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{{Short description|Line of portable media players by Apple (2001–2022)}}
{{distinguish|iPad|AirPods}}
{{redirect|IPOD}}
{{about|the series|specific versions of the iPod|iPod Touch|and|iPod Classic|and|iPod Mini|and|iPod Nano|and|iPod Shuffle}}
{{for|the music player app formerly called iPod|Music (software)}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{lowercase title}}
{{Infobox information appliance
| name = iPod
| logo = [[File:IPodlogo2017.svg|frameless|upright=0.7|class=skin-invert]]
| image = IPod family.png
| caption = The final iteration of each iPod product. From left to right: [[iPod Shuffle]], [[iPod Nano]], [[iPod Classic]] and [[iPod Touch]].
| developer = [[Apple Inc.]]
| type = [[Portable media player]]
| units sold = 450 million (as of May 2022)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mickle |first=Tripp |date=2022-05-10 |title=Farewell to the iPod |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/10/technology/apple-ipod-phasing-out.html |access-date=2022-05-11 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202214236/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/10/technology/apple-ipod-phasing-out.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| storage = 512 MB—256 GB
| related = {{flatlist|
*[[iPad]]
*[[iPhone]]
*([[List of iOS devices|comparison]])
}}
| website = [https://apple.com/ipod/ apple.com/ipod] redirects to [https://support.apple.com/ipod-touch/ support.apple.com/ipod-touch]
| releasedate = {{Start date |2001|11|10}}
| discontinued = {{Start date |2022|05|10}}
}}
{{iPod models}}
The '''iPod''' was a series of [[portable media player]]s and multi-purpose [[mobile device]]s that were designed and marketed by [[Apple Inc.]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clark |first1=Mitchell |title=Our Memories of the iPod |date=May 14, 2022 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/5/14/23071036/ipod-memories-20-years-discontinued-mini-shuffle-classic |publisher=The Verge |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.askdeb.com/technology/what-is-an-ipod-how-does-the-ipod-work/|title=What Is an Ipod? How Does the iPod Work? How to Use an iPod|date=August 7, 2016|website=askdeb.com|access-date=March 26, 2021|archive-date=June 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606094217/https://www.askdeb.com/technology/what-is-an-ipod-how-does-the-ipod-work/|url-status=dead}}</ref> from 2001 to 2022. The [[iPod Classic#1st generation|first version]] was released on November 10, 2001, about {{frac|8|1|2}} months after the [[Macintosh]] version of [[iTunes]] was released. Apple sold an estimated 450 million iPod products as of 2022. Apple discontinued the iPod product line on May 10, 2022. At over 20 years, the iPod brand is the longest-running to be discontinued by Apple.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://9to5mac.com/2022/05/10/apple-discontinues-ipod-touch/|last=Miller|first=Chance|date=May 10, 2022|publisher=9to5Mac|title="Apple discontinues iPod touch, ending 20 year run of iconic 'iPod' brand"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510161032/https://9to5mac.com/2022/05/10/apple-discontinues-ipod-touch/|archive-date=May 10, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
Some versions of the iPod can serve as external [[USB mass storage device class|data storage devices]], like other digital music players. Prior to macOS 10.15, Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) could be used to transfer music, photos, videos, [[iPod game|games]], contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of Apple [[macOS]] and [[Microsoft Windows]] operating systems.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Apple Inc.]] |title=iTunes system requirements. Apple iTunes software runs on Mac OS X 10.3.9 or OS X 10.4.9 through to macOS 10.14 and on Microsoft Windows XP (Service Pack 2) or later |url=https://www.apple.com/itunes/download/ |access-date=May 28, 2008 |archive-date=September 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905124649/https://www.apple.com/itunes/download/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McKillop |first=Ross |title=10 Alternatives to iTunes for managing your iPod |url=https://www.simplehelp.net/2007/07/08/10-alternatives-to-itunes-for-managing-your-ipod/ |publisher=Simple Help |date=July 8, 2007 |access-date=May 28, 2008 |archive-date=July 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728040209/https://www.simplehelp.net/2007/07/08/10-alternatives-to-itunes-for-managing-your-ipod/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Before the release of [[iOS 5]], the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the [[iPhone]] and [[iPad]], which was separated into apps named "Music" and "Videos" on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate Music and Videos apps are standardized across all iOS-powered products.<ref>{{cite web |title=APPLE IOS 5 IPHONE/IPAD HANDS-ON (screenshot of iPhone home screen with iOS 5 preview) |url=https://www.bgr.com/nggallery/page-320/album-all/gallery-186/image/2403/ |work=[[Boy Genius Report]] |date=June 6, 2011 |access-date=June 6, 2011 |archive-date=June 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609010733/http://www.bgr.com/nggallery/page-320/album-all/gallery-186/image/2403/ |url-status=live }}</ref> While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dediu |first=Horace |title=Turning up the volume: iPhone overtakes iPod |url=https://www.asymco.com/2010/10/21/turning-up-the-volume-iphone-overtakes-ipod/ |publisher=asymco |date=October 21, 2010 |access-date=October 25, 2013 |archive-date=December 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206054709/http://www.asymco.com/2010/10/21/turning-up-the-volume-iphone-overtakes-ipod/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==
{{see also|Timeline of Apple Inc. products}}
[[File:Various iPods.jpg|thumb|Various iPod models. From left to right: iPod 5th generation in a case, iPod 4th generation, [[iPod Mini]], [[iPod Nano]], [[iPod Shuffle]]]]
Portable MP3 players had existed since the mid-1990s; however, Apple found existing digital music players "big and clunky or small and useless" with user interfaces that were "unbelievably awful".<ref name="straight">{{Cite magazine |last=Kahney |first=Leander |title=Straight Dope on the IPod's Birth |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2006/10/straight-dope-on-the-ipods-birth/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |issn=1059-1028 |archive-date=January 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128211255/https://www.wired.com/2006/10/straight-dope-on-the-ipods-birth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They also identified weaknesses in existing models' attempt to negotiate the trade-off between capacity and portability: flash memory-based players held too few songs, while the hard drive based models were too big and heavy. To address these deficits, the company decided to develop its own MP3 player.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The iPod: How Apple's legendary portable music player came to be|url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1163181/the-birth-of-the-ipod.html?page=2|access-date=|website=Macworld}}</ref>
At Apple CEO [[Steve Jobs]]' direction, hardware engineering chief [[Jon Rubinstein]] recruited [[Tony Fadell]], a former employee of [[General Magic]] and [[Philips]], who had a business idea to invent a better MP3 player and build a complementary music sales store. Fadell had previously developed the [[Philips Velo]] and [[Philips Nino|Nino PDA]] before starting a company called Fuse Systems to build the new MP3 player, but [[RealNetworks]], [[Sony]] and Philips had already passed on the project.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=|first=|year=2004|title=Inside Look at Birth of the IPod|url=https://www.wired.com/2004/07/inside-look-at-birth-of-the-ipod/|access-date=|magazine=Wired|archive-date=February 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227003313/http://www.wired.com/2004/07/inside-look-at-birth-of-the-ipod/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rubinstein had already discovered the Toshiba hard disk drive while meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, ultimately purchasing the rights to it for Apple. Rubinstein had also already made substantial progress on development of other key hardware elements, including the device's screen and battery.<ref>Steve Jobs by Walter Issac page 865</ref>
Fadell found support for his project with Apple Computer and was hired by Apple in 2001 as an independent contractor to work on the iPod project, then code-named project P-68.<ref name="tidbits-shayer">{{cite web|last1=Shayer|first1=David|date=August 17, 2020|title=The Case of the Top Secret iPod|url=https://tidbits.com/2020/08/17/the-case-of-the-top-secret-ipod/|access-date=18 August 2020|website=TidBITS|archive-date=August 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818211349/https://tidbits.com/2020/08/17/the-case-of-the-top-secret-ipod/|url-status=live}}</ref> Because most of Apple's engineering manpower and resources were already dedicated to the iMac line, Fadell hired engineers from his startup company, Fuse, and veteran engineers from General Magic and Philips to build the core iPod development team.<ref name=":2" />
Time constraints forced Fadell to develop various components of the iPod outside Apple.<ref name=":2" /> Fadell partnered with a company called [[PortalPlayer]] to design software for the device; this work eventually took shape as the iPod OS.<ref name="tidbits-shayer" /> Within eight months, Tony Fadell's team and PortalPlayer had completed a prototype.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|year=2019|title=The Short but Interesting History of the iPod|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-ipod-1992005|access-date=|website=Thoughtco|archive-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124163719/https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-ipod-1992005|url-status=live}}</ref> The power supply was then designed by [[Michael Dhuey]],<ref>{{cite news|date=September 24, 2007|title=2007 Engineer of the Year Finalist Michael Dhuey's Hardware Knowledge Helps Breathe Life Into iPod, TelePresence|publisher=Design News|url=https://www.designnews.com/article/CA6478178.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012084944/https://www.designnews.com/article/CA6478178.html|archive-date=October 12, 2007}}</ref> while the display was designed in-house by Apple design engineer [[Jonathan Ive]].<ref name="straight" /> The original iPod's physical appearance was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by [[Dieter Rams]], while the wheel-based user interface drew on Bang & Olufsen's [[BeoCom]] 6000 telephone.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Sorrel|first=Charlie|title=Gallery of Gadgets Which Inspired Modern Day Tech|url=https://www.wired.com/2011/05/gallery-of-gadgets-which-inspired-modern-day-tech/|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|access-date=May 1, 2014|date=May 13, 2011|archive-date=May 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502002232/http://www.wired.com/2011/05/gallery-of-gadgets-which-inspired-modern-day-tech/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Carr|first=Austin|title=Apple's Inspiration For The iPod? Bang & Olufsen, Not Braun|url=https://www.fastcodesign.com/3016910/apples-inspiration-for-the-ipod-bang-olufsen-not-dieter-rams|magazine=[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]|access-date=May 1, 2014|date=November 6, 2013|archive-date=May 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512131656/http://www.fastcodesign.com/3016910/apples-inspiration-for-the-ipod-bang-olufsen-not-dieter-rams|url-status=live}}</ref> Apple CEO Steve Jobs set an exacting standard for the device's physical design; one anecdote relates an occasion on which Jobs dropped a prototype into an aquarium in front of engineers to demonstrate from bubbles leaving its housing that the current design contained unused internal space.<ref>{{cite web |title=Here's Why Steve Jobs Dropped The First iPod Prototype Into An Aquarium To Prove A Point |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/Heres-Why-Steve-Jobs-Dropped-The-First-iPod-Prototype-Into-An-Aquarium-To-Prove-A-Point/articleshow/45194583.cms |website=Business Insider |access-date=31 December 2021 |date=18 November 2014 |archive-date=December 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231223020/https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/Heres-Why-Steve-Jobs-Dropped-The-First-iPod-Prototype-Into-An-Aquarium-To-Prove-A-Point/articleshow/45194583.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
