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{{Short description|Genus of diplodocid sauropod dinosaurs (fossil)}}
{{Distinguish|Diplocaulus|Diplococcus}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Jurassic]] ([[Kimmeridgian]]), {{Fossilrange|152.07|149.1}}
| image = CM Diplodocus.jpg
| image_upright = 1.15
| image_caption = Mounted ''D. carnegii'' (or "[[Dippy (Diplodocus carnegii)|Dippy]]") skeleton at the [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]]; considered the most famous single dinosaur skeleton in the world.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ulrich Merkl|title=Dinomania: The Lost Art of Winsor McCay, The Secret Origins of King Kong, and the Urge to Destroy New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8F7DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|date=November 25, 2015|publisher=Fantagraphics Books|isbn=978-1-60699-840-3|quote= "Although it narrowly failed to win the race with the New York Museum of Natural History in 1905, the Diplodocus carnegii is the most famous dinosaur skeleton today, due to the large number of casts in museums around the world"}}</ref><ref>Breithaupt, Brent H, [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mariela_Fernandez3/publication/260709503_LIBRO_DE_RESUMENES_ABSTRACTS_BOOK_VI_Jornadas_Internacionales_sobre_Paleontologia_de_Dinosaurios_y_su_Entorno/links/0a85e5320a8d324868000000/LIBRO-DE-RESUMENES-ABSTRACTS-BOOK-VI-Jornadas-Internacionales-sobre-Paleontologia-de-Dinosaurios-y-su-Entorno.pdf?origin=publication_detail The discovery and loss of the “colossal” Brontosaurus giganteus from the fossil fields of Wyoming (USA) and the events that led to the discovery of Diplodocus carnegii: the first mounted dinosaur on the Iberian Peninsula], VI Jornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontología de Dinosaurios y su Entorno, September 5–7, 2013, p.49: "“Dippy" was and still is the most widely seen and best-known dinosaur ever found."</ref>
| taxon = Diplodocus
| authority = [[Othniel Charles Marsh|Marsh]], 1878
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Diplodocus longus''''' <br /><small>(''[[nomen dubium]]'')</small>
| type_species_authority = [[Othniel Charles Marsh|Marsh]], 1878
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species|Other species]]
| subdivision =
*{{extinct}}'''''D. carnegii''''' <br /><small>[[John Bell Hatcher|Hatcher]], 1901</small>
*{{extinct}}'''''D. hallorum''''' <br /><small>([[David Gillette|Gillette]], 1991) (originally ''Seismosaurus'')</small>
| synonyms =
*''Seismosaurus'' <br /><small>Gillette, 1991</small>
}}
'''''Diplodocus''''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ɪ|ˈ|p|l|ɒ|d|ə|k|ə|s}},<ref name="oed">{{cite book |editor=Simpson, John |editor2=Edmund Weiner |year=1989 |title=The Oxford English Dictionary |edition=2nd |___location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-861186-8|title-link=The Oxford English Dictionary }}</ref><ref name="ahd">{{cite book |editor=Pickett, Joseph P. |year=2000 |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition=4th |___location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |isbn=978-0-395-82517-4|display-authors=etal|title-link=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language }}</ref> {{IPAc-en|d|aɪ|ˈ|p|l|ɒ|d|ə|k|ə|s}},<ref name="ahd"/> or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|ɪ|p|l|oʊ|ˈ|d|oʊ|k|ə|s}}<ref name="oed"/>) is an extinct [[genus]] of [[diplodocid]] [[sauropod]] [[dinosaur]]s known from the [[Late Jurassic]] of North America. The first [[fossil]]s of ''Diplodocus'' were discovered in 1877 by [[Samuel Wendell Williston|S. W. Williston]]. The generic name, coined by [[Othniel Charles Marsh]] in 1878, is a [[Neo-Latin]] term derived from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] διπλός (''diplos'') "double" and δοκός (''dokos'') "beam",<ref name="oed"/><ref name=OnlineEtDict>{{cite web|title=diplodocus|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=diplodocus&allowed_in_frame=0|publisher=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]|access-date=May 23, 2013|archive-date=July 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701234221/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=diplodocus&allowed_in_frame=0|url-status=live}}</ref> in reference to the double-beamed [[chevron (anatomy)|chevron bones]] located in the underside of the tail, which were then considered unique.
The genus lived in what is now mid-western North America, at the end of the [[Jurassic]] [[Period (geology)|period]]. It is one of the more common dinosaur fossils found in the middle to upper [[Morrison Formation]], with most specimens being found in rocks dated between about 151.88 and 149.1 million years ago,<ref name="Maidment (2024)" >{{cite journal|last1=Maidment|first1=Suzannah C.R.|year=2024|title=Diversity through time and space in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, western U.S.A.|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=43 |issue=5 |article-number=e2326027 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2326027 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A chronostratigraphic framework for the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, western U.S.A. |journal=Journal of Sedimentary Research |volume=89 |issue=10 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2326027 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2024.2326027 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> during the latest [[Kimmeridgian|Kimmeridgian Age]],<ref name="TMB2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Tschopp |first1=E. |last2=Mateus |first2=O. V. |last3=Benson |first3=R. B. J. |year=2015 |title=A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) |journal=PeerJ |volume=3 |pages=e857 |doi=10.7717/peerj.857 |pmc=4393826 |pmid=25870766 |doi-access=free }}</ref> although it may have made it into the Tithonian,<ref>{{cite web |title=PBDB |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=21852&is_real_user=1 |website=PBDB.org}}</ref> with at least one specimen (AMNH FR 223) being potentially from among the youngest deposits of the formation.<ref name="Maidment (2024)" >{{cite journal|last1=Maidment|first1=Suzannah C.R.|year=2024|title=Diversity through time and space in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, western U.S.A.|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=43 |issue=5 |article-number=e2326027 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2326027 }}</ref> The Morrison Formation records an environment and time dominated by gigantic sauropod dinosaurs, such as ''[[Apatosaurus]]'', ''[[Barosaurus]]'', ''[[Brachiosaurus]]'', ''[[Brontosaurus]]'', and ''[[Camarasaurus]]''.<ref name=turner2004>{{cite journal|author1=Turner, C.E.|author2=Peterson, F.|year=2004|title=Reconstruction of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation extinct ecosystem—a synthesis|journal=[[Sedimentary Geology (journal)|Sedimentary Geology]]|volume=167|issue=3–4|pages=309–355|doi=10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.01.009|bibcode=2004SedG..167..309T|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/14577/files/PAL_E1793.pdf|archive-date=January 25, 2023|access-date=January 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125164520/https://doc.rero.ch/record/14577/files/PAL_E1793.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Its great size may have been a deterrent to the predators ''[[Allosaurus]]'' and ''[[Ceratosaurus]]'': their remains have been found in the same [[stratum|strata]], which suggests that they coexisted with ''Diplodocus''.
''Diplodocus'' is among the most easily identifiable dinosaurs, with its typical sauropod shape, long neck and tail, and four sturdy legs. For many years, it was the longest dinosaur known.
== Description ==
[[File:Diplodocus species size comparison.svg|thumb|left|279x279px|Sizes of ''Diplodocus carnegii'' (orange) and ''D. hallorum'' (green) compared with a human (blue)]]
Among the best-known sauropods, ''Diplodocus'' were very large, long-necked, [[quadruped]]al animals, with long, whip-like tails. Their forelimbs were slightly shorter than their hind limbs, resulting in a largely horizontal posture. The skeletal structure of these long-necked, long-tailed animals supported by four sturdy legs have been compared with [[cantilever bridge]]s.<ref name="UDB">{{cite book|author=Lambert D.|year=1993|title=The Ultimate Dinosaur Book|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-0-86438-417-1}}</ref> In fact, ''D. carnegii'' is currently one of the longest dinosaurs known from a complete skeleton,<ref name="UDB"/> with a total length of {{convert|24|-|26|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=GSP16>{{cite book|last=Paul|first=Gregory S.|title=Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs: 2nd Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/princetonfieldgu0000paul|url-access=registration|year=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-16766-4}}</ref><ref name=Larramendi2020>{{Cite book|last=Molina-Perez & Larramendi|title=Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Sauropods and Other Sauropodomorphs|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2020|___location=New Jersey|pages=257|bibcode=2020dffs.book.....M }}</ref> Modern mass estimates for ''D. carnegii'' have tended to be in the {{convert|12|-|14.8|MT|ST|adj=on}} range.<ref name=GSP16/><ref name=JRF03>Foster, J.R. (2003). Paleoecological Analysis of the Vertebrate Fauna of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Rocky Mountain Region, U.S.A. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science:Albuquerque, New Mexico. Bulletin 23.</ref><ref name=Larramendi2020/>
No skull has ever been found that can be confidently said to belong to ''Diplodocus'', though skulls of other diplodocids closely related to ''Diplodocus'' (such as ''[[Galeamopus]]'') are well known. The skulls of diplodocids were very small compared with the [[largest organism|size]] of these animals. ''Diplodocus'' had small, 'peg'-like teeth that pointed forward and were only present in the [[anterior]] sections of the jaws.<ref name="Upchurch">{{cite book |author1=Upchurch, P. |title=Evolution of Herbivory in Terrestrial Vertebrates |author2=Barrett, P.M. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-59449-3 |editor=Sues, Hans Dieter |contribution=The evolution of sauropod feeding mechanism}}</ref> Its braincase was small, and the neck was composed of at least 15 [[vertebra]]e.<ref name=Stevens>{{cite journal | last1 = Stevens | first1 = K.A. | last2 = Parrish | first2 = J.M. | year = 1999 | title = Neck posture and feeding habits of two Jurassic sauropod dinosaurs | journal = Science | volume = 284 | issue = 5415| pages = 798–800 | pmid = 10221910 | doi=10.1126/science.284.5415.798| bibcode = 1999Sci...284..798S }}</ref>
=== Postcranial skeleton ===
[[File:Diplodocus carnegii.jpg|thumb|Reconstruction of ''D. carnegii'' with horizontal neck, flexible whip tail, keratinous spines and nostrils low on the snout]]
