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{{Short description|King of the Franks from 751 to 768}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = PippinImperialChronicleCorpusChristiCollegeMS373Fol14.jpg
| caption = Pepin the Younger, miniature, {{lang|la|Anonymi chronica imperatorum}}, {{circa|1112–1114}}
| succession = [[King of the Franks]]
| reign = 751 – 24 September 768
| predecessor = [[Childeric III]]
| successor = [[Charlemagne|Charles I]] and [[Carloman I]]
| succession1 = [[Mayor of the Palace]] of [[Neustria]]
| reign1 = 741–751
| coronation1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Charles Martel]]
| successor1 = [[Charlemagne]]
| succession2 = [[Mayor of the Palace]] of [[Austrasia]]
| reign2 = 747–751
| coronation2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Carloman, son of Charles Martel|Carloman]]
| successor2 = Merged into crown
| spouse = [[Bertrada of Laon]]
| issue = [[Charlemagne]]<br/>[[Carloman I]]<br/>[[Gisela, Abbess of Chelles|Gisela]]
| dynasty = [[Carolingian]]
| father = [[Charles Martel]]
| mother = [[Rotrude of Hesbaye]]
| birth_date = {{c.|714}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|768|9|24|714|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]], [[Kingdom of the Franks]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Basilica of St Denis]]
| signature = Pippin aláírása.jpg
| religion = [[Chalcedonian Christianity]]
}}
'''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">Pepin</span>{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɛ|p|ɪ|n}}; rarely, his name may be spelled ''Peppin'' or ''Pippin''.<ref>{{harvnb|Duckett|2022}}</ref>}} the Short''' ({{Langx|la|Pipinus}}; {{langx|fr|Pépin le Bref}}; {{langx|de|Pippin der Kurze}};{{efn|Other bynames include {{lang|de|der Kleine}} ({{gloss|the little}}), {{lang|de|der Jüngere}} ({{gloss|the younger}}), and {{lang|de|den Zwerg}} ({{gloss|the dwarf}}).}} {{c.|714}} – 24 September 768) was [[King of the Franks]] from 751 until his death in 768. He was the first [[Carolingian dynasty|Carolingian]] to become king.{{sfn|Riché|1993|p=65}}
<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">Pepin</span> was the son of the Frankish prince [[Charles Martel]] and his wife [[Rotrude of Hesbaye|Rotrude]]. Pepin's upbringing was distinguished by the ecclesiastical education he had received from the [[Christian monasticism|Christian monks]] of the [[Basilica of Saint-Denis|Abbey Church of St. Denis]], near [[Paris]]. Succeeding his father as the [[Mayor of the Palace]] in 741, Pepin reigned over [[Francia]] jointly with his elder brother, [[Carloman (mayor of the palace)|Carloman]]. Pepin ruled in [[Neustria]], [[Burgundy]], and [[Provence]], while his older brother Carloman established himself in [[Austrasia]], [[Alemannia]], and [[Thuringia]]. The brothers were active in suppressing revolts led by the [[Bavarians]], [[Aquitanians]], [[Saxons]], and the [[Alemanni]] in the early years of their reign. In 743, they ended the {{Ill|Frankish Interregnum|fr|Interrègne franc}} by choosing [[Childeric III]], who was to be the last [[Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian monarch]], as figurehead King of the Franks.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
Being well disposed towards the [[Christian Church]] and [[Papacy]] on account of their ecclesiastical upbringing, Pepin and Carloman continued their father's work in supporting [[Saint Boniface]] in reforming the Frankish church and evangelizing the Saxons. After Carloman, an intensely pious man, retired to religious life in 747, Pepin became the sole ruler of the Franks. He suppressed a revolt led by his half-brother [[Grifo (noble)|Grifo]] and succeeded in becoming the undisputed master of all Francia. Giving up pretense, Pepin then forced Childeric into a monastery and had himself proclaimed King of the Franks with the support of [[Pope Zachary]] in 751. Not all members of the Carolingian family supported the decision, and Pepin had to put down a revolt led by Carloman's son, [[Drogo (mayor of the palace)|Drogo]],{{fact|date=January 2023}} and again by Grifo.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