Apple contracted another company, named [[Pixo]],<ref name="tidbits-shayer" /> to help design and implement the user interface (as well as Unicode, memory management, and event processing<ref name="tidbits-shayer" />) under Jobs' direct supervision.<ref name="straight" />
The name ''iPod'' was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was contracted by Apple to determine how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he was reminded of the phrase "Open the pod bay doors, [[HAL 9000|Hal]]" from the classic sci-fi film ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'', referring to the white [[EVA Pod]]s of the [[Discovery One]] spaceship.<ref>[https://www.thisdayinquotes.com/2011/04/open-pod-bay-doors-hal.html “Open the pod bay doors, HAL.”] – Thisdayinquotes.com, April 2, 2017.</ref> Chieco's proposal drew an analogy between the relationship of the spaceship to the smaller independent pods and that of a personal computer to its companion music player.<ref name="straight" />
The product (which ''Fortune'' called "Apple's 21st-Century [[Walkman]]"<ref name="icon_steve_jobs">Simon, William L.; Young, Jeffrey S. (2005). ''iCon: Steve Jobs, The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business.'' New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 343. {{ISBN|0-471-72083-6}}</ref>) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001.<ref name="Guglielmo">{{cite news |last1=Guglielmo |first1=Connie |title=What it was like to watch Steve Jobs introduce the iPod 20 years ago |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/what-it-was-like-to-watch-steve-jobs-introduce-the-ipod-20-years-ago/ |access-date=23 October 2021 |work=CNET |date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023201413/https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/what-it-was-like-to-watch-steve-jobs-introduce-the-ipod-20-years-ago/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put "1,000 songs in your pocket."<ref>{{cite web|title=A History of the iPod: 2000 to 2004|url=https://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/origin-of-the-ipod.html|access-date=August 15, 2011|publisher=Lowendmac.com|archive-date=August 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828041345/http://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/origin-of-the-ipod.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use. Joseph N. Grasso of [[New Jersey]] had originally listed an "iPod" trademark with the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|U.S. Patent and Trademark Office]] (USPTO) in July 2000 for [[Internet kiosk]]s. The first iPod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in New Jersey in March 1998, and commercial use began in January 2000, but the venture had apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO (or TSPMO) in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005.<ref>Serial No. 78018061, Registration No. 2781793, records of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. InPub, LLC, filed an "IPOD" trademark on June 1, 1999, for "computer software and hardware." The trademark was abandoned May 18, 2000, without commercial use.</ref> Separately, the earliest recorded use in commerce of an "iPod" trademark was in 1991 by Chrysalis Corp. of Sturgis, Michigan, styled "''i''POD", for office furniture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ipod by Chrysalis Incorporated|url=https://www.trademarkia.com/ipod-74132201.html|access-date=December 20, 2011|publisher=Trademarkia|archive-date=January 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130061439/http://www.trademarkia.com/ipod-74132201.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
As development of the iPod progressed, Apple continued to refine the software's look and feel, rewriting much of the code. Starting with the [[iPod Mini]], the [[Chicago (typeface)|Chicago]] font was replaced with [[Espy Sans]]. Later iPods switched fonts again to [[Podium Sans]]—a font similar to Apple's corporate font, [[Myriad (typeface)|Myriad]]. Color display iPods then adopted some [[macOS|Mac OS X]] themes like Aqua progress bars, and a [[Brushed Metal (interface)|brushed metal]] appearance in the [[lock screen|screen lock]] interface.
On January 8, 2004, [[Hewlett-Packard]] (HP) announced that they would sell [[iPod+HP|HP-branded iPods]] under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used—including [[Walmart]]—and these iPods eventually made up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple.<ref>[https://www.appleinsider.com/articles/05/07/29/hp_to_stop_selling_apples_ipods.html HP to stop selling Apple's iPods] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325042550/https://appleinsider.com/articles/05/07/29/hp_to_stop_selling_apples_ipods.html |date=March 25, 2021 }}, ''[[Apple rumors community|AppleInsider]]'', July 29, 2005. Retrieved on August 6, 2007.</ref>
In 2006, Apple partnered with Irish rock band [[U2]] to present a special edition of the [[#Models and features|5th-generation iPod]]. Like its predecessor, this iPod has the signatures of the four members of the band engraved on its back, but this one was the first time the company changed the color of the stainless steel back from a silver chrome to black. This iPod was only available with 30 GB of storage capacity. The special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by U2, downloadable from the iTunes Store.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 6, 2006|title=Apple Introduces the New U2 iPod|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/06/06Apple-Introduces-the-New-U2-iPod.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140118175159/https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/06/06Apple-Introduces-the-New-U2-iPod.html|archive-date=January 18, 2014|access-date=January 18, 2014|publisher=Apple, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/reviews/entry/apple-computer-ipod-u2-special-edition-with-video/ |title=Apple Computer iPod U2 Special Edition (with video) |publisher=iLounge Article |date=June 9, 2006 |access-date=January 18, 2014 |archive-date=February 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201130222/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/reviews/entry/apple-computer-ipod-u2-special-edition-with-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation [[iPod Classic]] and third-generation [[iPod Nano]] by changing the font to [[Helvetica]] and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half, displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right.
In mid-2015, several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the iTunes 12.2 update. Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally found the images after plugging in an iPod for the first time, and subsequent photos were discovered by Pierre Dandumont before being leaked.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://9to5mac.com/2015/07/01/itunes-12-2-updates-indicates-gold-ipod-nano-new-ipod-touch-shuffle-colors/|title=iTunes 12.2 update indicates new gold, dark blue, dark pink iPod nano, touch + shuffle colors|work=9TO5Mac|date=July 1, 2015|access-date=July 4, 2015|archive-date=July 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703231223/http://9to5mac.com/2015/07/01/itunes-12-2-updates-indicates-gold-ipod-nano-new-ipod-touch-shuffle-colors/?|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Colleau|first=Alexandre|date=July 1, 2015|title=Exclu: iTunes 12.2 révèle les futurs iPod|trans-title=Excluded: iTunes 12.2 reveals future iPods|url=https://belgium-iphone.lesoir.be/2015/07/01/exclu-les-nouveaux-ipod-brievement-apercus-dans-itunes-12-2-photo/|access-date=July 4, 2015|work=Belgium iPhone|language=fr|archive-date=July 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728040254/https://belgium-iphone.lesoir.be/iphone/exclu-les-nouveaux-ipod-brievement-apercus-dans-itunes-12-2-photo|url-status=live}}</ref>
On July 27, 2017, Apple removed the iPod Nano and Shuffle from its stores, marking the end of Apple's production of standalone music players.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/goodbye-ipod-and-thanks-for-all-the-tunes/|title=Goodbye iPod, and Thanks for All the Tunes|magazine=WIRED|access-date=August 1, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=July 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729214505/https://www.wired.com/story/goodbye-ipod-and-thanks-for-all-the-tunes/|url-status=live}}</ref> On May 10, 2022, Apple discontinued the iPod Touch, the last remaining product in the iPod line.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The music lives on |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2022/05/the-music-lives-on/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US |archive-date=July 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711015353/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2022/05/the-music-lives-on/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[iOS 15]] was the last iOS release the 7th generation iPod touch received, as future versions from [[iOS 16]] onward no longer support the device.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
== Hardware ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Chipsets and electronics
!Chipset or electronic
!Product(s)
!Component(s)
|-
|rowspan=9|Microcontroller
|iPod Classic 1st to 3rd generations
|Two [[ARM7TDMI]]-derived [[CPU core|cores]] running at 90 MHz
|-
|iPod Classic 4th and 5th generations, iPod Mini, iPod Nano 1st generation
|Variable-speed ARM7TDMI cores, running at a peak of 80 MHz to save battery life
|-
|iPod Classic 6th generation, iPod Nano 2nd generation onwards, iPod Shuffle 2nd generation onwards
|[[Samsung]] [[System-on-a-chip]], based around an [[ARM architecture|ARM processor]].<ref>{{cite web|title=mobile SoC|url=https://www.samsung.com/global/business/semiconductor/products/mobilesoc/Products_MobileSoC.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225041633/https://www.samsung.com/global/business/semiconductor/products/mobilesoc/Products_MobileSoC.html|archive-date=February 25, 2008|access-date=August 4, 2009|publisher=Samsung Group}}</ref>
|-
|iPod Shuffle 1st generation
|[[SigmaTel]] D-Major STMP3550 chip running at 75 MHz that handles both the music decoding and the audio circuitry.<ref>Williams, Martyn. [https://www.pcworld.com/article/119799-1/article.html How Much Should an IPod Shuffle Cost?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605222020/http://www.pcworld.com/article/119799-1/article.html |date=June 5, 2011 }}, ''[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]]'', February 24, 2005. Retrieved on August 14, 2006.</ref>
|-
|iPod Touch 1st and 2nd generation
| ARM 1176JZ(F)-S at 412 MHz for 1st gen, 533 MHz for 2nd gen.