''D. hallorum'', known from partial remains, was even larger, and is estimated to have been the size of four [[elephant]]s.<ref name="Holtz2011">{{Cite book | last1 = Holtz | first1 = Thomas R. Jr. | last2 = Rey | first2 = Luis V. | title = Dinosaurs: the most complete, up-to-date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages (Winter 2011 appendix) | url = https://archive.org/details/dinosaursmostcom00holt | year = 2011 | publisher = Random House | ___location = New York | isbn = 978-0-375-82419-7 | url-access = registration }}</ref> When first described in 1991, discoverer [[David Gillette]] calculated it to be {{convert|33|m|ft|abbr=off}} long based on isometric scaling with ''D. carnegii''. However, he later stated that this was unlikely and estimated it to be {{convert|39|–|45|m|ft|sp=us}} long, suggesting that some individuals may have been up to {{convert|52|m|ft|abbr=off}} long and weighed 80 to 100 metric tons,<ref name="Gillette1994">Gillette, D.D., 1994, ''Seismosaurus: The Earth Shaker''. New York, Columbia University Press, 205 pp</ref> making it the longest known dinosaur (excluding those known from exceedingly poor remains, such as ''[[Amphicoelias]]'' or ''[[Maraapunisaurus]]''). The estimated length was later revised downward to {{convert|30.5–35|m|ft|abbr=on}} and later on to {{convert|29|-|33.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="carpenter2006"/><ref name="Herne&Lucas06">{{cite journal|last=Herne|first=Matthew C.|author2=Lucas, Spencer G.|title=Seismosaurus hallorum: Osteological reconstruction from the holotype|journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin|year=2006|volume=36}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skeletaldrawing.com/home/2013/06/the-biggest-of-big.html?rq=diplodocus |title=The biggest of the big |publisher=Skeletaldrawing.com |date=June 14, 2013 |access-date=May 26, 2016 |archive-date=January 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120204131/https://www.skeletaldrawing.com/home/2013/06/the-biggest-of-big.html?rq=diplodocus |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Larramendi2020/><ref name=GSP16/> based on findings that show that Gillette had originally misplaced vertebrae 12–19 as vertebrae 20–27. Weight estimates based on the revised length are as high as {{convert|38|MT|ST}}<ref name="carpenter2006"/> although more recently, and according to Gregory S. Paul, a {{cvt|29|m|ft}} long ''D. hallorum'' was estimated to weigh {{convert|23|MT|ST}} in body mass.<ref name=GSP16/><ref>Paul, G.S. (2024) ''The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs''. 3nd ed. [[Princeton University Press]] p. 235</ref> A study in 2024 later found the mass of a {{cvt|33|m|ft}} ''D. hallorum'' to be only {{convert|21|MT|ST}}, though the study suggested this only represents the average adult size and not the above average or maximum body size.<ref name ="Woodruff et al. 2024">{{cite journal|last1=Woodruff|first1=D.C.|last2=Curtice|first2=B.D.|last3=Foster|first3=J.R.|year=2024|title=Seis-ing up the Super-Morrison formation sauropods|journal=Journal of Anatomy|article-number=joa.14108 |doi=10.1111/joa.14108|pmid=38978276 }}</ref> The nearly complete ''D. carnegii'' skeleton at the [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]] in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], on which size estimates of ''D. hallorum'' are mainly based, also was found to have had its 13th tail vertebra come from another dinosaur, throwing off size estimates for ''D. hallorum'' even further. While dinosaurs such as ''[[Supersaurus]]'' were probably longer, fossil remains of these animals are only fragmentary and ''D. hallorum'' still remains among the longest known dinosaurs.<ref name="carpenter2006"/><ref>Wedel, M.J. and Cifelli, R.L. ''Sauroposeidon'': Oklahoma's Native Giant. 2005. Oklahoma Geology Notes 65:2.</ref><ref name ="Woodruff et al. 2024"/>
[[File:Diplodocus caudal vertebrae NHM.JPG|thumb|left|Caudal vertebrae of ''D. carnegii'' showing the double-beamed chevron bones to which the genus name refers, [[Natural History Museum, London]]]]
The estimated tail length of ''Diplodocus'' makes up approximately 55% of the total body length, with the tail sometimes hypothesized to be capable of functioning like a very long, tapering [[bullwhip]].<ref name=Baron/> This extremely long tail is composed of about 80 [[caudal vertebrae]],<ref name="Rogers05">{{cite book|title=The Sauropods:Evolution and Paleobiology|year=2005|chapter=Overview of Sauropod Phylogeny and Evolution|veditors=Rogers KA, Wilson JA|author=Wilson JA|pages=15–49|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-520-24623-2}}</ref> which are almost double the number some of the earlier sauropods had in their tails (such as ''[[Shunosaurus]]'' with 43), and far more than contemporaneous [[macronaria]]ns had (such as ''[[Camarasaurus]]'' with 53). Some speculation exists as to whether it may have had a defensive<ref>
{{cite journal|author= Holland WJ|year=1915|title=Heads and Tails: a few notes relating to the structure of sauropod dinosaurs|journal=Annals of the Carnegie Museum|volume=9|issue=3–4 |pages=273–278|doi=10.5962/p.331052 |s2cid=251489931 |doi-access=free|bibcode=1915AnCM....9..273H }}</ref> or noisemaking (by cracking it like a [[Whip|coachwhip]])<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Myhrvold NP, Currie PJ|year=1997|title=Supersonic sauropods? Tail dynamics in the diplodocids|journal=Paleobiology|volume=23|issue=4|pages=393–409|doi=10.1017/s0094837300019801|bibcode=1997Pbio...23..393M|s2cid=83696153|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15579/files/PAL_E1438.pdf|archive-date=January 19, 2023|access-date=January 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119151245/https://doc.rero.ch/record/15579/files/PAL_E1438.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> or, as more recently suggested, tactile function.<ref name=Baron>{{Cite journal |last=Baron |first=Matthew G. |date=October 3, 2021 |title=Tactile tails: a new hypothesis for the function of the elongate tails of diplodocid sauropods |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2020.1769092 |journal=Historical Biology |volume=33 |issue=10 |pages=2057–2066 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2020.1769092 |bibcode=2021HBio...33.2057B |s2cid=219762797 |issn=0891-2963 |archive-date=May 29, 2020 |access-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529191808/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2020.1769092 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The tail may have served as a counterbalance for the neck. The middle part of the tail had "double beams" (oddly shaped chevron bones on the underside, which gave ''Diplodocus'' its name). They may have provided support for the vertebrae, or perhaps prevented the blood vessels from being crushed if the animal's heavy tail pressed against the ground. These "double beams" are also seen in some related dinosaurs. Chevron bones of this particular form were initially believed to be unique to ''Diplodocus''; since then they have been discovered in other members of the [[diplodocid]] family as well as in non-diplodocid sauropods, such as ''[[Mamenchisaurus]]''.<ref name=benton12>{{cite book|last=Benton|first=Michael J.|title=Prehistoric Life|year=2012|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|isbn=978-0-7566-9910-9|pages=268–269}}</ref>
Like other sauropods, the manus (front "feet") of ''Diplodocus'' were highly modified, with the finger and hand bones arranged into a vertical column, [[horseshoe-shaped]] in cross section. ''Diplodocus'' lacked claws on all but one digit of the front limb, and this claw was unusually large relative to other sauropods, flattened from side to side, and detached from the bones of the hand. The function of this unusually specialized claw is unknown.<ref name="bonnan2003">{{cite journal|author=Bonnan, M. F.|year=2003|title=The evolution of manus shape in sauropod dinosaurs: implications for functional morphology, forelimb orientation, and phylogeny|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=23|issue=3|pages=595–613|doi=10.1671/A1108|bibcode=2003JVPal..23..595B |s2cid=85667519|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15172/files/PAL_E2447.pdf }}</ref>
=== Skin impressions ===
[[File:Diplodocus sp. scale shapes.png|thumb|''Diplodocus'' sp. scale shapes. These scale shapes include (1) rectangular, (2) ovoid and dome, (3) arching scale rows, (4) globular.]]
The discovery of partial diplodocid skin impressions in 1990 showed that some species had narrow, pointed, [[keratin]]ous spines, much like those on an [[iguana]]. The spines could be up to {{convert|18|cm|in|sp=us}} long, on the "whiplash" portion of their tails, and possibly along the back and neck as well, similarly to [[Hadrosauridae|hadrosaurids]].<ref name=spines>{{cite journal | last1 = Czerkas | first1 = S. A. | year = 1993 | title = Discovery of dermal spines reveals a new look for sauropod dinosaurs | journal = Geology | volume = 20 | issue = 12| pages = 1068–1070 | doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<1068:dodsra>2.3.co;2| bibcode = 1992Geo....20.1068C }}</ref><ref name=spines2>Czerkas, S. A. (1994). "The history and interpretation of sauropod skin impressions." In ''Aspects of Sauropod Paleobiology'' (M. G. Lockley, V. F. dos Santos, C. A. Meyer, and A. P. Hunt, Eds.), ''Gaia'' '''No. 10'''. (Lisbon, Portugal).</ref> The spines have been incorporated into many recent reconstructions of ''Diplodocus'', notably ''[[Walking with Dinosaurs]]''.<ref name=wwdinos>Haines, T., James, J. ''[http://www.abc.net.au/dinosaurs/chronology/152/default.htm Time of the Titans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031050745/http://www.abc.net.au/dinosaurs/chronology/152/default.htm |date=October 31, 2013 }}''. ABC Online.</ref> The original description of the spines noted that the specimens in the Howe Quarry near [[Shell, Wyoming]] were associated with skeletal remains of an undescribed diplodocid "resembling ''Diplodocus'' and ''[[Barosaurus]]''."<ref name=spines/> Specimens from this quarry have since been referred to ''[[Kaatedocus siberi]]'' and ''Barosaurus'' sp., rather than ''Diplodocus''.<ref name=TMB2015/><ref name=Kaatedocus>{{Cite journal | last1 = Tschopp | first1 = E. | last2 = Mateus | first2 = O. V. | doi = 10.1080/14772019.2012.746589 | title = The skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs | journal = Journal of Systematic Palaeontology | page = 1 | year = 2012 | volume=11| issue = 7 | hdl = 2318/1525401 | s2cid = 59581535 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
Fossilized skin of ''Diplodocus'' sp., discovered at the [[Mother's Day Quarry]], exhibits several different types of scale shapes including rectangular, polygonal, pebble, ovoid, dome, and globular. These scales range in size and shape depending upon their ___location on the integument, the smallest of which reach about 1mm while the largest 10 mm. Some of these scales show orientations that may indicate where they belonged on the body. For instance, the ovoid scales are closely clustered together and look similar to scales in modern reptiles that are located dorsally. Another orientation on the fossil consists of arching rows of square scales that interrupts nearby polygonal scale patterning. It is noted that the arching scale rows look similar to the scale orientations seen around [[crocodilia]]n limbs, suggesting that this area may have also originated from around a limb on the ''Diplodocus''. The skin fossil itself is small in size, reaching less than 70 cm in length. Due to the vast amount of scale diversity seen within such a small area, as well as the scales being smaller in comparison to other diplodocid scale fossils, and the presence of small and potentially “juvenile” material at the Mother's Day Quarry, it is hypothesized that the skin originated from a small or even “juvenile” ''Diplodocus''.<ref name=":9">{{cite journal |last1=Gallagher|first1=T |last2=Poole |first2=J |last3=Schein |first3=J |date=2021 |title=Evidence of integumentary scale diversity in the late Jurassic Sauropod Diplodocus sp. from the Mother's Day Quarry, Montana |journal=PeerJ |volume=9 |article-number=e11202 |doi=10.7717/peerj.11202|pmid=33986987 |pmc=8098675 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Discovery and history==
=== Bone Wars and ''Diplodocus longus'' ===
[[File:The dinosaurs of North America (1896) (20768663438).jpg|thumb|upright|Several elements referred to ''Diplodocus longus'', including a [[Holotype|type]] caudal at the bottom, as figured in Marsh, 1896<ref>Marsh, O. C. (1896). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_15AAQAAIAAJ&dq=marsh+1896+&pg=PA139 ''The dinosaurs of North America''.] US Government Printing Office.</ref>]]
