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{{Short description|Earthquake in South Asia}}
[[Image:CondomUse.jpg|Map showing approximate ___location on the globe.]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
The '''[[Kashmir]] [[earthquake]]''' (also known as the '''Northern [[Pakistan]] earthquake''' or '''[[South Asia]] earthquake''') of 2005 was a major [[seismology|seismological]] disturbance (earthquake) that occurred at 08:50:38 Pakistan Standard Time (03:50:38 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], 09:20:38 India Standard Time, 08:50:38 local time at epicenter) on [[October 8]], [[2005]] with the [[epicenter]] in the Pakistan-administered region of the [[Territorial dispute|disputed territory]] of Kashmir. It registered 7.6 on the [[moment magnitude scale]] making it a major earthquake similar in intensity to the 1935 [[Quetta]] earthquake, the [[2001 Gujarat Earthquake]], and the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]].
{{Infobox earthquake
| name = 2005 Kashmir earthquake
| timestamp = 2005-10-08 03:50:40
| anss-url = usp000e12e
| isc-event = 7703077
| image = {{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=2/2/2|total_width=250
| image1= Destroyed building in Muzaffarabad after the earthquake (2005).jpg
| alt1=
| image2= US Navy 051021-F-9085B-053 Pakistani soldiers unload disaster relief supplies from a U.S. Navy MH-53 Sea Dragon helicopter at Balakot, Pakistan.jpg
| alt2=
| image3= US Navy 051121-F-2729L-001 Pakistani children play with a toy helicopter at Jabba Farm Tent Village in Shinkiari, Pakistan.jpg
| alt3=
| image4= US Navy 051119-M-7747B-002 U.S. Navy Hospitalman Timothy P. Granger holds a three-year-old Pakistani boy during a medical evacuation.jpg
| alt4=
| image5= US Navy 051012-N-8796S-241 A U.S. Army aircrew member sits in the ramp of a CH-47 Chinook helicopter as a UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter takes off below after dropping off emergency aid to the remote Pakistani village of Rawalakot.jpg
| alt5=
| image6= ErdbebenPakistan2005.jpg
| alt6=}}'''Clockwise from top left:''' {{flatlist|
* Destroyed building, [[Muzaffarabad]]
* Pakistani soldiers unload relief supplies from a U.S. Navy helicopter, [[Balakot]]
* U.S. Navy Hospitalman holds an injured three-year-old boy, [[Shinkiari]]
* Destroyed building, Nardjan
* U.S. Army helicopter takes off after dropping off emergency aid at Rawalakot Airport, [[Rawalakot]]
* A tent village built to house displaced earthquake survivors, [[Shinkiari]]
}}
| map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 = {{Location map+ | Pakistan
| places =
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=34.53|long=69.1|label_size=100|label=Kabul|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=33.74|long=73.07|label_size=100|label=Islamabad|position=bottom|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=28.61|long=77.20|label_size=100|label=Delhi|position=bottom|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=31.55|long=74.34|label_size=100|label=Lahore|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=34.45|long=73.65|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=40}}
| width = 250
| float = center
| caption =
| relief = yes }}
| local-date = 8 October 2005
| local-time = 08:50:39 [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]]
| duration = 60 seconds
| magnitude = 7.6 {{M|w|link=y}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
| depth = {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
| ___location = {{Coord|34.45|73.65|type:event_region:PK|display=inline,title}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
| type = [[Fault (geology)#Oblique-slip faults|Oblique-slip]]
| affected = [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Afghanistan]]
| damages =
| intensity = {{MMI|XI}}<ref name="Ali et. al">{{cite journal|author1=Zahid Ali|author2=Muhammad Qaisar|author3=Tariq Mahmood|author4=Muhammad Ali Shah|author5=Talat Iqbal|author6=Leonello Serva|author7=Alessandro M. Michetti|author8=Paul W. Burton|title=The Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, earthquake of 8 October 2005: surface faulting, environmental effects and macroseismic intensity|journal=Special Publications|year=2009|volume=316|issue=1|pages=155–172|doi=10.1144/SP316.9|url=https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/316/1/155?ck=nck|publisher=The Geological Society of London|bibcode=2009GSLSP.316..155A|s2cid=128469925|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627120757/https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/316/1/155?ck=nck|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
| pga = <!-- NN''[[Peak ground acceleration|g]]'' -->
| tsunami =
| landslide = Yes<ref name=Bulmer/>
| foreshocks =
| aftershocks = 5.9 {{M|w}} 8 Oct at 03:57<ref name=USGS1/> <br /> 5.8 {{M|w}} 8 Oct at 03:58<ref name=USGS2/> <br /> 6.4 {{M|w}} 8 Oct at 10:46<ref name=USGS3/>
| casualties = 74,640–88,714 dead<br /> 138,000 injured<ref name=":2"/> <br /> 2.8 million displaced<ref name=PAGER-CAT/>
}}
 
An earthquake occurred at {{tooltip|08:50:39 Pakistan Standard Time|03:50:39 GMT}} on 8 October 2005 in [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]], a territory under Pakistan. Its [[epicenter]] was 19&nbsp;km northeast of the city of [[Muzaffarabad]], and 90&nbsp;km north north-east of [[Islamabad]], the capital city of Pakistan, and also affected nearby [[Balakot]] in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and some areas of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. It registered a [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of 7.6 on the [[Richter scale]] and had a maximum [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XI (''Extreme''). The earthquake was also felt in [[Afghanistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[India]] and the [[Xinjiang]] region. The severity of the damage caused by the earthquake is attributed to severe upthrust. Although not the largest earthquake to hit this region in terms of magnitude it is considered the deadliest,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=The HJ/62/5 The Great Himalayan Earthquakes|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/62/5/the-great-himalayan-earthquakes/|access-date=2024-11-04|website=The HJ/62/5 The Great Himalayan Earthquakes}}</ref> surpassing the [[1935 Quetta earthquake]].<ref name="Dawn_Quetta_2005">{{cite web|date=25 October 2005|title=The great Quetta tragedy|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/25/fea.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027020142/http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/25/fea.htm|archive-date=27 October 2005|access-date=24 January 2022|newspaper=Dawn|___location=Pakistan}}</ref> It was the 5th deadliest natural disaster of the decade.<ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2024 |first=D. |last=Tin |display-authors=etal |title=Natural disasters: a comprehensive study using EMDAT database 1995–2022 |pages=255–260 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2023.11.017 |journal=Public Health |eissn=1476-5616 |volume=226|doi-access=free }}</ref> Sources indicate that the official death toll in this quake in [[Pakistan]] was between 73,276<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ali|first1=Imtiyaz|last2=Mir|first2=Abid Ali|last3=Jabeen|first3=Rohul|last4=Ahmad|first4=Muzafar|last5=Fazili|first5=Anjum|last6=Kaul|first6=Rauf-Ur Rashid|last7=Kumar|first7=Ratenesh|last8=Keshkar|first8=S.|date=January 2010|title=Morbidity pattern and impact of rehabilitative services in Earth quake victims of kashmir, India|journal=International Journal of Health Sciences|volume=4|issue=1|pages=59–67|issn=1658-7774|pmc=3068802|pmid=21475527}}</ref> and 87,350,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2006-02-28|title=The Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005: Impacts in Pakistan – Pakistan |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/kashmir-earthquake-october-8-2005-impacts-pakistan|access-date=2024-11-04|publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> with some estimates being as high as over 100,000 dead.<ref name=":0" /> In [[India]], 1,360 people were killed, while 6,266 people were injured,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-01|title=Kashmir earthquake of 2005|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Kashmir-earthquake-of-2005|access-date=2024-11-04|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> while four others died in Afghanistan.<ref name="AFGHAN"/> Nearly three and a half million people were left without shelter, and approximately 138,000 people were injured in the quake.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2005-12-13|title=Pakistan |website= Gift of the Givers Foundation|url=https://giftofthegivers.org/disaster-response/pakistan/779/|access-date=2024-11-04}}</ref>
As of [[21 October]], the Pakistani government's official death toll was 53,182 [http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/22/earthquake.htm] (including more than 13,000 killed in [[North West Frontier Province]]), with reports of 1,360 deaths in [[India]]n-administered region of Kashmir. Figures from the central government in Pakistan have been outstripped by estimates from regional officials placing the country's death toll at 79,318 [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20051019/ap_on_re_as/pakistan_quake_pk1_22;_ylt=AtKDIsHmlsPI.5bJOQgaSfPGe50v;_ylu=X3oDMTBiMW04NW9mBHNlYwMlJVRPUCUl]. Some estimate that the death toll could reach 100,000[http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,1280,-5348229,00.html].
 