|-
|iPod Touch 3rd and [[IPod Touch 4th Generation|4th generation]]
| ARM Cortex A8 at 600 MHz for 3rd gen, 800 MHz for 4th gen. ([[Apple A4]])
|-
|[[IPod Touch (5th generation)|iPod Touch 5th generation]]
| ARM Cortex A9 at 800 MHz ([[Apple A5]])
|-
|[[IPod Touch (6th generation)|iPod Touch 6th generation]]
| Apple [[ARMv8-A]] "Typhoon" at 1.1 GHz ([[Apple A8]]) with Apple M8 [[Apple motion coprocessors|Motion coprocessor]]
|-
||[[IPod Touch (7th generation)|iPod Touch 7th generation]]
| Apple [[ARMv8-A]] "Hurricane" and "Zephyr" at 1.64 GHz ([[Apple A10|Apple A10 Fusion]]) with Apple M10 [[Apple motion coprocessors|Motion coprocessor]]
|-
|rowspan=2|Audio chip
|iPod Classic 1st to 5th generation, iPod Touch 1st generation, iPod Nano 1st to 3rd generation, iPod Mini<ref>[[Macworld (magazine)|Macworld]] [https://www.macworld.co.uk/ipod-itunes/news/index.cfm?RSS&NewsID=20818 Wolfson loses Apple iPod business] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610175720/http://www.macworld.co.uk/ipod-itunes/news/index.cfm?RSS&NewsID=20818 |date=June 10, 2011 }}</ref>
|[[Codec|Audio Codecs]] developed by [[Wolfson Microelectronics]]
|-
|iPod Classic 6th generation, iPod Touch 2nd generation onwards, iPod Shuffle, iPod Nano 4th generation onwards
|[[Cirrus Logic]] Audio Codec Chip
|-
|Video chip
|iPod Classic 5th generation
|[[Broadcom]] BCM2722 [[VideoCore]] 2 [[graphics processor]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ecker |first=Clint |date=2005-10-20 |title=Video iPod |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2005/10/video-ipod/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us |archive-date=July 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728040212/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2005/10/video-ipod/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=4|Storage medium
|iPod Classic
|45.7 mm (1.8 in) hard drives ([[ATA-6]], 4200 rpm with [[Zero insertion force|ZIF connectors]]) made by [[Toshiba]]
|-
|iPod Mini
|25.4 mm (1 in) [[Microdrive]] by [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]] and [[Seagate Technology|Seagate]]
|-
|iPod Nano
|[[Flash memory]] from [[Samsung]], [[Toshiba]], and others
|-
|iPod Shuffle and Touch
|Flash memory
|-
|rowspan=2|Batteries
|iPod Classic 1st and 2nd generation
|Internal Recyclable [[Lithium Polymer]] Batteries
|-
|iPod Classic 3rd generation onwards, iPod Mini, iPod Nano, iPod Touch, iPod Shuffle
|Internal Recyclable [[lithium-ion battery|Lithium-Ion Batteries]]
|-
|rowspan=5|Display
|iPod Nano 7th generation
|2.5-inch (diagonal) [[Multi-Touch]], 432-by-240 resolution at 202 [[pixels per inch]]<ref>{{cite web|title=iPod nano Technical Specifications|url=https://www.apple.com/ipodnano/specs.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20060207232138/http://www.apple.com/ipodnano/specs.html|archive-date=February 7, 2006|access-date=January 27, 2013|publisher=Apple Inc.}}</ref>
|-
|iPod Classic 5th and 6th generation
|2.5-inch (diagonal) [[LCD|color LCD]] with [[backlight|LED backlight]], [[Quarter VGA|320-by-240 resolution]] at 163 [[pixels per inch]]<ref>{{cite web |title=iPod classic Technical Specifications |url=https://www.apple.com/ipodclassic/specs.html |publisher=Apple Inc. |access-date=August 4, 2009 |archive-date=November 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124103330/https://www.apple.com/ipodclassic/specs.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|iPod Touch 1st to 3rd generation
|3.5-inch (diagonal) [[widescreen]] [[Multi-Touch]], 480-by-320 resolution at 163 [[pixels per inch]]
|-
|iPod Touch 4th generation
|3.5-inch (diagonal) [[widescreen]] [[Multi-Touch]], 960-by-640 resolution at 326 [[pixels per inch]]
|-
|iPod Touch 5th to 7th generation
|4-inch (diagonal) [[widescreen]] [[Multi-Touch]], 1136-by-640 resolution at 326 [[pixels per inch]]<ref>{{cite web |title=iPod touch Technical Specifications |url=https://www.apple.com/ipodtouch/specs.html |publisher=Apple Inc. |access-date=January 27, 2013 |archive-date=September 10, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910165251/http://www.apple.com/ipodtouch/specs.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}
=== Audio ===
Audio tests showed that the third-generation iPod has a weak bass response.<ref name=playertest>Machrone, Bill. [https://home.comcast.net./~machrone/playertest/playertest.htm iPod audio measurements] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20121220045904/http://home.comcast.net/~machrone/playertest/playertest.htm |date=December 20, 2012}}, ''[[PC Magazine]]'', 2005. Retrieved on February 17, 2007.</ref><ref>Heijligers, Marc. [https://members.chello.nl/~m.heijligers/ipod/Performance/measurements.html iPod audio measurements]. Retrieved on February 17, 2007.</ref> The combination of the undersized DC-blocking [[capacitor]]s and the typical low [[electrical impedance|impedance]] of most consumer headphones form a [[high-pass filter]], which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods.<ref>Heijligers, Marc. [https://homepage.mac.com/marc.heijligers/audio/ipod/engineering/engineering.html iPod circuit design engineering] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505034356/https://homepage.mac.com/marc.heijligers/audio/ipod/engineering/engineering.html |date=May 5, 2006}}, May 2006. Retrieved on February 17, 2007.</ref> The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as when using an external [[headphone amplifier]]. The first-generation iPod Shuffle uses a [[Bridge tied load|dual-transistor output stage]],<ref name=playertest /> rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load.
For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some [[Equalization (audio)|equalizer (EQ)]] sound settings can easily distort the bass sound, even on undemanding tracks.<ref>Vaughan, Austin. {{cite web |url=https://www.dapreview.net/news.php?extend.642 |title=Tweaking the iPod equalizer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202329/https://www.dapreview.net/news.php?extend.642 |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |url-status=dead}}, ''DAP review'', November 8, 2004. Retrieved on September 14, 2012.</ref><ref>Handby, Simon. {{cite web|title=Apple iPod 60 GB review|url=https://www.expertreviews.co.uk/mp3-players/81586/apple-ipod-60gb|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516030004/https://www.expertreviews.co.uk/mp3-players/81586/apple-ipod-60gb|archive-date=May 16, 2013}}, ''Expert Reviews'', December 19, 2005. Retrieved on September 14, 2012.</ref> This occurs when using EQ settings such as R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplifies the digital audio level beyond the software's limit, causing distortion ([[clipping (audio)|clipping]]) on bass instruments.
From the fifth-generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss.<ref name=volumelimit>Cohen, Peter. [https://www.macworld.com/article/50101/2006/03/ipodupdate.html iPod update limits iPod volume setting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210202124/http://www.macworld.com/article/50101/2006/03/ipodupdate.html |date=February 10, 2012 }}, Macworld, 2006. Retrieved on November 7, 2008.</ref> Users report that in the sixth-generation iPod, the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets. Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in France for exceeding this legal limit.<ref name=ipodsfrance>Fried, Ian. [https://news.cnet.com/2100-1040-960211.html Apple pulls iPod in France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728040314/https://www.cnet.com/ |date=July 28, 2024 }}. Retrieved on November 7, 2008.</ref> However, users who bought new sixth-generation iPods in late 2013 reported a new option that allowed them to disable the EU volume limit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://discussions.apple.com/thread/4952197|title=New Option to turn off EU Volume Cap? - Official Apple Support Communities|website=discussions.apple.com|access-date=December 22, 2014|archive-date=September 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913054129/https://discussions.apple.com/thread/4952197|url-status=live}}</ref> Some have attributed this change to a software update that shipped with these devices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/review/RECVDB6UEZDJN/ref=cm_cr_pr_viewpnt#RECVDB6UEZDJN|title=Traffic's review of Apple iPod classic 160 GB Black – 7th Gene...|website=www.amazon.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011162151/https://www.amazon.co.uk/review/RECVDB6UEZDJN/ref=cm_cr_pr_viewpnt#RECVDB6UEZDJN|archive-date=October 11, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Older sixth-generation iPods, however, are unable to update to this software version.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://discussions.apple.com/message/24230919#24230919|title=Why Can't I Update My Ipod Classic to 2.0.5 – Communities|website=discussions.apple.com|access-date=December 22, 2014|archive-date=September 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913154634/https://discussions.apple.com/message/24230919#24230919|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Connectivity ===
{{see also|Dock connector#Apple dock connectors|l1=Apple dock connectors}}
[[File:Apple iPod Chargers.jpg|thumb|right|Four iPod wall chargers for [[NEMA connector|North America]], all made by Apple. These have FireWire (left) and USB (right three) connectors, which allow iPods to charge without a computer. The unit second-to-left appears to be a model number A1102 unit. The units have been [[Miniaturization|miniaturized]] over time.]]
Originally, a [[FireWire]] connection to the host computer was used to update songs or recharge the [[battery (electricity)|battery]]. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations.
The third generation began including a 30-pin [[dock connector]], allowing for FireWire or [[USB]] connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually, Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single [[Phone connector (audio)|3.5 mm minijack phone connector]] which acts as both a headphone jack or a USB data and charging port for the dock/cable.
The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sold a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued [[iPod Hi-Fi]], but most are manufactured by third parties such as [[Belkin]] and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple.<ref>{{cite magazine |first= Joel |last= Johnson |title= How the "Apple Tax" Boosts Prices on iPod & iPhone Accessories |url= https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/industry/4272628.html?page=1 |magazine= [[Popular Mechanics]] |date= July 10, 2008 |access-date= September 9, 2008 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080817114656/https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/industry/4272628.html?page=1 |archive-date= August 17, 2008 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>
Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector, named [[Lightning (connector)|Lightning]], on September 12, 2012 with their announcement of the [[iPhone 5]], the fifth-generation [[iPod Touch]], and the seventh-generation [[iPod Nano]], which all feature it. The new connector replaces the older 30-pin dock connector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads. Apple Lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be inserted with either side facing up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/features|title=iPhone|website=Apple|access-date=August 19, 2014|archive-date=September 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915011745/http://www.apple.com/iphone/features/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Bluetooth connectivity was added to the last model of the iPod Nano, and Wi-Fi to the iPod Touch.
=== Accessories ===
{{Gallery
|title=iPod earbuds
|align=right
|File:IPod Earbuds.JPG |
alt1=Two early designs of [[Apple earbuds]]
|Two early designs of [[iPod earphones]]
|File:EarPods derecho.JPG |
alt2=EarPods
|Apple [[Apple earbuds#EarPods|EarPods]], introduced 2012
}}
[[File:Made for iPod.svg|thumb|right|150px|The "Made for iPod" logo found on most classic iPod accessories]]
Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number have been made by third-party companies, although many, such as the [[iPod Hi-Fi]] and [[iPod Socks]], have been made by Apple. Some accessories added extra features that other music players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and [[composite video]] cables for TV connections. Other accessories offered unique features like the [[Nike+iPod]] pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector. Other notable accessories included external speakers, wireless remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones.<ref>[https://www.etymotic.com/ephp/er88.aspx In-The-Ear Bluetooth Earphones] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220103013/https://www.etymotic.com/ephp/er88.aspx |date=February 20, 2009}}. Retrieved on February 17, 2007.</ref> Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology, [[Belkin]], [[JBL (company)|JBL]], [[Bose Corporation|Bose]], [[Monster Cable]], and [[SendStation Systems|SendStation]].
