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{{Short description|President of Bolivia from 1993 to 1997 and 2002 to 2003}}
{{Family name hatnote|Sánchez de Lozada|Sánchez Bustamante|lang=Spanish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2008}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
| image = Gonzálo Sánchez de Lozada-Agencia BrasilAntonio Cruz.jpg
| caption = Sánchez de Lozada in 2003
<!-- Political Offices -->| order = 61st
| office = President of Bolivia
| term_start = 6 August 2002
| term_end = 17 October 2003
| vicepresident = Carlos Mesa
| predecessor = [[Jorge Quiroga]]
| successor = [[Carlos Mesa]]
| term_start2 = 6 August 1993
| term_end2 = 6 August 1997
| vicepresident2 = [[Víctor Hugo Cárdenas]]
| predecessor2 = [[Jaime Paz Zamora]]
| successor2 = [[Hugo Banzer]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Development Planning (Bolivia)|Minister of Planning and Coordination]]
| president3 = [[Víctor Paz Estenssoro]]
| term_start3 = 22 January 1986
| term_end3 = 20 September 1988
| predecessor3 = Guillermo Bedregal Gutiérrez
| successor3 = Fernando Romero Moreno
<!-- Personal Details -->| birth_name = Gonzalo Daniel Sánchez de Lozada Sánchez Bustamante
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1930|7|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[La Paz]], [[Bolivia]]
| nationality = [[Bolivians|Bolivian]], [[Citizenship of the United States|American]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Ximena Iturralde
| parents = Enrique Sánchez de Lozada<br>Carmen Sánchez Bustamante
| relatives = [[Daniel Sánchez Bustamante]] (grandfather)
| party = [[Revolutionary Nationalist Movement]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Chicago]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]])
| signature = Signature of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada.svg
| awards = [[Order of the Condor of the Andes]]
}}
'''Gonzalo Daniel Sánchez de Lozada Sánchez Bustamante''' (born 1 July 1930), often referred to as '''Goni''', is a Bolivian-American<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-27 |title=Doble nacionalidad y edad de Sánchez de Lozada podrían dificultar su extradición |url=https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/nacional/20130927/doble-nacionalidad-edad-sanchez-lozada-podrian-dificultar-su |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=Los Tiempos |language=es}}</ref> businessman and politician who served as the 61st [[president of Bolivia]] from 1993 to 1997 and from 2002 to 2003. A member of the [[Revolutionary Nationalist Movement]] (MNR), he previously served as minister of planning and coordination under [[Víctor Paz Estenssoro]] and succeeded him as the MNR's national chief in 1990.
As minister of planning, Sánchez de Lozada employed "[[Shock therapy (economics)|shock therapy]]" in 1985 to cut [[hyperinflation]] from an estimated 25,000% to a single digit within a period of less than six weeks. Sánchez de Lozada was twice elected president of Bolivia, both times on the MNR ticket. During his first term (1993–1997), he initiated a series of landmark social, economic and constitutional reforms. Elected to a second term in 2002, he struggled with protests and events in October 2003 related to the [[Bolivian gas conflict]]. According to official reports, 59 protestors, ten soldiers and sixteen policemen died in confrontations. As a result of the violent clashes, Sánchez de Lozada resigned and went into exile in the United States. In March 2006, he resigned the leadership of the MNR.<ref name="extradite"/>
The governments of [[Evo Morales]] and [[Luis Arce]] have unsuccessfully sought his extradition from the U.S. to stand trial for the events of 2003.<ref name="extradite">{{citation |author=Quiroga |first=Carlos |title=Bolivia says Washington won't extradite former leader |date=7 September 2012 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/09/07/bolivia-says-washington-wont-extradite-former-leader/ |publisher=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Flores|first=Rosío|date=7 April 2021|title=El Gobierno dice que insistirá con la extradición de Sánchez de Lozada y Sánchez Berzaín|language=es|work=[[La Razón (La Paz)|La Razón]]|publication-place=La Paz|url=https://www.la-razon.com/nacional/2021/04/07/el-gobierno-dice-que-insistira-con-la-extradicion-de-sanchez-de-lozada-y-sanchez-berzain/|access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref> Victims' representatives have pursued compensatory damages for [[extrajudicial killing|extrajudicial killings]] in a suit against him in the United States under the [[Alien Tort Statute]]. In 2014, the U.S. District Court in Florida ruled the case could proceed under the [[Torture Victim Protection Act]]. The trial, which began on 5 March 2018 and concluded on 30 May 2018, found Sánchez de Lozada and his former defense minister Carlos Sanchez Berzaín not liable for the civilian deaths after the judge declared that there was "insufficient evidence". Nevertheless, on 3 August 2020, the [[11th Circuit Court of Appeals]] vacated this ruling. On 5 April 2021, a separate U.S. District Court ruling reaffirmed a 2018 jury verdict which found both Sánchez de Lozada and Carlos Sanchez Berzaín liable and required them to pay $10 million.