==Earthquake==
Most of the affected areas are in mountainous regions and access is impeded by landslides that have blocked the roads. An estimated 3.3 million were left homeless in Pakistan. The UN reported that more than 4 million people are directly affected, as winter snows start. Many of them are at risk of dying from cold and the spread of disease. Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz made an appeal to survivors on [[26 October]] to come down to valleys and cities for relief. It has been estimated that damages incurred are well over 5 billion US dollars.
[[File:earthquake Information for Pakistan.png|thumb|left|200px|Map depicting regional tectonic plates]]
[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000087&sid=aH5Z2m5aPhRw&refer=top_world_news]
The region where the earthquake occurred crosses the political borders of Pakistan and India. This area has been prone to earthquakes for centuries, with the earliest recorded quake occurring in 1255 in [[Kathmandu]].<ref name="auto"/> The Kashmir valley is completely surrounded by mountains, with the valley floor being 1850 meters above sea level, but the encircling mountains reach heights of 3000–4000 meters. Its unique geography makes it particularly prone to natural disasters including floods, windstorms, avalanches and landslides, fires and droughts. It is, however, particularly prone to earthquakes as it lies on top of active geological faults where two tectonic plates, the large [[Eurasian plate|Eurasian]] and small [[India Plate|Indian tectonic plates]] collide. This collision forces the Indian plate under the Eurasian plate, causing movement of the earth's crust.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2008-10-22|title=When the Earth Moved Kashmir|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/KashmirEarthquake|access-date=2024-11-04|publisher=NASA Earth Observatory}}</ref>
[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9626146/]
[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-10/15/content_3620089.htm]
[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EGUA-6H2RYT?OpenDocument] [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/pakistan_quake;_ylt=AiCLA0EuD2jdJ4.1wvoymyDGe50v;_ylu=X3oDMTBiMW04NW9mBHNlYwMlJVRPUCUl].
 
The earthquake resulted in a {{cvt|75|km}} surface rupture.<ref name=":3" /> It triggered thousands of landslides, mainly rock falls, debris falls and a debris avalanche.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Owen |first1=Lewis A. |last2=Kamp |first2=Ulrich |last3=Khattak |first3=Ghazanfar A. |last4=Harp |first4=Edwin L. |last5=Keefer |first5=David K. |last6=Bauer |first6=Mark A. |date=February 2008 |title=Landslides triggered by the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169555X07001584 |journal=Geomorphology |language=en |volume=94 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.04.007|bibcode=2008Geomo..94....1O |url-access=subscription }}</ref> There were two significant landslides, one in Chella Bandi, Muzaffarabad, and another in the [[Pir Panjal Range]]. The letter is considered the largest earthquake-triggered landslide and formed a new lake.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Booth |first1=Edmund |last2=Wilkinson |first2=Sean |last3=Spence |first3=Robin |last4=Free |first4=Matthew |last5=Rossetto |first5=Tiziana |date=August 2011 |title=Eefit: the UK Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/feng.2011.164.3.117 |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Forensic Engineering |volume=164 |issue=3 |pages=117–123 |doi=10.1680/feng.2011.164.3.117 |issn=2043-9903|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=2005 Kashmir earthquake |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.yb080690 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=AccessScience|doi=10.1036/1097-8542.yb080690 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Over 140 [[Aftershock|aftershocks]] were recorded, many of at least 4.0 on the Richter scale, and 21 registering at over 5.0 on the Richter scale. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dworschak |first=Christoph |date=2021-01-05 |title=disastr.api: Wrapper for the UN OCHA ReliefWeb Disaster Events API |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.32614/cran.package.disastr.api |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=CRAN: Contributed Packages|doi=10.32614/cran.package.disastr.api |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The course of the [[Neelum River]] was altered by the landslides and the surface rupture. A new waterfall also formed at the edge of the [[Kunhar River]] valley. It was observed that new co-seismic [[escarpment]]s formed where sharp topographic changes existed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chini |first1=M. |last2=Cinti |first2=F. R. |last3=Stramondo |first3=S. |date=2011-03-25 |title=Co-seismic surface effects from very high resolution panchromatic images: the case of the 2005 Kashmir (Pakistan) earthquake |journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=931–943 |doi=10.5194/nhess-11-931-2011 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2011NHESS..11..931C |issn=1684-9981}}</ref> There are conflicting studies about the [[soil liquefaction]] aspects. This phenomenon and [[Sand boil|sand-blows]] were reported in the northwestern Kashmir Valley.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sana |first1=Hamid |last2=Nath |first2=Sankar Kumar |date=June 2016 |title=Liquefaction potential analysis of the Kashmir valley alluvium, NW Himalaya |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0267726116000634 |journal=Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering |language=en |volume=85 |pages=11–18 |doi=10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.03.009|bibcode=2016SDEE...85...11S |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Junqiang |last2=Wang |first2=Menghua |last3=Jiang |first3=Lide |last4=Xiong |first4=Xiaoxiong |date=2019-08-20 |title=NOAA-20 VIIRS polarization effect and its correction |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.58.006655 |journal=Applied Optics |volume=58 |issue=24 |pages=6655–6665 |doi=10.1364/ao.58.006655 |pmid=31503597 |bibcode=2019ApOpt..58.6655S |issn=1559-128X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, one study did not observe any liquefaction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Naseer |first1=Amjad |last2=Khan |first2=Akhtar Naeem |last3=Hussain |first3=Zakir |last4=Ali |first4=Qaisar |date=May 2010 |title=Observed Seismic Behavior of Buildings in Northern Pakistan during the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3383119 |journal=Earthquake Spectra |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=425–449 |doi=10.1193/1.3383119 |bibcode=2010EarSp..26..425N |issn=8755-2930|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
 
The earthquake had a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of XI (''Extreme'') evaluated in an area around the epicentre,<ref name="Ali et. al" /> between the towns of Muzaffarabad and Balakot. It was also assigned XI on the [[Environmental Seismic Intensity scale]]. Field surveys of heavy damage to buildings and other structures in Balakot determined that the Modified Mercalli intensity exceeded X. At Muzaffarabad, the intensity peaked at VIII–IX (''Severe–Violent''). Intensity VII–VIII (''Very strong–Severe'') was determined in the areas south of Muzaffarabad.<ref name="EERI1stReport">{{Cite web|title=First Report on the Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005|url=https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/kashmir_eeri_1st_report.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629222020/https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/kashmir_eeri_1st_report.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2006|website=eeri.org}}</ref>
[[Image:8oct05 sasia quake neic.jpg|thumb|440px|The quake was located near the city of Muzaffarabad; aftershocks have occurred to the northwest ([[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]).]]
 
The maximum intensity in India was VIII (''Destructive'') on the [[Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale]] (MSK), and was felt at [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]]. MSK VII was felt in [[Kupwara]] and [[Baramulla]]. In [[Srinagar]], the earthquake was felt with an MSK intensity of V. At areas where the seismic intensity was lower, collapses were documented.<ref name="EERI1stReport" /> The earthquake was felt throughout central Asia, and as far away as [[Dushanbe]], [[Tajikistan]]. Minor shaking was felt in [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=10&day=8&submit=View+Date | title=Today in Earthquake History | access-date=10 September 2023 | archive-date=6 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906174725/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=10&day=8&submit=View+Date | url-status=live }}</ref>
==The earthquake==
[[Image:Earthquake_Information_for_Pakistan.gif|left|thumb|220px|Map depicting tectonic plates shows Indian subcontinent and Eurasian landplate divide throughout Pakistan and Kashmir where earthquake activity is common.]]
 
Many strong aftershocks occurred near [[Muzaffarabad]].<ref>[http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/pak-in-panic-as-quake-rocks-kashmir/153050 "Pak in panic as quake rocks Kashmir"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208171252/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/pak-in-panic-as-quake-rocks-kashmir/153050 |date=8 December 2015 }} Reuters, ''The Financial Express'', 19 October 2005. Retrieved 23 February 2006.</ref> As of 27 October 2005<ref name=":4">[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KKEE-6HWRYR?OpenDocument "Pakistan: A summary report on Muzaffarabad earthquake"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209210139/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KKEE-6HWRYR?OpenDocument |date=9 February 2006 }} ''ReliefWeb'', 7 November 2005. Retrieved 23 February 2006.</ref> There had been more than 978 aftershocks with a magnitude of 4.0 and above that continued to occur daily. Since then, measurements from satellites have shown that mountain parts directly above the [[epicenter]] have risen by a few meters, giving ample proof that the Himalayas are still being formed and growing and that this earthquake was a consequence of that.<ref>BBC series: ''Earth: The Power of the Planet.'', part 1. ''Volcano''</ref> By the end of 2005, a total of 1,778 aftershocks were recorded.<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=4556441|year=2015|last1=Mahmood|first1=I.|last2=Qureshi|first2=S. N.|last3=Tariq|first3=S.|last4=Atique|first4=L.|last5=Iqbal|first5=M. F.|title=Analysis of Landslides Triggered by October 2005, Kashmir Earthquake|journal=PLOS Currents|volume=7|pages=ecurrents.dis.0bc3ebc5b8adf5c7fe9fd3d702d44a99|doi=10.1371/currents.dis.0bc3ebc5b8adf5c7fe9fd3d702d44a99|pmid=26366324|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Kashmir lies in the area where the [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian]] and [[India_Plate|Indian tectonic plates]] are colliding. Out of this collision, the [[Himalayas]] began 50 million years ago, and continue to rise by about 5 mm/year [http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/5112/bio.html]. This geological activity is the cause of the earthquakes in the area.
The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) measured its magnitude as 7.6 on the [[Moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude scale]], with its [[epicenter]] at {{coor dms|34|29|35|N|73|37|44|E|}}, about 19 km (11.8 miles) northeast of [[Muzaffarabad]], Pakistan [http://www.google.com/maps?q=34.493%C2%B0N,+73.629%C2%B0E&amp;spn=0.240320,0.532940&amp;t=h&amp;iwloc=A&amp;hl=en], and 100 km (65 miles) north-northeast of [[Islamabad]] (Pakistan). The [[hypocenter]] was located at a depth of 26 km (16.2 miles) below the surface ([http://earthquake.usgs.gov/recenteqsww/Quakes/usdyae.htm USGS]). The [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] gave it a magnitude of 7.8. The earthquake is classified as "major" by the USGS. (By comparison, the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] had a magnitude of 9.15.)
 
