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{{Short description|Ethnic group in Indonesia}}
{{Other uses|Balinese (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = '''Balinese people'''
| native_name = <small>ᬳᬦᬓ᭄ᬩᬮᬶ, ''Anak Bali'' {{smaller|(in the [[Balinese language#Registers|''ketah'' register]])}}<br>ᬯᭀᬂᬩᬮᬶ, ''Wong Bali'' {{smaller|(in the [[Balinese language#Registers|''madia'' register]])}}<br>ᬓ᭄ᬭᬫᬩᬮᬶ, ''Krama Bali'' {{smaller|(in the [[Balinese language#Registers|''singgih'' register]])}}</small><ref name="Sor Singgih Basa Bali">{{Cite web|url=http://ladra-bali.blogspot.com/2016/02/sorsinggih-basa-bali-yeningselehin.html?m=1 |title=Sor Singgih Basa Bali |publisher= ladra-bali.blogspot.com |access-date= 10 May 2019}}</ref>
| image = [[File:Bali Hindu Wedding Traditional Dress.jpg|300px]]
| caption = Balinese couple during their wedding with their friends
| pop = '''3,946,416''' ([[2010 Indonesian census]])<ref name="BPS">{{cite web|url=http://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/watermark%20_Kewarganegaraan%2C%20Suku%20Bangsa%2C%20Agama%20dan%20Bahasa_281211.pdf|title=Nationality, Ethnicity, Religion, and Languages of Indonesians|language=id|last1=Na'im|first1=Akhsan|last2=Syaputra|first2=Hendry|publisher=Statistics Indonesia (BPS)|date=2010|access-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194534/http://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/watermark%20_Kewarganegaraan%2C%20Suku%20Bangsa%2C%20Agama%20dan%20Bahasa_281211.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>
| region1 = {{Flagcountry|Indonesia}}
| pop1 = 3,946,416
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite book|author=Akhsan Na'im, Hendry Syaputra|title=Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010|year=2011|publisher= Badan Pusat Statistik|isbn=978-979-064-417-5}}</ref>
| region2 = {{nbsp|3}}{{flagicon image|Official_flag_of_the_Province_of_Bali.jpg}} [[Bali]]
| pop2 = 3,336,065
| region3 = {{nbsp|3}}{{flag|West Nusa Tenggara}}
| pop3 = 119,407
| region4 = {{nbsp|3}}{{flag|Central Sulawesi}}
| pop4 = 115,812
| region5 = {{nbsp|3}}{{flag|Lampung}}
| pop5 = 104,810
| region6 = {{nbsp|3}}{{flag|Southeast Sulawesi}}
| pop6 = 49,411
| region7 = {{nbsp|3}}{{flag|South Sumatra}}
| pop7 = 38,552
| region8 = {{nbsp|3}}{{flag|South Sulawesi}}
| pop8 = 27,330
| region9 = '''Diaspora:'''
| pop9 = 14,704+
| region10 = {{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
| pop10 = 6,600<ref name="joshuaproject.net"/>
| region11 = {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| pop11 = 5,529<ref name="joshuaproject.net"/>
| region12 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| pop12 = 1,375<ref>{{cite web | title=1.375 Pekerja Migran Asal Bali di Turki dalam Kondisi Aman | url=https://www.tempo.co/internasional/1-375-pekerja-migran-asal-bali-di-turki-dalam-kondisi-aman-220806 }}</ref>
| region13 = {{flagcountry|Germany}}
| pop13 = 700<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-01-01|title=Feature: The Hindu Diaspora within Continental Europe|url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/january-february-march-2014/2014-01-special-feature-the-hindu-diaspora-within-continental-europe/|access-date=2021-07-12|website=Hinduism Today|language=en-US}}</ref>
| region14 = {{flagcountry|China}}
| pop14 = Unknown{{refn|group=note|It is not known exactly how many Balinese people there are in China because there are no official records, but there is a Balinese/[[Balinese Chinese]] village called {{ill|Bali Nansan Village|id|Kampung Bali Nansan}}, in Nansan, [[Quanzhou]], [[Fujian]], China which was inhabited by 500 people in 1959, Some people, especially the elderly, can still speak Balinese and Indonesian.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chinese who fled Sukarno's Indonesia to build a new Bali under Mao |website=China Herald News|url=https://chinaherald.news/china-news/the-chinese-who-fled-sukarnos-indonesia-to-build-a-new-bali-under-mao/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-30|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224182249/https://chinaherald.news/china-news/the-chinese-who-fled-sukarnos-indonesia-to-build-a-new-bali-under-mao/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=antaranews.com|date=2018-05-05|title=Kampung Bali di Fujian, ini asal usulnya|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/707310/kampung-bali-di-fujian-ini-asal-usulnya|website=Antara News|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>}}
