-settle-java-lawsuit.html |url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, Microsoft no longer ships Java with [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]].
Platform-independent Java is essential to [[Java Platform, Enterprise Edition|Java EE]], and an even more rigorous validation is required to certify an implementation. This environment enables portable server-side applications.
== Use outside the Java platform ==
The Java programming language requires the presence of a software platform in order for compiled programs to be executed.
Oracle supplies the [[Java platform]] for use with Java. The [[Android SDK]] is an alternative software platform, used primarily for developing [[Android application]]s with its own GUI system.
=== Android ===
The Java language is a key pillar in [[Android (operating system)|Android]], an [[open source software|open source]] [[mobile operating system]]. Although Android, built on the [[Linux kernel]], is written largely in C, the [[Android software development#SDK|Android SDK]] uses the Java language as the basis for Android applications but does not use any of its standard GUI, SE, ME or other established Java standards.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.javalobby.org/nl/archive/jlnews_20071113o.html
|title=Google Android: Initial Impressions and Criticism
|date=November 13, 2007
|last=van Gurp
|first=Jilles
|work=Javalobby
|quote=''Frankly, I don't understand why Google intends to ignore the vast amount of existing implementation out there. It seems like a bad case of "not invented here" to me. Ultimately, this will slow adoption. There are already too many Java platforms for the mobile world and this is yet another one''
|access-date=March 7, 2009
|archive-date=August 28, 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828111808/http://www.javalobby.org/nl/archive/jlnews_20071113o.html
|url-status=usurped
}}</ref> The bytecode language supported by the Android SDK is incompatible with Java bytecode and runs on its own virtual machine, optimized for low-memory devices such as [[smartphone]]s and [[tablet computer]]s. Depending on the Android version, the bytecode is either interpreted by the [[Dalvik (software)|Dalvik virtual machine]] or compiled into native code by the [[Android Runtime]].
Android does not provide the full Java SE standard library, although the Android SDK does include an independent implementation of a large subset of it. It supports Java 6 and some Java 7 features, offering an implementation compatible with the standard library ([[Apache Harmony]]).
==== Controversy ====
{{See also|Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc.}}
The use of Java-related technology in Android led to a legal dispute between Oracle and Google. On May 7, 2012, a San Francisco jury found that if APIs could be copyrighted, then Google had infringed Oracle's copyrights by the use of Java in Android devices.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mullin |first=Joe |title=Google guilty of infringement in Oracle trial; future legal headaches loom |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2012/05/jury-rules-google-violated-copyright-law-google-moves-for-mistrial.ars |work=Law & Disorder |date=May 7, 2012 |publisher=Ars Technica |access-date=2012-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508134916/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2012/05/jury-rules-google-violated-copyright-law-google-moves-for-mistrial.ars |archive-date=May 8, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> District Judge [[William Alsup]] ruled on May 31, 2012, that APIs cannot be copyrighted,<ref>{{cite web
|title=Google wins crucial API ruling, Oracle's case decimated
|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech/2012/05/google-wins-crucial-api-ruling-oracles-case-decimated/
|first=Joe
|last=Mullin
|work=Ars Technica
|date=May 31, 2012
|access-date=2012-06-01
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312065520/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/05/google-wins-crucial-api-ruling-oracles-case-decimated/
|archive-date=March 12, 2017
|url-status=live
}}</ref> but this was reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in May 2014.<ref name="cnet appeals">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/court-sides-with-oracle-over-android-in-java-patent-appeal/ |title=Court sides with Oracle over Android in Java patent appeal |work=CNET |date=May 9, 2014 |access-date=2014-05-10 |author=Rosenblatt, Seth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510203805/http://www.cnet.com/news/court-sides-with-oracle-over-android-in-java-patent-appeal/ |archive-date=May 10, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> On May 26, 2016, the district court decided in favor of Google, ruling the copyright infringement of the Java API in Android constitutes fair use.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mullin |first1=Joe |title=Google beats Oracle—Android makes "fair use" of Java APIs |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/05/google-wins-trial-against-oracle-as-jury-finds-android-is-fair-use/ |access-date=2016-05-26 |website=Ars Technica |date=2016-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120164551/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/05/google-wins-trial-against-oracle-as-jury-finds-android-is-fair-use/ |archive-date=January 20, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2018, this ruling was overturned by the Appeals Court, which sent down the case of determining the damages to federal court in San Francisco.<ref>{{cite web