==Political life==
Sánchez de Lozada's ancestors include [[Daniel Sánchez Bustamante]], grandfather and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bolivia)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]; Mariano Calvo, great-great-grandfather and [[President of Bolivia|President]]; and [[Tomás Frías]], great-great-grandmother's brother and also President.
The son of a political exile, university professor, and diplomat, Sánchez de Lozada spent his early years in the [[United States]]. He grew up in [[Iowa]], and he attended boarding school at [[Scattergood Friends School]] in rural Iowa.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1994/06/16/bolivian-president-more-comfortable-playing-soccer-than-watching/ | work=Chicago Tribune | first=Julie | last=Deardorff | title=Bolivian President More Comfortable Playing Soccer Than Watching | date=16 June 1994}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Esha|title=Like Water for Capitalists|url=https://historicly.substack.com/p/like-water-for-capitalists|access-date=25 July 2020|website=historicly.substack.com}}</ref> He studied literature and philosophy at the [[University of Chicago]]. As a result of this experience, he speaks Spanish with a [[Midwestern United States|midwestern American]] accent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://americasquarterly.org/content/thanks-goodbye-why-evo-morales-former-supporters-want-him-gone|title=Thanks, but Goodbye: Why Many of Evo Morales' Supporters Want Him to Move on}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
At the age of 21, he returned to [[Bolivia]] in 1951, on the eve of the 1952 revolution led by the MNR political party. This transformed Bolivia from a semi-[[Feudalism|feudal]] oligarchy to a multi-party democracy by introducing [[universal suffrage]], nationalizing the mines of the three Tin Barons, and carrying out sweeping agrarian reform. Sánchez de Lozada pursued [[filmmaking]] and participated in several cinematic projects in the 1950s, including filming Bolivia's 1952 Revolution. In 1954, he founded Telecine. His film ''Voces de la Tierra'' (Voices from the Earth) won First Prize for documentaries at the 1957 [[Edinburgh International Film Festival|Edinburgh Film Festival]].
In 1957, Sánchez de Lozada turned to resource businesses, founding Andean Geoservices. In 1966, he founded the mining company COMSUR, later becoming one of the most successful mining entrepreneurs in the country.
Bolivia was ruled for nearly two decades by [[Military dictatorship|military dictatorships]]. In 1979 and again in 1980, on the return to democracy, Sánchez de Lozada was elected to congress as deputy for [[Cochabamba]]. In 1985, he was elected senator from Cochabamba and then as [[President of the Senate of Bolivia]]. Soon after, President [[Víctor Paz Estenssoro]] appointed him as Planning Minister. Sánchez de Lozada oversaw a series of economic structural reforms that steered the country away from state capitalism, towards a mixed economy. He is particularly known for having sharply reduced the hyperinflation of the period, using economic shock therapy along with then Finance Minister [[Juan L. Cariaga Osorio]], as championed by United States economist [[Jeffrey Sachs]], then of [[Harvard University]].