==Damage and casualties==
The earthquake caused widespread destruction in northern Pakistan, as well as damage in [[Afghanistan]] and northern [[India]]. The worst hit areas were Pakistan-administered Kashmir, Pakistan's [[North-West Frontier Province]] (NWFP), and western and southern parts of the Kashmir valley in the Indian-administered Kashmir. It also affected some parts of the Pakistani province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and the city of [[Karachi]] experienced a minor [[aftershock]] of magnitude 4.6.
[[File:Muzaffarabad - 2005 Kashmir earthquake.jpg|thumb|[[Muzaffarabad]] after the earthquake]]
 
The earthquake occurred during a school day in the region, most students were at school when the earthquake struck. In total, approximately 19,000 victims in Pakistan were students who died when their schools collapsed.<ref name=":2" /> Many were also trapped in their homes and because it was during [[Ramadan]], most people took naps after their pre-dawn meal and did not have time to escape. Women made up a larger portion of casualties as many were inside cleaning after the morning meal.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Hamilton|first1=Jennifer Parker|last2=Halvorson|first2=Sarah J.|date=November 2007|title=The 2005 Kashmir Earthquake: A Perspective on Women's Experiences|url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1659/mrd.0945|journal=Mountain Research and Development|volume=27|issue=4|pages=296–301|doi=10.1659/mrd.0945|issn=0276-4741}}</ref>
There have been many secondary earthquakes in the region, mainly to the northwest of the original epicenter. 147 [[aftershock]]s were registered in the first day after the initial massive quake that hit at 8:52 am, one of which had a magnitude of 6.2 [http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/bulletin/neic_dya2.html] (a tremor of magnitude six is rated as a "strong" earthquake). Twenty-eight occurred with a magnitude greater than five during four days after the principal quake and even eleven days after, there were still major quakes. For example, on [[19 October]] there were a series of strong aftershocks one with a magnitude of 5.8 [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/recenteqsww/Quakes/usejae.htm], which occurred about 65 km (40.5 miles) north northwest of [[Muzaffarabad]] [http://www.financialexpress.com/latest_full_story.php?content_id=106055]. (See [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/recenteqsww/Maps/10/75_35_eqs.html USGS] for a list of recent aftershocks.)
 
Hospitals, schools, and rescue services, including police and armed forces, were paralysed. There was virtually no infrastructure, and communication was badly affected. Local building construction practices, poor workmanship, economic constraints and design flaws<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIT Kanpur|url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/new/index.php?option=com_googlesearchcse&n=30&cx=009455965416698152613:u4qiytmttne&cof=FORID:11&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=EERI+SPECIAL+EARTHQUAKE&sa=Search&hl=en&safe=active&cr=countryIN|access-date=2024-11-04|website=iitk.ac.in}}</ref> meant that almost 780,000 buildings were destroyed or damaged beyond repair.{{cn|date=November 2024}} The Pakistani government's official death toll as of November 2005 stood at 87,350, although it is estimated that the death toll could have reached over 100,000. Approximately 138,000 people were injured, and over 3.5 million were rendered homeless. The earthquake affected more than 500,000 families, and cold weather increased the death toll for those who survived the earthquake, but were displaced and homeless.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Cold kills survivors of Kashmir quake|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/11/29/cold-kills-survivors-of-kashmir-quake|access-date=2024-11-04|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>
==Casualties==
{{2005 Kashmir earthquake casualties}}
Most of the casualties resulting from the earthquake were in Pakistan where the official death toll has topped 79,000 and is expected to continue to rise, putting it higher than the massive scale of destruction of the [[Quetta]] earthquake of [[May 31]], [[1935]] [http://asc-india.org/gq/19350531_quetta.htm]. 1,300 deaths have also been confirmed in India. [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20051019/ap_on_re_as/pakistan_quake_pk1_22;_ylt=AtKDIsHmlsPI.5bJOQgaSfPGe50v;_ylu=X3oDMTBiMW04NW9mBHNlYwMlJVRPUCUl]
 
At least 1,350 people were killed and 6,266 injured in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Kashmir-earthquake-of-2005|title=Kashmir earthquake of 2005|date=October 2023|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=6 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906174834/https://www.britannica.com/event/Kashmir-earthquake-of-2005|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/27/world/asia/twentytwo-tetanus-deaths-reported-in-pakistan-quake-zone.html|title=Twenty-two tetanus deaths reported in Pakistan quake zone|work=The New York Times|date=27 October 2005|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901013125/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/27/world/asia/twentytwo-tetanus-deaths-reported-in-pakistan-quake-zone.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/10/16/relief-helicopter-crashes-in-pakistan|title=pakistan toll at 38000 is expected to rise|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=6 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906174725/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/10/16/relief-helicopter-crashes-in-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] there were over 150 deaths.<ref name="REUTERS_1008">{{Cite web |date=8 October 2005 |title=Big quake hits subcontinent; thousands feared dead |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/SP251100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013063419/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/SP251100.htm |archive-date=13 October 2005 |access-date=28 February 2023 |agency=Reuters}}</ref> Four deaths were reported in [[Afghanistan]], including a young girl who died in [[Jalalabad]] after a wall collapsed on her. The quake was felt in [[Kabul]], but the effects were minimal there.<ref name="AFGHAN">{{cite news|title=Pakistan puts quake toll at 18,000|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/10/08/quake.pakistan/index.html|access-date=10 August 2024|publisher=CNN|date=9 October 2005|archive-date=10 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810035321/https://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/10/08/quake.pakistan/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
As Saturday is a normal school day in the region, most students were at schools when the earthquake struck. Many were buried under collapsed school buildings. Many people were also trapped in their homes and, because it was the month of [[Ramadan]], most people were taking a nap after their pre-dawn meal and did not have time to escape during the quake. Reports indicate that entire towns and villages were completely wiped out in Northern Pakistan with other surrounding areas also suffering severe damage.
 
More than 780,000 buildings were destroyed or damaged beyond repair.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |date=2006-08-01 |title=ReliefWeb |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504120610687209 |journal=Reference Reviews |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=28–29 |doi=10.1108/09504120610687209 |issn=0950-4125|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In [[Balakot]], about 90% of the buildings in the city were reduced to rubble, and in Muzaffarabad, almost every building was either destroyed or damaged.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simons |first=Sandra Scott |date=July 2024 |title=EM's Broken Promises |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.eem.0001026360.36906.02 |journal=Emergency Medicine News |volume=46 |issue=7 |pages=10 |doi=10.1097/01.eem.0001026360.36906.02 |issn=1054-0725|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2005-03-16 |title=Post-Tsunami Relief Efforts |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.11.1316-b |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=11 |pages=1316 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.11.1316-b |issn=0098-7484|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In Uri, over 50% of the buildings were reportedly damaged after a short circuit resulted in a fire.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=von Schreeb |first1=Johan |last2=Legha |first2=Jaswinder K. |last3=Karlsson |first3=Niklas |last4=Garfield |first4=Richard |date=June 2013 |title=Information for Action? Analysis of 2005 South Asian Earthquake Reports Posted on Reliefweb |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/dmp.2010.36 |journal=Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=251–256 |doi=10.1001/dmp.2010.36 |pmid=23103394 |issn=1935-7893|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Around 574 health facilities were reported to have been partially damaged or destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Worldbank |date=8 November 2017 |title=Pakistan Development Update |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/386771510146349984/pdf/121027-WP-P164910-PUBLIC-11-9-17-12am-PDU-Fall-2017-Online.pdf |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=openknowledge.worldbank.org}}</ref> In Pakistan, around 320 health institutions were destroyed and 44 were partially damaged.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 2006 |title=Health Aspects of Disaster Preparedness and Response: Report from a Regional Meeting of Countries of South East Asia Bangkok, Thailand, 21–23 November 2005 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00015958 |journal=Prehospital and Disaster Medicine |volume=21 |issue=S3 |pages=s62–s78 |doi=10.1017/s1049023x00015958 |issn=1049-023X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The resulting landslides from the earthquake affected transport, with closure of essential roads and highways.<ref name=":10" /> Sections of a road and pavement in a major route in Muzaffarabad collapsed.<ref name=":8" /> Many bridges were damaged, with the largest damaged bridge in Balakot. Several other bridges in the [[Jhelum Valley (Kashmir)|Jhelum Valley]] (Kashmir) were also damaged. The bridges in Muzaffarabad were not damaged except for a pedestrian suspension bridge north of the city which collapsed.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last1=Arashida |first1=Ryoko |last2=Ozawa |first2=Kazumasa |date=2019 |title=Modeling and Transactions in Non-Designated City Reconstruction Areas After the Great Hansin-Awaji Earthquake, and Its Applications for the Impending Tokyo Inland Earthquake |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejipm.75.250 |journal=Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. D3 (Infrastructure Planning and Management) |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=250–261 |doi=10.2208/jscejipm.75.250 |bibcode=2019JSCIP..75..250A |issn=2185-6540}}</ref> 3,994 water supply systems were destroyed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ekoh |first1=Prince Chiagozie |last2=Walsh |first2=Christine A. |date=April 2024 |title=Valuable Beyond Vulnerable: A Scoping Review on the Contributions of Older Forced Migrants in Post-migration Recovery |journal=International Journal of Disaster Risk Science |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=186–197 |doi=10.1007/s13753-024-00549-7 |bibcode=2024IJDRS..15..186E |issn=2095-0055|doi-access=free }}</ref> In Muzaffarabad and Balakot, the electricity network was destroyed. In Balakot, some pylons were tilted.<ref name=":11" /> The [[GSM]] network withstood the impact of the earthquake better. In both towns, the [[Mobilink]] operator was functional, but was saturated and experienced intermittent signal, and was therefore unreliable. In contrast, landline telephone infrastructure was completely destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmir Earthquake |url=https://www.tsfi.org/en/our-missions/disaster-response/kashmir-earthquake-pakistan |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Télécoms Sans Frontières |language=en}}</ref> It was estimated that about 40% of telecommunication exchanges, and 15% of telephone lines in Azad Jammu and Kashmir were disrupted. In the [[North-West Frontier Province]](presently known as [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], though excluding a few areas of present [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|KPK]]), it was estimated that 30% of exchanges and 8% of lines were disrupted.<ref name=":12" />
"...a second, massive wave of death will happen if we do not step up our efforts now”, Kofi Annan said on [[20 October]] with reference to the thousand remote villages in which people are in need of medical attention, food, clean water and shelter and the hundred and twenty thousand survivors that have not yet been reached [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1835627,00.html].
 