The first record of ''Diplodocus'' comes from Marshall P. Felch's quarry at [[Garden Park, Colorado|Garden Park]] near [[Cañon City]], [[Colorado]], when several fossils were collected by [[Benjamin Franklin Mudge|Benjamin Mudge]] and [[Samuel Wendell Williston]] in 1877. The first specimen (YPM VP 1920) was very incomplete, consisting only of two complete caudal vertebrae, a chevron, and several other fragmentary caudal vertebrae. The specimen was sent to the [[Peabody Museum of Natural History|Yale Peabody Museum]] and was named ''Diplodocus longus'' ('long double-beam') by [[paleontology|paleontologist]] [[Othniel Charles Marsh]] in 1878.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Marsh OC|title=Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part I|journal=American Journal of Science|volume=3|issue=95|pages=411–416|year=1878|doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-16.95.411|hdl=2027/hvd.32044107172876|s2cid=219245525|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Marsh named ''Diplodocus'' during the [[Bone Wars]], his competition with Philadelphian paleontologist [[Edward Drinker Cope]] to collect and describe as many fossil taxa as possible.<ref name=":2" /> Though several more complete specimens have been attributed to ''D. longus'',<ref name=":3">Osborn, H. F. (1899). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1627005.pdf A skeleton of Diplodocus, recently mounted in the American Museum.] ''Science'', ''10''(259), 870-874.</ref><ref name="dinosauria04b">{{cite book |title=The Dinosauria |vauthors=Upchurch P, Barrett PM, Dodson P |publisher=University of California Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-520-24209-8 |veditors=Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H |edition=2nd |page=305 |chapter=Sauropoda}}</ref> detailed analysis has discovered that this type specimen is actually dubious, which is not an ideal situation for the type species of a well-known genus like ''Diplodocus''. A petition to the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] was being considered which proposed making ''D. carnegii'' the new type species.<ref name="TMB2015" /><ref name="Tschopp, E. 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Tschopp |first1=E. |last2=Mateus |first2=O. |year=2016 |title=Diplodocus Marsh, 1878 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda): proposed designation of D. carnegii Hatcher, 1901 as the type species |journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=17–24 |doi=10.21805/bzn.v73i1.a22 |s2cid=89131617|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/378468 }}</ref> This proposal was rejected by the ICZN and ''D. longus'' has been maintained as the type species, because Hatcher did not demonstrate why the specimen he called ''Diplodocus carnegii'' was not actually just a more complete specimen of ''Diplodocus longus''.<ref name="ICZN2018">{{Cite journal |last1=ICZN. |year=2018 |title=Opinion 2425 (Case 3700) – ''Diplodocus'' Marsh, 1878 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda): ''Diplodocus longus'' Marsh, 1878 maintained as the type species |journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=285–287 |doi=10.21805/bzn.v75.a062 |s2cid=92845326}}</ref>
Although the type specimen was very fragmentary, several additional diplodocid fossils were collected at Felch's quarry from 1877 to 1884 and sent to Marsh, who then referred them to ''D. longus''. One specimen ([[National Museum of Natural History|USNM]] V 2672), an articulated complete skull, mandibles, and partial atlas was collected in 1883, and was the first complete diplodocid skull to be reported.<ref name="marsh84" /><ref name=":5">McIntosh, J. S., & Carpenter, K. (1998). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kenneth-Carpenter-2/publication/40662087_The_holotype_of_Diplodocus_longus_with_comments_on_other_specimens_of_the_genus/links/58c6f228a6fdccde55e4129e/The-holotype-of-Diplodocus-longus-with-comments-on-other-specimens-of-the-genus.pdf THE HOLOTYPE OF DIPLODOCUS LONGUS, WITH COMMENTS ON OTHER SPECIMENS.] ''Modern Geology'', ''23'', 85-110.</ref> Tschopp ''et al.''’s analysis placed it as an indeterminate diplodocine in 2015 due to the lack of overlap with any diagnostic ''Diplodocus'' postcranial material, as was the fate with all skulls assigned to ''Diplodocus''.<ref name="TMB2015" />
=== Second Dinosaur Rush and ''Diplodocus carnegii'' ===
[[File:DiplodocusWyoming.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Barnum Brown (left) and Henry Osborn (right) excavating a femur of specimen AMNH 223, 1897]]
After the end of the Bone Wars, many major institutions in the eastern United States were inspired by the depictions and finds by Marsh and Cope to assemble their own dinosaur fossil collections.<ref name=":2">Brinkman, P. D. (2010). The second Jurassic dinosaur rush. University of Chicago Press.</ref> The competition to mount the first sauropod skeleton specifically was the most intense, with the [[American Museum of Natural History]], [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]], and [[Field Museum of Natural History]] all sending expeditions to the west to find the most complete sauropod specimen, bring it back to the home institution, and mount it in their fossil halls.<ref name=":2" /> The American Museum of Natural History was the first to launch an expedition, finding a semi-articulated partial postcranial skeleton containing many vertebrae of ''Diplodocus'' in at [[Como Bluff]] in 1897. The skeleton (AMNH FR 223) was collected by [[Barnum Brown]] and [[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Henry Osborn]], who shipped the specimen to the AMNH and it was briefly described in 1899 by Osborn, who referred it to ''D. longus''. It was later mounted—the first ''Diplodocus'' mount made—and was the first well preserved individual skeleton of ''Diplodocus'' discovered.<ref name="TMB2015" /><ref name=":3" /> In Emmanuel Tschopp ''et al''.'s phylogenetic analysis of [[Diplodocidae]], AMNH FR 223 was found to be not a skeleton of ''D. longus'', but the later named species ''D. hallorum''.<ref name="TMB2015" /> As seen in the supplementary work done by Suzannah Maidment (2024), AMNH FR 223 also appears to be the geologically youngest specimen of ''D. hallorum'', as the quarry it was found in is within systems tract 6 (C6), which contains the youngest deposits in the Morrison Formation, as opposed to the other specimens of the taxon which were found in the older systems tract 4 (B4, which dates range from 151.88 Ma to 149.1 Ma).<ref name="Maidment (2024)" >{{cite journal|last1=Maidment|first1=Suzannah C.R.|year=2024|title=Diversity through time and space in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, western U.S.A.|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=43 |issue=5 |article-number=e2326027 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2326027 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A chronostratigraphic framework for the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, western U.S.A. |journal=Journal of Sedimentary Research |volume=89 |issue=10 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2326027 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2024.2326027 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
The most notable ''Diplodocus'' find also came in 1899, when crew members from the [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]] were collecting fossils in the [[Morrison Formation]] of [[Albany County, Wyoming|Sheep Creek]], [[Wyoming]], with funding from Scottish-American steel tycoon [[Andrew Carnegie]], they discovered a massive and well preserved skeleton of ''Diplodocus.''<ref name=":6" /> The skeleton was collected that year by Jacob L. Wortman and several other crewmen under his direction along with several specimens of ''[[Stegosaurus]]'', ''[[Brontosaurus|Brontosaurus parvus]],'' and ''[[Camarasaurus]]'' preserved alongside the skeleton.<ref name=":6" /> The skeleton (CM 84) was preserved in semi articulation and was very complete, including 41 well preserved vertebrae from the mid [[Caudal vertebrae|caudals]] to the anterior [[Cervical vertebrae|cervicals]], 18 ribs, 2 sternal ribs, a partial pelvis, right [[scapulocoracoid]], and right femur. In 1900, Carnegie crews returned to Sheep Creek, this expedition led by [[John Bell Hatcher]], [[William Jacob Holland]], and [[Charles W. Gilmore|Charles Gilmore]], and discovered another well preserved skeleton of ''Diplodocus'' adjacent to the specimen collected in 1899.<ref name="TMB2015" /><ref name=":6" /> The second skeleton (CM 94) was from a smaller individual and had preserved fewer vertebrae, but preserved more caudal vertebrae and appendicular remains than CM 84.<ref name=":6" /><ref name="TMB2015" /> Both of the skeletons were named and described in great detail by John Bell Hatcher in 1901, with Hatcher making CM 84 the type specimen of a new species of ''Diplodocus'', ''Diplodocus carnegii'' ("[[Andrew Carnegie]]'s double beam"),<ref name="TMB2015" /><ref name=":6" /> with CM 94 becoming the paratype.<ref name=":6" /> There were political reasons rather than scientific for naming the first dinosaur collected by the Carnegie Museum for their patron, Andrew Carnegie.
[[File:Hatcher Diplodocus.jpg|thumb|right|Hatcher's original composite skeletal reconstruction of ''Diplodocus carnegii'', 1901]]
It was not until 1907, that the Carnegie Museum of Natural History created a composite mount of ''Diplodocus carnegii'' that incorporated CM 84 and CM 94 along with several other specimens and even other taxa were used to complete the mount, including a skull molded based on USNM 2673, a skull assigned to ''[[Galeamopus|Galeamopus pabsti]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tschopp |first1=Emanuel |last2=Mateus |first2=Octávio |date=May 2, 2017 |title=Osteology of Galeamopus pabsti sp. nov. (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae), with implications for neurocentral closure timing, and the cervico-dorsal transition in diplodocids |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=5 |article-number=e3179 |doi=10.7717/peerj.3179 |pmid=28480132 |pmc=5417106 |issn=2167-8359 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="TMB2015" /> The Carnegie Museum mount became very popular, being nicknamed "[[Dippy]]" by the populace, eventually being cast and sent to museums in [[Natural History Museum, London|London]], [[Natural History Museum, Berlin|Berlin]], [[National Museum of Natural History, France|Paris]], [[Natural History Museum, Vienna|Vienna]], [[Giovanni Capellini|Bologna]], [[Imperial Academy of Arts and Sciences|St. Petersburg]], [[La Plata Museum|Buenos Aires]], [[Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales|Madrid]], and [[Museo Universitario del Chopo|Mexico City]] from 1905 to 1928.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Otero |first1=Alejandro |last2=Gasparini |first2=Zulma |date=2014 |title=The History of the Cast Skeleton of Diplodocus carnegii Hatcher, 1901, at the Museo De La Plata, Argentina |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2992/007.082.0301 |journal=Annals of Carnegie Museum |language=en |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=291–304 |doi=10.2992/007.082.0301 |bibcode=2014AnCM...82..291O |s2cid=86199772 |issn=0097-4463|hdl=11336/32657 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The [[Dippy (London)|London cast]] specifically became very popular; its casting was requested by [[Edward VII|King Edward VII]] and it was the first sauropod mount put on display outside of the United States.<ref name=":7" /> The goal of Carnegie in sending these casts overseas was apparently to bring international unity and mutual interest around the discovery of the dinosaur.<ref>{{cite news |last=McCall |first=Chris |date=January 22, 2019 |url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/dippy-the-uk-s-most-famous-dinosaur-arrives-at-kelvingrove-museum-1-4860574|title=Dippy, 'the UK's most famous dinosaur', arrives at Kelvingrove Museum |newspaper=The Scotsman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225102949/https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/dippy-the-uk-s-most-famous-dinosaur-arrives-at-kelvingrove-museum-1-4860574 |archive-date=February 25, 2019 |access-date=April 2, 2022}}</ref>
=== Dinosaur National Monument ===
[[File:Dinosaur National Monument vertebrae.jpg|thumb|left|Necks of two specimens embedded in the [[Dinosaur National Monument]]]]