[[BMW]] released the first iPod automobile interface,<ref>[https://www.ipodyourbmw.com/ iPod Your BMW] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423230915/https://www.ipodyourbmw.com/ |date=April 23, 2007}}. Retrieved on February 17, 2007.</ref> allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including [[Mercedes-Benz]],<ref>[https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jan/11mercedes.html Apple & Mercedes-Benz Unveil iPod Integration Kit] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521114057/https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jan/11mercedes.html |date=May 21, 2011}}, Apple Inc., January 11, 2005. Retrieved on June 20, 2006.</ref> [[Volvo Cars|Volvo]],<ref>[https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jan/11volvo.html Apple & Volvo Announce iPod Connectivity For Entire 2005 US Model Line] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110329023151/https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jan/11volvo.html |date=March 29, 2011}}, Apple Inc., January 11, 2005. Retrieved on June 20, 2006.</ref> [[Nissan]], [[Toyota]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gizmag.com/go/7945/ |title=Toyota introduce iPod integration kit |publisher=Gizmag.com |date=September 4, 2007 |access-date=June 2, 2010 |archive-date=August 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812024322/http://www.gizmag.com/go/7945/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Alfa Romeo]], [[Ferrari]],<ref>[https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jan/11cars.html Apple & Leading Car Companies Team Up to Deliver iPod Integration in 2005] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507164102/https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jan/11cars.html |date=May 7, 2011}}, Apple Inc., January 11, 2005. Retrieved on June 20, 2006.</ref> [[Acura]], [[Audi]], [[Honda]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070421131407/http://automobiles.honda.com/models/audio_accessories.asp?ModelName=Accord+Coupe&PHOTO=0 Honda Music Link for iPods], [[Honda]]. Retrieved on February 17, 2007.</ref> [[Renault]], [[Infiniti]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/ipod/car-integration/#bmw|title=Your iPod just called shotgun|publisher=apple.com|access-date=June 4, 2015|archive-date=June 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602181847/http://www.apple.com/ipod/car-integration/#bmw|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Volkswagen]].<ref>[https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/sep/07ipod_auto.html Apple Teams Up With Acura, Audi, Honda & Volkswagen to Deliver Seamless iPod Experience] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521113707/https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/sep/07ipod_auto.html |date=May 21, 2011}}, Apple Inc., September 7, 2005. Retrieved on June 20, 2006.</ref> [[Scion (car)|Scion]] offered standard iPod connectivity on all their cars.
Some independent stereo manufacturers including [[JVC]], [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]], [[Kenwood Electronics|Kenwood]], [[Alpine Electronics|Alpine]], [[Sony]], and [[Harman Kardon]] also had iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods included adapter kits (that use the [[cassette deck]] or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the [[iTrip]]—although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard.<ref>[https://www.apple.com/ipod/carintegration.html Car Integration: iPod your car] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820190456/https://www.apple.com/ipod/carintegration.html |date=August 20, 2014}}, Apple Inc.. Retrieved on February 17, 2007.</ref>
Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, [[United Airlines|United]], [[Continental Airlines|Continental]], [[Delta Air Lines|Delta]], and [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]], reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service allowed passengers to power and charge an iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays.<ref>[https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/nov/14ipod.html Apple Teams Up With Continental, Delta, Emirates, & United to deliver iPod Integration] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624093652/https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/nov/14ipod.html |date=June 24, 2011}}, Apple Inc., November 14, 2006. Retrieved on December 7, 2006.</ref> Originally [[KLM]] and [[Air France]] were reported to be part of the deal with Apple, but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems.<ref>Marsal, Katie. [https://archive.today/20120718133550/https://www.appleinsider.com/articles/06/11/15/two_of_six_airlines_say_theres_no_ink_on_ipod_deal.html Two of six airlines say there's no ink on iPod deal], ''AppleInsider'', November 15, 2006. Retrieved on December 7, 2006.</ref>
== Software ==
The iPod line can play several [[audio file format]]s including MP3, [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]]/[[MPEG-4 Part 14|M4A]], [[FairPlay|Protected AAC]], [[Audio Interchange File Format|AIFF]], [[WAV]], [[Audible.com|Audible]] [[audiobook]], and [[Apple Lossless]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title = iPod touch: Supported file formats |url = https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT1709 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160402140056/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT1709 |archive-date=April 2, 2016 |access-date=2020-04-18 |website=Apple Support}}</ref> The iPod Photo introduced the ability to display [[JPEG]], [[Windows bitmap|BMP]], [[Graphics Interchange Format|GIF]], [[TIFF]], and [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]] image file formats.<ref>{{cite web |title=iPod photo (40 GB, 60 GB) – Technical Specifications |url = https://support.apple.com/kb/SP66?viewlocale=en_US&locale=en_US |website=support.apple.com |access-date=2020-04-18 }}</ref> Fifth- and sixth-generation iPod Classic models, as well as third-generation iPod Nano models, can also play [[MPEG-4]] ([[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]]) and [[QuickTime]] [[Container format (digital)|video formats]], with restrictions on video dimensions, encoding techniques and data rates.{{NoteTag|The restrictions vary from generation to generation; for the earliest video iPods, video is required to be [[Hi10P|Baseline Profile]] (BP), up to [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC#Levels|Level 1.3]], meaning most significantly no [[B-frame]]s (BP), a maximum bitrate of 768 kb/s (BP Level 1.3), and a maximum framerate of 30 frame/s at 320×240 resolution. Newer iPods support BP up to level 3.0 (10,000 kb/s), for a maximum framerate of 30 frame/s at 640×480 resolution. Current specifications can be seen at [https://www.apple.com/ipodclassic/specs.html iPod classic Technical Specs], and practical implementations can be seen in the libx264-ipod320.ffpreset and libx264-ipod640.ffpreset preset files for [[FFmpeg]], as discussed in [https://lists.mplayerhq.hu/pipermail/ffmpeg-user/2006-June/003218.html <nowiki>[Ffmpeg-user]</nowiki> Successful ipod h264 encoding] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826061150/https://lists.mplayerhq.hu/pipermail/ffmpeg-user/2006-June/003218.html |date=August 26, 2010 }}, by Daniel Rogers, June 11, 2006.}} Originally, iPod software only worked with [[Classic Mac OS]] and [[macOS]];<ref>{{cite web |url = https://support.apple.com/kb/SP103?viewlocale=en_US&locale=en_US |title = iPod with scroll wheel (5 and 10 GB) – Technical Specifications |website = support.apple.com |access-date = 2020-04-18 |archive-date = August 2, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200802012447/https://support.apple.com/kb/SP103?viewlocale=en_US&locale=en_US |url-status = live }}</ref> iPod software for [[Microsoft Windows]] was launched with the second-generation model.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/itunes/download/ |title=iTunes Downloads |website=Apple.com |date=February 7, 2008 |access-date=August 15, 2011 |archive-date=September 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905124649/https://www.apple.com/itunes/download/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Unlike most other media players, Apple does not support [[Microsoft]]'s [[Windows Media Audio|WMA]] audio format—but a converter for WMA files without [[digital rights management]] (DRM) is provided with the [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] version of iTunes.<ref name=":0" /> [[MIDI]] files also cannot be played, but can be converted to audio files using the "Advanced" menu in iTunes.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://hints.macworld.com/article.php?story=20040824211827667 |title = Use iTunes to convert MIDI to audio files – Mac OS X Hints |website = hints.macworld.com |access-date = 2020-04-18 |archive-date = March 25, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210325042450/http://hints.macworld.com/article.php?story=20040824211827667 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Alternative open-source audio formats, such as [[Ogg Vorbis]] and [[FLAC]], are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an iPod (e.g., [[Rockbox]]).
During installation, an iPod is associated with one host computer.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Use iTunes to sync your iPhone, iPad, or iPod with your computer |url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT210612 |website=Apple Support |access-date=April 18, 2020 |archive-date=March 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331155532/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT210612 |url-status=live }}</ref> Each time an iPod connects to its host computer, iTunes can synchronize entire music libraries or music playlists either automatically or manually.<ref name=":1" /> Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library, and vice versa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/guide/itunes/rate-songs-and-other-items-itns3000/mac|title=Rate songs and other content in iTunes on Mac|website=Apple Support|access-date=April 18, 2020|archive-date=May 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519175215/https://support.apple.com/guide/itunes/rate-songs-and-other-items-itns3000/mac|url-status=live}}</ref> A user can access, play, and add music on a second computer if an iPod is set to manual and not automatic sync, but anything added or edited will be reversed upon connecting and syncing with the main computer and its library. If a user wishes to automatically sync music with another computer, an iPod's library will be entirely wiped and replaced with the other computer's library.
==
[[File:IPod wheel.svg|thumb|The signature [[iPod click wheel]]]]
iPods with color displays use [[spatial anti-aliasing|anti-aliased]] graphics and text, with sliding animations. All iPods (except the [[iPod Shuffle|3rd-generation iPod Shuffle]], the [[iPod Nano|6th & 7th generation iPod Nano]], and [[iPod Touch]]) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the [[iPod click wheel|click wheel]] – an innovation that gives an uncluttered, minimalist [[User interface|interface]]. The buttons perform basic functions such as menu, play, pause, next track, and previous track. Other operations, such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume, are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner. The 3rd-generation [[iPod Shuffle]] does not have any controls on the actual player; instead, it has a small control on the earphone cable, with volume-up and -down buttons and a single button for play and pause, next track, etc. The [[iPod Touch]] has no click-wheel; instead, it uses a touch screen along with a home button, sleep/wake button, and (on the second and third generations of the iPod Touch) volume-up and -down buttons. The user interface for the iPod Touch is identical to that of the [[iPhone]]. Differences include the lack of a phone application and the lack of a SIM card to connect to cellular data. Both devices use [[iOS]].