As King of the Franks, Pepin embarked on an ambitious program to expand his power. He reformed the Franks' legislation and continued Boniface's ecclesiastical reforms. Pepin also intervened in favour of the Papacy of [[Pope Stephen II|Stephen II]] against the [[Lombards]] in [[Italy in the Middle Ages|Italy]]. In the midsummer of 754, Stephen II anointed Pepin afresh,<ref>{{Harvnb|Doig|2008|p=110}}</ref> together with his two sons, Charles and Carloman.<ref>{{harvnb|Duckett|2022}}</ref> The ceremony took place in the [[Basilica of Saint-Denis|Abbey Church of St. Denis]], and the Pope formally forbade the Franks ever to elect as king anyone who was not of the sacred race of Pepin. He also bestowed upon Pepin and his sons the title of ''Patrician of Rome''.<ref>{{harvnb|R.H.C|1957|p=133}}</ref> Pepin was able to secure several cities, which he then gave to the Pope as part of the [[Donation of Pepin]]. This formed the legal basis for the [[Papal States]] in the Middle Ages. The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Greeks]], keen to make good relations with the growing power of the Frankish Empire, gave Pepin the title of ''[[Patrician (ancient Rome)|Patricius]]''.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
In wars of [[Pepin the Short#Expansion of the Frankish realm|expansion for the Frankish realm]], Pepin conquered [[Septimania]] from the [[Umayyad caliphate|Umayyad]] and [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] [[Muslims]] and defeated them at the [[Siege of Narbonne (752–759)|siege of Narbonne in 759]],<ref name="Deanesly 2019">{{cite book |last=Deanesly |first=Margaret |author-link=Margaret Deanesly |year=2019 |title=A History of Early Medieval Europe: From 476–911 |chapter=The Later Merovingians |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20ufDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT244 |___location=[[London]] and [[New York City]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=1st |series=Routledge Library Editions: The Medieval World |pages=244–245 |isbn=9780367184582}}</ref><ref name="Collins 1998">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Collins |year=1998 |title=Charlemagne |chapter=Italy and Spain, 773–801 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05IVoPSfb48C&pg=PA66 |___location=[[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[London]], and [[Toronto]] |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]/[[University of Toronto Press]] |pages=65–66 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-26924-2_4 |isbn=978-1-349-26924-2}}</ref> and proceeded to subjugate the southern realms by repeatedly defeating [[Waiofar]] and his [[Duchy of Gascony|Gascon]] troops, after which the Gascon and Aquitanian lords saw no option but to pledge loyalty to the Franks. Pepin was, however, troubled by the relentless revolts of the Saxons and the Bavarians. He campaigned tirelessly in [[Germania]] as well, but the final subjugation of the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] was left to his successors.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
Pepin died in 768 from unknown causes and was succeeded by his sons [[Charlemagne]] and [[Carloman I|Carloman]]. Although Pepin was one of the most powerful and successful rulers of his time, his reign is largely overshadowed by that of his more famous son, Charlemagne. {{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
==Assumption of power==
Pepin's father [[Charles Martel]] died in 741. He divided the rule of the Frankish kingdom between Pepin and his elder brother, [[Carloman, Mayor of the Palace|Carloman]], his surviving sons by his first wife: Carloman became Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, Pepin became Mayor of the Palace of Neustria. [[Grifo (noble)|Grifo]], Charles's son by his second wife, Swanahild (also known as Swanhilde), demanded a share in the inheritance, but he was [[Siege of Laon (741)|besieged]] in [[Laon]], forced to surrender and imprisoned in a [[monastery]] by his two half-brothers.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
In the Frankish realm, the kingdom's unity was essentially connected with the king's person. So Carloman, to secure this unity, raised the Merovingian Childeric to the throne (743). Then, in 747, Carloman resolved to enter a monastery after years of consideration.<ref>{{harvnb|Duckett|2022}}</ref> This left Francia in the hands of Pepin as sole mayor of the palace and ''dux et princeps Francorum''.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
At the time of Carloman's retirement, Grifo escaped his imprisonment and fled to Duke [[Odilo of Bavaria]], who was married to Hiltrude, Pepin's sister. Pepin put down the renewed revolt led by his half-brother and successfully restored the kingdom's boundaries.