The Carnegie Museum of Natural History made another landmark discovery in 1909 when [[Earl Douglass]] unearthed several caudal vertebrae from ''Apatosaurus'' in what is now [[Dinosaur National Monument]] on the border region between Colorado and Utah, with the sandstone dating to the [[Kimmeridgian]] of the [[Morrison Formation]]. From 1909 to 1922, with the Carnegie Museum excavating the quarry, eventually unearthing over 120 dinosaur individuals and 1,600+ bones, many of the associated skeletons being very complete and are on display in several American museums. In 1912, Douglass found a semi articulated skull of a diplodocine with mandibles (CM 11161) in the Monument. Another skull (CM 3452) was found by Carnegie crews in 1915, bearing 6 articulated cervical vertebrae and mandibles, and another skull with mandibles (CM 1155) was found in 1923. All of the skulls found at Dinosaur National Monument were shipped back to Pittsburgh and described by [[William Jacob Holland]] in detail in 1924, who referred the specimens to ''D. longus''.<ref name=":1">Holland WJ. (1924) The skull of ''Diplodocus''. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum IX; 379–403.</ref> This assignment was also questioned by Tschopp, who stated that all of the aforementioned skulls could not be referred to any specific diplodocine. Hundreds of assorted postcranial elements were found in the Monument that have been referred to ''Diplodocus'', but few have been properly described.<ref name="TMB2015" /> A nearly complete skull of a juvenile ''Diplodocus'' was collected by Douglass in 1921, and it is the first known from a ''Diplodocus''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Whitlock |first1=John A. |last2=Wilson |first2=Jeffrey A. |last3=Lamanna |first3=Matthew C. |title=Description of a nearly complete juvenile skull of Diplodocus (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the Late Jurassic of North America |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=March 24, 2010 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=442–457 |doi=10.1080/02724631003617647 |bibcode=2010JVPal..30..442W |s2cid=84498336 |url=https://doc.rero.ch/record/31560/files/PAL_E598.pdf |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>
[[File:Diplodocus at the Smithsonian Museum.jpg|thumb|right|The skeleton at [[National Museum of Natural History]]]]
Another ''Diplodocus'' skeleton was collected at the Carnegie Quarry in Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, by the [[National Museum of Natural History]] in 1923. The skeleton (USNM V 10865) is one of the most complete known from ''Diplodocus'', consisting of a semi-articulated partial postcranial skeleton, including a well preserved dorsal column. The skeleton was briefly described by [[Charles W. Gilmore|Charles Gilmore]] in 1932, who also referred it to ''D. longus'', and it was mounted in the fossil hall at the National Museum of Natural History the same year. In Emmanuel Tschopp ''et al''.'s phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocidae, USNM V 10865 was also found to be an individual of ''D. hallorum''.<ref name="TMB2015" /><ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Gilmore |first1=Charles W. |date=1932 |title=On a newly mounted skeleton of Diplodocus in the United States National Museum |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/16065/1/USNMP-81_2941_1932.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the United States National Museum |volume=81 |issue=2941 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.5479/si.00963801.81-2941.1 |issn=0096-3801}}</ref> The [[Denver Museum of Nature and Science]] obtained a ''Diplodocus'' specimen through exchange from the Carnegie Museum that had been collected at Dinosaur National Monument. The specimen (DMNH 1494) was nearly as complete as the Smithsonian specimen. It consists of the vertebral column complete from cervical 8 to caudal 20, right scapula-coracoid, complete pelvis, and both hind limbs without feet. It was mounted in the museum during the late 1930s and remounted in the early 1990s. Although not described in detail, Tschopp and colleagues determined that this skeleton also belonged to ''D. hallorum''.<ref name="TMB2015" />
=== Later discoveries and ''D. hallorum'' ===
[[File:Diplodocus tail.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Allosaurus]]'' and ''D. hallorum'', [[New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science]]]]
Few ''Diplodocus'' finds came for many years until 1979, when three hikers came across several vertebrae stuck in elevated stone next to several [[petroglyph]]s in a canyon west of [[San Ysidro, Sandoval County, New Mexico|San Ysidro]], [[New Mexico]]. The find was reported to the [[New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science|New Mexican Museum of Natural History]], who dispatched an expedition led by [[David Gillette|David D. Gillette]] in 1985, that collected the specimen after several visits from 1985 to 1990. The specimen was preserved in semi-articulation, including 230 [[gastrolith]]s, with several vertebrae, partial pelvis, and right femur and was prepared and deposited at the New Mexican Museum of Natural History under NMMNH P-3690. The specimen was not described until 1991 in the [[Journal of Paleontology]], where Gillette named it ''Seismosaurus halli'' (Jim and Ruth Hall's seismic lizard)'','' though in 1994, Gillette published an amendment changing the name to ''S. hallorum.''<ref name="Gillette1994" /><ref name=":10">Schein, J. P., Poole, J. C., Schmidt, R. W., & Rooney, L. (2019). Reopening the Mother’s Day Quarry (Jurassic Morrison Formation, Montana) is yielding new information. In ''Geological Society of America–Annual Meeting, Arizona'' (pp. 22-25).</ref> In 2004 and later 2006, ''Seismosaurus'' was synonymized with ''Diplodocus'' and even suggested to be synonymous with the dubious ''D. longus'' and later Tschopp ''et al.''<nowiki/>'s phylogenetic analysis in 2015 supported the idea that many specimens referred to ''D. longus'' actually belonged to ''D. hallorum''.<ref name="TMB2015" />
In 1994, the [[Museum of the Rockies]] discovered a very productive fossil site at [[Mother's Day Quarry]] in [[Carbon County, Montana]] from the Salt Wash member of the [[Morrison Formation]] that was later excavated by the [[Cincinnati Museum of Natural History and Science]] in 1996, and after that the [[Bighorn Basin Paleontological Institute]] in 2017. The quarry was very productive, having mostly isolated ''Diplodocus'' bones from juveniles to adults in pristine preservation. The quarry notably had a great disparity between the amount of juveniles and adults in the quarry, as well as the frequent preservation of skin impressions, [[Pathology|pathologies]], and some articulated specimens from ''Diplodocus.''<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":9" /> One specimen, a nearly complete skull of a juvenile ''Diplodocus'', was found at the quarry and is one of few known and highlighted ontogenetic dietary changes in the genus.<ref>Woodruff, D. C., Carr, T. D., Storrs, G. W., Waskow, K., Scannella, J. B., Nordén, K. K., & Wilson, J. P. (2018). The smallest diplodocid skull reveals cranial ontogeny and growth-related dietary changes in the largest dinosaurs. ''Scientific reports'', ''8''(1), 1-12.</ref>
==Classification and species==
=== Phylogeny ===
''Diplodocus'' is both the [[type genus]] of, and gives its name to, the Diplodocidae, the family in which it belongs.<ref name="marsh84">{{cite journal | last1 = Marsh | first1 = O.C. | year = 1884 | title = Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part VII. On the Diplodocidae, a new family of the Sauropoda | url = https://zenodo.org/record/2341943 | journal = American Journal of Science | volume = 3 | issue = 158 | pages = 160–168 | bibcode = 1884AmJS...27..161M | doi = 10.2475/ajs.s3-27.158.161 | s2cid = 130293109 | archive-date = May 11, 2021 | access-date = June 30, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210511100358/https://zenodo.org/record/2341943 | url-status = live }}</ref> Members of this family, while still massive, have a markedly more slender build than other sauropods, such as the [[titanosaur]]s and [[brachiosaur]]s. All are characterized by long necks and tails and a horizontal posture, with forelimbs shorter than hind limbs. Diplodocids flourished in the Late Jurassic of North America and possibly Africa.<ref name="Rogers05" />
A subfamily, the [[Diplodocinae]], was erected to include ''Diplodocus'' and its closest relatives, including ''Barosaurus''. More distantly related is the contemporaneous ''Apatosaurus'', which is still considered a diplodocid, although not a diplodocine, as it is a member of the sister subfamily [[Apatosaurinae]].<ref name="taylornaish05">{{cite journal|author1=Taylor, M.P. |author2=Naish, D.|year=2005|title=The phylogenetic taxonomy of Diplodocoidea (Dinosauria: Sauropoda)|journal=PaleoBios|volume=25|issue=2|pages=1–7|issn=0031-0298}}</ref><ref name="harris06">{{cite journal|author=Harris, J.D.|s2cid=9646734|year=2006|title=The significance of ''Suuwassea emiliae'' (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) for flagellicaudatan intrarelationships and evolution|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=4|issue=2|pages=185–198|doi=10.1017/S1477201906001805|bibcode=2006JSPal...4..185H }}</ref> The Portuguese ''[[Dinheirosaurus]]'' and the African ''[[Tornieria]]'' have also been identified as close relatives of ''Diplodocus'' by some authors.<ref name="bonapartematerus99">{{cite journal | last1 = Bonaparte | first1 = J.F. | last2 = Mateus | first2 = O. | year = 1999 | title = A new diplodocid, ''Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis'' gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Jurassic beds of Portugal | url = http://www.lusodinos.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=category§ionid=8&id=20&Itemid=29 | journal = Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 13–29 | access-date = June 13, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120219054503/http://www.lusodinos.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=category§ionid=8&id=20&Itemid=29 | archive-date = February 19, 2012 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="rauhutetal05">{{cite journal|author=Rauhut, O.W.M.|author2=Remes, K. |author3=Fechner, R. |author4=Cladera, G. |author5=Puerta, P.|year=2005|title=Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia|journal=Nature|volume=435|issue=7042|pages=670–672|pmid=15931221|doi=10.1038/nature03623|bibcode=2005Natur.435..670R |s2cid=4385136 }}</ref> [[Diplodocoidea]] comprises the diplodocids, as well as the [[dicraeosaurid]]s, [[rebbachisaurid]]s, ''[[Suuwassea]]'',<ref name="taylornaish05" /><ref name="harris06" /> ''[[Amphicoelias]]''<ref name="rauhutetal05" /> possibly ''[[Haplocanthosaurus]]'',<ref name="Wilson2002">{{cite journal|author=Wilson, J. A.|year=2002|title=Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistica analysis|journal= Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=136|issue=2|pages=217–276|doi=10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x|doi-access=free|hdl=2027.42/73066|hdl-access=free}}</ref> and/or the [[nemegtosaurid]]s.<ref name="dinosauria04a">{{cite book|title=The Dinosauria|year=2004|chapter=Sauropoda|veditors=Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H |author=Upchurch P |author2=Barrett PM |author3=Dodson P |page=316|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24209-8|edition=2nd}}</ref> The [[clade]] is the sister group to [[Macronaria]] ([[camarasaurid]]s, [[brachiosaurid]]s and titanosaurians).<ref name="Wilson2002" /><ref name="dinosauria04a" />
A [[cladogram]] of the Diplodocidae after Tschopp, Mateus, and Benson (2015) below:<ref name="TMB2015" />
[[File:Misty Diplodocus.jpg|thumb|upright|''Diplodocus'' sp. skeleton nicknamed "Misty", [[Zoological Museum of Copenhagen]]]]
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1=[[Diplodocidae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Amphicoelias altus]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Apatosaurinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=Unnamed species
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Apatosaurus ajax]]''
|2=''[[Apatosaurus louisae]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Brontosaurus excelsus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Brontosaurus yahnahpin]]''