==Local response==
Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz "made the appeal to survivors" on [[26 October]] to come down to valleys and cities for relief[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000087&sid=aH5Z2m5aPhRw&refer=top_world_news], because bad weather, mountainous terrain, landslides and blocked roads are making it difficult for relief workers to reach each house and the winter snows are imminent.
Immediately after the earthquake, local residents and organizations responded to emergency needs. The government and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) coordinated relief efforts, distributing food, water and medical supplies.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Raina|first=Sajid|title=Is Kashmir prepared for its next major quake?|url=https://www.fairplanet.org/story/kashmir-earthquake-building-code-hydropower/|access-date=2024-11-04|website=FairPlanet}}</ref> Many individuals and communities provided assistance spontaneously.<ref name=":6" /> People opened their homes to those displaced. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 2018 |title=Publisher Information |journal=Mountain Research and Development |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=190 |doi=10.1659/0276-4741-36.3.190 |issn=0276-4741|doi-access=free }}</ref> In the initial phases of response, the Pakistan Medical corps, Corps of Engineers, Army Aviation and many infantry units were heavily involved. Helicopters conducted aerial reconnaissance and delivered essential supplies to remote areas while infantry units engaged in search and rescue operations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Jane Murphy |title=Making Things Happen: Community Participation and Disaster Reconstruction in Pakistan |date=2022 |publisher=Berghahn Books, Incorporated |isbn=978-1-80073-281-0 |edition=1st |series=Catastrophes in Context Series |___location=New York, NY}}</ref>
 
The collective action of local residents, government agencies, and NGOs was instrumental in providing immediate relief and setting the stage for long-term recovery and reconstruction. Medical rehabilitation services swiftly intervened, providing assistive devices and customized prosthetics to facilitate the early recovery of injured individuals' functional abilities and psychological states.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Durrani|first1=Ahmad J.|last2=Elnashai|first2=Amr S.|last3=Hashash|first3=Youssef M. A.|last4=Kim|first4=Sung Jig|last5=Masud|first5=Arif|date=December 2005|title=The Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005: A Quick Look Report|url=https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/8886|journal=MAE Center CD Release 05-04}}</ref> The MST Military Hospital, equipped with 12 beds and a team of experienced specialists, provided urgent medical and surgical care for post-disaster casualties. This rapid response accelerated the rehabilitation process, ensuring that victims received timely and professional medical support even under extreme conditions.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Jane Murphy |title=Making things happen: community participation and disaster reconstruction in Pakistan |date=2022 |publisher= |isbn=978-1-80073-281-0 |___location=New York}}</ref>
===Confirmed casualties===
*49,739 have died, the injured around 74,000, Major General Farooq Ahmad Khan told a news conference on Thursday 20 October. [http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20051020/wl_sthasia_afp/quakesasiapakistantoll_051020112616;_ylt=Ah6zlvoYxRx0rmDnEvK7BKfGe50v;_ylu=X3oDMTBiMW04NW9mBHNlYwMlJVRPUCUl]
* "At least 40,000 people had been killed and 42,397 people had been hurt", Pakistani Interior Minister [[Aftab Sherpao]] said. He also added that "around 11,000 of the dead were in [[Muzaffarabad]]" [http://www.afp.com/english/news/stories/051009113808.mrxeo6hp.html].
*13,000 confirmed deaths in Pakistan's North West Frontier Province.
*This report was previously attributed to [[CNN]], which "has not confirmed that figure". Later, the Pakistani-controlled Kashmir region's [[Minister for Works and Communication]], [[Tariq Farooq]], told [[AFP]] that more than 30,000 people have died in Kashmir. [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20051009/ap_on_re_as/pakistan_quake;_ylt=AvOmp8mVeFkhyELYtRaBTghn.3QA;_ylu=X3oDMTA4NTMzazIyBHNlYwMxNjk2] [http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&amp;u=/afp/20051009/wl_sthasia_afp/quakesasiapakistankashmirtoll_051009071744]
*1,300 people perished and 4,500 were injured in the quake that flattened or damaged 32,000 houses in [[Jammu and Kashmir]], according to Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] in latest press reports [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1260429.cms].
*250 bodies have been recovered in Pakistani-controlled [[Azad Kashmir]] according to authorities from [[Muzaffarabad]].
*Around 500 female students were killed when the roof of their school collapsed (Northern Pakistan).
*432 Pakistani [[soldier]]s were killed on duty in Pakistan.
*16 Indian soldiers were killed in a [[bunker]] collapse in [[Uri (India)|Uri]] sector of [[Kupwara]].
*At least 39 people were killed and over 150 others are being treated for injuries in [[Srinagar_%28city%29| Srinagar]]'s [[SMHS]] [[hospital]].
*According to Pakistani Information Minister [[Sheikh Rashid Ahmad]], one girl has been killed when a school collapsed in [[Rawalpindi]] in Pakistan and another 200-250 are feared dead. According to a NDTV report, one person died in [[Baramulla]] in India's Jammu and Kashmir state when a building collapsed.
*Initial reports said that the quake was felt in [[Delhi]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and [[Jammu]], Afghanistan, and Kashmir. At least 15 people were injured and four shops damaged.
*According to the [[Associated Press]], at least a dozen people were injured and dozens more were feared trapped in the rubble of a 19-story collapsed building, reported earlier, in Islamabad.
*In Pakistani Punjab state, shops and houses collapsed and rescuers cut through rubble to find survivors.
*Two people were killed, including a five-year-old boy, in the border district of [[Gurdaspur District|Gurdaspur]], Indian Punjab.
 
==International response==
===Estimated casualties===
Well over US$5.4 billion (400 billion [[Pakistani rupee]]s)<ref>{{cite web|title=The Pakistan Earthquake of October 2005: A Reminder of Human-Science Interaction in Natural Disasters Risk Management|author=Amr S. Elnashai|url=http://www.ips.uiuc.edu/ilint/mt/iir/online/2006/11/the_pakistan_earthquake_of_oct.html|work=The Illinois International Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029170810/http://www.ips.uiuc.edu/ilint/mt/iir/online/2006/11/the_pakistan_earthquake_of_oct.html|archive-date=29 October 2007|url-status=dead|date=6 November 2006|access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> in aid arrived from all around the world. US Marine and Army helicopters stationed in neighbouring [[Afghanistan]] quickly flew aid into the devastated region along with five [[CH-47 Chinook]] helicopters from the [[Royal Air Force]] that were deployed from the United Kingdom. Five crossing points were opened on the [[Line of Control]] (LOC), between India and Pakistan, to facilitate the flow of humanitarian and medical aid to the affected region, and aid teams from different parts of Pakistan and around the world came to the region to assist in relief efforts.<ref name=bloomberg1>[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000087&sid=aH5Z2m5aPhRw&refer=top_world_news "Pakistan Asks Quake Survivors to Leave Mountains Before Winter"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906174839/https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=3fbdc964-6c78-11ef-aa42-b679094a50c3&url=L2FwcHMvbmV3cz9waWQ9MTAwMDAwODcmc2lkPWFINVoybTVhUGhSdyZyZWZlcj10b3Bfd29ybGRfbmV3cw== |date=6 September 2024 }} (''[[Bloomberg News]]''), 26 October 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref><ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna9626146 "New figures put quake toll at more than 79,000"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102165050/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna9626146 |date=2 November 2020 }} AP, NBC News, 19 October 2005. Retrieved 23 February 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KHII-6J93HT?OpenDocument "South Asia Earthquake: Fact Sheet #25 (FY 2006)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209210200/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KHII-6J93HT?OpenDocument |date=9 February 2006 }} ''[[ReliefWeb]]'', 17 November 2005. Retrieved 23 February 2006.</ref>
*Maj. Gen. Farooq Ahmed Khan said on Pakistan's Geo television "Some people fear that the death toll could be 100,000 and they may be right." ([[16 October]]) [http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1220755]
 