{{carolingians|268px}}
Under the reorganization of Francia by Charles Martel, the ''dux et princeps Francorum'' was the commander of the kingdom's armies, in addition to his administrative duties as mayor of the palace.{{sfn|Schulman|2002|p=101}}
==First Carolingian king {{anchor|First Carolingian king}} ==<!-- linking to this narration --->
[[File:Pepin le Bref.jpg|thumb|left|Coronation in 751 of Pepin by [[Saint Boniface|Boniface, Archbishop of Mainz]]]]
As mayor of the palace, Pepin was formally subject to the decisions of [[Childeric III]], who had only the title of king, with no power. Since Pepin had control over the magnates and had the power of a king, he now addressed to [[Pope Zachary]] a suggestive question:
:''In regard to the kings of the Franks who no longer possess the royal power: is this state of things proper?''
Hard pressed by the [[Lombards]], Pope Zachary welcomed this move by the Franks to end an intolerable condition and lay the constitutional foundations for exercising royal power. The Pope replied that such a state of things is not proper. Under these circumstances, the wielder of actual power should be called King. After this decision, Childeric III was deposed and confined to a monastery. He was the last of the Merovingians.
Pepin was then elected King of the Franks by an assembly of Frankish nobles, with a large portion of his army on hand. The earliest account of his election and anointing is the ''[[Clausula de Pippino]]'', written around 767. Meanwhile, Grifo continued his rebellion but was eventually killed in the battle of [[Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne]] in 753.
Pepin was assisted by his friend [[Vergilius of Salzburg]], an Irish monk who probably used a copy of the "[[Collectio canonum Hibernensis]]" (an Irish collection of canon law) to advise him to receive royal unction to assist his recognition as king.{{sfn|Enright|1985|p=ix, 198}} Anointed a first time in 751 in [[Soissons]], Pepin added to his power after [[Pope Stephen II]] traveled to [[Paris]] to anoint him a second time in a lavish ceremony at the Basilica of St Denis in 754, bestowing upon him the additional title of Patricius Romanorum (Patrician of the Romans). This was the first recorded crowning of a civil ruler by a Pope.{{sfn|Kazhdan|Talbot|Cutler|Gregory|1991}} As life expectancies were short in those days, and Pepin wanted family continuity, the Pope also anointed Pepin's sons, Charles (eventually known as Charlemagne), who was 12, and Carloman, who was 3.
The significance of the anointment ceremony is visible in that the Pope newly adopted it and was unheard of in Rome. This, together with granting the title of Patrician of the Romans, which was connected to the role of {{Ill|Defensor civitatis|fr|4=es}} (protector of oppressed citizens), meant that Pepin was now designated as the defender of the Church.<ref>{{harvnb|Ullmann|2013|pp=67–69}}</ref>
==Expansion of the Frankish realm==
[[File:Muslim troops leaving Narbonne to Pepin le Bref in 759.jpg|thumb|Muslim troops leaving [[Narbonne]] in 759, after 40 years of occupation]]
[[File:North and south of the Pyrenees (Year 760).jpg|thumb|Pepin's expedition to Septimania and Aquitaine (760)]]
Pepin's first major act as king was to go to war against the Lombard king [[Aistulf]], who had expanded into the ''[[duchy of Rome|ducatus Romanus]]''. After a meeting with Pope Stephen II at Ponthion, Pepin forced the Lombard king to return the property seized from the Church.{{sfn|Brown|1995|p=328}} He confirmed the papacy in possession of [[Ravenna]] and the [[Pentapolis]], the so-called [[Donation of Pepin]], whereby the [[Papal States]] were established, and the temporal reign of the papacy officially began.{{sfn|Brown|1995|p=328}} At about 752, he turned his attention to Septimania. The new king headed south in a military expedition down the [[Rhone]] valley. He received the submission of eastern [[Septimania]] (i.e., [[Nîmes]], [[Maguelone]], [[Beziers]] and [[Agde]]) after securing count [[Ansemund|Ansemund's]] allegiance. The Frankish king went on to invest [[Narbonne]], the main [[Umayyad]] stronghold in Septimania, but could not capture it from the [[Iberia]]n [[Islam|Muslim]]s until seven years later [[Siege of Narbonne (752–759)|in 759]],{{sfn|Lewis|2010|p=chapter 1}} when they were driven out to Hispania.