|2=''[[Brontosaurus parvus]]'' }} }} }} }}
|label2=[[Diplodocinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=Unnamed species
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Tornieria africana]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Supersaurus lourinhanensis]]''
|2=''[[Supersaurus vivianae]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Leinkupal laticauda]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Galeamopus hayi]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1='''''Diplodocus carnegii'''''
|2='''''Diplodocus hallorum''''' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Kaatedocus siberi]]''
|2=''[[Barosaurus lentus]]''
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
=== Valid species ===
[[File:Diplodocus carnegii Skeletal.svg|thumb|Skeletal reconstruction of ''D. carnegii'' specimens CM 84 and CM 94, with missing portions reconstructed after other diplodocids]]
* ''Diplodocus carnegii'' (also spelled incorrectly ''D. carnegiei''), named after [[Andrew Carnegie]], is the best known, mainly due to a near-complete skeleton known as [[Dippy]] (specimen CM 84) collected by Jacob Wortman, of the [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]] in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], and described and named by [[John Bell Hatcher]] in 1901.<ref name="dcarnegie">{{Cite journal |last1=Brezinski |first1=D. K. |last2=Kollar |first2=A. D. |year=2008 |title=Geology of the Carnegie Museum Dinosaur Quarry Site of Diplodocus carnegii, Sheep Creek, Wyoming |journal=Annals of Carnegie Museum |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=243–252 |doi=10.2992/0097-4463-77.2.243 |bibcode=2008AnCM...77..243B |s2cid=129474414}}</ref>
* ''Diplodocus hallorum'', first described in 1991 by Gillette as ''Seismosaurus halli'' from a partial skeleton comprising vertebrae, pelvis and ribs (specimen NMMNH P-3690).<ref name=":8">{{cite journal |last1=Gillette |first1=D.D. |year=1991 |title=''Seismosaurus halli'', gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous) of New Mexico, USA |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=417–433 |doi=10.1080/02724634.1991.10011413|bibcode=1991JVPal..11..417G }}</ref> As the specific name honors two people, Jim and Ruth Hall (of [[Ghost Ranch]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hall, Jim & Ruth |url=https://sflivingtreasures.org/index.php/treasures/2-treasures/101-hall-jim-a-ruth-.html?showall=1 |website=sflivingtreasures.org |access-date=August 22, 2021 |archive-date=October 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029120804/https://sflivingtreasures.org/index.php/treasures/2-treasures/101-hall-jim-a-ruth-.html?showall=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>), [[George Olshevsky]] later suggested to emend the name as ''S. hallorum'', using the mandatory [[genitive]] plural; Gillette then emended the name,<ref name="Gillette1994" /> which usage has been followed by others, including Carpenter (2006).<ref name="carpenter2006" /> In 2004, a presentation at the annual conference of the [[Geological Society of America]] made a case for ''Seismosaurus'' being a [[junior synonym]] of ''Diplodocus''.<ref>Lucas S, Herne M, Heckert A, Hunt A, and Sullivan R. [http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_77727.htm Reappraisal of ''Seismosaurus'', A Late Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaur from New Mexico.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008110318/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_77727.htm |date=October 8, 2019 }} The Geological Society of America, 2004 Denver Annual Meeting (November 7–10, 2004). Retrieved on May 24, 2007.</ref> This was followed by a much more detailed publication in 2006, which not only renamed the species ''Diplodocus hallorum'', but also speculated that it could prove to be the same as ''D. longus''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lucas, S.G. |title=Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Morrison Formation |author2=Spielman, J.A. |author3=Rinehart, L.A. |author4=Heckert, A.B. |author5=Herne, M.C. |author6=Hunt, A.P. |author7=Foster, J.R. |author8=Sullivan, R.M. |series=Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science |chapter-url=https://econtent.unm.edu/digital/collection/bulletins/id/792 |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science (bulletin 36) |year=2006 |editor=Foster, J.R. |pages=149–161 |chapter=Taxonomic status of ''Seismosaurus hallorum'', a Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur from New Mexico |issn=1524-4156 |editor2=Lucas, S.G.}}</ref> The position that ''D. hallorum'' should be regarded as a specimen of ''D. longus'' was also taken by the authors of a redescription of ''[[Supersaurus]]'', refuting a previous hypothesis that ''Seismosaurus'' and ''Supersaurus'' were the same.<ref name="LHW07">{{cite journal |last1=Lovelace |first1=David M. |last2=Hartman |first2=Scott A. |last3=Wahl |first3=William R. |year=2007 |title=Morphology of a specimen of ''Supersaurus'' (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny |journal=Arquivos do Museu Nacional |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=527–544}}</ref> A 2015 analysis of diplodocid relationships noted that these opinions are based on the more complete referred specimens of ''Diplodocus longus''. The authors of this analysis concluded that those specimens were indeed the same species as ''D. hallorum'', but that ''D. longus'' itself was a ''nomen dubium''<ref name="TMB2015" /> but a position that was rejected by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature as discussed above.
===''Nomina dubia'' (doubtful species)===
[[File:Diplodocus skull.jpg|thumb|USNM 2672, a skull formerly thought to have belonged to the [[holotype]] of ''D. longus'']]
* ''Diplodocus longus'', the type species, is known from two complete and several fragmentary caudal vertebrae from the Morrison Formation (Felch Quarry) of Colorado. Though several more complete specimens have been attributed to ''D. longus'',<ref name="dinosauria04b" /> detailed analysis has suggested that the original fossil lacks the necessary features to allow comparison with other specimens. For this reason, it has been considered a ''[[nomen dubium]]'', which Tschopp et al. regarded as not an ideal situation for the type species of a well-known genus like ''Diplodocus''. A petition to the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] (ICZN) was being considered, which proposed to make ''D. carnegii'' the new type species.<ref name="TMB2015" /><ref name="Tschopp, E. 2016" /> The proposal was rejected by the ICZN and ''D. longus'' has been maintained as the type species.<ref name="ICZN2018" /> However, in comments responding to the petition, some authors regarded ''D. longus'' as potentially valid after all.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.21805/bzn.v73i2.a14| issn = 0007-5167| eissn = 2057-0570| volume = 73| issue = 2–4| pages = 129–131| last = Mortimer| first = Mickey| title = Comment (Case 3700) — A statement against the proposed designation of Diplodocus carnegii Hatcher, 1901 as the type species of Diplodocus Marsh, 1878 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)| journal = The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature| date = March 2017| s2cid = 89861495| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/378422}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.21805/bzn.v74.a014| issn = 0007-5167| eissn = 2057-0570| volume = 74| issue = 1| pages = 47–49| last = Carpenter| first = Kenneth| title = Comment (Case 3700) — Opposition against the proposed designation of Diplodocus carnegii Hatcher, 1901 as the type species of Diplodocus Marsh, 1878 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)| journal = The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature| date = May 15, 2017| s2cid = 89682495}}</ref>
* ''Diplodocus lacustris'' ("of the lake") is a ''nomen dubium'' named by Marsh in 1884 based on specimen YPM 1922 found by [[Arthur Lakes]], consisting of the snout and upper jaw of a smaller animal from [[Morrison, Colorado]].<ref name="marsh84" /> The remains are now believed to have been from an immature animal, rather than from a separate species.<ref name="upchurchetal2004">{{cite book |author=Upchurch, P. |title=The Dinosauria |author2=Barrett, P.M. |author3=Dodson, P. |publisher=University of California Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-520-25408-4 |editor1=D. B. Weishampel |edition=2nd |pages=259–322 |contribution=Sauropoda |editor2=P. Dodson |editor3=H. Osmólska}}</ref> Mossbrucker ''et al''., 2013 surmised that the dentary and teeth of ''Diplodocus lacustris'' was actually from ''Apatosaurus ajax.''<ref>Mossbrucker, M. T., & Bakker, R. T. (October 2013). Missing muzzle found: new skull material referrable to Apatosaurus ajax (Marsh 1877) from the Morrison Formation of Morrison, Colorado. In ''Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs'' (Vol. 45, p. 111).</ref> Later in 2015, it was concluded that the snout of the specimen actually belonged to ''Camarasaurus''.<ref name="TMB2015" />
=== Formerly assigned species ===
* ''Diplodocus hayi'' was named by [[William Jacob Holland]] in 1924 based on a braincase and partial postcranial skeleton ([[Houston Museum of Natural Science|HMNS]] 175), including a nearly complete vertebral column, found in the Morrison Formation strata near [[Sheridan, Wyoming]].<ref name="TMB2015" /><ref name=":1" /> ''D. hayi'' remained a species of ''Diplodocus'' until reassessment by Emmanuel Tschopp and colleagues determined that it was its own genus, ''[[Galeamopus]]'', in 2015. The reassessment also found that the skulls AMNH 969 and USNM 2673 were not ''Diplodocus'' either and actually referred specimens of ''Galeamopus''.<ref name="TMB2015" />
==Paleobiology==
[[File:SeismosaurusDB.jpg|thumb|Restoration of ''D. hallorum'' in environment]]
Due to a wealth of skeletal remains, ''Diplodocus'' is one of the best-studied dinosaurs. Many aspects of its lifestyle have been subjects of various theories over the years.<ref name=benton12/> Comparisons between the [[sclerotic ring|scleral ring]]s of diplodocines and modern birds and reptiles suggest that they may have been [[cathemeral]], active throughout the day at short intervals.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Schmitz, L. |author2=Motani, R. |s2cid=33253407 |year=2011 |title=Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology |journal=Science |volume=332 |issue= 6030|pages= 705–8|doi=10.1126/science.1200043 |pmid=21493820|bibcode=2011Sci...332..705S }}</ref> ''Diplodocus'' is estimated to have walked at a speed of {{convert|1.24|m/s|km/h mph|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Scott A.|first1=Lee|last2=Justyna|first2=Slowiak|year=2025|title=Sauntering Sauropods: The Preferred Walking Speeds of the Largest Land Animals That Ever Lived|journal= The Physics Teacher|volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=20–22 |doi=10.1119/5.0187569|bibcode=2025PhTea..63a..20L }}</ref>
Marsh and then Hatcher<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Hatcher |first=J. B. |date=July 1901 |title=Diplodocus (Marsh): its osteology, taxonomy, and probable habits, with a restoration of the skeleton |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/234818 |journal=Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1––63 |doi=10.5962/p.234818|via=Biodiversity Heritage Library|doi-access=free }}</ref> assumed that the animal was aquatic, because of the position of its nasal openings at the apex of the cranium. Similar aquatic behavior was commonly depicted for other large sauropods, such as ''Brachiosaurus'' and ''Apatosaurus''. A 1951 study by [[Kenneth A. Kermack]] indicates that sauropods probably could not have breathed through their nostrils when the rest of the body was submerged, as the water pressure on the chest wall would be too great.<ref name="kermack">{{cite journal
|title=A note on the habits of sauropods
|journal=[[Annals and Magazine of Natural History]]
|volume=12|issue=4
|pages=830–832
|last=Kermack|first=Kenneth A.