Sánchez de Lozada ran for president in 1989 as the MNR candidate. While he won the plurality with 25.6% of the popular vote, in the congressional runoff among the top three candidates, [[Jaime Paz Zamora]] of the MIR, who had polled 21.8% of the popular vote and formerly been in third place, won the presidency. Paz Zamora was backed in the runoff by the second-placed, former military dictator [[Hugo Banzer]] of the ADN, who had won 25.2% of the popular vote. Sánchez de Lozada describes himself as a fiscal conservative and social progressive.
==First presidency (1993–1997)==
In 1993, Sánchez de Lozada again ran for president, this time in alliance with the [[Revolutionary Liberation Movement Tupaq Katari|Tupac Katari Revolutionary Liberation Movement]] (''Movimiento Revolucionario Tupac Katari de Liberación'', MRTKL), an [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] party formed in 1985 whose leader [[Víctor Hugo Cárdenas]] was the candidate for vice-president. The MNR-MRTKL ticket won the first plurality with 36.5% of the popular vote, and Sánchez de Lozada was confirmed as president by Congress. A coalition government that included the center-left [[Free Bolivia Movement]] (MBL) and populist [[Solidarity Civic Unity|Civic Solidarity Union]] (UCS) was formed. With the 1993 electoral victory, Cárdenas became the first elected indigenous vice president in South America.
The 1993–1997 MNR-led government initiated a series of constitutional, social, economic and political reforms.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} The Constitution was rewritten to define Bolivia as a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural nation; the first articles enshrined indigenous rights. Other legislation included the Popular Participation Act, which decentralized the country by creating 311 (since expanded to 321) municipal governments, empowering them for local governance. The law introduced direct municipal elections for the indigenous population, and authorized local decision making on municipal spending, for which 20 percent of federal spending was guaranteed to the municipalities on a per capita basis. Other programs included educational reform, which introduced classroom teaching in the local indigenous languages, universal maternity coverage and milk and medical coverage for children up to the age of five years, and a universal old-age annual benefit. Political reforms included opening elections to independent candidates for congressional seats; and capitalization, a program which enabled the formation of joint ventures by private capital and the Bolivian people (not the Bolivian state), and requiring the private capital be invested directly in the new company.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}
=== Capitalization program ===
The capitalization program aimed to sell public enterprises to private companies in exchange for money. The program was meant to occur in four phases, which would include the privatization of [[electricity]] and [[hydrocarbon]].<ref name=":0" /> Between 1995-1996, the five largest state enterprises were privatized: the national oil company, phone company, electric company, national airline, and train system.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Selling the Public Sector: Latin America reacts; Bolivia: The Water War Widens|url=https://nacla.org/article/selling-public-sector-latin-america-reacts-bolivia-water-war-widens|access-date=25 July 2020|website=NACLA|language=en}}</ref> By 1996, the program included the privatization of water.<ref name=":0" /> The capitalization program was controversial: it was perceived as a privatization of five major state-owned companies that ceded management of these industries to foreign interests. Supporters believed that the requirement for private capital to be directly invested in the new joint ventures significantly reduced room for corruption. The program was intended to provide for development of these "strategic" resources, as the Bolivian government could not afford to do so. The revenues of the new companies were expected to yield funds for human and social, as well as infrastructure development. The dividend payouts for the Bolivian people were the foundation of a universal, annual old-age benefit, the BONOSOL. Although small on a per capita basis, it was expected to benefit primarily the rural elderly, the most marginalized sector of Bolivia's indigenous population.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}