| region15 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| pop15 = 250+<ref>{{cite web | title=KBRI den Haag Resmikan Pura Pertama di Belanda | url=https://www.tempo.co/internasional/kbri-den-haag-resmikan-pura-pertama-di-belanda-1175457 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Umat Hindu Bali Miliki Pura Pertama di Belanda | url=https://www.nusabali.com/berita/181404/umat-hindu-bali-miliki-pura-pertama-di-belanda }}</ref>–300+<ref>{{cite web | title=Pura Hindu Bali Pertama Diresmikan di Belanda | url=https://www.tempo.co/internasional/pura-hindu-bali-pertama-diresmikan-di-belanda-1334412 }}</ref>
| region16 = {{flagcountry|United States}}
| pop16 = 200<ref name="joshuaproject.net">{{cite web | title=Balinese people group in all countries | Joshua Project | url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10606 }}</ref>
| region17 = {{flagcountry|Singapore}}
| pop17 = Unknown<ref name="ekasuwarasanthi.com">https://www.ekasuwarasanthi.com/</ref><ref>https://www.facebook.com/Ekasuwarasanthi/?locale=id_ID</ref>
| langs = '''Native''':<br>[[Balinese language|Balinese]]<br>'''Dialects''':<br>{{hlist|[[Highland Balinese]]|{{ill|Lowland Balinese|nl|Laaglandbalinees}}|[[Nusa Penida Balinese language|Nusa Penida Balinese]]}}<ref name="RB"/><br>'''Also''':<br>[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Kawi language|Kawi]] and [[Sanskrit]] (religious and
ceremonial){{refn|group=note|Kawi and Sanskrit are also commonly used by some Balinese Hindu priests, as Hindu literature was mostly written in Sanskrit.}}<br/>'''Others''':<br/>[[English language|English]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]] (historical)
| rels = '''Majority'''<br/>[[File:Bali_Omkara_Red.png|15px]] [[Balinese Hinduism|Hinduism]] (95.22%)<br>'''Minorities'''<br/>[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
[[Islam]] (3.24%){{•}}[[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]] [[Christianity]] (1.26%){{•}}[[File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg|16px]] [[Buddhism]] (0.26%){{•}}Other (0.02%)<ref name=2010census>{{cite book |author=Aris Ananta |author2=Evi Nurvidya Arifin |author3=M Sairi Hasbullah |author4=Nur Budi Handayani |author5=Agus Pramono |title=Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity |___location=Singapore |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |date=2015 |page=273}}</ref>
| related = {{ubl|[[Austronesian peoples]]}}{{hlist|item_style=font-size:90%;|[[Bali Aga]]|{{ill|Nak Nusé|id}}|[[Javanese people|Javanese]]|[[Sundanese people|Sundanese]]|[[Betawi people|Betawi]]|[[Sasak people|Sasak]]|[[Sumbawa people|Sumbawa]]|{{ill|Tanimbar Kei|id|Orang Tanimbar Kei}}<ref name="Bali-Kei Kecil">{{cite journal|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS3589.article-58|title=Benang Merah Budaya Masyarakat Kei Kecil dan Masyarakat Bali|first=I Wayan|last=Suantika|publisher=Kapata Arkeologi|website=onesearch.id|language=id|___location=[[Ambon, Maluku|Ambon]], Indonesia|date=2017|access-date=2023-04-14}}</ref>
}}[[Balinese Chinese]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Balinese}}