However, Aquitaine remained under [[Waiofar]]'s Gascon-Aquitanian rule and beyond Frankish reach. Duke Waiofar appears to have confiscated Church lands, maybe distributing them among his troops. In 760, after conquering the [[Roussillon]] from the Muslims and denouncing Waiofar's actions, Pepin moved his troops over to [[History of Toulouse#508–768: Merovingian Franks and the duchy of Aquitaine|Toulouse]] and [[Albi]], ravaged with fire and sword most of [[Aquitaine#Early Middle Ages|Aquitaine]], and, in retaliation, counts loyal to Waiofar ravaged Burgundy.{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=728}} Pepin, in turn, besieged the Aquitanian-held towns and strongholds of [[Siege of Bourbon (761)|Bourbon]], [[Siege of Clermont (761)|Clermont]], [[Siege of Chantelle (761)|Chantelle]], [[Siege of Bourges (762)|Bourges]] and [[Siege of Thouars (762)|Thouars]], defended by Waiofar's [[Gascony|Gascon]] troops, who were overcome, captured and deported into northern France with their children and wives.{{sfn|Petersen|2013|pp=728–731}}
In 763, Pepin advanced further into the heart of Waiofar's domains and captured major strongholds (Poitiers, Limoges, Angoulême, etc.), after which Waiofar counterattacked and war became bitter. Pepin opted to spread terror, burning villas, destroying vineyards, and depopulating monasteries. By 765, the brutal tactics seemed to pay off for the Franks, who destroyed resistance in central Aquitaine and devastated the whole region. The city of [[Toulouse]] was [[Siege of Toulouse (767)|conquered]] by Pepin in 767, as was Waiofar's capital of [[Bordeaux]].{{sfn|Tucker|2011|p=215}}
As a result, Aquitanian nobles and Gascons from beyond the Garonne also saw no option but to accept a pro-Frankish peace treaty (Fronsac, c. 768). Waiofar escaped but was assassinated by his frustrated followers in 768.
==Legacy==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2024}}
[[File:With one blow Pepin cut off the lion's head, and with a second the bull's.jpg|thumb|250px|Allegoric depiction of Pepin]]
Pepin died on campaign in 768 at the age of 54. He was interred in the [[Basilica of Saint Denis]] in modern-day [[Metropolitan Paris]]. His wife [[Bertrada of Laon|Bertrada]] was also interred there in 783. Charlemagne rebuilt the Basilica in honor of his parents and placed markers at the entrance.
The Frankish realm was divided according to the [[Salic law]] between his two sons: [[Charlemagne]] and [[Carloman I]].
Historical opinion{{who|date=April 2021}} often seems to regard him as the lesser son and lesser father of two greater men, though a great man in his own right. He continued building up the [[heavy cavalry]] his father had begun. He maintained the standing army that his father had found necessary to protect the realm and form the core of its whole army in wartime. He not only contained the Spanish Muslims as his father had but drove them out of what is now [[France]] and, as important, he managed to subdue the Aquitanians and the Gascons after three generations of on-off clashes, opening the gate to central and southern Gaul and Muslim Spain. He continued his father's expansion of the Frankish church (missionary work in [[Germany]] and [[Scandinavia]]) and the institutional infrastructure ([[feudalism]]) that would prove the backbone of medieval Europe.
His rule was historically significant and greatly beneficial to the [[Franks]] as a people. Pepin's assumption of the crown and the title of Patrician of [[Rome]] were harbingers of his son's imperial coronation. He made the Carolingians the ruling dynasty of the [[Franks]] and the foremost power of [[Europe]].