=== iTunes Store ===
{{main|iTunes|iTunes Store}}
The iTunes Store (introduced April 28, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2003 |title=Apple Launches the iTunes Music Store for US Customers |url=https://www.apple.com/uk/newsroom/2003/04/28Apple-Launches-the-iTunes-Music-Store/}}</ref> The store became the market leader soon after its launch<ref>[https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/aug/10itms.html iTunes Music Store Catalog Tops One Million Songs] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209114047/https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/aug/10itms.html |date=February 9, 2006}}, Apple Inc., August 10, 2004. Retrieved on December 28, 2006.</ref> and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006.<ref>Scott-Joynt, Jeremy. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5339470.stm Apple targets TV and film market] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728040216/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5339470.stm |date=July 28, 2024 }}, [[BBC News]], September 12, 2006. Retrieved on September 12, 2006.</ref>
At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the [[FairPlay]] DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play the files. Burning the files with iTunes as an audio CD, then re-importing would create music files without the DRM. The DRM could also be removed using third-party software. However, in a deal with Apple, [[EMI]] began selling DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in a category called "iTunes Plus." While individual songs were made available at a cost of {{US$|1.29}}, 30¢ more than the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were available for the same price, {{US$|9.99}}, as DRM encoded albums. On October 17, 2007, Apple lowered the cost of individual iTunes Plus songs to {{US$|0.99}} per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009.
iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like [[Microsoft]]'s [[Windows Media DRM|protected WMA]] or [[RealNetworks]]' [[Helix (project)|Helix]] DRM. Example stores include [[Napster]] and [[MSN Music]]. RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos|first=Michael|title=Real's Glaser exhorts Apple to open iPod|url=https://news.cnet.com/2100-1025_3-5177914.html|publisher=CNET News|access-date=December 20, 2011|date=March 23, 2004|archive-date=August 9, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809174717/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1025_3-5177914.html|url-status=live}}</ref> by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the store to promote iPod sales.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hansell|first=Saul|date=August 11, 2008|title=The iTunes Store: Profit Machine|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/08/11/steve-jobs-tries-to-downplay-the-itunes-stores-profit/|access-date=December 20, 2011|archive-date=December 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215232752/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/08/11/steve-jobs-tries-to-downplay-the-itunes-stores-profit/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as [[eMusic]] or [[Amie Street]].
[[Universal Music Group]] decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity.<ref>Evans, Jonny. [https://www.macworld.co.uk/ipod-itunes/news/index.cfm?newsid=18459 Universal confirms iTunes contract change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927050825/http://www.macworld.co.uk/ipod-itunes/news/index.cfm?newsid=18459 |date=September 27, 2011 }}, ''[[Macworld UK]]'', July 4, 2007. Retrieved on July 5, 2007.</ref>
Apple debuted the [[iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store]] on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled "The Beat Goes On...". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user's iTunes Library over a [[WiFi]] connection, or, in the case of an iPhone, the [[cellular network]].
=== Games ===
{{Main|iPod game|App Store (iOS)}}
Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game ''[[Breakout (video game)|Brick]]'' included as an [[easter egg (media)|easter egg]] hidden feature;<ref>{{Cite web |title=First iPod game |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-ipod-game |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308040605/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-ipod-game |archive-date=8 March 2024 |access-date=8 March 2024 |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]]}}</ref> later [[firmware]] versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: ''[[Parachute (iPod game)|Parachute]]'', ''[[Solitaire (game)|Solitaire]]'', and ''Music Quiz''.
<blockquote>Navigate to Extras → Games and, assuming you have a generation 3 (G3) iPod, you will find Brick, Music Quiz, Parachute, and Solitaire. If you have a G1 iPod, only the Breakout game is available, and that only as an Easter egg (a bit of hidden code on the iPod): access it by navigating to the iPod’s About screen and holding down the button in the centre of the jog wheel for about five seconds. Breakout will appear on your screen. Then, use the jog wheel to move the racket and play while you listen to your favorite songs.<ref name="oreilly/0596007787/ch03s06">{{cite book |last1=Stern |first1=Hadley |title=iPod and iTunes Hacks |publisher=[[oreilly.com]] |url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/ipod-and-itunes/0596007787/ch03s06.html |language=en |chapter=Play Games on Your iPod}}</ref></blockquote>
In September 2006, the [[iTunes Store]] began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of [[iTunes version history|iTunes 7]], compatible with the [[iPod (5G)|fifth generation iPod]] with iPod software 1.2 or later. Those games were: ''[[Bejeweled (video game)|Bejeweled]]'', ''Cubis 2'', ''[[Mahjong solitaire|Mahjong]]'', ''[[Mini Golf]]'', ''[[Pac-Man]]'', ''[[Tetris]]'', ''[[Texas Hold 'Em]]'', ''[[Vortex (iPod game)|Vortex]]'', ''[[Asphalt 4: Elite Racing]]'' and ''[[Zuma (video game)|Zuma]]''. Additional games have since been added. These games work on the 5th and 6th generation iPod Classic as well as iPod Nano generations 3rd through 5th.
With third parties like [[Namco]], [[Square Enix]], [[Electronic Arts]], [[Sega]], and [[Hudson Soft]] all making games for the iPod, Apple's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market. Even video game magazines like [[GamePro]] and [[Electronic Gaming Monthly|EGM]] have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 15, 2006 |title=iPod Games Review Roundup |url = https://www.gamepro.com/article/features/81588/ipod-games-review-roundup/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607151141/https://www.gamepro.com/article/features/81588/ipod-games-review-roundup/|archive-date=June 7, 2011|access-date=August 15, 2011|website=Gamepro.com}}</ref>
The games are in the form of [[.ipg]] files, which are actually [[.zip]] archives in disguise.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://fileinfo.com/extension/ipg |title = IPG File Extension – What is an .ipg file and how do I open it? |website = fileinfo.com |access-date = 2020-04-18 |archive-date = July 28, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240728040227/https://fileinfo.com/extension/ipg |url-status = live }}</ref> When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of [[third-party developer|third party games]]. Apple has not publicly released a [[software development kit]] (SDK) for iPod-specific development.<ref>[https://www.bensinclair.com/article/whats-inside-an-ipod-game "What's Inside an iPod Game?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907165721/https://bensinclair.com/article/whats-inside-an-ipod-game |date=September 7, 2008 }} bensinclair.com, September 14, 2006.</ref> Apps produced with the [[iPhone SDK]] are compatible only with the [[iOS]] on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run click wheel-based games.
=== File storage and transfer ===
All iPods except for the iPod Touch can function in "disk mode" as [[USB mass storage device class|mass storage devices]] to store data files but this has to be manually activated.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 6, 2010 |title=iPod touch: Appears in iTunes but not in Finder or Windows Desktop |url=https://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=306414 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418104003/https://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=306414 |archive-date=April 18, 2008 |access-date=August 15, 2011 |publisher=Docs.info.apple.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/195777/ipod_portable_storage.html |last=Fong |first=Kris |title=Turn your iPod or iPhone into a portable drive |publisher=Macworld |date=April 4, 2009 |access-date=May 11, 2022 |archive-date=May 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511051744/https://www.macworld.com/article/195777/ipod_portable_storage.html |url-status=live }}</ref> If an iPod is formatted on a Mac OS computer, it uses the [[HFS Plus|HFS+]] file system format, which allows it to serve as a [[boot disk]] for a Mac computer.<ref>{{cite web |author=—Gina Trapani |url=https://lifehacker.com/software/how-to/boot-up-your-mac-from-your-ipod-260157.php |title=How To: Boot up your Mac from your iPod |publisher=Lifehacker.com |date=May 14, 2007 |access-date=August 15, 2011 |archive-date=August 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812065231/http://lifehacker.com/software/how-to/boot-up-your-mac-from-your-ipod-260157.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> If it is formatted on Windows, the [[FAT32]] format is used. With the release of the Windows-compatible iPod, the default file system used on the iPod line switched from HFS+ to FAT32, although it can be reformatted to either file system (excluding the iPod Shuffle which is strictly FAT32). Generally, if a new iPod (excluding the iPod Shuffle) is initially plugged into a computer running Windows, it will be formatted with FAT32, and if initially plugged into a Mac running Mac OS it will be formatted with HFS+.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ipod.about.com/od/restoreandreformatipod/a/ipod_format_a.htm |title=Restore iPod – Format iPod – Reformat iPod – iPod Restore Software |publisher=Ipod.about.com |date=February 1, 2010 |access-date=June 2, 2010 |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075031/http://ipod.about.com/od/restoreandreformatipod/a/ipod_format_a.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Unlike many other MP3 players, simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical [[file management application]] will not allow an iPod to properly access them. The user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to iPods so that the files are playable and viewable. Usually ''iTunes'' is used to transfer media to an iPod, though [[comparison of iPod managers|several alternative third-party applications]] are available on a number of different platforms.
''iTunes'' 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it.
Media files are stored on an iPod in a hidden folder, along with a proprietary database file. The hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling [[hidden files]] to be shown. The media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the iPod. Many third-party applications also allow easy copying of media files from an iPod.
== Models and features ==
While the suffix "Classic" was not introduced until the sixth generation, it has been applied here retroactively to all non-suffixed iPods for clarity.