The '''Balinese'''{{refn|group=note|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɑː|l|ɪ|n|iː|z}} {{respell|BAH|lih|neez}}}} ({{langx|ban|ᬳᬦᬓ᭄ᬩᬮᬶ|translit=Anak Bali}} {{smaller|(in the [[Balinese language#Registers|''ketah'' register]])}}, {{langx|ban|ᬯᭀᬂᬩᬮᬶ|translit=Wong Bali|label=none}} {{smaller|(in the [[Balinese language#Registers|''madia'' register]])}}, {{langx|ban|ᬓ᭄ᬭᬫᬩᬮᬶ|translit=Krama Bali|label=none}} {{smaller|(in the [[Balinese language#Registers|''singgih'' register]])}};<ref name="Sor Singgih Basa Bali">{{Cite web|url=http://ladra-bali.blogspot.com/2016/02/sorsinggih-basa-bali-yeningselehin.html?m=1 |title=Sor Singgih Basa Bali |publisher= ladra-bali.blogspot.com |access-date= 10 May 2019}}</ref> {{langx|id|Orang Bali}}) are an [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] [[ethnic group]] native to the [[Indonesian island]] of [[Bali]] and the surrounding islands. The Balinese population of 4.2 million (1.7% of [[Indonesia]]'s population) live mostly on the island of [[Bali]], making up 85% of the island's population.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ni Komang Erviani |date=17 December 2012 |title=Bali Faces Population Boom, Now Home to 4.2 Million Residents |language=en |work=The Jakarta Post |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/12/17/bali-faces-population-boom-now-home-42-million-residents.html |access-date=2022-12-05}}</ref> The Balinese are distinctive amongst Indonesian ethnic groups for their adherence to [[Balinese Hinduism]] rather than [[Sunni Islam]].
There are also significant populations on the island of [[Lombok]] and in the easternmost regions of [[Java (island)|Java]] (e.g. the regency of [[Banyuwangi Regency|Banyuwangi]]), most of them are descendants of Balinese since the [[Bali Kingdom|kingdoms]] era who once controlled the region. Some Balinese can also be found in Balinese migrant areas such as [[Lampung]] and [[Sulawesi]] regions, mainly due to the migration following the eruption of [[Mount Agung]] in 1963 as well as the [[transmigration program]] enacted by the [[Government of Indonesia|Indonesian government]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Dhanawaty |first=Ni Made |title=Variasi dialektikal bahasa Bali di daerah transmigrasi Lampung Tengah |date=2002 |publisher=Universitas Gadjah Mada |url=https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/13026}}</ref>
The Balinese are distinctive amongst Indonesian ethnic groups for their adherence to [[Balinese Hinduism]] rather than [[Sunni Islam]], this can happen because since the [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch colonial era]] they have prohibited Islamization or Christian missionaries on the island to maintain their traditions, and also the steadfastness of the Balinese in maintaining their old traditions and religion.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://balitraveldiary.com/history-of-bali-during-the-dutch-colonial-period/ | title=History of Bali during the Dutch Colonial Period | date=28 December 2019 }}</ref>
==Origins==
{{main|History of Bali}}{{Other uses|Balinese mythology}}
The Balinese originated from three periods of migration. The first waves of immigrants came from Java and [[Kalimantan]] in prehistoric times and were of Proto-Malay stock.<ref>{{cite book|author=Shiv Shanker Tiwary & P.S. Choudhary|title=Encyclopaedia Of Southeast Asia And Its Tribes (Set Of 3 Vols.)|year=2009|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-261-3837-1}}</ref> The second wave of Balinese came slowly over the years from Java during the [[Hindu]] period. The third and final wave came from Java, between the 15th and 16th centuries, about the same time as the conversion to [[Islam]] in Java, causing aristocrats and peasants to flee to [[Bali]] after the collapse of the Javanese [[Majapahit|Hindu Majapahit Empire]] to escape [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]]'s Islamic conversion. This in turn reshaped the Balinese culture into a [[Syncretism|syncretic]] form of classical [[Javanese culture]] mixed with many Balinese elements.<ref>{{cite book|author=Andy Barski, Albert Beaucort and Bruce Carpenter|title=Bali and Lombok|year=2007|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|isbn=978-0-7566-2878-9}}</ref>
==