The [[United Nations Development Programme]] coordinated responses, rebuilt shelters, schools and health facilities. The [[United Nations Population Fund]] deployed nine mobile medical units, provided reproductive health services for one million people and focused on pregnant women and children. The [[UNICEF]] distributed school kits for 140,000 children, established 70 child-friendly spaces and reopened 487 schools. The [[World Food Programme]] provided emergency food, including high-energy biscuits. The [[World Health Organization]] delivered medical equipment, health kits and set up a disease early warning system. The [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] managed 37 camps, distributing tents, blankets and supplies. The [[International Organization for Migration]] helped 14,000 families return home, providing transport and food. The [[OCHA]] initiated rescue operations, launched a $550 million fundraising appeal and conducted environmental assessments. The United Nations Humanitarian Air Service delivered 28,000 tons of relief supplies to remote areas using helicopters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shah |first=Syed Muhammad Ali |date=2006 |title=The United Nations and the 8 October Earthquake |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43615510 |journal=Pakistan Horizon |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=89–108 |jstor=43615510 |issn=0030-980X}}</ref>
==Damage==
===Pakistan===
*[http://ptv.com.pk/webptv/top-story.asp Pakistani television] reports widespread severe damage to [[Balakot]] (almost completely wiped out), [[Garhi Habibullah]], [[Rawalakot]] , and [[Muzaffarabad]] (near the epicenter) where 30,000 are thought to have died. The Pakistani Army spokesman, Major General Shaukat Sultan, told a press conference on 10 October that reports of damage in Rawalakot were exaggerated; 90 percent of the garrison city is still standing.
*The quake triggered landslides, burying entire villages and roads in many areas of [[North-West Frontier Province]] and Pakistan-administered Kashmir.
*Hundreds of thousands of buildings are thought to have collapsed or sustained severe damage.
*One of two residential towers (Margalla Towers in F-10 sector, Islamabad), believed to contain up to sixty apartments each, collapsed in the earthquake in Islamabad. Pakistani government officials at the site stated the number of people affected by the collapse was in the hundreds, most of who are feared dead. Efforts by rescue workers are ongoing. Over fifty-two people were rescued from the collapsed residential "Marghalla Towers".
 
The [[International Rescue Committee]] (IRC) responded swiftly, providing emergency food, medical care, and shelter. They treated thousands of survivors in makeshift clinics, ensured access to clean water and sanitation, and established child-friendly spaces to aid psychological recovery. Before winter, the IRC distributed warm clothing and bedding and assisted in rebuilding homes and infrastructure, supporting long-term recovery efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-05 |title=Responding to the most destructive earthquake in Pakistan's history |url=https://www.rescue.org/article/responding-most-destructive-earthquake-pakistans-history |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=International Rescue Committee |language=en}}</ref>
[http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200510/s1477724.htm]. A team from the [[International Rescue Corps]] at the site said they located three more victims on the Sunday morning using audio detection equipment after the difficult task of arranging total silence at the crowded rescue site.
*[[Karakoram highway]] is blocked at several points, hindering relief efforts.
*Damage to buildings and several casualties have been reported in surrounding provinces of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Balochistan]].
 
The [[World Bank]], with the [[Asian Development Bank]], estimated reconstruction costs at $3.5 billion, providing financial and technical support for infrastructure, particularly in housing, education, and health, while promoting transparency and disaster risk reduction.<ref>''Pakistan - 2005 earthquake preliminary damage and needs assessment (English).'' Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group. Retrieved from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/710481468284380489/pdf/34407.pdf</ref> The [[International Monetary Fund]] helped stabilize Pakistan's economy by offering financial aid to manage fiscal pressures from emergency relief and reconstruction, ensuring economic stability and the efficient management of international aid.<ref>International Monetary Fund. (2005). ''Pakistan: 2005 Article IV Consultation and Ex-Post Assessment of Longer-Term Program Engagement'' (IMF Country Report No. 05/409). Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2005/cr05409.pdf</ref>
===India===
*1,500 houses were destroyed in [[Uri (India)|Uri]]. About 90% of the families living in the town, which has a population of 30,000, were affected by the quake. [http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_10-10-2005_pg4_13]
*More than 1,100 houses were flattened in Jammu and Kashmir. The main [[minaret]] of the [[Hazratbal]] shrine, which houses a [[relic]] of the [[Prophet Muhammad]] was damaged. [http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/08quake.htm (Rediff)]
*The 200-year-old [[Moti Mahal]] [[fort]] in [[Poonch (Rawalakot)|Poonch district]], Kashmir, collapsed. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4321490.stm (BBC News)]
*Buildings in Delhi and [[Amritsar]] were damaged, and tremors caused panic in [[Gujarat]].
*The tremors were also felt in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttaranchal]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]].
*There were over 1800 dead.
 
Countries worldwide responded quickly with financial and logistical aid. For instance, [[Saudi Arabia]] contributed a $133 million aid package, including emergency supplies and medical teams, and institutionalized its support through SPAPEV.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-29 |title=Saudi gives 133 million dollars aid to Pakistan |url=http://lebanonwire.com/1005/05101509AFP.asp |access-date=2024-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129040507/http://lebanonwire.com/1005/05101509AFP.asp |archive-date=29 November 2011|work=Lebanonwire }}</ref> China provided $6.2 million in aid, deployed a 49-member rescue team with sniffer dogs, and sent US$1 million in cash and the first batch of rescue materials for immediate relief.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-12 |title=China CRIENGLISH |url=http://en.chinabroadcast.cn/2238/2005-10-10/148@276019.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712231652/http://en.chinabroadcast.cn/2238/2005-10-10/148@276019.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-12 |access-date=2024-11-28 }}</ref> Turkey delivered $150 million in aid, sent 30 aircraft with medical teams and relief goods, and built tent cities for 70,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-10-21 |title=Turkey offers $150m relief |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/162218/turkey-offers-150m-relief |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-02-11 |title=TURKIYE KIZILAY DERNEGI|website=Turkish Red Crescent Society |url=http://eng.kizilay.org.tr/articles/detail/detail3.asp?id=221 |access-date=2024-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211021530/http://eng.kizilay.org.tr/articles/detail/detail3.asp?id=221 |archive-date=11 February 2006 }}</ref> [[Cuba]] dispatched 2,260 health professionals, set up 32 field hospitals, supplied 234.5 tons of medicines, and offered 1,000 free medical scholarships to Pakistani students from rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-09-09 |title=Cuba to Leave MASH Units with Earthquake Ravaged Pakistan |url=http://www.periodico26.cu/english/health/units032206.htm |access-date=2024-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909205924/http://www.periodico26.cu/english/health/units032206.htm |archive-date=9 September 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-05-14 |title=Cuba gives Pakistan 30 mobile field hospitals - Cuba Culture News - Havana Journal |newspaper=Havana Journal |url=http://havanajournal.com/culture/entry/cuba-gives-pakistan-30-mobile-field-hospitals/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514205507/http://havanajournal.com/culture/entry/cuba-gives-pakistan-30-mobile-field-hospitals/ |archive-date=14 May 2006 |last1=Com |first1=Havanajournal }}</ref>
===Afghanistan===
*A death was reported as far away as Afghanistan. A young girl died in Jalalabad after a wall collapsed on her. The quake was felt in [[Kabul]], but the effects were minimal [http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/10/08/quake.pakistan/?section=cnn_topstories]. Three people are reported to have died in Afghanistan, less than in a more recent minor earthquake [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20051023/ap_on_re_as/afghan_quake_3].
 
Numerous NGOs, including [[Médecins Sans Frontières]], [[Save the Children]] and [[Oxfam]] provided medical care, clean drinking water and temporary housing. They were crucial in addressing the psychological and social needs of affected communities, especially for vulnerable groups like children and the elderly.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Access to Disaster Services |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j079v30n02_03 |access-date=2024-11-26 |journal=Journal of Social Service Research |doi=10.1300/j079v30n02_03 | date=2003 | last1=Zakour | first1=Michael J. | last2=Harrell | first2=Evelyn B. | volume=30 | issue=2 | pages=27–54 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Gift of the Givers|The Gift of the Givers Foundation]], for example, concentrated on delivering food, water, and medical supplies to remote areas that were difficult to access.<ref name=":2" />
==Rescue and relief operations==
Relief efforts in many remote villages are hampered, as roads are buried in rubble and many affected areas remain inaccessible. Heavy equipment is needed to clear the roads and to rescue survivors buried under the earthquake wreckage, as many rescuers are still picking the rubble with [[pickaxe]]s and their bare hands, looking for survivors.
 
Despite substantial aid, logistical difficulties hindered efficient relief efforts. Limited infrastructure, combined with harsh weather and mountainous terrain, delayed the transport of supplies to remote areas. Additionally, coordination challenges among different organizations sometimes led to resource duplication and gaps in critical areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Comparison of Seismic Vulnerability of Buildings before and after 2005 Kashmir Earthquake |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.81.1.85 |access-date=2024-11-26 |journal=Seismological Research Letters |doi=10.1785/gssrl.81.1.85 | date=2010 | last1=Maqsood | first1=S. T. | last2=Schwarz | first2=J. | volume=81 | issue=1 | pages=85–98 | bibcode=2010SeiRL..81...85M | url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Rescue effort are also affected by the numerous [[aftershock]]s that continue to rattle the region and put rescue workers in danger as they search through the wreckage for survivors. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,1280,-5340916,00.html]
 