{{List of iPod models}}
== Patent disputes ==
In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming [[patent infringement]] by the iPod line and its associated technologies:<ref>[https://www.channelregister.co.uk/2005/03/10/apple_ipod_patent_lawsuits/ Apple faces patent lawsuits over its iPod] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090459/http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2005/03/10/apple_ipod_patent_lawsuits/ |date=March 4, 2016 }}, ''ChannelRegister'', March 10, 2005. Retrieved on February 17, 2007.</ref> Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a "music jukebox",<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/US6587403 U.S. Patent 6,587,403] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621163213/https://patents.google.com/patent/US6587403 |date=June 21, 2024 }} — Advanced Audio Devices' "music jukebox" patent.</ref> while a Hong Kong-based [[Intellectual property|IP]] portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/US6665797 U.S. Patent 6,665,797] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728040724/https://patents.google.com/patent/US6665797 |date=July 28, 2024 }} — "Protection of software again against unauthorized use" (corrected to "Computer Apparatus/Software Access Control").</ref> issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of [[Sony]], RealNetworks, [[Napster]], and Musicmatch as defendants.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120729132521/https://www.appleinsider.com/articles/05/08/16/apple_sony_among_those_named_in_new_drm_lawsuit.html Apple, Sony among those named in new DRM lawsuit], ''AppleInsider'', August 16, 2005. Retrieved on February 17, 2007.</ref>
Apple's application to the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] for a patent on "rotational user inputs",<ref>[https://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PG01&s1=%2260/346,237%22&OS=%2260/346,237%22&RS=%2260/346,237%22 U.S. patent application 20030095096] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225081409/http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PG01&s1=%2260/346,237%22&OS=%2260/346,237%22&RS=%2260/346,237%22 |date=February 25, 2021 }} Apple Inc.'s application on "rotational user inputs".</ref> as used on the iPod interface, received a third "non-final rejection" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, [[Creative Technology]], one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/US6928433 U.S. Patent 6,928,433] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211142340/https://patents.google.com/patent/US6928433 |date=December 11, 2022 }} [[Creative Technology]]'s "Zen" patent.</ref> on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the "Zen Patent", granted on August 9, 2005.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4198360.stm Creative wins MP3 player patent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325042552/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4198360.stm |date=March 25, 2021 }}, BBC News, August 30, 2005. Retrieved on February 17, 2007.</ref> On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]]. Creative also asked the [[United States International Trade Commission]] to investigate whether Apple was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the United States.<ref name="macworldcreativelawsuit">{{cite web |last=McMillan |first=Robert |title=Creative sues Apple over patent |url=https://www.macworld.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=14646 |work=[[MacWorld]] |publisher=[[Mac Publishing]] |date=May 16, 2006 |access-date=April 30, 2012 |archive-date=July 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721035354/http://www.macworld.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=14646 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the ''Made for iPod'' program.<ref>[https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/aug/23settlement.html Apple & Creative Announce Broad Settlement...] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609080359/https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/aug/23settlement.html |date=June 9, 2011}}, Apple Inc., August 30, 2006. Retrieved on February 17, 2007.</ref>
== Sales ==
{{see also|iPod advertising}}
[[File:Ipod sales per quarter.svg|thumb|right|400px|iPod quarterly sales. Click for table of data and sources. Note that Q1 is October through December of previous year, the holiday season.]]
Sales of iPods peaked in 2008, following rapid growth in the period of 2005 to 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/chart/10469/apple-ipod-sales/ | title=Infographic: Farewell iPod: The Rise and Fall of an Icon | date=May 11, 2022 | access-date=May 1, 2022 | archive-date=May 1, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501224025/https://www.statista.com/chart/10469/apple-ipod-sales/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
In January 2007, Apple reported record quarterly revenue of US$7.1 billion, of which 48% was made from iPod sales.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 17, 2007 |title=Apple Reports First Quarter Results |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/01/17Apple-Reports-First-Quarter-Results.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604184939/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/01/17Apple-Reports-First-Quarter-Results.html |archive-date=June 4, 2012 |publisher=Apple Press Info}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2012}} On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the best-selling digital music player of all time. Its second-quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 25, 2007|title=Apple Reports Second Quarter Results|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/04/25Apple-Reports-Second-Quarter-Results.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729071030/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/04/25Apple-Reports-Second-Quarter-Results.html|archive-date=July 29, 2012|publisher=Apple Press Info}}</ref> Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other Apple products such as Mac computers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Study: iPod users to switch for iPhone|url=https://www.macnn.com/articles/07/05/16/ipod.users.back.iphone/|publisher=MacNN|date=May 16, 2007|access-date=March 26, 2021|archive-date=December 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215061641/http://www.macnn.com/articles/07/05/16/ipod.users.back.iphone/|url-status=dead}}</ref> 42% of Apple's revenue for the First fiscal quarter of 2008 came from iPod sales (followed by 21% from notebook sales and 16% from desktop sales).<ref>[https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/01/22results.html Apple Reports First Quarter Results] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528030202/https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/01/22results.html |date=May 28, 2011}}, Apple Inc., January 24, 2008. Retrieved on January 24, 2008.</ref>
On October 21, 2008, Apple reported that only 14.21% of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of the year 2008 came from iPods.<ref>AppleInsider (October 27, 2008). [https://www.appleinsider.com/articles/08/10/27/ipods_accounted_for_just_14_2_of_apples_sales_in_q4_2008.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728040726/https://appleinsider.com/articles/08/10/27/ipods_accounted_for_just_14_2_of_apples_sales_in_q4_2008.html|date=July 28, 2024}} Retrieved on October 27, 2008</ref> At the September 9, 2009 keynote presentation at the Apple Event, Phil Schiller announced total cumulative sales of iPods exceeded 220 million.<ref>World of Apple. (September 9, 2009). [https://news.worldofapple.com/category/world-of-apple-events/ Live Coverage From Apple’s “It’s Only Rock and Roll” Event] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227124346/https://news.worldofapple.com/category/world-of-apple-events/ |date=December 27, 2007 }}. Press release. Retrieved on September 9, 2009</ref> The continual decline of iPod sales since 2009 has not been a surprising trend for the Apple corporation, as Apple CFO Peter Oppenheimer explained in June 2009: "We expect our traditional MP3 players to decline over time as we cannibalize ourselves with the iPod Touch and the iPhone." Since 2009, the company's iPod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market.<ref>{{cite web|title=The age of the iPod is over|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/27/5351918/apples-ipod-rides-into-the-sunset|work=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media, Inc|access-date=January 30, 2014|author=Sean Hollister|date=January 27, 2014|archive-date=January 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129190020/http://www.theverge.com/2014/1/27/5351918/apples-ipod-rides-into-the-sunset|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{As of|2012|09}}, Apple reported that total number of iPods sold worldwide was 350 million.<ref>{{cite web |last=Costello |first=Sam |url=https://ipod.about.com/od/glossary/qt/number-of-ipods-sold.htm |title=Total Number of iPods Sold All-Time |publisher=About.com |date=September 2012 |access-date=March 19, 2013 |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328191222/http://ipod.about.com/od/glossary/qt/number-of-ipods-sold.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Market share ===
Since October 2004, the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States, with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players.<ref>Marsal, Katie. [https://archive.today/20120604184947/https://www.appleinsider.com/articles/06/05/24/ipod_how_big_can_it_get.html iPod: how big can it get?], ''[[AppleInsider]]'', May 24, 2006. Retrieved on February 17, 2007.</ref> During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65%, and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007, according to Bloomberg Online, the iPod market share reached 72.7%. In the Japanese market, iPod market share was 36% in 2005; nonetheless, it was still a market leader in the country.<ref name="Smith">{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Tony|title=iPod fails to impress South Koreans|url=https://www.theregister.com/2005/08/11/apple_ipod_sk/|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=www.theregister.com|archive-date=March 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325042521/https://www.theregister.com/2005/08/11/apple_ipod_sk/|url-status=live}}</ref> In Europe, Apple also led the market (especially the UK<ref>{{cite web|title=Mobile-review.com MP3-players – Global markets|url=https://mobile-review.com/print.php?filename=/mp3/articles/mp3-global-en.shtml|access-date=2021-03-26|website=mobile-review.com|archive-date=November 25, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061125191014/https://mobile-review.com/print.php?filename=/mp3/articles/mp3-global-en.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>); however, local brands such as [[Archos]] managed to outsell Apple in certain categories.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vilaga|first=Jennifer|date=June 1, 2005|title=Faster Talk: Apple in Their Eyes|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/52843/faster-talk-apple-their-eyes|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=Fast Company|language=en-US|archive-date=July 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728040746/https://mansueto-d.openx.net/w/1.0/arj?ju=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F52843%2Ffaster-talk-apple-their-eyes&ch=UTF-8&res=800x600x24&ifr=false&tz=0&tws=1400x783&be=1&bc=hb_pb_3.0.3&dddid=cbc75e6c-08e7-4605-a802-616fb6aaea02%2Ccbc75e6c-08e7-4605-a802-616fb6aaea02&nocache=1722139666843&sua=%7B%22source%22%3A2%2C%22browsers%22%3A%5B%7B%22brand%22%3A%22%20Not%3BA%20Brand%22%2C%22version%22%3A%5B%2299%22%5D%7D%2C%7B%22brand%22%3A%22Google%20Chrome%22%2C%22version%22%3A%5B%2297%22%5D%7D%2C%7B%22brand%22%3A%22Chromium%22%2C%22version%22%3A%5B%2297%22%5D%7D%5D%2C%22mobile%22%3A0%2C%22model%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bitness%22%3A%2264%22%2C%22architecture%22%3A%22x86%22%7D&aus=300x600%2C300x250%7C300x600%2C300x250&divids=rail_sticky_2_2_1%2Crail_sticky_2_2_1&aucs=%2C&auid=538910929%2C538910929|url-status=live}}</ref>
One of the reasons for the iPod's early success, having been released three years after the very first [[digital audio player]] (namely the [[MPMan]]), was its seamless integration with the company's [[iTunes]] software, and the ecosystem built around it such as the [[iTunes Store|iTunes Music Store]], as well as a competitive price.<ref>{{cite web|date=November 1, 2003|title=The iPod wars|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/nov/01/netmusic.internet|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=The Guardian|archive-date=July 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728040720/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/nov/01/netmusic.internet|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, Apple achieved a dominance in the MP3 player market as Sony's [[Walkman]] did with personal cassette players two decades earlier.<ref name="knowledge.insead.edu">{{cite web|date=March 7, 2012|title=Innovation Success: How the Apple iPod Broke all Sony's Walkman Rules|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/blog/insead-blog/innovation-success-how-the-apple-ipod-broke-all-sonys-walkman-rules-2791|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|archive-date=March 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325042536/https://knowledge.insead.edu/blog/insead-blog/innovation-success-how-the-apple-ipod-broke-all-sonys-walkman-rules-2791|url-status=live}}</ref> The software similarity between computer and player made it easy to transfer music over and synchronize it, tasks that were considered difficult on pre-iPod MP3 players such as those from [[Rio (digital audio players)|Rio]] and [[Creative Technology|Creative]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Five reasons the iPod succeeded|url=https://www.macworld.com/article/182069/ipodfive.html|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=Macworld|language=en-US|archive-date=April 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420231231/https://www.macworld.com/article/182069/ipodfive.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Creative Zen Micro ^ Apple iPod Mini - Flickr - dan taylor.jpg|thumb|Comparison of iPod Mini (right) and a competitor [[Creative Zen]] Micro (left)]]
