Carlos Drummond de Andrade: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Brazilian poet and writer}}

'''Carlos Drummond de Andrade''' ([[October 31]], [[1902]] - [[August 17]], [[1987]]) was a [[Brazil]]ian [[poet]], widely considered to be the greatest of that country in the [[20th century]].

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

{{Portuguese name|Drummond|Andrade}}

{{Multiple issues|

{{original research|date=July 2011}}

{{more citations needed|date=July 2011}}

}}

{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->

| name = Carlos Drummond de Andrade

| image = Carlos Drummond de Andrade, 1970.tif

| image_size =

| pseudonym =

| birth_name =

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1902|10|31}}

| birth_place = [[Itabira]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]]

| death_date = {{death date and age|1987|8|17|1902|10|31}}

| death_place = [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil

| occupation = Poet

| movement = Modernism

| signature = Carlos Drummond Assinatura.jpeg

}}

'''Carlos Drummond de Andrade''' ({{IPA|pt|ˈkaʁluz dɾuˈmõ dʒi ɐ̃ˈdɾadʒi}}) (October 31, 1902 – August 17, 1987)<ref>{{cite book|author=John Nist|title=The Modernist Movement in Brazil: A Literary Study|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2014|isbn=9781477304525|page=129}}</ref> was a Brazilian poet and writer, considered by some as the greatest Brazilian poet of all time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Garner,Dwight|title= Review:Multitudinous Heart:Newly translated poetry by Carlos Drummond de Andrade|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/03/books/review-multitudinous-heart-newly-translated-poetry-by-carlos-drummond-de-andrade.html?_r=0|date=July 3, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=January 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Carlos Drummond de Andrade: Biography and Poems {{!}} Brazilian Poetry|url=https://www.brazilianpoetry.com/2021/05/carlos-drummond-de-andrade-biography.html|access-date=2021-05-28}}</ref>

Your more famous poem is called ''José'', from the book with same name.

He has become something of a national cultural symbol in Brazil, where his widely influential poem "Canção Amiga" ("Friendly Song") has been featured on the 50-[[Brazilian cruzado novo|cruzado novo]] bill.

[[Image:Carlos%20Drummond%20de%20Andrade1.jpg]]

==Biography==

''José''

Drummond was born in [[Itabira]], a mining village in [[Minas Gerais]] in the southeastern region of Brazil. His parents were farmers belonging to old Brazilian families of mainly Portuguese origin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usinadeletras.com.br/exibelotexto.php?cod=189&cat=Ensaios|title = Usina de Letras}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dn.pt/inicio/interior.aspx?content_id=1000399&page=-1 |title=Drummond's Bloodline |publisher=Dn.pt |access-date=2013-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927105932/http://www.dn.pt/inicio/interior.aspx?content_id=1000399&page=-1 |archive-date=2013-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He went to a school of [[pharmacy]] in [[Belo Horizonte]], but never worked as a pharmacist after graduation. He worked as a civil servant for most of his life, eventually becoming director of the history for the National Historical and Artistic Heritage Service of Brazil.

Drummond drifted towards communism at the start of [[World War II]] and took up the editorship of the [[Brazilian Communist Party]]'s official newspaper, ''Tribuna Popular'', but later abandoned the post due to disagreements over censorship, which Drummond staunchly opposed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zenith |first1=Richard |title=Multitudinous Heart: Selected Poems: A Bilingual Edition |date=2015 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |page=xx}}</ref>

[[File:Carlos Drummond de Andrade e Manuel Bandeira.tif|thumb|Manuel Bandeira and Carlos Drummond de Andrade, 1954. [[Brazilian National Archives|National Archives of Brazil]]]]

<pre>

[[File:DrummondStatueCopacabana.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of Carlos Drummond de Andrade by Copacabana Beach]]

Drummond's work has been translated by American poets including [[Mark Strand]] and [[Lloyd Schwartz]]. Later writers and critics have sometimes credited his relationship with [[Elizabeth Bishop]], his first [[English language]] translator, as influential for his American reception, but though she admired him, Bishop claimed she barely even knew him. In an interview with [[George Starbuck]] in 1977, she said, "I didn't know him at all. He's supposed to be very shy. I'm supposed to be very shy. We've met once — on the sidewalk at night. We had just come out of the same restaurant, and he kissed my hand politely when we were introduced."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pshares.org/issues/article.cfm?prmArticleID=420 |title=article|publisher=Pshares.org |date=2010-07-08 |access-date=2013-03-30}}</ref>

==Style==

What now, José?

