PGPCoder: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox computer virus

|Common name=Gpcode

|Technical name=
* Trojan.PGPCoder,
* Virus.Win32.Gpcode,

* TROJ_PGPCODER.[letter] ([[Trend Micro]])

|Classification=[[Trojan horse (computing)|Trojan]]

|Fullname=Trojan.PGPCoder

|IsolationDate=2005-05-20

}}

'''PGPCoder''', also known asor '''GPCode''', is a [[trojan horse (computing)|trojan]] that encrypts files on the infected computer and then asks for a feeransom in order to release these files. This is, a new type of behavior, rarely seen until now, dubbed [[ransomware (malware)|ransomware]] or [[cryptovirology]].

== Trojan ==

Once installed on a computer, the trojan creates two registry keys: one to ensure it is run on every system startup, and the second to monitor the progress of the trojan in the infected computer, counting the number of files that have been analyzed by the malicious code.

Once it has been run, the trojan embarks on its mission, which is to encrypt, using a digital encryption key, all the files it finds on computer drives with extensions corresponding to those listed in its code. These extensions include DOC.doc, (Microsoft Word documents).html, HTML (web pages).jpg, JPG (images).xls, XLS (Microsoft Excel spreadsheets).zip, ZIP and RAR (two common compressed file formats).rar.

The blackmail is completed with the trojan dropping a text file in each directory, with instructions to the victim of what to do. An email address is supplied through which users are supposed to request for their files to be released after paying a ransom of $200100–200 to an [[e-gold]] or [[Liberty Reserve]] account.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rump2008.cr.yp.to/6b53f0dad2c752ac2fd7cb80e8714a90.pdf|format=PDF|title=Cryptanalysis of the Gpcode.ak ransomware virus|author=Eran Tromer|author-link=Eran Tromer|accessdate=2008-09-30}}</ref>

GPcode uses the ADD instruction on the plaintext with an 8-bit encryption key. The starting value of the encryption key is 0x3a and it is changed using the fixed values 0x25 and 0x5c after the encipherment of each subsequent byte of plaintext.

== Efforts to combat the trojan ==

The blackmail is completed with the trojan dropping a text file in each directory, with instructions to the victim of what to do. An email address is supplied through which users are supposed to request for their files to be released after paying a ransom of $200.

While a few Gpcode variants have been successfully implemented,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaspersky.com/news?id=207575651|title=Kaspersky Lab announces the launch of Stop Gpcode, an international initiative against the blackmailer virus|date=2008-06-09}}</ref> many variants have flaws that allow users to recover data without paying the ransom fee. The first versions of Gpcode used a custom-written encryption routine that was easily broken.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viruslist.com/en/analysis?pubid=189678219|title=Blackmailer: the story of Gpcode|date=2006-07-26|publisher=Kaspersky Labs}}</ref> Variant Gpcode.ak writes the encrypted file to a new ___location, and deletes the unencrypted file, and this allows an [[undeletion|undeletion utility]] to recover some of the files. Once some [[known-plaintext attack|encrypted+unencrypted pairs]] have been found, this sometimes gives enough information to decrypt other files.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.kaspersky.com/faq/?qid=208279822|title=Utilities which fight Virus.Win32.Gpcode.ak|date=2008-06-25|publisher=Kaspersky Lab}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viruslist.com/en/weblog?weblogid=208187531|title=Restoring files attacked by Gpcode.ak|publisher=Kaspersky Labs|date=2008-06-13|access-date=2008-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713204125/http://www.viruslist.com/en/weblog?weblogid=208187531|archive-date=2009-07-13|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viruslist.com/en/weblog?weblogid=208187538|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209010757/http://www.viruslist.com/en/weblog?weblogid=208187538|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-09|title=Another way of restoring files after a Gpcode attack|date=2008-06-26}}</ref> Variant Gpcode.am uses [[symmetric-key algorithm|symmetric encryption]], which made key recovery very easy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viruslist.com/en/weblog?weblogid=208187565|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918142720/http://www.viruslist.com/en/weblog?weblogid=208187565|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-18|title=New Gpcode - mostly hot air|date=2008-08-14|publisher=Kaspersky Labs}}</ref>

In late November 2010, a new version called Gpcode.ax<ref>{{cite web|url=https://xylibox.blogspot.com/2011/01/gpcode-ransomware-2010-simple-analysis.html|title=GpCode Ransomware 2010 Simple Analysis|publisher=Xylibox|date=2011-01-30}}</ref> was reported. It uses stronger encryption (RSA-1024 and AES-256) and physically overwrites the encrypted file, making recovery nearly impossible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.securelist.com/en/blog/333/GpCode_like_Ransomware_Is_Back|title=GpCode-like Ransomware Is Back|date=2010-11-29|publisher=Kaspersky Labs}}</ref>