|year=1951
|doi=10.1080/00222935108654213
}}</ref> Since the 1970s, general consensus has the sauropods as firmly terrestrial animals, browsing on trees, ferns, and bushes.<ref name=carnegiemag>Gangewere, J.R. (1999). "[http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmag/bk_issue/1999/julaug/feat1.html Diplodocus carnegii] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112143338/http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmag/bk_issue/1999/julaug/feat1.html |date=12 January 2012 }}". Carnegie Magazine.</ref>
Scientists have debated as to how sauropods were able to breathe with their large body sizes and long necks, which would have increased the amount of [[Dead space (physiology)|dead space]]. They likely had an [[avian lungs|avian respiratory system]], which is more efficient than a [[Mammalian respiratory system|mammalian]] and reptilian system. Reconstructions of the neck and thorax of ''Diplodocus'' show great [[Skeletal pneumaticity|pneumaticity]], which could have played a role in respiration as it does in birds.<ref name="Pierson">{{Cite journal | last1 = Pierson | first1 = D. J. | title = The Physiology of Dinosaurs: Circulatory and Respiratory Function in the Largest Animals Ever to Walk the Earth | journal = Respiratory Care | volume = 54 | issue = 7 | pages = 887–911 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19558740 | doi = 10.4187/002013209793800286| doi-broken-date = July 12, 2025 }}</ref>
===Posture===
{{Further|Sauropod neck posture}}
[[File:Diplodocus by Hay 1910.jpg|thumb|An outmoded depiction by Oliver P. Hay (1910), with sprawled limbs<ref>Hay, O. P., 1910, Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, vol. 12,, pp. 1–25</ref>]]
The depiction of ''Diplodocus'' posture has changed considerably over the years. For instance, a classic 1910 reconstruction by [[Oliver Perry Hay|Oliver P. Hay]] depicts two ''Diplodocus'' with splayed lizard-like limbs on the banks of a river. Hay argued that ''Diplodocus'' had a sprawling, lizard-like gait with widely splayed legs,<ref>Hay, Dr. Oliver P., "On the Habits and Pose of the Sauropod Dinosaurs, especially of Diplodocus." ''The American Naturalist'', Vol. XLII, October 1908</ref> and was supported by [[Gustav Tornier]]. This hypothesis was contested by [[William Jacob Holland]], who demonstrated that a sprawling ''Diplodocus'' would have needed a trench through which to pull its belly.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Holland |first1=Dr. W. J. |year=1910 |title=A Review of Some Recent Criticisms of the Restorations of Sauropod Dinosaurs Existing in the Museums of the United States, with Special Reference to that of Diplodocus carnegii in the Carnegie Museum |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431355 |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=44 |issue=521 |pages=259–283 |doi=10.1086/279138 |bibcode=1910ANat...44..258H |s2cid=84424110 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |access-date=June 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511100324/https://zenodo.org/record/1431355 |url-status=live }}</ref> Finds of sauropod footprints in the 1930s eventually put Hay's theory to rest.<ref name=carnegiemag/>
[[File:Diplodocus habitual neck posture.jpeg|thumb|left|Upright neck pose for ''D. carnegii'' based on Taylor ''et al.'' (2009)]]
[[File:Possible Diplodocus Cervical Neck Reconstruction.jpg|thumb|A reconstruction of the neck ligament structure from a Diplodocus. The depiction of the entire neck seen in C and D shows where the possible elastic and supraspinal ligaments in addition to muscle groups could have been located.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schwarz |first1=Daniela |last2=Frey |first2=Eberhard |last3=Meyer |first3=Christian A. |date=2007 |title=Pneumaticity and soft−tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234833820 |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=290 |issue=1 |pages=32–47 |doi=10.1002/ar.20405 |pmid=17441196 |s2cid=8326163 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>]]
Later, diplodocids were often portrayed with their necks held high up in the air, allowing them to graze from tall trees. Studies looking at the morphology of sauropod necks have concluded that the neutral posture of ''Diplodocus'' neck was close to horizontal, rather than vertical, and scientists such as Kent Stevens have used this to argue that sauropods including ''Diplodocus'' did not raise their heads much above shoulder level.<ref name="stevens05">{{cite book |vauthors=Stevens KA, Parrish JM |year=2005 |chapter=Neck Posture, Dentition and Feeding Strategies in Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaurs |editor=Carpenter, Kenneth |editor2=Tidswell, Virginia |title=Thunder Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs |pages=212–232 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-34542-4}}</ref><ref name="Upchurch2000">{{cite journal |last=Upchurch |first=P |title=Neck Posture of Sauropod Dinosaurs |journal=Science |volume=287 |page=547b |doi=10.1126/science.287.5453.547b |year=2000 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/287/5453/547b.pdf |access-date=November 28, 2006 |issue=5453 |display-authors=etal |doi-access=free |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621122507/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/287/5453/547b.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[nuchal ligament]] may have held the neck in this position.<ref name="stevens05"/> One approach to understanding the possible ligament structure in ancient sauropods is to study the ligaments and their attachments to bones in extant animals to see if they resemble any bony structures in sauropods or other dinosaur species like ''Parasaurolophus''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bertozzo |first1=Filippo |last2=Manucci |first2=Fabio |last3=Dempsey |first3=Matthew |last4=Tanke |first4=Darren H. |last5=Evans |first5=David C. |last6=Ruffell |first6=Alastair |last7=Murphy |first7=Eileen |title=Description and etiology of paleopathological lesions in the type specimen of Parasaurolophus walkeri (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae), with proposed reconstructions of the nuchal ligament |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346603204 |journal=Journal of Anatomy |date=May 2021 |volume=238 |issue=5 |pages=1055–1069 |doi=10.1111/joa.13363 |pmid=33289113 |pmc=8053592 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> If diplodocus relied on a mammal-like nuchal ligament, it would have been for passively sustaining the weight of its head and neck. This ligament is found in many hoofed mammals, such as bison and horses. In mammals, it typically consists of a funiculus cord that runs from the external occipital crest of the skull to elongate vertebral neural spines or “withers” in the shoulder region plus sheet-like extensions called laminae run from the cord to the neural spines on some or all of the cervical vertebrae. However, most sauropods do not have withers in the shoulders, so if they possessed a similar ligament, it would differ substantially, perhaps anchoring in the hip region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Woodruff |first=D. Cary |date=2017 |title=Nuchal ligament reconstructions in diplodocid sauropods support horizontal neck feeding postures |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2016.1158257 |journal=Historical Biology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=308–319 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2016.1158257 |bibcode=2017HBio...29..308W |s2cid=87437457 |via=Taylor&Francis Online|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dimery |first1=Nicola J. |last2=Alexander |first2=R. McN. |last3=Deyst |first3=Katherine A. |date=1985 |title=Mechanics of the ligamentum nuchae of some artiodactyls |url=https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb05663.x#:~:text=The%20ligamentum%20nuchae%20lies%20near,with%20rubber%2Dlike%20elastic%20properties. |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=206 |issue=3 |pages=341–351 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb05663.x |via=Zoological Society of London|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Another hypothesized neck-supporting ligament is an avian-like elastic ligament, such as that seen in ''Struthio camelus''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dzemski |first1=Gordon |last2=Christian |first2=Andreas |date=2007 |title=Flexibility along the neck of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) and consequences for the reconstruction of dinosaurs with extreme neck length |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.10542 |journal=Journal of Morphology |volume=268 |issue=8 |pages=701–714 |doi=10.1002/jmor.10542 |pmid=17514722 |bibcode=2007JMorp.268..701D |s2cid=25485602 |via=WILEY Online Library|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schwarz |first1=Daniela |last2=Frey |first2=Eberhard |last3=Meyer |first3=Christian A. |date=2007 |title=Pneumaticity and soft tissue reconstruction in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234833820 |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=290 |issue=1 |pages=32–47 |doi=10.1002/ar.20405 |pmid=17441196 |s2cid=8326163 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> This ligament acts similarly to the mammal-like nuchal ligament but comprises short segments of ligament that connect the bases of the neural spines, and therefore does not need a robust attachment zone like those seen in mammals. A 2009 study found that all [[tetrapod]]s appear to hold the base of their necks at the maximum possible vertical extension when in a normal, alert posture, and argued that the same would hold true for sauropods barring any unknown, unique characteristics that set the soft tissue anatomy of their necks apart from other animals. The study found faults with Stevens' assumptions regarding the potential range of motion in sauropod necks, and based on comparing skeletons to living animals the study also argued that soft tissues could have increased flexibility more than the bones alone suggest. For these reasons they argued that ''Diplodocus'' would have held its neck at a more elevated angle than previous studies have concluded.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Taylor, M.P.|author2=Wedel, M.J.|author3=Naish, D.|year=2009|title=Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=54|issue=2|pages=213–220|doi=10.4202/app.2009.0007|s2cid=7582320|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/209502/files/PAL_E4057.pdf|doi-access=free|archive-date=August 29, 2019|access-date=August 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829110150/http://doc.rero.ch/record/209502/files/PAL_E4057.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> However, this idea might be contradicted due to the inner ear of diplodocoids actually being in alignment for a horizontal neck pose. Also, it is not necessarily accurate to say that the alert pose is the osteologically normal position.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Kent A. |date=2013-10-30 |title=The Articulation of Sauropod Necks: Methodology and Mythology |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=e78572 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078572 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3812995 |pmid=24205266|bibcode=2013PLoSO...878572S }}</ref>
As with the related genus ''Barosaurus'', the very long neck of ''Diplodocus'' is the source of much controversy among scientists. A 1992 [[Columbia University]] study of diplodocid neck structure indicated that the longest necks would have required a 1.6-ton heart – a tenth of the animal's body weight. The study proposed that animals like these would have had rudimentary auxiliary "hearts" in their necks, whose only purpose was to pump blood up to the next "heart".<ref name="UDB"/> Some argue that the near-horizontal posture of the head and neck would have eliminated the problem of supplying blood to the brain, as it would not be elevated.<ref name=Stevens/>
===Diet and feeding===
[[File:Diplodocus longus Chicago.jpg|thumb|Cast of a diplodocid skull that may belong to a species of ''Diplodocus'' (CM 11161)]]
Diplodocines have highly unusual teeth compared to other sauropods. The crowns are long and slender, and elliptical in cross-section, while the apex forms a blunt, triangular point. The most prominent wear facet is on the apex, though unlike all other wear patterns observed within sauropods, diplodocine wear patterns are on the labial (cheek) side of both the upper and lower teeth.<ref name="Upchurch"/> This implies that the feeding mechanism of ''Diplodocus'' and other diplodocids was radically different from that of other sauropods. Unilateral branch stripping is the most likely feeding behavior of ''Diplodocus'',<ref>Norman, D.B. (1985). ''The illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs''. London: Salamander Books Ltd</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Dodson, P.|year=1990|contribution=Sauropod paleoecology|title=The Dinosauria" 1st Edition|editor=Weishampel, D.B. |editor2=Dodson, P. |editor3= Osmólska, H.|publisher=University of California Press|asin=B008UBRHZM}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Barrett | first1 = P.M. | last2 = Upchurch | first2 = P. | year = 1994 | title = ''Feeding mechanisms of ''Diplodocus | journal = Gaia | volume = 10 | pages = 195–204 }}</ref> as it explains the unusual wear patterns of the teeth (coming from tooth–food contact). In unilateral branch stripping, one tooth row would have been used to strip foliage from the stem, while the other would act as a guide and stabilizer. With the elongated preorbital (in front of the eyes) region of the skull, longer portions of stems could be stripped in a single action. Also, the palinal (backwards) motion of the lower jaws could have contributed two significant roles to feeding behavior: (1) an increased gape, and (2) allowed fine adjustments of the relative positions of the tooth rows, creating a smooth stripping action.<ref name="Upchurch"/>
[[File:Diplodocus longus (sauropod dinosaur teeth) (Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic; Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, USA) (48695689217).jpg|thumb|left|Teeth from the Dinosaur National Monument]]
Young ''et al.'' (2012) used biomechanical modeling to examine the performance of the diplodocine skull. It was concluded that the proposal that its dentition was used for bark-stripping was not supported by the data, which showed that under that scenario, the skull and teeth would undergo extreme stresses. The hypotheses of branch-stripping and/or precision biting were both shown to be biomechanically plausible feeding behaviors.<ref name="young12">{{cite journal |last1=Young |first1=Mark T. |last2=Rayfield |first2=Emily J. |last3=Holliday |first3=Casey M. |last4=Witmer |first4=Lawrence M. |last5=Button |first5=David J. |last6=Upchurch |first6=Paul |last7=Barrett |first7=Paul M. |title=Cranial biomechanics of Diplodocus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda): testing hypotheses of feeding behavior in an extinct megaherbivore |journal=Naturwissenschaften |issn=1432-1904 |date=August 2012 |volume=99 |issue=8 |doi=10.1007/s00114-012-0944-y |pmid=22790834 |pages=637–643|bibcode=2012NW.....99..637Y |s2cid=15109500 }}</ref> Diplodocine teeth were also continually replaced throughout their lives, usually in less than 35 days, as was discovered by Michael D'Emic ''et al.'' Within each tooth socket, as many as five replacement teeth were developing to replace the next one. Studies of the teeth also reveal that it preferred different vegetation from the other sauropods of the Morrison, such as ''Camarasaurus''. This may have better allowed the various species of sauropods to exist without competition.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = D’Emic | first1 = M. D. | last2 = Whitlock | first2 = J. A. | last3 = Smith | first3 = K. M. | last4 = Fisher | first4 = D. C. | last5 = Wilson | first5 = J. A. | editor1-last = Evans | editor1-first = A. R. | title = Evolution of high tooth replacement rates in sauropod dinosaurs | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0069235 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | pages = e69235 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23874921| pmc =3714237 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...869235D | doi-access = free }}</ref>
The flexibility of ''Diplodocus'' neck is debated but it should have been able to browse from low levels to about {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=off}} when on all fours.<ref name=Stevens/><ref name="stevens05" /> However, studies have shown that the [[center of mass]] of ''Diplodocus'' was very close to the [[Acetabulum|hip socket]];<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henderson|first=Donald M.|date=2006|title=Burly gaits: centers of mass, stability, and the trackways of sauropod dinosaurs|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=26|issue=4|pages=907–921|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[907:BGCOMS]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=86216852|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15149/files/PAL_E2423.pdf|archive-date=January 25, 2023|access-date=January 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125164424/https://doc.rero.ch/record/15149/files/PAL_E2423.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Biology of the Sauropod Dinosaurs: Understanding the life of giants. Life of the Past|author1=Mallison, H.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-253-35508-9|editor=Farlow, J.|contribution=Rearing Giants – kinetic-dynamic modeling of sauropod bipedal and tripodal poses|editor2=Klein, N.|editor3=Remes, K.|editor4=Gee, C.|editor5=Snader, M.}}</ref> this means that ''Diplodocus'' could rear up into a bipedal posture with relatively little effort. It also had the advantage of using its large tail as a 'prop' which would allow for a very stable tripodal posture. In a tripodal posture ''Diplodocus'' could potentially increase its feeding height up to about {{convert|11|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Paul2017">{{cite journal|last1=Paul|first1=Gregory S.|date=2017|title=Restoring Maximum Vertical Browsing Reach in Sauropod Dinosaurs|journal=The Anatomical Record|volume=300|issue=10|pages=1802–1825|doi=10.1002/ar.23617|pmid=28556505|doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:Sauropod-Rearing-Diagram-SVG-001.svg|thumb|right|''Diplodocus'' (dark green) and various sauropods in a tripodal posture; The white dots showing the approximate center of mass, as estimated in studies.]]