Finally, the reforms also included changes to the country's electoral laws. A new electoral system was introduced. The change opened elections for 70 congressional seats to independent candidates who were elected by plurality, with the remaining 60 seats to be filled proportionally by members of parties reflecting the votes cast for the presidential tickets. If no presidential candidate won an absolute majority, the president would be elected in a run-off of the top two contenders. The presidential term of office was set at five years.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}
Critics of the program have cited loss of national funds, skyrocketing prices for locals, and [[Civil disorder|social unrest]] associated with such changes. The sale of the national oil company resulted in millions of dollars in lost profits, compared to the price of the sale. The privatization of electricity resulted in price increases for electricity, as well.<ref name=":1" /> As written by Jim Shultz for the [[North American Congress on Latin America]], "The great sums promised from these sales of public assets seemed to barely trickle down into the pockets of the poor and flow freely into the coffers of the wealthy Bolivians who cut the deals—with major corruption scandals a regular fixture."<ref name=":1" /> Perhaps the most controversial impact was the privatization of water, which began under the government of Sánchez de Lozada and was followed by President [[Hugo Banzer]], resulting in the [[Cochabamba Water War]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=FRONTLINE/WORLD . Bolivia - Leasing the Rain . Timeline: Cochabamba Water Revolt|url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bolivia/timeline.html|access-date=26 July 2020|website=www.pbs.org}}</ref>
==Second presidency (2002–2003)==
{{Further|2002 Bolivian general election}}
In 2002, Sánchez de Lozada again ran for president. He chose [[Carlos Mesa]] as his running mate, an independent historian and journalist who had MNR sympathies. Sánchez de Lozada hired U.S. political consultants [[James Carville]], [[Tad Devine]], [[Stan Greenberg]] and [[Bob Shrum]] to advise his campaign.<ref>Stan Greenberg, ''Dispatches from the War Room: In The Trenches With Five Extraordinary Leaders'' (2009) {{ISBN|0-312-35152-6}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2015}}
After running a sophisticated campaign, Sánchez de Lozada seemed positioned to win a strong enough plurality to form a strong government. However, three days before the elections, the U.S. ambassador publicly warned the Bolivian people against electing "those who want Bolivia to again be an exporter of cocaine," as it would threaten U.S. aid to Bolivia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2002/06/28/i-03701.htm |title=Polémica en Bolivia con el embajador de EE.UU |publisher=Clarin.com |date=28 June 2002 |access-date=8 June 2017}}</ref> The people reacted in resentment, swelling the anti-U.S. vote for Evo Morales in the last three days of the campaign by 9 percent and helping him finish second after Sánchez de Lozada. Evo Morales of the [[Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)|Movement Toward Socialism]] (MAS) received 20.94% of the popular vote. The center-right neo-[[Populism|populist]] candidate, [[Manfred Reyes Villa|Manfred Reyes]] of [[New Republican Force|NFR]] placed a close third with 20.91% of the popular vote. After a difficult coalition-building process, Sánchez de Lozada was elected in a coalition formed by the MNR-MBL, MIR and UCS, the last two former members of the preceding coalition headed by the rightist, former dictator General Hugo Banzer.
When Sánchez de Lozada took office, he was faced with an economic and social crisis inherited from the preceding administration. Economic growth had plunged from the 4.8% at the end of Sánchez de Lozada's first presidency to 0.6% in 1999 and had recovered to only 2% for 2002. The fiscal deficit was running at 8%.
===Gas War and resignation===
{{Main|Bolivian gas conflict}}
From his inauguration in August 2002 until the end of the year, there were fewer public tensions. In January 2003 and under the leadership of Evo Morales, a group of union leaders (Evo Morales for the "cocaleros"—coca growers, [[Jaime Solares]] and [[Roberto de la Cruz]] for urban workers and miners, [[Felipe Quispe]] for the indigenous farmers in the [[Aymara people|Aymara]] region surrounding [[La Paz]]) joined together to found the "People's High Command" (Estado Mayor del pueblo). A new wave of heightened protests began; main roads were blocked, and towns and cities were brought to a standstill. Some groups aired long-standing grievances against the government; others were targeted entirely locally, protesting against decisions of the now self-governing municipalities. In February, a standoff between police demanding higher pay and army units called to protect the presidential palace suddenly ended in violence and deaths in the streets of La Paz, without articulated demands.