Some of the iPod's chief competitors during its pinnacle include Creative's [[Creative Zen|Zen]], [[SanDisk]]'s [[SanDisk Sansa|Sansa]], [[Sony]]'s [[Walkman]], [[iriver]], and [[Samsung]]'s [[Yepp]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ipod-rivals-ready-for-prime-time-at-last/ | title=IPod rivals ready for prime time at last? | website=[[ZDNet]] | access-date=April 20, 2022 | archive-date=January 19, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119081032/https://www.zdnet.com/article/ipod-rivals-ready-for-prime-time-at-last/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The iPod's dominance was challenged numerous times: in 2004 Sony's first hard disk Walkman was designed to take on the iPod, accompanied by its own music store [[Sony Connect]];<ref>{{cite web|last=Horwitz|first=Jeremy|date=December 6, 2004|title=The iPod Year in Review 2004|url=https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/the-ipod-year-in-review-2004|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=iLounge|language=en-US|archive-date=March 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325042513/https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/the-ipod-year-in-review-2004|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Uranaka|first=Taiga|date=July 2, 2004|title=Sony Walkman to go head to head with Apple's iPod|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/07/02/business/sony-walkman-to-go-head-to-head-with-apples-ipod/|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=The Japan Times|language=en-US|archive-date=March 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325042431/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/07/02/business/sony-walkman-to-go-head-to-head-with-apples-ipod/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Microsoft]] initially attempted to compete using a software platform called [[Portable Media Center]], and in later years designed the [[Microsoft Zune|Zune]] line;<ref>{{cite web|title=Zune vs. iPod: the battle begins {{!}} 1 {{!}} FORTUNE|url=https://money.cnn.com/popups/2006/fortune/zune/index.html|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=money.cnn.com|archive-date=July 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728040722/https://money.cnn.com/popups/2006/fortune/zune/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Marriott|first=Michel|date=November 13, 2006|title=Microsoft Counting on a Twist to Make Zune Shine in Shadow of iPod|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/13/technology/13zune.html|access-date=March 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325042626/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/13/technology/13zune.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the most vocal rival was Creative,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2007/0212/046.html?sh=718be176143b | title=If You Can't Beat 'Em | website=[[Forbes]] | access-date=April 20, 2022 | archive-date=January 23, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123222951/https://www.forbes.com/global/2007/0212/046.html?sh=718be176143b | url-status=live }}</ref> whose CEO in November 2004 "declared war" on the iPod.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Tony|title=Creative declares 'war' on Apple's iPod|url=https://www.theregister.com/2004/11/18/creative_vs_apple/|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=www.theregister.com|archive-date=March 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325042605/https://www.theregister.com/2004/11/18/creative_vs_apple/|url-status=live}}</ref> Samsung declared that they would take the top spot from Apple by 2007,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://macdailynews.com/2006/01/09/samsung_we_will_take_top_spot_in_music_players_from_apple_by_2007/ | title=Samsung: We will take top spot in music players from Apple by 2007 | date=January 9, 2006 | access-date=April 20, 2022 | archive-date=July 28, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728040723/https://macdailynews.com/2006/01/09/samsung_we_will_take_top_spot_in_music_players_from_apple_by_2007/ | url-status=live }}</ref> while SanDisk ran a specific anti-iPod marketing campaign called [[iDon't]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.engadget.com/2006-05-22-sandisk-wants-you-to-say-idont-to-ipod.html | title=SanDisk wants you to say iDon't to iPod | date=May 22, 2006 | access-date=April 20, 2022 | archive-date=April 15, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415230933/https://www.engadget.com/2006-05-22-sandisk-wants-you-to-say-idont-to-ipod.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ipodobserver.com/ipo/article/SanDisk_Takes_on_iPod_With_iDont_Web_Site/ | title=SanDisk Takes on iPod with 'iDon't' Web Site | News | iPodObserver | access-date=April 20, 2022 | archive-date=October 7, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007212405/https://www.ipodobserver.com/ipo/article/SanDisk_Takes_on_iPod_With_iDont_Web_Site/ | url-status=live }}</ref> These competitors failed to make major dents, and Apple remained dominant in the fast-growing digital audio player market during the decade.<ref>{{cite web|title=iPod Killers That Didn't|url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/10/19/tech-personal_cx_rr_ipod_killer_slide.html|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=Forbes}}</ref> Mobile phone manufacturers [[Nokia]] and [[Sony Ericsson]] also made "music phones" to rival iPod.<ref>{{cite web|last=Marks|first=Paul|title=New Nokia cellphone to challenge MP3 players|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7312-new-nokia-cellphone-to-challenge-mp3-players/|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=New Scientist|language=en-US|archive-date=March 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325134214/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7312-new-nokia-cellphone-to-challenge-mp3-players/|url-status=live}}</ref>
A suggested factor of iPod's popularity has been cited to be Apple's popular iTunes Store catalog, playing a part in keeping Apple firmly market leader, while also helped by the mismanagement of others, such as Sony's unpopular [[SonicStage]] software.<ref>{{cite web|last=Horwitz|first=Jeremy|date=2004-12-06|title=The iPod Year in Review 2004|url=https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/the-ipod-year-in-review-2004|access-date=2021-03-26|website=iLounge|language=en-US|archive-date=September 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917004537/https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/the-ipod-year-in-review-2004|url-status=live}}</ref>
One notable exception where iPod was not faring well was in South Korea. As of 2005, Apple held a market share of less than 2%, compared to market leaders [[iriver]], [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]] and [[Cowon]].<ref name="Smith" />
As of 2011, iPod held a 70% market share in global MP3 players.<ref>{{cite web |last=Goldman |first=David |title=Apple's iPod dilemma |url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/07/29/technology/apple_ipod_sales/index.htm |publisher=CNN |date=July 29, 2011 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-date=March 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325042617/https://money.cnn.com/2011/07/29/technology/apple_ipod_sales/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Its closest competitor was noted to be the [[SanDisk Sansa|Sansa]] line from [[SanDisk]].<ref name="knowledge.insead.edu" />
== Industry impact ==
iPods often received favorable reviews; scoring high on looks, clean design, and ease of use. ''[[PC World]]'' wrote that iPod line has "altered the landscape for portable audio players".<ref name="pcworld25">{{cite magazine |author=((PC World Editors)) |date=August 3, 2007 |title=The 25 Most Innovative Products of the Year |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/id,123942-page,2/article.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129142217/https://www.pcworld.com/article/id%2C123942-page%2C2/article.html |archive-date=January 29, 2007 |access-date=February 17, 2007 |magazine=[[PC World]]}}</ref>
The iPod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the [[music industry]]. The iPod's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which [[Album era#2000s: Decline in the digital age, shift to pop and urban|hastened]] the end of the [[album era]] in popular music.<ref name=Morey>Tejas Morey. [https://www.mensxp.com/technology/internet/8798-how-itunes-changed-the-music-industry-forever.html "How iTunes Changed The Music Industry Forever."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325042623/https://www.mensxp.com/technology/internet/8798-how-itunes-changed-the-music-industry-forever.html |date=March 25, 2021 }} ''MensXP ([[Times of India]])''. Retrieved January 5, 2014.</ref>
== Criticism ==
=== Headphone usage ===
As with any device capable of outputting to a pair of [[headphones]], an iPod turned up to an excessive volume can cause [[noise-induced hearing loss]]. Since users often turn the volume up to compensate for background noise, a study found that headphone users who listen in noisy environments are at risk for permanent gradual hearing damage. <ref name="Associations between adolescents' earphone usage in noisy environments, hearing loss, and self-reported hearing problems in a nationally representative sample of South Korean middle and high school students">{{cite web |last1=Byeon |first1=Haewon |title=Associations between adolescents' earphone usage in noisy environments, hearing loss, and self-reported hearing problems in a nationally representative sample of South Korean middle and high school students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7837842/ |website=Medicine |pages=e24056 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000024056 |date=22 January 2021}}</ref>
People have expressed concerns about users, especially young people, being more prone to developing hearing loss from iPods in particular. Some iPods and their headphones can reach sound pressure levels of 115 decibels, and the iPod and included materials do not contain much information about the risks of hearing loss or what a safe volume and/or duration can entail. People would often have misconceptions about what a safe level is, assuming that a dangerous device would not be sold, that sound needs to be painful or literally "hurt your ears" to be deafening, or that since using headphones anyway can cause deafness, you may as well turn it up.
Even if users listen at a moderately loud volume, an iPod battery lasts longer and is cheaper to charge than it is to replace the batteries of a [[Walkman]], meaning that the longer duration can make even medium-loud sounds (85dB) dangerous. Apple has since adjusted their devices to only output sounds up to 100dB, which is still deafening over a longer duration, but not quite as loud. Listening at a low volume is generally considered safe.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Park |first1=Alice |title=iPod Safety: Preventing Hearing Loss in Teens |url=https://time.com/archive/6933223/ipod-safety-preventing-hearing-loss-in-teens/ |website=TIME |language=en |date=21 February 2009}}</ref>
=== Battery problems ===
The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth-generation {{val|30|u=GB}} [[iPod Classic]] was advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. However, an [[MP3.com]] report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for the site getting, on average, less than 8 hours from an iPod.<ref>[https://www.mp3.com/features/stories/3646.html MP3 Insider: The truth about your battery life] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060604141041/https://www.mp3.com/features/stories/3646.html |date=June 4, 2006}}, mp3.com, March 13, 2006. Retrieved on July 10, 2006.</ref> In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3477497.stm Apple investigates iPod batteries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225061332/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3477497.stm |date=February 25, 2021 }}, BBC News, February 10, 2004. Retrieved on March 20, 2007.</ref> The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals with first- or second-generation iPods either {{US$|50}} store credit or a free battery replacement, and offering individuals with third-generation iPods an extended warranty that would allow them to get a replacement iPod if they experienced battery problems.<ref>Horwitz, Jeremy. [https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/apples-ipod-battery-settlement-explained/ Apple’s iPod Battery Settlement, Explained] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325042524/https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/apples-ipod-battery-settlement-explained/ |date=March 25, 2021 }}, ''iLounge'', June 10, 2005. Retrieved on August 27, 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kaufman |first=Gill |title=That Ipod battery problem? Apple steps up to solve it |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/1503384/that-ipod-battery-problem-apple-steps-up-to-solve-it/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703060920/http://www.mtv.com/news/1503384/that-ipod-battery-problem-apple-steps-up-to-solve-it/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 3, 2015 |publisher=MTV |date=June 2, 2005 |access-date=February 21, 2019 |ref=mtv}}</ref>
As an instance of [[planned obsolescence]], iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user, although some users have been able to open the case themselves, usually following instructions from third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries. Compounding the problem, Apple initially would not replace worn-out batteries. The official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use<ref>[https://www.mp3newswire.net/stories/6002/li_ion.html The Curse of Lithium Ion Batteries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307223940/http://www.mp3newswire.net/stories/6002/li_ion.html |date=March 7, 2021 }}, [[MP3 Newswire]], January 6, 2006. Retrieved on November 30, 2006.</ref> (guidelines are available for [[lithium-ion battery#Lifespan|prolonging life-span]]) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits.