The neck's range of movement would have also allowed the head to graze below the level of the body, leading some scientists to speculate on whether ''Diplodocus'' grazed on submerged water plants, from riverbanks. This concept of the feeding posture is supported by the relative lengths of front and hind limbs. Furthermore, its peg-like teeth may have been used for eating soft water plants.<ref name="stevens05" /> Matthew Cobley ''et al''. (2013) disputed this, finding that large muscles and cartilage would have limited neck movements. They state that the feeding ranges for sauropods like ''Diplodocus'' were smaller than previously believed and the animals may have had to move their whole bodies around to better access areas where they could browse vegetation. As such, they might have spent more time foraging to meet their minimum energy needs.<ref name="Cobley">{{cite journal|author1=Cobley, Matthew J. |author2=Rayfield, Emily J. |author3=Barrett, Paul M. |year=2013|title= Inter-Vertebral Flexibility of the Ostrich Neck: Implications for Estimating Sauropod Neck Flexibility|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=8|page=e72187|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0072187 |pmid=23967284 |pmc=3743800|bibcode=2013PLoSO...872187C|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ghose, Tia|title=Ouch! Long-Necked Dinosaurs Had Stiff Necks|publisher=livescience.com|date=August 15, 2013|access-date=January 31, 2015|url=http://www.livescience.com/38895-sauropods-had-stiff-necks.html|archive-date=November 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126162914/https://www.livescience.com/38895-sauropods-had-stiff-necks.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The conclusions of Cobley ''et al''. were disputed in 2013 and 2014 by Mike Taylor, who analyzed the amount and positioning of intervertebral cartilage to determine the flexibility of the neck of ''Diplodocus'' and ''Apatosaurus''. Taylor found that the neck of ''Diplodocus'' was very flexible, and that Cobley '' et al.'' was incorrect, in that flexibility as implied by bones is less than in reality.<ref name="taylor14">{{cite journal|last=Taylor|first=M.P.|author-link=Mike P. Taylor|year=2014|title=Quantifying the effect of intervertebral cartilage on neutral posture in the necks of sauropod dinosaurs|journal=PeerJ|volume=2|article-number=e712|doi=10.7717/peerj.712|pmid=25551027|pmc=4277489 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
In 2010, Whitlock ''et al.'' described a juvenile skull at the time referred to ''Diplodocus'' (CM 11255) that differed greatly from adult skulls of the same genus: its snout was not blunt, and the teeth were not confined to the front of the snout. These differences suggest that adults and juveniles were feeding differently. Such an ecological difference between adults and juveniles had not been previously observed in sauropodomorphs.<ref name="JVP302">{{cite journal |last1=Whitlock |first1=John A. |last2=Wilson |first2=Jeffrey A. |last3=Lamanna |first3=Matthew C. |date=March 2010 |title=Description of a Nearly Complete Juvenile Skull of ''Diplodocus'' (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the Late Jurassic of North America |journal=[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]] |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=442–457 |doi=10.1080/02724631003617647 |bibcode=2010JVPal..30..442W |s2cid=84498336 |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.4202/app.00257.2016 |archive-date=October 2, 2021 |access-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002141915/https://bioone.org/journals/acta-palaeontologica-polonica/volume-61/issue-3/app.00257.2016/Teeth-of-Embryonic-or-Hatchling-Sauropods-from-the-Berriasian-Early/10.4202/app.00257.2016.pdf |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
===Reproduction and growth===
[[File:Smallest Diplodocid.png|thumb|left|Restoration of a narrow snouted juvenile (based on the "Andrew" specimen [[Cincinnati Museum Center|CMC]] VP14128) feeding alongside broad snouted adults]]
While the long neck has traditionally been interpreted as a feeding adaptation, it was also suggested<ref>{{cite journal|author=Senter, P.|year=2006|title=Necks for Sex: Sexual Selection as an Explanation for Sauropod Neck Elongation|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=271|issue=1|pages=45–53|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00197.x|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/16143/files/PAL_E3046.pdf }}</ref> that the oversized neck of ''Diplodocus'' and its relatives may have been primarily a sexual display, with any other feeding benefits coming second. A 2011 study refuted this idea in detail.<ref name=tayloretal2011>{{cite journal|author=Taylor, M.P.|author2=Hone, D.W.E.|author3=Wedel, M.J.|author4=Naish, D.|year=2011|url=http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/pubs/taylor-et-al-2011b/TaylorEtAl2011-sauropod-necks-not-sexually-selected.pdf|title=The long necks of sauropods did not evolve primarily through sexual selection|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=285|issue=2|pages=151–160|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00824.x|archive-date=January 25, 2021|access-date=May 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125043042/http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/pubs/taylor-et-al-2011b/TaylorEtAl2011-sauropod-necks-not-sexually-selected.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
While no evidence indicates ''Diplodocus'' nesting habits, other sauropods, such as the titanosaurian ''[[Saltasaurus]]'', have been associated with nesting sites.<ref>Walking on Eggs: The Astonishing Discovery of Thousands of Dinosaur Eggs in the Badlands of Patagonia, by Luis Chiappe and Lowell Dingus. June 19, 2001, Scribner</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Grellet-Tinner, Chiappe Coria|title=Eggs of titanosaurid sauropods from the Upper Cretaceous of Auca Mahuevo (Argentina)|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=41|issue=8|pages=949–960|year=2004|doi=10.1139/e04-049|bibcode=2004CaJES..41..949G}}</ref> The titanosaurian nesting sites indicate that they may have laid their eggs communally over a large area in many shallow pits, each covered with vegetation. ''Diplodocus'' may have done the same. The documentary ''[[Walking with Dinosaurs]]'' portrayed a mother ''Diplodocus'' using an [[ovipositor]] to lay eggs, but it was pure speculation on the part of the documentary author.<ref name=wwdinos/> For ''Diplodocus'' and other sauropods, the size of clutches and individual eggs were surprisingly small for such large animals. This appears to have been an adaptation to predation pressures, as large eggs would require greater incubation time and thus would be at greater risk.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ruxton, Graeme D. |author2=Birchard, Geoffrey F. |author3=Deeming, D Charles |year=2014|title=Incubation time as an important influence on egg production and distribution into clutches for sauropod dinosaurs|journal=Paleobiology|volume=40|issue=3|pages=323–330|doi=10.1666/13028|bibcode=2014Pbio...40..323R |s2cid=84437615 }}</ref>
Based on bone [[histology]] studies in the early 2000s, it was suggested that ''Diplodocus'' and other sauropods grew at a very fast rate, reaching [[sexual maturity]] at just over a decade, and continuing to grow throughout their lives.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sander, P. M.|year=2000|title=Long bone histology of the Tendaguru sauropods: Implications for growth and biology|journal=Paleobiology|volume=26|issue=3|pages=466–488|jstor=2666121|doi=10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0466:lhotts>2.0.co;2|bibcode=2000Pbio...26..466S|s2cid=86183725|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/16668/files/PAL_E2877.pdf|archive-date=January 25, 2023|access-date=January 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125164507/https://doc.rero.ch/record/16668/files/PAL_E2877.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sander, P. M. |author2=N. Klein |author3=E. Buffetaut |author4=G. Cuny |author5=V. Suteethorn |author6=J. Le Loeuff|year=2004|title=Adaptive radiation in sauropod dinosaurs: Bone histology indicates rapid evolution of giant body size through acceleration|journal=Organisms, Diversity & Evolution|volume=4|issue=3|pages=165–173|doi=10.1016/j.ode.2003.12.002|bibcode=2004ODivE...4..165S |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/14551/files/PAL_E1760.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Sander, P. M. |author2=N. Klein|year=2005|title=Developmental plasticity in the life history of a prosauropod dinosaur|journal= Science|volume=310|issue=5755|pages=1800–1802|doi=10.1126/science.1120125|pmid=16357257|bibcode=2005Sci...310.1800S|s2cid=19132660}}</ref> However, a 2024 study estimated that the holotype of ''D. hallorum'' was around 60 years old in maximum age of death, over 20 years older than the oldest known sauropod specimens, and that it "had 'recently' reached skeletal maturity before death". This would make it one of the oldest known dinosaur specimens. The study also suggested that ''D. hallorum'' may have had a relatively slower and more prolonged rate of growth than ''D. carnegii'', as the latter reached maturity within just 24 to 34 years of age.<ref name ="Woodruff et al. 2024"/>
==Paleoenvironment==
[[File:DiplodocusDB.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration of two ''D. longus'' in an [[arid]] area]]
The Morrison Formation is a sequence of shallow marine and alluvial sediments which, according to [[radiometric dating]], ranges between 156.3 million years old ([[Mega-annum|Ma]]) at its base,<ref name=TCR06>{{cite journal |last=Trujillo |first=K.C. |author2=Chamberlain, K.R.|author3= Strickland, A. |year=2006 |title=Oxfordian U/Pb ages from SHRIMP analysis for the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of southeastern Wyoming with implications for biostratigraphic correlations |journal=Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs |volume=38 |issue=6 |page=7}}</ref> and 146.8 million years old at the top,<ref name=SAB98>{{cite book |last=Bilbey |first=S.A. |year=1998 |chapter=Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry – age, stratigraphy and depositional environments |pages= 87–120 |title=The Morrison Formation: An Interdisciplinary Study |editor=Carpenter, K. |editor2=Chure, D. |editor3=Kirkland, J.I. |series=Modern Geology '''22''' |publisher=Taylor and Francis Group |issn=0026-7775}}</ref> which places it in the late [[Oxfordian stage|Oxfordian]], [[Kimmeridgian]], and early [[Tithonian]] [[Geologic time scale#Terminology|ages]] of the Late Jurassic epoch. This formation is interpreted as a [[semiarid|semi-arid]] environment with distinct [[wet season|wet]] and [[dry season|dry seasons.]] The Morrison Basin, where many dinosaurs lived, stretched from New Mexico to Alberta and Saskatchewan, and was formed when the precursors to the [[Front Range]] of the [[Rocky Mountains]] started pushing up to the west. The deposits from their east-facing [[drainage basin]]s were carried by streams and [[river]]s and deposited in [[swamp]]y lowlands, lakes, river channels, and [[floodplain]]s.<ref name=DAR89>{{cite book |last=Russell |first=Dale A. |author-link=Dale Russell |title=An Odyssey in Time: Dinosaurs of North America |year=1989 |publisher=NorthWord Press |___location=Minocqua, Wisconsin |isbn=978-1-55971-038-1 |pages=64–70 }}</ref> This formation is similar in age to the [[Lourinha Formation]] in [[Portugal]] and the [[Tendaguru Formation]] in [[Tanzania]].<ref name=OM06/>