The acute economic crisis affected above all the urban workers and the farming/indigenous populations; their struggles gave widespread support for protests. Protests and demands became more focused: the cocaleros continued protesting against eradication of a millenary plant (coca) used to produce cocaine, although Banzer's "Coca 0" policy had been replaced by the earlier subsidized crop substitution policy, in order to achieve gradual coca reduction but not total eradication. The indigenous farmers of the La Paz Aymara region pressed for political reform, to include recognition and inclusion of Bolivia's indigenous ethnic groups as legitimate political blocs. They wanted economic de-centralization based on recognition of indigenous groups as legitimate political actors.<ref>Garcia Linera, "State Crisis and Popular Power", ''New Left Review'', no.37, Jan/Feb 2006.</ref> Other demands included autonomy for their territories. By contrast, urban workers, primarily in La Paz, and miners protested against the possible proceeds of increasing natural gas production going to foreigners.
Demands rose for the government to return to the corporatist state and nationalize Bolivia's hydrocarbon resources. Protesters demanded Sánchez de Lozada's resignation. In late September, a convoy of buses and trucks under a police escort was bringing back to La Paz over 700 persons, including foreign tourists, after a 10-day blockade of a valley resort town.<ref>{{citation | language = es| url = http://comocayogoni.com/ | title = Como Cayó Goni}}</ref> In Warisata, confrontations between protesters blocking the road and the army led to six dead, among them two soldiers and a child aged 8, shot in her own house.
A few days later, in early October, The Pacific LNG, British Petroleum and Repsol YPF had forecast an investment of three billion dollars in Chilean territory, the sale price of the gas was less than a dollar per thousand BTU and the approximate profits were one billion dollars of which the Bolivian state only received 18%, totaling 180 million dollars per year.
A few days later, in early October, it was reported that Sánchez de Lozada had decided to export Bolivia's gas to Mexico and the United States through a Chilean port. Rancor continues to be high against Chile since Bolivia lost its coastal territory to them in the late-19th-century [[war of the Pacific]]. Protesters blockaded the main highway from the city of [[El Alto]], Bolivia down to neighboring La Paz. A massive demonstration and virtual siege of La Paz ensued.
After three days, fuel and other essential supplies were dangerously low in La Paz. On 11 October, President Sánchez de Lozada promulgated Supreme Decree 27209, ordering the militarization of the gas plants and the transport of hydrocarbons. This decree was intended to protect private and public property, noting in the third article: "whatever harm to property or persons that might be produced as an effect of fulfilling the objective of this supreme decree shall be compensated and guaranteed by the State".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lexivox.org/norms/BO-DS-27209.xhtml |title=Bolivia: Decreto Supremo Nº 27209, 11 de octubre de 2003 |publisher=Lexivox.org |date=17 October 2003 |access-date=8 June 2017}}</ref> As a result, fully armed military troops were sent as a security force to open the way for diesel and gasoline cisterns to be transported through densely populated poor neighborhoods into La Paz.
Protesters tried to block the convoys at several points along their route. Alteño residents reported that government troops started shooting indiscriminately, killing a five-year-old child and a pregnant mother.<ref>{{cite web |first=Stella |last=Calloni |author-link=Stella Calloni |url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2003/10/15/034n2mun.php?origen=index.html&fly=1 |title=La Paz, tomada por el ejército; se agrava la escasez de alimentos |website=Jornada.unam.mx |publisher=La Jornada |date=15 October 2003 |access-date=8 June 2017}}</ref> Sánchez de Lozada and some government ministers attributed the violence to an armed 'coup', but Evo Morales and some civil groups described it as a 'massacre' by government forces.