Apple announced a battery replacement program on November 14, 2003, a week before<ref>[https://ipodbatteryfaq.com/#18 iPod Battery FAQ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303110450/https://www.ipodbatteryfaq.com/#18 |date=March 3, 2009}}. Retrieved on November 26, 2006.</ref> a high publicity stunt and website by the [[Casey Neistat|Neistat Brothers]].<ref>Neistat, Casey. {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20121206004825/https://www.ipodsdirtysecret.com/message.html A Message From the Neistat Brothers]}}, November 20, 2003. Retrieved on February 17, 2007.</ref> The initial cost was {{US$|99}},<ref>[https://www.macminute.com/2003/11/14/ipodbattery Apple offers iPod battery replacement service] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041022041812/https://www.macminute.com/2003/11/14/ipodbattery |date=October 22, 2004 }}, ''[[MacMinute]]'', November 14, 2003. Retrieved on November 26, 2006.</ref> and it was lowered to {{US$|59}} in 2005. One week later, Apple offered an extended iPod warranty for {{US$|59}}.<ref>[https://www.macminute.com/2003/11/21/ipodapplecare/ AppleCare for iPod now available] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041022032309/https://www.macminute.com/2003/11/21/ipodapplecare |date=October 22, 2004 }}, ''[[MacMinute]]'', November 21, 2003. Retrieved on November 26, 2006.</ref> For the iPod Nano, [[soldering]] tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive.<ref>Ecker, Clint. [https://arstechnica.com/reviews/hardware/video-ipod.ars/6 Vivisection of the Video iPod] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728041727/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2005/10/video-ipod/6/ |date=July 28, 2024 }}, ''[[Ars Technica]]'', October 19, 2005. Retrieved on November 26, 2006.</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20060702041605/https://www.ipodmods.com/guides/Video/videodisassemblyguide.htm Disassemble Guide for Video iPod]. Retrieved on November 26, 2006.</ref>
The first generation iPod Nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk. Affected iPod Nanos were sold between September 2005 and December 2006. This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/11/12/apple_opens_up_replacement_program_for_first_gen_ipod_nano.html |title=Apple opens up replacement program for first-gen iPod nano |publisher=Apple Insider |date=November 12, 2011 |access-date=December 20, 2011 |archive-date=December 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225014753/http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/11/12/apple_opens_up_replacement_program_for_first_gen_ipod_nano.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Apple recommended that owners of affected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Apple product replacement program, affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge.
=== Reliability and durability ===
iPods have been criticized for alleged short lifespan and fragile hard drives. A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7% (although they note that comments from respondents indicate that "the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears"). It concluded that some models were more durable than others.<ref>[https://www.macintouch.com/reliability/ipodfailures.html iPod Reliability Survey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219003252/https://www.macintouch.com/reliability/ipodfailures.html |date=February 19, 2009 }}, ''MacInTouch'', November 28, 2005. Retrieved on October 29, 2006.</ref> In particular, failure rates for iPods employing hard drives were usually above 20% while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10%. In late 2005, many users complained that the surface of the first-generation iPod Nano can become scratched easily, rendering the screen unusable.<ref>[https://www.macworld.com/news/2005/09/27/nanoscreen/index.php Apple responds to iPod nano screen concerns] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517174305/http://www.macworld.com/news/2005/09/27/nanoscreen/index.php |date=May 17, 2008 }}, ''[[Macworld]]'', September 27, 2005. Retrieved on February 17, 2007.</ref><ref>Arthur, Charles. [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/09/23/ipod_nano_scratching/ iPod Nano owners in screen scratch trauma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707040019/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/09/23/ipod_nano_scratching/ |date=July 7, 2017 }}, ''[[The Register]]'', September 25, 2005. Retrieved on February 17, 2007.</ref> A class-action lawsuit was also filed.<ref>Fried, Ina. [https://news.cnet.com/Suit+filed+over+Nano+scratches/2100-1047_3-5906399.html Suit filed over Nano scratches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728041726/https://www.cnet.com/ |date=July 28, 2024 }}, ''[[CNET|CNet News]]'', October 21, 2005. Retrieved on February 17, 2007.</ref> Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple shipping iPod nanos with cases |url=https://www.engadget.com/2005-11-10-apple-shipping-ipod-nanos-with-cases.html |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Engadget |date=August 8, 2019 |language=en-US |archive-date=December 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225144626/https://www.engadget.com/2005-11-10-apple-shipping-ipod-nanos-with-cases.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Tony |title=Apple quietly bundles anti-scratch case with iPod Nano |url=https://www.theregister.com/2005/11/11/apple_ipod_nano_case/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.theregister.com |language=en |archive-date=December 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225144639/https://www.theregister.com/2005/11/11/apple_ipod_nano_case/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Labor disputes ===
On June 11, 2006, the British tabloid ''[[The Mail on Sunday]]'' reported that iPods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than US$50 per month and work 15-hour shifts.<ref>[https://www.macworld.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=14915 Inside Apple's iPod factories] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721035416/http://www.macworld.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=14915 |date=July 21, 2011 }}, ''[[Macworld UK]]'', June 12, 2006. Retrieved on March 20, 2007.</ref> Apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that, while some of the plant's labor practices met Apple's Code of Conduct, others did not: employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35% of the time and worked more than six consecutive days for 25% of the time.<ref>Millard, Elizabeth. [https://www.chinesetao.com/Newsfactor%20Sept%202006.pdf Is It Ethical To Own an iPod?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325042551/http://www.chinesetao.com/Newsfactor%20Sept%202006.pdf |date=March 25, 2021 }}. Retrieved on March 20, 2007.</ref>
[[Foxconn]], Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses,<ref>[https://www.macnn.com/articles/06/06/19/ipod.sweatshop.claims/ Foxconn denies iPod 'sweatshop' claims] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205171343/http://www.macnn.com/articles/06/06/19/ipod.sweatshop.claims/ |date=December 5, 2020 }}, ''MacNN'', June 19, 2006. Retrieved on February 17, 2007.</ref> but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verité, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On December 31, 2006, workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua, [[Shenzhen]] formed a union affiliated with the [[All-China Federation of Trade Unions]],<ref name="ihloorg030107">{{cite web|author=[[ITUC]] Hong Kong Liaison Office|date=January 2, 2007|title=ACFTU Union established at Foxconn on the very last day of 2006|url=https://www.ihlo.org/LRC/ACFTU/030107.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415004611/http://www.ihlo.org/LRC/ACFTU/030107.html|archive-date=April 15, 2013|access-date=February 2, 2010}}</ref> the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization.<ref name="nyt20070405">[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/05/business/worldbusiness/05iht-labor.1.5156948.html McDonald's and KFC seeking to resolve Chinese minimum wage issue ...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316102047/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/05/business/worldbusiness/05iht-labor.1.5156948.html |date=March 16, 2017 }}, April 5, 2007, nytimes.com. Retrieved 2010 5 27.</ref><ref name="guard2006811">[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/aug/11/china.supermarkets Wal-Mart backs down and allows Chinese workers to join union] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728041727/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/aug/11/china.supermarkets |date=July 28, 2024 }}, August 11, 2006, Jonathan Watts, The Guardian</ref>
In 2010, a number of workers committed [[suicide]] at a Foxconn operations in China. Apple, HP, and others stated that they were investigating the situation. Foxconn guards have been videotaped beating employees. Another employee killed himself in 2009 when an Apple prototype went missing, and claimed in messages to friends, that he had been beaten and interrogated.<ref name="wsjDeaTsa20100527">[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704026204575267603576594936 Suicides Spark Inquiries Apple, H-P to Examine Asian Supplier After String of Deaths at Factory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919164601/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704026204575267603576594936 |date=September 19, 2019 }}, Jason Dean, Ting-i Tsai, May 27, 2010, accessed May 27, 2010</ref><ref name="wsjfoxsui">[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704269204575270031332376238 The Foxconn Suicides], May 28, 2010, wsj.com, WSJ opinion, accessed May 27, 2010</ref>
As of 2006, the iPod was produced by about 14,000 workers in the U.S. and 27,000 overseas. Further, the salaries attributed to this product were overwhelmingly distributed to highly skilled U.S. professionals, as opposed to lower-skilled U.S. retail employees or overseas manufacturing labor. One interpretation of this result is that U.S. innovation can create more jobs overseas than domestically.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.reuters.com/chrystia-freeland/2011/07/01/winners-and-losers-in-the-apple-economy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704103445/http://blogs.reuters.com/chrystia-freeland/2011/07/01/winners-and-losers-in-the-apple-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 4, 2011 |title=Winners and Losers in the Apple Economy |last=Freeland|first=Chrystia|publisher=Blogs.reuters.com |date= July 1, 2011|access-date=August 15, 2011}}</ref>
== Timeline of models ==
{{See also|l1 = Timeline of full-sized iPod models
| 1 = iPod Classic#Timeline of full-size iPod models
| l2 = Timeline of compact iPod models
| 2 = iPod Nano#Timeline of compact iPod models
}}
{{Timeline of iPod models}}
== See also ==
* [[Comparison of iPod managers]]
* [[iPhone]]
* [[Motorola Rokr E1]]
* [[Podcast]]
* [[iPad]]
== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
{{Commons|iPod}}
{{Wikiquote|iPod}}
* {{official website|https://www.apple.com/ipod|iPod}} – official site at [[Apple Inc.]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080406030638/https://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=32222 iPod troubleshooting basics and service FAQ] at [[Apple Inc.]]
* [https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2001/11/12/313342/index.htm ''Apple's 21st century Walkman''] article, Brent Schlender, ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'', November 12, 2001
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015043408/https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5457432/site/newsweek |date=October 15, 2007 |title=''iPod Nation'' article}}, [[Steven Levy]], ''[[Newsweek]]'', July 26, 2004
* [https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.11/ipod.html ''The Perfect Thing''] article, [[Steven Levy]], ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', November 2006
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140326074241/https://www.takeitapart.com/guide/31 iPod (1st generation) complete disassembly] at TakeItApart.com
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