A DNA study in 2005 by Karafet et al., found that 11% of Balinese [[Y-chromosome]]s are of likely Austroasiatic origin, while 84% are of likely [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] 1% of likely Indian origin and 2% of likely [[Melanesians|Melanesian]] origin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karafet |first1=Tatiana |last2=Lansing |first2=J. |last3=Redd |first3=Alan |last4=Reznikova |first4=Svetlana |date=2005 |title=Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter- Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders |url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol77/iss1/8 |journal=Human Biology |volume=77 |issue=1 |doi=10.1353/hub.2005.0030 |pmid=16114819 |at=Article 8|hdl=1808/13586 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> According to a recent genetic study, the Balinese, together with the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] and [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]], have a significant admixture of [[Austroasiatic]] and [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] ancestries.<ref>{{cite web | title = Pemetaan Genetika Manusia Indonesia | work = Kompas.com | url = http://assets.kompas.com/data/photo/2015/10/12/1113035menyusuri-jejak-leluhur780x390.JPG | language = id }}</ref>
[[File:Bali – The People (2685069056).jpg|thumb|Balinese girl in her traditional attire during a traditional ceremony]]
==Culture==
{{main|Music of Bali|Balinese dance|Balinese art|Balinese language|Balinese cuisine}}
Balinese culture is a mix of Balinese Hindu-Buddhist religion and Balinese customs. It is perhaps most known for its dance, drama, and sculpture. The island is also known for its [[Wayang#Wayang kulit|Wayang Kulit]] or [[Shadow play]] theatre. Even in rural and neglected villages, beautiful temples are a common sight; and so are skilful gamelan players and talented actors.<ref>{{cite book|author=Adrian Vickers|title=Bali Tempo Doeloe|year=2012|publisher=Komunitas Bambu|page=293|isbn=978-602-9402-07-0}}</ref> Even layered pieces of palm leaf and neat fruit arrangements made as offerings by Balinese women have an artistic side to them.<ref>{{cite book|author=Adrian Vickers|title=Bali Tempo Doeloe|year=2012|publisher=Komunitas Bambu|page=294|isbn=978-602-9402-07-0}}</ref> According to Mexican art historian [[José Miguel Covarrubias]], works of art made by amateur Balinese artists are regarded as a form of spiritual offering, and therefore these artists do not care about recognition of their works.<ref>{{cite book|author=Adrian Vickers|title=Bali Tempo Doeloe|year=2012|publisher=Komunitas Bambu|page=296|isbn=978-602-9402-07-0}}</ref> Balinese artists are also skilled in duplicating artworks such as carvings that resemble Chinese deities or decorating vehicles based on what is seen in foreign magazines.<ref>{{cite book|author=Adrian Vickers|title=Bali Tempo Doeloe|year=2012|publisher=Komunitas Bambu|page=298|isbn=978-602-9402-07-0}}</ref>
The culture is noted for its use of the [[gamelan]] in music and various traditional events of Balinese society. Each type of music is designated for a specific type of event. For example, music for a ''piodalan'' (birthday celebration) is different from music used for a ''metatah'' (teeth grinding) ceremony, just as it is for weddings, ''[[Ngaben]]'' (cremation of the dead ceremony), ''[[Melasti]]'' (purification ritual), and so forth.<ref>{{cite book|author=Beryl De Zoete, Arthur Waley & Walter Spies|title=Dance and Drama in Bali|year=1938|publisher=Faber and Faber|page=298|oclc=459249128}}</ref> The diverse types of [[gamelan]] are also specified according to the different types of dance in Bali. According to [[Walter Spies]], the art of dancing is an integral part of Balinese life as well as an endless critical element in a series of ceremonies or for personal interests.<ref>{{cite book|author=Beryl De Zoete, Arthur Waley & Walter Spies|title=Dance and Drama in Bali|year=1938|publisher=Faber and Faber|pages=6–10|oclc=459249128}}</ref>
Traditionally, displaying female breasts is not considered immodest. Balinese women can often be seen with bared chests; however, a display of the thigh is considered immodest. In modern Bali, these customs are normally not strictly observed, but visitors to Balinese temples are advised to cover their legs.