Vice-President Mesa publicly broke with Sánchez de Lozada, saying, "Neither as a citizen nor as a man of principles can I accept that, faced with popular pressure, the response should be death." The Minister for Economic Development also resigned. 20,000 Bolivians began to march on La Paz, demanding the President's resignation. Evo Morales' supporters from Cochabamba tried to march into [[Santa Cruz de la Sierra|Santa Cruz]], the largest city of the eastern lowlands where support still remained for the president. They were turned back. While blaming the violence on 'narco-syndicalist', Sánchez de Lozada proposed a National Dialogue. He promised to put export plans to a national referendum, but demands for his resignation continued to rise. According to official figures, a total of 65 civilian deaths resulted from the Gas War, with around 400 persons wounded.
Faced with rising anger at the deaths, and with coalition partner Manfred Reyes Villa withdrawing political support, Sánchez de Lozada offered his resignation on 17 October in a letter to be read at an emergency session of Congress. He left on a commercially scheduled flight for the United States.
== Exile (2003–present) ==
===Trial of responsibility===
In 2004, after a concerted campaign by the families of the victims, the government and human rights groups, who gathered over 700,000 signatures on petitions, two-thirds of Bolivia's Congress voted to authorize a "Trial of Responsibility" of the exiled president. It was intended to determine whether Sánchez de Lozada and his cabinet ministers should be held legally responsible for the violence of the Gas War. Supporters included many from the president's party, reflecting a broad consensus for an impartial investigation to understand the responsibilities for the violence and deaths.
The Attorney-General's office took testimony from twelve ministers, and carried out detailed preliminary investigations. Their work included forensic studies, crime scene investigations, and eyewitness testimony. Evo Morales, one of the key protest leaders, voluntarily offered evidence. In August 2011 the Bolivian Supreme Court sentenced five members of the military and two politicians to between three and fifteen years in prison for their role in the events of September and October 2003.
===Attempts at extradition===
On 11 November 2008, Bolivia formally served the U.S. government with a request to extradite Sánchez de Lozada to Bolivia. The request was rejected by the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] in 2012, based on the argument that Sánchez de Lozada's actions are not a crime in the U.S., and that no dual criminality condition existed. It said that no U.S. President could be charged for crimes done by military and police forces.
=== Civil trial in the United States ===
On 10 November 2009, the U.S. District Court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that the claims for charges of [[crimes against humanity]] against Sánchez de Lozada had no case. The court ruled that charges of extrajudicial killings could be pursued in order to allow two related U.S. cases to progress against former president Gonzalo Daniel Sánchez de Lozada de Bustamante and former Bolivian Defense Minister Jose Carlos Sánchez Berzaín.
Eight families of Bolivians killed during the 2003 protests are plaintiffs in the case. They include Etelvina Ramos Mamani and Eloy Ramos Mamani, the parents of eight-year-old Marlene, who was killed by a gunshot through her window during the military action on Warisata on 25 September 2003.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/article203804364.html|title=Landmark case in Florida pits Bolivia's ex-leader against villagers attacked by his army|last=Ovalle|first=David|date=6 March 2018|work=Miami Herald|access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref>
The plaintiffs in the cases, ''Mamani, et al. v. Sánchez de Lozada'', and ''Mamani, et al. v. Sánchez Berzaín'', seek compensatory and punitive damages under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ccrjustice.org/Mamani-v-Sanchez |title=Mamani, et al. v. Sánchez de Lozada / Mamani, et al. v. Sánchez Berzaín | Center for Constitutional Rights |publisher=Ccrjustice.org |date=8 February 2008 |access-date=8 June 2017}}</ref> On 20 May 2014, Judge James Cohn ordered that Plaintiffs' claims under the [[Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991|Torture Victim Protection Act]] (TVPA) could proceed because they sufficiently alleged facts that "plausibly suggest that these killings were deliberate," and because they adequately alleged that Defendants were responsible for the killings. The