[[File:Carlos Drummond de Andrade - Papel.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|Poem by Drummond de Andrade [[Wall poems in Leiden|on a wall in Leiden]] ]]

The party's over,

Drummond adopted the new forms of Brazilian modernism that were evolving in the 1920s, inspired by the work of [[Mário de Andrade]] and [[Oswald de Andrade]], making use of free verse, and not depending on a fixed meter.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

the lights, are off,

the gang has gone,

the night's grown cold,

what now, José?

what now, you?

you who are nameless,

who make fun of others,

you who write verses,

who love, protest,

what now, José?

Drummond was the first poet to assert himself after the premiere modernist of Brazil and created a unique style dominated by his writing. In 1994, [[Alfredo Bosi]] said that "The work of Drummond reaches – as [[Fernando Pessoa]], [[Jorge de Lima]], [[Murilo Mendes]], and [[Herberto Helder]] – a coefficient of loneliness that detached from the soil of history, leading the reader to an attitude-free of references, trademarks or ideological or prospective".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bosi |first1=Alfredo |title=O ser e o tempo de Alfredo Bosi |url=https://outraspalavras.net/outrasmidias/o-ser-e-o-tempo-de-alfredo-bosi/ |website=Outras Palavras |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> {{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

Got no woman,

got no speech,

got no love,

can't drink,

can't smoke,

can't even spit,

the night's grown cold,

daybreak has stalled,

laughter has stalled,

and everything's over,

and everything's fled,

and everything's mouldy,

what now, José?

In the late 1980s, his poetry began to become more erotic. ''O Amor Natural'' (''Natural Love''), a collection of erotic poems, was published posthumously. The book inspired the 1996 Dutch documentary film ''[[O Amor Natural]]''.

What now, José?

Your sweet talk,

your moment of fever,

your feasting and fasting,

your library,

your gold mine,

your suit of glass,

your incoherence,

your hatred - what now?

==Legacy==

Key in hand,

On 31 October 2019, [[Google]] celebrated his 117th birthday with a [[Google Doodle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/carlos-drummond-de-andrades-117th-birthday/|title=Carlos Drummond de Andrade's 117th Birthday|website=Google|date=31 October 2019}}</ref>

you want to open the door -

there is no door;

you want to drown in the sea,

but the sea has dried up;

you want to go to Minas -

Minas no longer exists;

José, what now?

==Bibliography==

If you could scream,

{{col-begin}}

if you could groan,

{{col-3}}

if you could play

a Viennese waltz,

if you could sleep,

if you could tire,

if you could die...

But you don't die -

you are tough, José.

===Poetry===

Alone in the dark

*(1930) 'Alguma Poesia' (Some Poetry)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Drummond de Andrade |first1=Carlos |title=No meio do caminho: várias vozes - Sibila |url=https://sibila.com.br/poemas/no-meio-do-caminho-a-varias-vozes/3146 |website=Revista Sibila |access-date=27 October 2024 |language=pt-BR |date=25 September 2009}}</ref>

like a beast of the wild,

*(1934) 'Brejo das Almas'

without any theory of gods,

*(1940) '{{Ill|Sentimento do Mundo|pt}}' (The feeling of the world)

without even a naked wall

*(1942) José

to lean against,

*(1945) '[[A Rosa do Povo]]' (The People's Rose)

without a black horse

*(1951) 'Claro Enigma' (Clear Enigma)

to gallop away,

*(1954) 'Fazendeiro do Ar'

You march, José!

*(1954) 'Quadrilha'

Whereto, José?

*(1955) 'Viola de Bolso'

*(1964) 'Lição de Coisas' (Lesson of Things)

*(1968) 'Boitempo'

*(1968) 'A Falta Que Ama'

*(1968) 'Nudez' (Nudity)

*(1973) 'As Impurezas do Branco' (The Impurity of the White)

*(1973) 'Menino Antigo' (Boitempo II)

*(1977) 'A Visita' (The Visit)

*(1977) 'Discurso do Primavera e Alguma Sombra'

*(1978) 'O Marginal Clorildo Gato'

*(1979) 'Esquecer para Lembrar' (Boitempo III)

*(1980) 'A Paixão de Medida'

*(1983) 'Caso do Vestido'

{{col-3}}

*Corpo (1984)