In the Balinese [[Balinese name|naming system]], a person's rank of birth or caste is reflected in the name.<ref>{{cite book|author=Leo Howe|title=Hinduism & Hierarchy In Bali|year=2001|publisher=James Currey|page=46|isbn=1-930618-09-3}}</ref> Balinese are generally [[patrilineal]], but in the case where a family only has daughters, they can decide if a daughter is the confirmed heir (''sentana rajeg''). She will then have the same status as if she were a son. The [[marriage proposal]] will be carried in reverse; she will be considered the husband (''meawak muani'') and he the wife (''meawak luh''), and the children are considered to be part of their mother's family.<ref name="id2">{{cite journal | last=Telenggen | first=Mindison | title=Perkawinan dalam Hukum Adat Dani | journal=Lex Crimen | volume=11 | issue=6 | date=2022-10-19 | issn=2301-8569 | url=https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v2/index.php/lexcrimen/article/view/44430/38695 | access-date=2024-04-12 | page= }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:17 Years of Sekar Jepun 2014-11-01 06.jpg|[[Legong]] dance
File:Gamelan Orchestra (6336847793).jpg|[[Balinese gamelan]]
File:Bali 0701a.jpg|Balinese wood carver
File:Balinese Cockfighting.jpg|Balinese painting
File:Pura Besakih.JPG|[[Besakih Temple]]
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Balinese danseressen TMnr 60046652.jpg|[[Balinese dance]]rs, {{circa|1920}}–1940
</gallery>
{{clear}}
===Puputan===
{{main|Puputan}}
A [[puputan]] is an act of mass suicide through frontal assaults in battle and was first noted by the Dutch during the colonization of Bali. The latest act of puputan was during the Indonesian War of Independence, with Lt. Colonel [[I Gusti Ngurah Rai]] as the leader in the [[Battle of Margarana]]. The [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|airport in Bali]] is named after him in commemoration.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Seabad Puputan Badung: Perspektif Belanda Dan Bali |date=2006 |publisher=KITLV-Jakarta |isbn=979-3790-12-1 |editor-last=Helen Creese |language=id |editor-last2=I Nyoman Darma Putra |editor-last3=Henk Schulte Nordholt}}</ref>
==Religion==
{{main|Balinese Hinduism}}
{{Other uses|Balinese temple}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Religions !! Total
|-
| [[Balinese Hinduism]] || 3,736,993
|-
| [[Islam]] || 127,274
|-
| [[Christianity]] || 49,385
|-
| [[Buddhism]] || 10,378
|-
| Others || 615
|-
| '''Overall''' || '''3,924,645'''
|}<ref>Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, M Sairi Hasbullah, Nur Budi Handayani, Agus Pramono. ''Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity''. Singapore: ISEAS: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2015. p. 273.</ref>
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Religion of the Balinese
|label1 = [[Balinese Hinduism]]
|value1 = 95.22
|color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Sunni Islam]]
|value2 = 3.24
|color2 = green
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 1.26
|color3 = blue
|label4 = [[Buddhism]]
|value4 = 0.26
|color4 = yellow
|label5 = Other
|value5 = 0.02
|color5 = red
}}
[[File:Balinese_woman_carrying_offerings_fruits_on_her_head_01.jpg|thumb|Balinese woman carrying offerings fruits on her head.]]