case was stayed on 19 August 2014 pending defendants' appeal of the district court's decision. Appellants-defendants filed their brief to the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals on 14 January 2015. Plaintiffs-appellees filed their brief on 6 March 2015. The 11th Circuit Court of Appeals issued their decision on 17 June 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201415128.pdf |title=ELOY ROYAS MAMANI, ETELVINA RAMOS MAMANI, SONIA ESPEJO VILLALOBOS, HERNAN APAZA CUTIPA, JUAN PATRICIO QUISPE MAMANI, et al., versus JOSE CARLOS SANCHEZ BERZAIN, GONZALO SANCHEZ DE LOZADA |publisher=Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida |date=16 June 2016 |access-date=8 June 2017}}</ref> On 17 April 2017, the US Supreme Court denied certiorari for the plaintiff's appeal, clearing the way for the case to be tried.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/sanchez-de-lozada-v-mamani/|title=Sanchez de Lozada v. Mamani - SCOTUSblog|work=SCOTUSblog|access-date=27 March 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
The jury trial for the combined cases against Sánchez de Lozada and Sánchez Berzaín began on 5 March 2018 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/former-bolivian-president-faces-us-trial-for-2003-killings/4280797.html|title=Former Bolivian President Faces US Trial for 2003 Killings|last=Associated Press|work=VOA|access-date=27 March 2018|language=en}}</ref> They were both found liable for the civilian deaths by the jury on 3 April 2018 under the TVPA claim that the deaths were extrajudicial killings. The plaintiffs were awarded $10 million in damages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/trials/articles/1027892/breaking-fla-jury-blames-ex-bolivian-prez-for-civilian-deaths|title=BREAKING: Fla. Jury Blames Ex-Bolivian Prez For Civilian Deaths - Law360|website=www.law360.com|language=en|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> On 30 May 2018, federal judge overturned the verdict of a jury by determining that a reasonable jury could not find them liable as a matter of law.
Lawyers for the plaintiffs appealed the judge's decision, making oral arguments before the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|11th Circuit Court of Appeals]] in Miami in November 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gordon|first=Elana|date=19 December 2019|title='October Massacre' victims' trial highlights traumas in Bolivia|work=The World from PRX|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-12-19/october-massacre-victims-trial-highlights-traumas-bolivia|access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> On 3 August 2020, a three judge panel vacated the District Court's move to set aside the verdict, and ordered it to reconsider the matter on a new standard. It also ruled that plaintiffs were entitled to a new trial on the question of wrongful death, a matter the jury had decided in favor of the defendants.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 August 2020|title=EEUU: Anulan la sentencia que favorecía a Goni y Sánchez Berzaín en el caso Octubre Negro|work=Erbol|url=https://erbol.com.bo/nacional/eeuu-anulan-la-sentencia-que-favorec%C3%ADa-goni-y-s%C3%A1nchez-berza%C3%ADn-en-el-caso-octubre-negro|access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite court
|litigants=Mamani et al. v. Sánchez de Lozada and Sánchez Berzaín
|vol= |reporter= |opinion= 18-12728 |pinpoint= |court= [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|11th Cir]] |date= 8 March 2020 |url= http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201812728.pdf |access-date= 3 August 2020 |quote= In answering the first question, we determine that the District Court conflated the standard for an extrajudicial killing with the theory of liability tying Defendants to the decedents’ deaths. We further hold that evidence of deaths caused by a soldier acting under orders to use excessive or indiscriminate force could provide a legally sufficient foundation to support a TVPA claim. We vacate and remand the case for the District Court to determine, in the first instance and under the correct standard, whether Plaintiffs put forth sufficient evidence to show that the deaths were extrajudicial killings, and, if so, whether there is sufficient evidence to hold Defendants liable for such killings under the command-responsibility doctrine. As for the wrongful-death claims, we determine that the District Court erroneously admitted the State Department cables. Given our resolution of the second issue, we need not decide the third question. We vacate and remand the case for a new trial on the wrongful-death claims.}}</ref> On 5 April 2021, the 2018 jury verdict, and the ordered $10 million payment, was reaffirmed by U.S. District Judge [[James I. Cohn]] after defense notions to dismiss the ruling were denied.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/4/14/bolivian-president-ruling-upheld/|title=Federal Judge Upholds Ruling Against Former Bolivian President in Human Rights Case Brought by HLS Clinic|first=Emmy M.|last=Cho|publisher=The Harvard Crimson|date=14 April 2021|accessdate=16 April 2022}}</ref>