</pre>

*Amar se aprende amando (1985)

*Poesia Errante (1988)

*O Amor Natural (1992)

*Farewell (1996)

*Os ombros suportam o mundo(1935)

*Futebol a arte (1970)

*Antologia poética:

*A última pedra no meu caminho (1950)

*50 poemas escolhidos pelo autor (1956)

*Antologia Poética (1962)

*Antologia Poética (1965)

*Seleta em Prosa e Verso (1971)

*Amor, Amores (1975)

*Carmina drummondiana (1982)

*Boitempo I e Boitempo II (1987)

*Minha morte (1987)

*O Elefante (1983)

*História de dois amores (1985)

*O pintinho (1988)

*Carol e Dinha(2009)

{{col-3}}

===Prose===

''Shoulders Bear The World''

*Confissões de Minas (1944)

*Contos de Aprendiz (1951)

*Passeios na Ilha (1952)

*Fala, amendoeira (1957)

*A bolsa & a vida (1962)

*Cadeira de balanço (1966)

*Caminhos de João Brandão (1970)

*O poder ultrajovem e mais 79 textos em prosa e verso (1972)

*De notícias & não-notícias faz-se a crônica (1974)

*Os dias lindos (1977)

*70 historinhas (1978)

*Contos plausíveis (1981)

*Boca de luar (1984)

*O observador no escritório (1985)

*Tempo vida poesia (1986)

*Moça deitada na grama (1987)

*O avesso das coisas (1988)

*Auto-retrato e outras crônicas (1989)

*As histórias das muralhas (1989)

{{col-end}}

===English translations===

<pre>

*''Souvenir of the Ancient World,'' translated by Mark Strand (Antaeus Editions, 1976)

*''Looking for Poetry: Poems by Carlos Drummond de Andrade and Rafael Alberti, with Songs from the Quechua,'' translated by Mark Strand (Knopf, 2002)

*''Traveling in the Family : Selected Poems of Carlos Drummond de Andrade,'' edited by Thomas Colchie and Mark Strand (Random House, 1986)

*''The Minus Sign: Selected Poems,'' translated by Virginia de Araujo (Black Swan, 1980)

*''In the Middle of the Road; Selected Poems,'' translated by John A Nist (U of Arizona, 1965)

*''Multitudinous Heart: Selected Poems: A Bilingual Edition'', translated by Richard Zenith (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Drummond de Andrade |first1=Carlos |title=Drummond traduzido por Richard Zenith |url=https://www.publico.pt/2011/08/18/jornal/drummond-traduzido-por-richard-zenith-22717600 |website=PÚBLICO |access-date=27 October 2024 |language=pt |date=17 August 2011}}</ref>

==Reviews==

Comes a time when you no longer say: my Lord.

* [[Giovanni Pontiero|Pontiero, Giovanni]], (1982), review of ''The Minus Sign'', in ''[[Cencrastus]]'' No. 9, Summer 1982, p.&nbsp;47, {{issn|0264-0856}}

A time of absolute purification.

A time when you no longer say: my love.

For love turned out to be useless.

And the eyes do not cry.

And the hands weave only the rough work.

And the heart is dry.

==Further reading==

Women knock at the door in vain - you won't open it.

You keep to yourself, the light has burnt out,

but in darkness your eyes shine enormous.

You are convinced: you no longer know how to suffer.

And you expect nothing from your friends.

'''English'''

The aproach of old age matters little - what is old age?

*Brazilian writers (encyclopedia) / Mônica Rector, ed. 2005

Your shoulders bear the world and it weighs no more

* Seven Faces: Brazilian Poetry since Modernism / Charles A. Perrone, 1996

than a child's hand.

*The Cambridge history of Latin American literature. Volume 3, Brazilian literature / Roberto González Echevarría., 1996

Wars, famines, the arguments inside the buildings

*Tropical paths: essays on modern Brazilian literature / Randal Johnson., 1993

prove only that life goes on

*Brazilian literature: a research bibliography / David William Foster., 1990

and not everybody has freed himself yet.

*The unquiet self: self and society in the poetry of Carlos Drummond de Andrade / Ricardo Sternberg., 1986

A few (the delicate ones), upon finding the show

*Carlos Drummond de Andrade and his generation : proceedings / Frederick G Williams., 1986

cruel, would rather die.

*The poetry and poetics of Carlos Drummond de Andrade; diss. / John Gledson., 1979

A time has come when to die is useless.