The 100,000 and more injured suffered from fractures, crush injuries and lacerations. Healthcare facilities were inundated, and makeshift field hospitals were quickly established. However, the lack of adequate facilities, supplies and skilled personnel significantly hampered medical response efforts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chadda|first1=Rakesh Kumar|last2=Malhotra|first2=Anil|last3=Kaw|first3=Nanaji|last4=Singh|first4=Jaspreet|last5=Sethi|first5=Hem|date=December 2007|title=Mental Health Problems following the 2005 Earthquake in Kashmir: Findings of Community-Run Clinics|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1049023X00005409/type/journal_article|journal=Prehospital and Disaster Medicine|volume=22|issue=6|pages=541–545|doi=10.1017/S1049023X00005409|pmid=18709944|issn=1049-023X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Temporary shelters and overcrowded camps coupled with inadequate access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities, led to outbreaks of respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases and [[measles]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=Charlotte Christiane |last2=Brainard |first2=Julii |last3=Hunter |first3=Paul R. |date=2018-07-01 |title=Risk factors and risk factor cascades for communicable disease outbreaks in complex humanitarian emergencies: a qualitative systematic review |url=https://gh.bmj.com/content/3/4/e000647 |journal=BMJ Global Health |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=e000647 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000647 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=6038842 |pmid=30002920}}</ref> Respiratory infections were notably prevalent, exacerbated by the cold weather in the region, and poor insulation in camps.<ref>{{Citation |title=Phenomenological theory of deformation |date=2008-01-22 |work=Deformation of Earth Materials |pages=34–48 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511804892.004 |access-date=2024-11-28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511804892.004 |isbn=978-0-521-84404-8 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
In many areas there is no power, or adequate food or water; there is also the danger of disease spreading [http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/10/11/quake.asia/], including [[measles]]. Distributing relief supplies to the victims is especially urgent as the victims face the risk of exposure to cold weather due to the region's high [[altitude]] and the approaching [[winter]]. Food, medicine supplies, tents and blankets have been identified by relief workers as essential items. [http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/219070/112894718548.htm] On [[October 10]], the [[United Nations]] warned that the earthquake left 2.5 million people homeless and they are in need of shelter. The UN made an appeal to raise US$272 million to help victims.
 
The earthquake caused significant psychological trauma for survivors who endured the sudden loss of family members, homes and livelihoods. This experience triggered acute stress reactions in many individuals, including [[Anxiety disorder|anxiety]], [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and later, [[post-traumatic stress disorder]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=PACTT: Pakistan–Aberdeen Collaborative Trauma Team*|last2=Rana|first2=Brigadier Mowadat H.|last3=Ali|first3=Sohail|last4=Yusufi|first4=Babur|last5=Alexander|first5=David A.|last6=Klein|first6=Susan|last7=Lee|first7=Amanda J.|last8=Jones|first8=Gareth T.|last9=Macfarlane|first9=Gary|date=April 2008|title=The psychological and psychosocial impact of the Pakistan Kashmir earthquake after 8 months: a preliminary evaluation by PACTT|journal=International Psychiatry |volume=5|issue=2|pages=43–46|doi=10.1192/S1749367600005609|issn=1749-3676|pmc=6734819|pmid=31507939}}</ref> The lack of mental health infrastructure in the affected areas compounded these problems as there were few resources available for trauma counselling or psychological support. Mental health clinics set up by non-governmental organisations provided some relief, but the support was often short lived to limited funding and resources.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=PACTT: Pakistan–Aberdeen Collaborative Trauma Team* |last2=Rana |first2=Brigadier Mowadat H. |last3=Ali |first3=Sohail |last4=Yusufi |first4=Babur |last5=Alexander |first5=David A. |last6=Klein |first6=Susan |last7=Lee |first7=Amanda J. |last8=Jones |first8=Gareth T. |last9=Macfarlane |first9=Gary |date=April 2008 |title=The psychological and psychosocial impact of the Pakistan Kashmir earthquake after 8 months: a preliminary evaluation by PACTT |journal=International Psychiatry |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=43–46 |doi=10.1192/S1749367600005609 |issn=1749-3676 |pmc=6734819 |pmid=31507939}}</ref>
On [[October 13]], [[snow]] started to fall on the Indian side of Kashmir. Many regions are facing an increasing threat of being cut off from help as snow forces closures of even more roads in the mountainous region. [http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000087&amp;sid=aQpm_oWgD8kY&amp;refer=top_world_news]
 
In terms of non-communicable diseases, increased rates of [[hypertension]], [[diabetes]] and [[cardiovascular disease]] were observed as access to routine health care services became severely disrupted. This disruption meant that individuals with chronic illnesses struggled to obtain necessary medications and medical care, leading to poor disease management and subsequent health complications.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Başoǧlu|first1=Metin|last2=Şalcioǧlu|first2=Ebru|last3=Livanou|first3=Maria|date=August 2002|title=Traumatic stress responses in earthquake survivors in Turkey|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1023/A%3A1016241826589|journal=Journal of Traumatic Stress|volume=15|issue=4|pages=269–276|doi=10.1023/A:1016241826589|pmid=12224798|issn=0894-9867|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Long term mental health impact was also significant. Research conducted years after the earthquake found that many survivors were still experiencing symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety disorders. These persistent psychological effects highlight the limited access to mental health resources in the affected regions and the cultural barriers preventing individuals from seeking mental health support.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ali|first1=Niloufer S.|last2=Ali|first2=Badar S.|last3=Azam|first3=Iqbal S.|last4=Khuwaja|first4=Ali K.|date=2010-07-19|title=Effectiveness of counseling for anxiety and depression in mothers of children ages 0-30 months by community workers in Karachi, Pakistan: a quasi experimental study|journal=BMC Psychiatry|volume=10|issue=1|pages=57|doi=10.1186/1471-244X-10-57|doi-access=free|issn=1471-244X|pmc=2912800|pmid=20642820}}</ref>
===Pakistan===
In Northern Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir, the [[Pakistan Army]] has been directed to extend all out help to the civilian population in the quake-hit areas. All civilian and military hospitals have been directed to deal with the situation on an emergency basis. The [[President of Pakistan|President]] and the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] have appealed to the nation to remain calm in the face of the calamity and asked the concerned authorities to carry out an immediate assessment of the extent of damage caused by it.
 
== Health consequences ==
The Government of Pakistan opened [[President's Relief Fund (Pakistan)]] [http://www.earthquakepakistan.com/] for Earthquake relief operation, where donations can be made and appealed for International Aid as the magnitude of the disaster becomes clearer. For earthquake relief blankets, tents, medicines, warn clothes, food etc are needed.[http://pakistan.wikicities.com/wiki/Requests#Tents.2C_Blankets_and_Warm_Clothes][http://www.bitsonline.net/earthquake/red-crescent-requirement/][http://www.earthquakepakistan.com/relief_required.php]. [[Pakistan International Airlines]] (PIA) has offered free delivery of goods from anywhere in the world to [[Pakistan]]. Turkey has offered to airlift releif goods from Turkey to Pakistan free of cost.
 
The severity of injuries varied across regions, with mountainous and remote areas particularly affected. The geographical isolation of these regions made it challenging for rescue teams to provide timely assistance, leading to higher mortality rates in these hard-to-reach areas. Their rugged terrain and damaged infrastructure delayed the transport of critically injured patients to hospitals, increasing fatalities among the injured<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Halvorson|first1=Sarah J.|last2=Parker Hamilton|first2=Jennifer|date=January 2010|title=In the aftermath of the Qa'yamat : 1 the Kashmir earthquake disaster in northern Pakistan|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2009.01124.x|journal=Disasters|volume=34|issue=1|pages=184–204|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7717.2009.01124.x|pmid=19796167|bibcode=2010Disas..34..184H|issn=0361-3666|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
Pakistani Prime Minister [[Shaukat Aziz]] spoke on the telephone with authorities in four [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|provinces]] plus Azad Kashmir, and directed them to utilize all machinery and make all possible efforts to help the victims. He said the entire federal administration, civil and military authorities have been alerted, and relief goods have been provided to them for the victims of the quake. Most of the roads are closed in the Northern Sector near the earthquake, and some have been completely washed out or blocked by [[landslide]]s, so the Pakistani army is flying supplies in by helicopter.
 
Lower income populations faced greater hardship due to inadequate housing which was more vulnerable to collapse during the earthquake. These individuals also lacked financial means to rebuild their homes and lives post disaster, prolonging their exposure to hazardous living conditions and increasing their risk of health complications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Improving Disaster Recovery |url=https://esg.wharton.upenn.edu/engagement/digital-dialogues/improving-disaster-recovery/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref>
In [[Garhi Habibullah]], a town 15 miles from the devastated city of [[Balakot]] in north-west Pakistan, Kashmiri fighters known as the [[mujahideen]] put aside their weapons and spent two days in helping rescue dozens of girls who were trapped in a collapsed building of a girls' school. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/10/11/wquake111.xml&amp;sSheet=/news/2005/10/11/ixnewstop.html]
 
Women, especially those who were pregnant or had caregiving responsibilities faced additional health challenges due to their limited mobility and high risk of injury during the earthquake. In the aftermath, women often struggled with mental health issues including depression and anxiety as they assumed the burden of caring for the injured family members while dealing with their own trauma and additional occurrence of [[domestic violence]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Pakistan earthquake and the health needs of women|url=https://odihpn.org/publication/the-pakistan-earthquake-and-the-health-needs-of-women/|access-date=2024-11-04|website=Humanitarian Practice Network}}</ref> Children were at a heightened risk of developing psychological issues, including PTSD due to the traumatic experience of witnessing death and destruction.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=van Ommeren|first1=Mark|last2=Saxena|first2=Shekhar|last3=Saraceno|first3=Benedetto|date=2005-05-21|title=Aid after disasters|journal=The BMJ|volume=330|issue=7501|pages=1160–1161|doi=10.1136/bmj.330.7501.1160|pmid=15905230|pmc=557998|issn=0959-8138}}</ref>
On [[October 10]], Monday, survivors were still being found and rescued from the wreckage including a 2-year-old girl in [[Islamabad]]. [http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/10/11/quake.asia/]. Then on Wednesday, a [[Russian]] rescue team rescued a 5-year-old girl in [[Muzaffarabad]] who has been trapped for nearly 100 hours. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,1280,-5340916,00.html]
 