==See also==
*Sánchez de Lozada is a member of [[Club of Madrid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clubmadrid.org/cmadrid/index.php?id=144 |title=Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada |access-date=14 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014223104/http://www.clubmadrid.org/cmadrid/index.php?id=144 |archive-date=14 October 2007 }}</ref>
*Sánchez de Lozada reforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanchezdelozada.info/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230151004/http://sanchezdelozada.info/ |archive-date=30 December 2010 }}</ref>
*[[Our Brand Is Crisis (2005 film)|''Our Brand Is Crisis'' (2005)]], a documentary about Sánchez de Lozada's second presidential campaign and influence of American political consultants
*[[President of Bolivia]]
*[[History of Bolivia]]
*[[Politics of Bolivia]]
==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080831054853/http://www.presidencia.gov.bo/Presidentes_Bolivia/pr61.htm "Biography of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada"], Presidency of the Republic of Bolivia official website
*[http://sanchezdelozada.info/ Social and Economics Reforms of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada], personal website
*[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/index.html ''Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy''], PBS-WGBH
*[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/int_gonzalodelozada.html Interview with President Sanchez de Lozada], from ''[[Commanding Heights]],'' PBS documentary
*{{CIDOB|america_del_sur/bolivia/gonzalo_sanchez_de_lozada}}
*{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208084654/http://boliviauncovered.com/|title=October 2003: A complete analysis|date=8 February 2011}}
*[http://democracyctr.org/blogfrombolivia/getting-action-black-october-memorial-recalls-a-decade-of-impunity-in-bolivia/ "Black October Memorial: A decade of impunity"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307122924/http://democracyctr.org/blogfrombolivia/getting-action-black-october-memorial-recalls-a-decade-of-impunity-in-bolivia/ |date=7 March 2017 }}, Democracy Center
*[http://www.coha.org/a-case-for-extradition-gonzalo-sanchez-de-lozada-and-carlos-sanchez-berzain/ "A case for extradition: Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada and Carlos Sanchez Berzain"], Council of Hemispheric Affairs
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080904173426/http://www.presidencia.gov.bo/Presidentes_Bolivia/pr_Bolivia.htm "Gallery of portraits and biographies of presidents of Bolivia"], Presidencia de Bolivia website
{{Presidents of Bolivia}}
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{{s-bef|before=Guillermo Bedregal Gutiérrez}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Development Planning (Bolivia)|Minister of Planning and Coordination]]|years=1986–1988}}
{{s-aft|after=Fernando Romero Moreno}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Jaime Paz Zamora]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Bolivia]]|years=1993–1997}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Jorge Quiroga]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Bolivia]]|years=2002–2003}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Víctor Paz Estenssoro]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Revolutionary Nationalist Movement]] nominee for President of Bolivia|years=[[1989 Bolivian general election|1989]], [[1993 Bolivian general election|1993]]}}
{{s-aft|after=Juan Carlos Durán}}
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{{s-bef|before=Juan Carlos Durán}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Revolutionary Nationalist Movement]] nominee for President of Bolivia|years=[[2002 Bolivian general election|2002]]}}
{{s-aft|after=Michiaki Nagatani Morishita}}
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[[Category:Candidates in the 1989 Bolivian presidential election]]
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[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Sun of Peru]]
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