*The theme of human communication in the poetry of Carlos Drummond de Andrade, article / Mary Patricia O'Brien, 1970

A time has come when life is an order.

Merely life, without mystification.

'''Portuguese'''

</pre>

*Drummond cordial / Jerônimo Teixeira., 2005

*A rima na poesia de Carlos Drummond de Andrade & outros ensaios / Hélcio de Andrade Martins., 2005

*Drummond, a magia lúcida / Marlene de Castro Correia., 2002

*Leituras de Drummond / Flávio Loureiro Chaves, 2002

*Drummond: um olhar amoroso / Luzia de Maria, 2002

*A prosa à luz da poesia em Carlos Drummond de Andrade / Regina Souza Vieira, 2002

*Carlos Drummond de Andrade: a poética do cotidiano / Maria Veronica Aguilera, 2002

*Drummond, poesia e experiência / Ivete Lara Camargos Walty, 2002

*Drummond revisitado / Chantal Castelli, 2002

*Coração partido: uma análise da poesia reflexiva de Drummond / Davi Arrigucci Júnior, 2002

*Drummond: da rosa do povo à rosa das trevas / Vagner Camilo, 2001

*Carlos Drummond de Andrade / Francisco Achcar, 2000

*Ideologia e forma literária em Carlos Drummond de Andrade / Lucila Nogueira, 1990

'''Spanish'''

{{writer-stub}}

*Una poética de la despreocupación: modernidad e identidad en cuatro poetas latinoamericanos / Rafael Rodríguez, 2003

{{Brazil-bio-stub}}

*Drummond, el poeta en el tiempo / Affonso Romano de Sant'Anna, 2003

[[Category:1902 births|Drummond de Andrade,Carlos]]

*Las retoricas de la decadencia: Martí, Palés, Drummond / Maribel Roig, 2001

[[Category:1987 deaths|Drummond de Andrade,Carlos]]

*Estado de alerta y estado de inocencia : algunas reflexiones sobre la poesía y el arte / E Bayley, 1996

[[Category:Brazilian poets|Drummond de Andrade,Carlos]]

*Manuel Bandeira, Cecilia Meireles, Carlos Drummond de Andrade / Cipriano S Vitureira, 1952

==References==

[[de:Carlos Drummond de Andrade]]

{{Reflist}}

[[es:Carlos Drummond de Andrade]]

{{Order of Cultural Merit}}

[[nl:Carlos Drummond de Andrade]]

[[pt:Carlos Drummond de Andrade]]

==External links==

{{Wikiquote}}

{{Commons category|Carlos Drummond de Andrade}}

*{{YouTube|VszDrrpybiU|Confidência do Itabirano.Itabirano's Confidentiality}}

* {{YouTube|CaexXJ6UFnw|E agora José? What now José?}}

*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0137355 The DVD of the film O Amor Natural by Heddy Honigmann, on the erotic poetry of Carlos Drummond de Andrade]

*['''Music'''] [https://www.myspace.com/amornaturalboca O Amor Natural, the erotic poetry of Carlos Drummond de Andrade translated into music by Georgia Dias & Boca]

*[http://www.pshares.org/issues/article.cfm?prmArticleID=342 The Elephant, translated by Mark Strand]. From [[Ploughshares]], 1975.

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051203073714/http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/1471.html In the Middle of the Road, translated by Elizabeth Bishop].

*{{in lang|pt}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150502080629/http://www.releituras.com/drummond_bio.asp Biography of Carlos Drummond de Andrade ].

*[https://www.loc.gov/item/93842408/ Carmos Drummond de Andrade] recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division's audio literary archive on July 29, 1974

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Drummond de Andrade, Carlos}}

[[Category:1902 births]]

[[Category:1987 deaths]]

[[Category:People from Itabira]]

[[Category:Brazilian people of Portuguese descent]]

[[Category:Brazilian people of Scottish descent]]

[[Category:Brazilian communists]]

[[Category:Communist poets]]

[[Category:Brazilian communist writers]]

[[Category:Brazilian male poets]]

[[Category:Brazilian agnostics]]

[[Category:Modernist poets]]

[[Category:Portuguese-language writers]]

[[Category:20th-century Brazilian poets]]

[[Category:Drummond family|Carlos]]

[[Category:20th-century Brazilian male writers]]

[[Category:Culture in Minas Gerais]]