|title="Google's use of the Java API packages was not fair," appeals court rules
|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/03/googles-use-of-the-java-api-packages-was-not-fair-appeals-court-rules/
|first=Cyrus
|last=Farivar
|work=Ars Technica
|date=March 27, 2018
|access-date=2019-08-06
|archive-date=September 24, 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924081919/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/03/googles-use-of-the-java-api-packages-was-not-fair-appeals-court-rules/
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
Google filed a petition for [[Certiorari|writ of certiorari]] with the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in January 2019 to challenge the two rulings that were made by the Appeals Court in Oracle's favor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2019/01/google-asks-supreme-court-to-overrule-disastrous-ruling-on-api-copyrights/ |title=Google asks Supreme Court to overrule disastrous ruling on API copyrights |first=Timothy |last=Lee |date=April 23, 2019 |access-date=April 23, 2019 |work=[[Ars Technica]] |archive-date=April 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423084450/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2019/01/google-asks-supreme-court-to-overrule-disastrous-ruling-on-api-copyrights/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On April 5, 2021, the Court ruled 6–2 in Google's favor, that its use of Java APIs should be considered [[fair use]]. However, the court refused to rule on the copyrightability of APIs, choosing instead to determine their ruling by considering Java's API copyrightable "purely for argument's sake."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/18-956_d18f.pdf |title=''Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc'' 593 U. S. ____ (2021) |access-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-date=April 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405140150/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/18-956_d18f.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Computer programming}}
* [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]
* [[C++]]
* [[Dalvik (software)|Dalvik]], used in old Android versions, replaced by non-JIT [[Android Runtime]]
* [[Java Heterogeneous Distributed Computing]]
* [[List of Java APIs]]
* [[List of Java frameworks]]
* [[List of JVM languages]]
* [[List of Java virtual machines]]
* [[Comparison of C Sharp and Java|Comparison of C# and Java]]
* [[Comparison of Java and C++]]
* [[Comparison of programming languages]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bloch |first=Joshua |year=2018|title=Effective Java: Programming Language Guide |edition=Third |publisher=Addison-Wesley |isbn=978-0-13-468599-1}}
*
* {{Cite book |last1=Gosling |first1=James |last2=Joy |first2=Bill |last3=Steele |first3=Guy |last4=Bracha |first4=Gilad |last5=Buckley |first5=Alex |title=The Java® Language Specification |date=2014 |edition=Java SE 8 |url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se8/jls8.pdf |access-date=November 18, 2014 |archive-date=October 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021061951/http://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se8/jls8.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Lindholm |first1=Tim |last2=Yellin |first2=Frank |year=1999 |title=The Java Virtual Machine Specification |url=https://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/2nd-edition/html/VMSpecTOC.doc.html |edition=2nd |publisher=Addison-Wesley |isbn=0-201-43294-3 |access-date=February 8, 2019 |archive-date=September 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925050249/http://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/2nd-edition/html/VMSpecTOC.doc.html |url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
{{Sister project links |wikt=Java |display=Java |commons=Category:Java (programming language) |b=Java Programming |n=no |s=no |voy=no |species=no |v=Java |d=Q251}}
{{wikiversity|Java Platform, Enterprise Edition/Java EE Tutorial}}
* {{Official website|jdk.java.net}}, OpenJDK, Oracle
* [
{{Java (
{{Sun Microsystems}}
{{
{{Oracle FOSS}}
{{Programming languages}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Java (programming language)| ]]
[[Category:C programming language family]]
[[Category:Class-based programming languages]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Java platform|Programming language]]
[[Category:Java specification requests|Programming language]]
[[Category:JVM programming languages]]
[[Category:
[[Category:
[[Category:Programming languages created in 1995]]
[[Category:Programming languages]]
[[Category:Statically typed programming languages]]
[[Category:Sun Microsystems]]
[[Category:Compiled programming languages]]
[[Category:American inventions]]
<!-- Hidden categories below -->
[[
| |||