The vast majority of the Balinese believe in ''Agama Tirta'', the "holy-water religion". It is a part of [[Hinduism]]. Traveling Indian priests are said to have introduced the people to the sacred literature of Hinduism and Buddhism centuries ago. The people accepted it and combined it with their [[Balinese mythology|pre-Hindu mythologies]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lansing |first=J. Stephen |url=https://archive.org/details/threeworldsofbal0000lans |title=The Three Worlds of Bali |date=1983 |publisher=Praeger |isbn=0-275-91720-7 |___location=New York |author-link=J. Stephen Lansing |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The Balinese from before the third wave of immigration, known as the [[Bali Aga]], are mostly not followers of Agama Tirta but retain their [[animist]] traditions.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
Wet rice agriculture is a mainstay of Balinese food production. This system of agriculture is extremely water-intensive and requires a substantial network of irrigation to be effective as a subsistence strategy in Bali.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Falvo|first=Daniel|date=2000|title=On Modeling Balinese Water Temple Networks as Complex Adaptive Systems|journal=Human Ecology|volume=28|issue=4|pages=641–649|doi=10.1023/A:1026496032765|jstor=4603376|bibcode=2000HumEc..28..641F |s2cid=152677758}}</ref> A system of irrigation networks (''[[Subak (irrigation)|subak]]'') exists to redistribute access to water in Bali. This network of both underground tunnels ([[weir]]s) and canals diverts water from natural water sources into the wet-rice cultivation fields utilized by Balinese farmers to grow their staple crops.<ref name="RB">{{Cite journal|last=Lansing|first=Stephen|date=2009|title=A Robust Budding Model of Balinese Water Temple Networks|journal=World Archaeology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=112–133|doi=10.1080/00438240802668198|jstor=40388245|s2cid=4821372}}</ref>
The system of cooperative water redistribution is tied to religious and cultural practices among the Balinese and represents an economic system based on mutual obligation, and managed by the personnel of the water temples (''Pura Tirta''). Religious officials from these water temples exert spiritual and cultural pressure on the participants in this system and ensure its continuation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zurick|first=David|date=2002|title=Water Temples of Bali|journal=Focus on Geography|volume=47|issue=2|pages=1–8|doi=10.1111/j.1949-8535.2002.tb00034.x}}</ref> These water temples are largely located at the loci of the irrigation networks and manage the distribution of water from the mountainous water sources of the island to lowland areas where water is too scarce for the natural cultivation of rice.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lansing |first1=J. Stephen |last2=Kremer |first2=James N. |date=1993 |title=Emergent Properties of Balinese Water Temple Networks: Coadaptation on a Rugged Fitness Landscape |journal=American Anthropologist |language=en |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=97–114 |doi=10.1525/aa.1993.95.1.02a00050 |jstor=681181}}</ref>
[[Image:Bali1981-019.jpg|thumb|Balinese people bring offerings to the [[Balinese temple|temple]]]]There is evidence this system developed as early as the 11th century CE and has been in continuous use since that time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lansing|first=Stephen|date=2012|title=The Functional Role of Balinese Water Temples: A Response to Critics|journal=Human Ecology|volume=40|issue=3|pages=453–67|doi=10.1007/s10745-012-9469-4|bibcode=2012HumEc..40..453L |s2cid=146801718}}</ref> Genetic evidence indicates that this system spread along kinship lines as the original farming villagers of Bali spread from areas where wet-rice farming originated to less climatically favorable areas of the island.<ref name="RB"/> The cultural prestige of certain ''Pura Titra'' largely correlates to their position within the ''subak'' system, with temples located at major water sources having significant cultural influence. Royalty has associated themselves with major temples of this type, to link their prestige with that of the ''Pura Titra'', and have taken part in the operations of water temples as a means of gaining influence in society.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hauser-Schäublin|first=Brigitta|date=2005|title=Temple and King: Resource Management, Rituals and Redistribution in Early Bali|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute|volume=11|issue=4|pages=747–771|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9655.2005.00260.x|jstor=3804046}}</ref>
This system of physical infrastructure represents a durable network of belief that encourages its continuation by the people who participate and provides a levelling mechanism where people who would otherwise be incapable of participating in wet-rice agriculture to take part in the same subsistence activities as those who live in regions more naturally supportive of water-intensive crop growth.
==Festivals==
[[Image:Bali 0720a.jpg|thumb|Balinese women preparing for a religious festival]]
Balinese people celebrate multiple festivals, including the Kuta Carnival, the Sanur Village Festival, and the [[Bali Kite Festival]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Tempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine, Volume 7, Issues 9-16|year=2006|publisher=Arsa Raya Perdana|page=66}}</ref> where participants fly fish-, bird-, and leaf-shaped kites while an orchestra plays traditional music.
==See also==
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
* [[Bali Kingdom]]
* [[Balinese caste system]]
* [[Balinese Kshatriya]]
* [[Nyepi]]
* [[Galungan]]
* [[Sanghyang]]
* [[Kecak]]
* [[Canang sari]]
* [[Austronesian expansion]]
* [[Potong gigi]], a Balinese cutting teeth ritual of Austronesian lile origin, see also [[Austronesian peoples]].
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
<references group="note" />
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Ethnic groups in Indonesia}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Balinese people| ]]
[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Culture of Bali]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in Asia]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia]]
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