The Morrison Formation records an environment and time dominated by gigantic sauropod dinosaurs.<ref name="foster2007">Foster, J. (2007). "Appendix." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. pp. 327–329.</ref> Dinosaurs known from the Morrison include the theropods ''[[Ceratosaurus]]'', ''[[Koparion]]'', ''[[Stokesosaurus]]'', ''[[Ornitholestes]]'', ''[[Allosaurus]]'' and ''[[Torvosaurus]]'', the sauropods ''[[Brontosaurus]]'', ''[[Apatosaurus]]'', ''[[Brachiosaurus]]'', ''Camarasaurus'', and the [[ornithischia]]ns ''[[Camptosaurus]]'', ''[[Dryosaurus]]'', ''[[Othnielia]]'', ''[[Gargoyleosaurus]]'' and ''[[Stegosaurus]]''.<ref name=DJCetal06>{{cite book |last=Chure |first=Daniel J. |author2=Litwin, Ron|author3= Hasiotis, Stephen T.|author4= Evanoff, Emmett|author5= Carpenter, Kenneth |year=2006 |chapter=The fauna and flora of the Morrison Formation: 2006 |editor=Foster, John R. |editor2=Lucas, Spencer G. |title=Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation |series=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, '''36''' |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science |___location=Albuquerque, New Mexico |pages=233–248}}</ref> ''Diplodocus'' is commonly found at the same sites as ''Apatosaurus'', ''Allosaurus'', ''Camarasaurus'', and ''[[Stegosaurus]]''.<ref name=DBBM80>{{cite journal|author=Dodson, P. |author2=Behrensmeyer, A.K. |author3=Bakker, R.T. |author4=McIntosh, J.S.|year=1980|title=Taphonomy and paleoecology of the dinosaur beds of the Jurassic Morrison Formation|journal=Paleobiology|volume=6|issue=1 |pages=208–232|jstor=240035|doi=10.1017/S0094837300025768 }}</ref> ''Allosaurus'' accounted for 70 to 75% of theropod specimens and was at the top [[trophic level]] of the Morrison [[food chain|food web]].<ref name=JRF03a>{{cite book |last=Foster |first=John R. |title=Paleoecological Analysis of the Vertebrate Fauna of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Rocky Mountain Region, U.S.A. |year=2003 |series=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, '''23''' |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science |___location=Albuquerque, New Mexico |page=29}}</ref> Many of the dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation are the same genera as those seen in Portuguese rocks of the [[Lourinhã Formation|Lourinha Formation]] (mainly ''Allosaurus'', ''Ceratosaurus'', ''Torvosaurus'', and ''[[Stegosaurus]]''), or have a close counterpart (''Brachiosaurus'' and ''[[Lusotitan]];'' ''Camptosaurus'' and ''[[Draconyx]]'').<ref name="OM06">{{cite book |last=Mateus |first=Octávio |year=2006 |chapter=Jurassic dinosaurs from the Morrison Formation (USA), the Lourinhã and Alcobaça Formations (Portugal), and the Tendaguru Beds (Tanzania): A comparison |editor=Foster, John R. |editor2=Lucas, Spencer G. |title=Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation |series=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, '''36''' |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science |___location=Albuquerque, New Mexico |pages=223–231}}</ref> Other vertebrates that shared the same paleoenvironment included [[actinopterygii|ray-finned fishes]], [[frog]]s, [[salamander]]s, [[turtle]]s like ''[[Dorsetochelys]]'', [[sphenodontia|sphenodonts]], [[lizard]]s, terrestrial and aquatic [[crocodylomorpha|crocodylomorphs]] such as ''[[Hoplosuchus]]'', and several species of [[pterosaur]] like ''[[Harpactognathus]]'' and ''[[Mesadactylus]]''. Shells of [[bivalve]]s and aquatic [[snail]]s are also common. The flora of the period was [[chlorophyta|green algae]], [[fungi]], [[moss]]es, [[equisetum|horsetails]], [[cycad]]s, [[ginkgo]]es, and several families of [[conifer]]s. Vegetation varied from river-lining forests of [[tree fern]]s and [[fern]]s ([[gallery forest]]s), to fern [[savanna]]s with occasional trees such as the ''[[Araucaria]]''-like conifer ''[[Brachyphyllum]]''.<ref name="carpenter2006">{{cite book |last=Carpenter |first=Kenneth |author-link=Kenneth Carpenter |year=2006 |chapter=Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod ''Amphicoelias fragillimus'' |editor=Foster, John R. |editor2=Lucas, Spencer G. |title=Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation |series=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, '''36''' |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science |___location=Albuquerque, New Mexico |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qKjECQAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |pages=131–138}}</ref>
== Cultural significance ==
{{multiple image
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| header =
| image1 = Diplodocus (replica).001 - London.JPG
| alt1 =
| image2 = diplodocus paris.jpg
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| image3 = Diplodocus Carnegii skeleton in Museum für Naturkunde Berlin 0864.jpg
| image4 = Calco de Diplodocus Museo Ciencias Naturales La Plata.JPG
|footer = "[[Dippy (London)|Dippy]]", the first cast of ''D. carnegii'' at the [[Natural History Museum, London]], and casts in the [[National Museum of Natural History (France)|National Museum of Natural History, Paris]], [[Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin]], and [[Museo de La Plata]]
}}
''Diplodocus'' has been a famous and much-depicted dinosaur as it has been on display in more places than any other [[sauropod]] dinosaur.<ref name="ageofdinosaursdiplodocus">"Diplodocus." In: Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B. ''The Age of Dinosaurs''. Publications International, LTD. p. 58–59. {{ISBN|0-7853-0443-6}}.</ref>
Much of this has probably been due to its wealth of skeletal remains and former status as the longest dinosaur.
The donation of many mounted skeletal casts of "[[Dippy (Diplodocus carnegii)|Dippy]]" by industrialist Andrew Carnegie to potentates around the world at the beginning of the 20th century<ref name=rea2001>Rea, Tom (2001). ''Bone Wars. The Excavation and Celebrity of Andrew Carnegie's Dinosaur''. Pittsburgh University Press. See particularly pages 1–11 and 198–216.</ref> did much to familiarize it to people worldwide. Casts of ''Diplodocus'' skeletons are still displayed in many museums worldwide, including ''D. carnegii'' in a number of institutions.<ref name=carnegiemag/>
The project, along with its association with 'big science', [[philanthropism]], and capitalism, drew much public attention in Europe. The German satirical weekly ''[[Kladderadatsch]]'' devoted a poem to the dinosaur:
{|
|
:''Auch ein viel älterer Herr noch muß''
:''Den Wanderburschen spielen''
:''Er ist genannt Diplodocus''
:''und zählt zu den Fossilen''
:''Herr Carnegie verpackt ihn froh''
:''In riesengroße Archen''
:''Und schickt als Geschenk ihn so''
:''An mehrere Monarchen''<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=May 10, 1908|title=Die Wanderjahre|url=https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/kla1908/0319|magazine=[[Kladderadatsch]]|language=de|volume=61|page=319|access-date=November 15, 2021|archive-date=April 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422223810/https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/kla1908/0319|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
:But even a much older gent
:Sees itself forced to wander
:He goes by the name ''Diplodocus''
:And belongs among the fossils
:Mr. Carnegie packs him joyfully
:Into giant arks
:And sends him as gift
:To several monarchs
|
|}
"Le diplodocus" became a generic term for sauropods in French, much as "brontosaur" is in English.<ref>Russell, Dale A. (1988). ''An Odyssey in Time: the Dinosaurs of North America''. NorthWord Press, Minocqua, WI. p. 76.</ref>
''D. longus'' is displayed the [[Senckenberg Museum]] in [[Frankfurt]] (a skeleton made up of several specimens, donated in 1907 by the [[American Museum of Natural History]]), Germany.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sachs | first1 = Sven | year = 2001 | title = Diplodocus – Ein Sauropode aus dem Oberen Jura (Morrison-Formation) Nordamerikas | journal = Natur und Museum | volume = 131 | issue = 5| pages = 133–150 }}</ref><ref>Beasley, Walter (1907). "An American Dinosaur for Germany." ''The World Today'', August 1907: 846–849.</ref> A mounted and more complete skeleton of ''D. longus'' is at the Smithsonian [[National Museum of Natural History]] in Washington, DC,<ref name=dlongussmithsonian>"[http://paleobiology.si.edu/dinosaurs/ Dinosaur Collections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913035500/http://paleobiology.si.edu/dinosaurs/ |date=September 13, 2008 }}". National Museum of Natural History. 2008.</ref> while a mounted skeleton of ''D. hallorum'' (formerly ''Seismosaurus''), which may be the same as ''D. longus'', can be found at the [[New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science]].<ref name=dhalli>"[http://nmnaturalhistory.org/age-of-super-giants-hall.html Age of Giants Hall] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101202622/http://nmnaturalhistory.org/age-of-super-giants-hall.html |date=1 November 2013 }}". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.</ref>
A war machine (landship) from WW1 named [[Boirault machine]] was designed in 1915, later deemed impractical and hence given the nickname "''Diplodocus militaris''".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Socha |first1=Vladimír |title=Diplodocus militaris |url=https://www.osel.cz/11090-diplodocus-militaris.html |website=OSEL |language=Czech |date=March 23, 2020}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikispecies|Diplodocus}}
* [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/dino-directory/detail.dsml?Genus=Diplodocus ''Diplodocus'' in the Dino Directory]
* [http://www.mncn.csic.es/home800.php Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid]
* [http://www.antiquebooks.net/readpage.html Diplodocus Marsh, by J.B. Hatcher 1901] – Its Osteology, Taxonomy, and Probable Habits, with a Restoration of the Skeleton. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, Volume 1, Number 1, 1901. Full text, Free to read.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061229123136/http://skeletaldrawing.com/sauropods/sauropods.htm Skeletal restorations of diplodocids] including ''D. carnegii'', ''D. longus'', and ''D. hallorum'', from Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing website.
{{Sauropodomorpha|D.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q14330}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Diplodocidae]]
[[Category:Dinosaur genera]]
[[Category:Kimmeridgian dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Morrison Formation]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1878]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh]]
[[Category:Dinosaurs of the United States]]
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