==See also==
On [[October 14]] the Pakistan government agreed that unaccompanied children from the disaster should be taken to the [[SOS Children's Villages|SOS Children]] emergency shelter in [[Islamabad]] for family tracing in a central database and help. They also agreed that SOS should be temporary guardian until relatives were traced. [http://www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/charity-news/pakistan-earthquake-third-report.htm (SOS)]
{{Portal|Pakistan|Earth sciences}}
* [[2019 Kashmir earthquake]]
* [[Disaster Management Act, 2005]]
* [[List of earthquakes in 2005]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Afghanistan]]
* [[List of earthquakes in India]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Pakistan]]
* [[Meena (1993 TV series)#Episodes|''Meena'' – "Life Smiled Again"]]
* [[October 2015 Hindu Kush earthquake]]
* [[Tamgha-e-Eisaar]]
* [[Sitara-e-Eisaar]]
 
==References==
Schools have also been giving donations in huge amounts including The Karachi American School, Foundation Public School and many more.
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Bulmer>{{citation|title=Landslide hazards after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake|first1=M.|last1=Bulmer|first2=T.|last2=Farquhar|first3=M.|last3=Roshan|first4=S. S.|last4=Akhtar|first5=S. K.|last5=Wahla|year=2007|journal=EOS|volume=88|number=5|pages=53–68|doi=10.1029/2007eo050001|bibcode=2007EOSTr..88...53B|s2cid=140661236}}</ref>
<ref name=ISC-GEM>{{citation|title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)|url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|author=ISC|year=2014|publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]]|series=Version 1.05|access-date=25 March 2015|archive-date=25 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125091901/http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=PAGER-CAT>{{citation|title=PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog (Earthquake ID 20051008035040)|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/|date=4 September 2009|publisher=United States Geological Survey|series=Version 2008_06.1|access-date=27 November 2018|archive-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115071656/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
<!-- Not in use
The magnitude of this disaster is so vast that the Government alone cannot provide relief to the people affected by this earthquake. The response of the people of Pakistan to help the government in its relief efforts has been overwhelming in the shape of donations, relief goods and volunteers working in the hospitals and the earthquake hit areas. The injured are being ferried from remote areas to the hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad through helicopters every day. The relatives of these injured patients follow them to the twin-cities by road and pursue a long and painful search for their loved ones. Devastated with heavy losses of human lives and homes, these poor people often travel on foot from one hospital to another looking for their injured loved ones.
<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|title=M7.6 – Pakistan|publisher=United States Geological Survey|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000e12e#general_summary}}</ref>
Not in use-->
 
<ref name=USGS1>{{cite web|title=M5.9 – Pakistan|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000e12f#general_summary|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref>
===India===
<ref name=USGS2>{{cite web|title=M5.8 – Pakistan|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000e12h#general_summary|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214122233/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000e12h#general_summary|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir]], the injured are being treated at [[Srinagar]]'s [[SMHS]] hospital and the [[Uri (India)|Uri]] [[Field Hospital]], with many [[makeshift]] medical facilities being set up to help the injured. Hundreds of people have been brought in, many of them critically injured. In keeping with a traditional duty since independence, the [[Indian Army]] has undertaken a key role in coordinating and running relief operations.
<ref name=USGS3>{{cite web|title=M6.4 – Pakistan|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000e166#general_summary|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010004015/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000e166#general_summary|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
 
==Further reading==
Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]], and Leader of the Opposition [[L.K. Advani]] visited quake-hit areas [http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/10quake7.htm (Rediff)] An [[ex gratia]] of [[Indian rupee|Rs]] one [[lakh]] (100,000 [[Indian rupee]]s, about US$2255) to the next of kin of those killed in the quake was being released from [[the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund]].
* {{citation|title=Displacement field and slip distribution of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake from SAR imagery|url=http://bullard.esc.cam.ac.uk/~rwalker/pdf/2006_kashmir_grl.pdf|first1=E.|last1=Pathier|first2=E. J.|last2=Fielding|first3=T. J.|last3=Wright|first4=R.|last4=Walker|first5=B. E.|last5=Parsons|first6=S.|last6=Hensley|year=2006|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=33|issue=L20310|pages=L20310|doi=10.1029/2006GL027193|bibcode=2006GeoRL..3320310P|doi-access=free}}
 
As of [[10 October]], many areas in the [[Baramulla]] district with about 15,000 people remain inaccessible. The army is attempting to reach these people using helicopters. [http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/219070/112894718548.htm]
 
==International response==
{{main|International response to 2005 Kashmir earthquake}}
 
Many countries, international organizations and non-governmental organizations have offered relief aid to the region, in the form of donation as well as relief supplies including food, medical supplies, tents and blankets.
 
Rescue and relief workers were sent to the region from different parts of the world and they brought along rescue equipment, including [[helicopter]]s and [[rescue dog]]s.
 
The [[United Nations]] has appealed for donations to raise at least US$272 million to help victims of the quake.
 
== External links ==
{{CommonsSister project links|2005 Kashmir earthquake}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120301233509/http://azfarrizvi.com/home/portfolio/earthquake-diaries/ Television series 'Earthquake Diaries' on the rescue efforts]
{{wikinews|Strong earthquake hits Pakistan, north India, Afghanistan}}
*[http://www.ips-dc.org/articles/the_earthquake_and_the_us_response The Earthquake and the U.S. Response] – [[Institute for Policy Studies]]
===Relief and aid===
*[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/KashmirEarthquake/ When The Earth Moved Kashmir] – [[NASA Earth Observatory]]
* See also the WikiPakistan entry under [[#Information|Information section]] below.
*[http://www.ndma.gov.pk/new/aboutus/Earthquake2005.pdf The Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005: Impacts in Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326041422/http://www.ndma.gov.pk/new/aboutus/Earthquake2005.pdf |date=26 March 2015 }} – [[Earthquake Engineering Research Institute]]
*[http://www.earthquakepakistan.com/ Federal Relief Commission Pakistan]
*[http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Earthquake2005Pakistan.html The Earthquake of 8 October 2005 in northern Pakistan] – George Pararas-Carayannis
*[http://www.embassyofpakistan.org/news162b.php Official website of the Embassy of Pakistan in Washington].
*[http://www.dawn.com/news/1211695/remembering-oct-8-2005-the-day-the-earth-shook Remembering Oct 8, 2005: The day the earth shook] – ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]''
*[http://www.saharaforlife.org/donation_online.asp Donations to Sahara For Life for Earthquake Victims].
*{{EQ-isc-link|7703077}}
*[http://www.pakcan.com/pakistan_earthquake_relief.shtml Pakistan-Canada Association]
*{{ReliefWeb-link|eq-2005-000174-pak}}
*[http://aopp.org/eq.htm Donate to Earthquake Victims]
*[http://www.yourdil.org/projects/relief/ Youth Outreach, Developments in Literacy]
*[http://www.netpakistani.com/te/?m=v&a=10153154 How and What to Donate?]
*[http://www.tcfrelieffund.org/ The Citizens Foundation Relief Fund for Earthquake Victims] Donate now to rebuild &amp; rehabilitate Kashmir.[http://www.thecitizensfoundation.org/main.php]
*[http://www.zindagitrust.org/ Zindagi Trust - Join Hands to support Earthquake Rebuild Efforts]
*[http://www.pakimp3.org/pakistan_earth_quake.php Pakistan Earthquake - Donation Appeal] Contains Flash Interactive Movie of Affected Areas.
*[http://www.insaf.org.pk/ Imran Khan Earthquake Relief Fund]
*[http://www.epakistanonline.com/ Information on earthquake relief]
* [http://quakehelp.blogspot.com/ South Asia Quake Help] Blog and [http://quakehelp.asiaquake.org/qh/index.php/Main_Page South Asia Quake Help] wiki - created by the team who managed the [http://tsunamihelp.blogspot.com TsunamiHelp] blog.
*[http://www.sungi.org Sungi Development Foundation]
* [http://www.pakquake.com Pakistan Earthquake 2005] Blog covering latest reports about the earthquake, relief operations and important contact numbers.
* Make tax-deductible secure online donations to the [[Edhi Foundation]] or the [[President's Relief Fund (Pakistan)]] via the [http://www.developpakistan.org/Default.aspx?tabid=149 Association for the Development of Pakistan website]
* [http://www.arydigital.tv/aryasia/banners/1/index.php Khawaja Gareeb Nawaz Trust for Earthquake Vicitims]
*[http://www.pakistanseattle.com/ Pakistan Association of Greater Seattle Earthquake fund]
* [http://www.earthquake.org.pk/ Pakistan Victims Database]
* [http://www.helppakistan.net HelpPakistan.Net] A people-to-people relief effort.
* [http://www.muslimhands.org/Site/Pages/Home Pledge Aid for victims]
* [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/dbc.nsf/doc108?OpenForm&amp;rc=3&amp;emid=EQ-2005 ReliefWeb.int Pakistan Earthquake Page] ([http://www.reliefweb.int/ ReliefWeb] is the world’s leading on-line gateway to information on humanitarian emergencies and disasters.)
*[http://pmindia.nic.in/fundreliefbody.htm The Prime Minister's National Relief Fund (India)] provides immediate relief to people in distress. The Fund depends entirely on voluntary donations received from the public.
*[http://geo.tv/important_events/earthquake05/mkrf/index.html The Mir Khalil-ur-Rehman Foundation's Earthquake Relief Fund]
*[http://www.satribune.com/archives/200510/P1_RELIEF_AD.htm SA Tribune's list of Pakistani aid agencies]
*[http://www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/charity-news/pakistan_earthquake.htm SOS Children Kashmir Earthquake Appeal]
*[http://donate.vergesms.com Verge Association for Betterment of Community] - Collects donation online and hands over to Edhi Foundation
*[http://www.fac-aec.gc.ca/disaster_help2-en.asp Foreign Affairs Canada - Emergencies and Disasters Abroad: How Canadians Can Help]
*[http://www.dec.org.uk/ Disaster Emergancy Committee] (UK) - Asia quake appeal (for donations)
*[http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what_we_do/emergencies/country/asian_quake/index.htm Oxfam (UK)] - South Asia earthquake (for information and donations)
*[http://www.islamic-relief.com/submenu/appeal/pakistanquake.htm Islamic Relief] - Asia earthquake
* [http://www.helpasia.org/ HelpAsia.org] - Helping Hands for the Asians
* [http://www.saquake.org/ South Asian Earthquake Relief] - Directory of charitable organizations helping with the earthquake relief effort
* [http://bitsonline.net/bitsonline.net%5Fnon%5Fssl/earthquake/ Quake 2005 - Joint Action Committee]
* [http://ej.eomag.com/it-volunteers-wanted/ Tech volunteers sought for Pakistan earthquake relief]
* [http://www.risepak.com/ www.risepak.com: This Site provides and gathers Demographic, Disaster, Access, and Assistance data and maps on all Earthquake Affected Villages to Help Coordinate Relief Efforts]
 