==Family==
Pepin married Leutberga from the [[Danube]] region. They had five children. She was repudiated sometime after the birth of Charlemagne, and her children were sent to convents.{{cn|date=June 2024}}
In 744, Pepin married [[Bertrada of Laon|Bertrada]], daughter of [[Caribert of Laon]]. They are known to have had seven children, at least three of whom survived to adulthood:
* [[Charlemagne|Charles]] (Charlemagne) (2 April 747 – 28 January 814)
* [[Carloman, son of Pippin III|Carloman]] (751 – 4 December 771)
* Pepin (756–762)
* [[Gisela (daughter of Pepin the Short)|Gisela]] (757–810)
* Berthe, died young
* Adelais (Adelaide), died young, buried in Metz
* Chrothais (Rothaide), died young, buried in Metz.
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History, c. 700–c. 900 |volume=II |editor-first=Rosamond |editor-last=McKitterick |chapter=Byzantine Italy |first=T.S. |last=Brown |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Doig |first=Allan |title=Liturgy and architecture from the early church to the Middle Ages |publisher=Ashgate |year=2008 |isbn=978-0754652748}}
*{{Cite web |last=Duckett |first=Eleanor Shipley |date=20 September 2022 |title=Pippin III |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pippin-III |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}
*{{cite book |first=Paul Edward |last=Dutton |title=Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2008 }}
*{{cite book |last=Enright |first=M.J. |title=Iona, Tara, and Soissons: The Origin of the Royal Anointing Ritual |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1985 }}
*{{Cite book|title=The Oxford dictionary of Byzantium|date=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|last=Kazhdan|first=Alexander P. (Aleksandr Petrovich) |last2=Talbot |first2=Alice-Mary Maffry | author2-link=Alice-Mary Talbot |last3=Cutler |first3=Anthony |last4=Gregory |first4=Timothy E. |last5=Ševčenko |first5=Nancy Patterson |isbn=0195046528|___location=New York|oclc=22733550}}
*{{cite book |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 | publisher=The Library of Iberian Resources Online |year=2010 |url = http://libro.uca.edu/lewis/sfc1.htm }}
* {{cite book |last=Petersen |first=Leif Inge Ree |title=Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400–800 AD): Byzantium, the West and Islam |year=2013 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |___location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-25199-1 }}
*{{Cite book|last=R.H.C|first=Davis|title=A History of Medieval Europe – From Constantine to Saint Louis|publisher=Longman |year=1957|isbn=0582482089|___location=Great Britain}}
*{{cite book |first=Pierre |last=Riché |translator1-first=Michael Idomir |translator1-last=Allen |title=The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1993 }}
*{{cite book |title=The Rise of the Medieval World, 500–1300: A Biographical Dictionary |editor-first=Jana K. |editor-last=Schulman |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2002 }}
*{{cite book |title=A Global Chronology of Conflict |volume=I |editor-first=Spencer C. |editor-last=Tucker |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Ullmann |first1=Walter |title=Growth of Papal Government in Middle Ages – Study in Ideological Relation of Clerical to Lay Power |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge}}
*Bradbury, Jim (2007). ''The Capetians: Kings of France.''
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pépin le Bref|Pepin the Short}}
* {{DNB-Portal|118594540|TYP=Literatur über|NAME=Pippin den Jüngeren}}
* Document by Pepin for Fulda Abbey, 760, {{LBALink|2621}}.
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Carolingian|Carolingian Dynasty]]||714||768}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Charles Martel]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Mayors of the Palaces|Mayor of the Palace of Neustria]]|years=741–751}}
{{s-non|rows=2|reason=Merged into crown}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Carloman, son of Charles Martel|Carloman]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Mayors of the Palaces|Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia]]|years=747–751}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Childeric III]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of the Franks]]|years=751 – 24 September 768}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Charlemagne]] and<br>[[Carloman I of France|Carloman I]]}}
{{end}}
{{Monarchs of France}}
{{Carolingians footer}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:710s births]]
[[Category:768 deaths]]
[[Category:Frankish warriors]]
[[Category:Mayors of the Palace]]
[[Category:Monarchs killed in action]]
[[Category:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis]]
[[Category:Carolingian dynasty]]
[[Category:People from Liège]]
[[Category:8th-century Frankish kings]]
[[Category:Children of Charles Martel]]
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