[[Kaspersky Lab]] has been able to make contact with the author of the program, and verify that the individual is the real author, but have so far been unable to determine his real world identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techworld.com/news/security/police-find-author-of-notorious-virus-105043/|title=Police 'find' author of notorious virus|date=2008-09-30|publisher=TechWorld}}</ref>

Since the decryption key can be trivially derived from the trojan antivirus companies have been able to develop a complete "cure" for the data modifications that this trojan makes.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}<!-- not present in sources credited below --> It follows that PGPcoder is not a true cryptotrojan.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}<!-- conclusion not present in sources credited below --> A cryptovirus, cryptotrojan, or cryptoworm contains and uses the public key of the attacker. In cryptoviral extortion, the malware hybrid encrypts the victim's data using the attacker's public key. Analysis of the malware does not reveal the needed private decryption key. So, when there are no backups then victims have no recourse but to pay the extortionist or lose the data. This attack is one of many in the field known as [[cryptovirology]]. Victims of PGPcoder are lucky that it is not a true cryptotrojan and therefore does not carry out cryptoviral extortion.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}<!-- commentary not present in sources credited below -->

==External linksReferences ==

{{reflist}}

* [http://usa.kaspersky.com/about-us/news-press-releases.php?smnr_id=900000131 Kaspersky Lab Warns of New Variant of Dangerous Blackmailing Virus, Gpcode]

* [http://people.csail.mit.edu/tromer/gpcode/ Gpcode.ak Cryptographic Challenge]

== External links ==

* Virus description databases

* Kaspersky Lab

** [http://www.kaspersky.com/find?words=gpcode&search=Search Kaspersky Lab blog posts]

** [https://web.archive.org/web/20080918001754/http://forum.kaspersky.com/index.php?showforum=91 Kaspersky Lab forum dedicated to GPCode]

** [http://www.viruslist.com/en/find?search_mode=virus&words=Gpcode&x=9&y=5 Kaspersky Lab virus descriptions]

** [https://web.archive.org/web/20081003174725/http://downloads1.kaspersky-labs.com/utils/stopgpcode/ StopGPCode trojan removal utilities]

* VirusOther virus description databases

** [http://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/gpcode.shtml F-Secure]

** [https://web.archive.org/web/20061213000916/http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2005-052215-5723-99 Symantec]

** McAfee: [http://us.mcafee.com/virusInfo/default.asp?id=description&virus_k=133901 GPCoder] [http://us.mcafee.com/virusInfo/default.asp?id=description&virus_k=139824 GPCoder.e] [http://us.mcafee.com/virusInfo/default.asp?id=description&virus_k=139907 GPCoder.f] [http://us.mcafee.com/virusInfo/default.asp?id=description&virus_k=139906 GPCoder.g] [http://us.mcafee.com/virusInfo/default.asp?id=description&virus_k=142712 GPCoder.h] [http://us.mcafee.com/virusInfo/default.asp?id=description&virus_k=145334 GPCoder.i]

** Trend Micro: [http://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/virusencyclo/default5.asp?VName=TROJ_PGPCODER.A TROJ_PGPCODER.A] [http://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/virusencyclo/default5.asp?VName=TROJ_PGPCODER.B TROJ_PGPCODER.B] [http://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/virusencyclo/default5.asp?VName=TROJ_PGPCODER.C TROJ_PGPCODER.C] [http://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/virusencyclo/default5.asp?VName=TROJ_PGPCODER.D TROJ_PGPCODER.D] [http://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/virusencyclo/default5.asp?VName=TROJ_PGPCODER.E TROJ_PGPCODER.E] [http://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/virusencyclo/default5.asp?VName=TROJ_PGPCODER.F TROJ_PGPCODER.F] [http://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/virusencyclo/default5.asp?VName=TROJ_PGPCODER.G TROJ_PGPCODER.G]

** [http://www.threatexpert.com/report.aspx?md5=7CD8E2FC5FE2DC351F24417CC1D23AFA ThreatExpert]

** [http://www.viruslist.com/en/viruses/encyclopedia?virusid=313444 Viruslist.com]

{{Hacking in the 2000s}}

[[Category:Trojan horses]]

[[Category:TrojanWindows horsestrojans]]

[[Category:Ransomware]]