===Information===
* [http://pakistan.wikicities.com/wiki/Earthquake_10-05 WikiPakistan (a Wikicity) pages on the quake], which provides news, information volunteering opportunities and more. It also has pages devoted to information related to:
** [http://pakistan.wikicities.com/wiki/Pakistani_Relief_Organizations_for_10-05_Quake India] and
** [http://pakistan.wikicities.com/wiki/Earthquake_10-05_in_Afghanistan Afghanistan]
* [http://www.earthquake.com.pk/ Pakistan EarthQuake] - Contains a list of international relief organizations where funds can be donated.
* [http://www.earthquakepk.com/ EarthQuakePK.com] - A website with Inquiry Phone Numbers, How to Donate, Report Missing and Forums
* [http://www.india-defence.com/browse/earthquake/0 Latest News Reports] about the earthquake, magnitude, relief and aid efforts by [[India Defence]]
* Geological Survey of Pakistan: http://www.gsp.gov.pk/
* Pakistani Meteorological Institute: http://www.pakmet.com.pk/
* [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/recenteqsww/Quakes/usdyae.htm USGS] - Technical details of the Earthquake
*[http://www.epakistanonline.com/ Information on earthquake relief]
* [http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/general/seismicity/c_asia.html USGS] - Seismicity of Central Asia
* [http://www.muzaffarabadak.com/mzdNGO03.htm A list] of [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] welfare agencies working in the immediate vicinity of the earthquake epicenter.
* [http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=266227&amp;page=1&amp;pp=20 SkyscraperCity.com] - Earthquake Information and Redevelopment Information
* [http://asc-india.org/events/051008_pak.htm ASC] Shake report from the Amateur Seismic Centre in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
* [http://fir.seismology.hu/foldrenges/allomasok/psz/PSZ.200510080000.gif Seismogram] of the earthquake as recorded by [[Piszkes]] Observatory in [[Hungary]], Central Europe.
* [http://karachi.metblogs.com Metroblogging Karachi] Updates from Karachi, Pakistan regarding Earthquake Relief Funds, donations, etc.
* [http://lahore.metblogs.com Metroblogging Lahore] Updates from [[Lahore]], Pakistan regarding Earthquake Relief Funds, donations, etc.
* [http://earthquakeinpakistan.com Earthquake in Pakistan 2005] Updates from Pakistan regarding Earthquake Relief Funds, donations, etc.
* FurSid writes from Karachi [http://fursid.eomag.com/ Blog] Updates from regarding Earthquake Relief Efforts, Funds, donations, etc.
* [http://rev.seis.sc.edu/earthquakes/2005/10/08/03/50/38 Seismograms from around the world] from REV
* [http://www.mapaction.org/team/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=23&amp;Itemid=31 Situation maps] Maps produced by MapAction based in UN Emergency Response Centre in Islamabad, updated daily.
 
* Official website of Government of Pakistan. http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/
* President of Pakistan website. http://presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/
* [http://www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/emergencies/pakistan/default.asp DFID (UK government) webpages on South Asia earthquake]
* [http://www.usaid.gov/locations/asia_near_east/south_asia_quake/ USAID (US government) relief updates on South Asia earthquake]
* [http://www.earthquake.org.pk www.earthquake.org.pk: Web site providing information about missing persons during Earthquake]
* [http://www.quake2005 www.quake2005.com: If you are looking for missing persons, check here, or if you think people are looking for you, check in]
 
===News articles===
*{{citenews|url=http://geo.tv/main_files/pakistan.aspx?id=90654|title=Strong quake jolts Pakistan|org=Geo TV|date=[[October 8]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://www.ndtv.com/topstories/showtopstory.asp?slug=Strong+tremors+felt+across+North+India&amp;id=17919&amp;category=National Earthquake|title=Strong tremors felt across North India|org=NDTV|date=[[October 8]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://ptv.com.pk/webptv/top-story.asp|title=Strong Earthquake|org=Pakistan Television Corporation|date=[[October 8]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1256773.cms|title=Nature's Fury - In Pictures|org=The Times of India|date=[[October 8]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4377220.stm|title=Rich world 'failing' on quake aid|org=BBC News|date=[[October 26]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20051026/ap_on_re_as/quake_scarred_generation|title=Scarred Generation Emerges in Quake Zone |org=Yahoo News|date=[[October 26]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/asia.quake/|title=Special Report: South Asia Earthquake|org=CNN|date=[[October 8]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4358902.stm|title=Quake 'is UN's worst nightmare'|org=BBC|date=[[October 20]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/emergency/SA_EAR.htm|title=South Asia Earthquake|org=Reuters AlertNet|date=[[October 8]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/08/AR2005100800035.html/|title=Strong Quake Rocks Indian Subcontinent|org=The Washington Post|date=[[October 8]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2005/south_asia_quake/|title=In Depth: South Asia Quake|org=BBC News|date=[[October 9]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://www.theherald.co.uk/features/48511.html|title=Pakistan Earthquake Aid|org=The Herald| date=[[October 10]], [[2005]]}}
* {{citenews|url=http://www.balochistanpost.com/item.php?id=187|title=Earthquake: Death toll may climb to 30,000 in Pakistan, Kashmir|org=Balochistan Post|date=[[October 10]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/11/top4.htm|title=Victims await aid as toll rises|org=Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn|date=[[October 11]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,59-1821316,00.html|title=Earthquake in Kashmir tears open the aid debate|org=The Times newspaper|date=[[October 12]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://dchammer.blogcollective.com/blog/_archives/2005/10/16|title=Line of Control|org=D.C. Hammer|date=[[October 16]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://www.kashmirtimes.com/|title=Children rescued after 9 days
|org=The Kashmir Times|date=[[October 16]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/16/international/asia/16quake.html|title=Pakistan Toll, at 38,000, Is Expected to Rise|org=The New York Times|date=[[October 16]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://dawn.com/2005/10/17/top7.htm|title=AJK quake toll over 40,000|org=Dawn (newspaper)|date=[[October 17]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/la-fg-toll18oct18,1,6959690.story|title=Death Toll in Pakistan May Be Much Higher (as much as 100,000)|org=Los Angeles Times|date=[[October 18]], [[2005]]}}
*{{citenews|url=http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/69856/|title=Pakistani journalists send mission to assess damage to local media|org=IFEX|date=[[October 18]], [[2005]]}}
*India offers aid to Pakistan [http://www.gjsentinel.com/news/content/shared-gen/ap/Asia/South_Asia_Quake_Relief_India_PK1.html]
 
{{Earthquakes in 2005}}
===Video news articles===
{{Earthquakes in India}}
* [http://www.geo.tv/important_events/earthquake05/index_vidz.html Severe Earthquake Jolts Pakistan GEO TV (Videos)]
{{Earthquakes in Pakistan}}
{{Himalayan earthquakes}}
{{Portal bar|India|Pakistan|Earth sciences}}
{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashmir earthquake, 2005}}
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolavconsole/ukfs_news/hi/nb_wm_fs.stm?checkedBandwidth=nb&amp;nbram=1&amp;subtitles=hide&amp;checkedMedia=asx&amp;news=1&amp;bbwm=1&amp;nbwm=1&amp;bbram=1&amp;nol_storyid=4331838 Video news articles about the quake on BBC News]
[[Category:2005 disasters in Asia]]
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7078548359754181918 Video of Earthquake caught by surveillance cameras in Islamabad, Pakistan]
[[Category:2005 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2005 disasters in Pakistan]]
[[Category:2005 Kashmir earthquake| ]]
[[Category:2005 earthquakes]]
[[Category:21st century in Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Disasters in Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:October 2005 in Asia]]
[[Category:October 2005 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:October 2005 in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Economic history of Azad Jammu and Kashmir]]
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