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== More strictly defining the relation between the order or a phase transition and the order parameter of the stable state under Ehrenfest classification ==
I noticed the phase transition is described with latent heat (under Modern classification) and as in which derivative a discontinuity is found.
In my opinion, first or higher order phase transitions are most easily understood mathematically by looking at it from a Landau theory point of view. One could describe the phase transition as such, that in a first order phase transition the stable state is the disordered one (order parameter = 0) at high temperature. As the temperature decreases, a metastable is formed which corresponds to an ordered state. As temperature decreases more, the ordered state order parameter can increase even further. At the critical temperature, the free energy of the metastable ordered state is equal to that of the disordered state, after which the ordered state becomes the stable state if temperature decreases further. At the critical temperature, a discontinuous jump in order parameter (of which the physical interpretation is the phase) occurs.
For a continuous (second order or higher) phase transition, the ordered state also is stable from a certain temperature downwards, but this state will grow more ordered from the disordered state as temperature is decreased. So instead of a jump, the order parameter of a stable state continuously grows from zero.
Perhaps a connection to Landau theory in this section is wise as well. And a graph of the order parameter versus the temperature, where the metastable state can be drawn in a dotted line for the first order phase transition.
Hopefully I explained it well enough for you to understand what i want to add. Please consider that this is my first addition to wikipedia, meaning feedback is very much welcome but let it be constructive.
[[User:LotteUU|LotteUU]] ([[User talk:LotteUU|talk]]) 11:26, 16 November 2021 (UTC)
:By the way a logirithmic divergence is a power law, but the power is VERY small. We see (x^h-1)/h=ln(x), right? So it is a power law in disguise, right? Is one allowed to add 1/h, since that doesn't ever change? Is that why it says it is a limiting case, because the power law is the '0th power' in some crazy way. Solving differential equations with multiple classes of solutions is easier when using infinities for a single solution. In my opinion, a log divergence is TECHNICALLY is a power law divergence, but with hyperreal numbers. So the article seems to be 'lying' by not mentioning this brute fact. Call me crazy. --Misha [[Special:Contributions/2603:7080:8C03:B902:97B6:30A2:7B17:CFE9|2603:7080:8C03:B902:97B6:30A2:7B17:CFE9]] ([[User talk:2603:7080:8C03:B902:97B6:30A2:7B17:CFE9|talk]]) 00:25, 23 August 2025 (UTC)
== "because of their different mass" in opening paragraph ==
From the sentence "A phase of a thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties, because of their different mass."
I don't understand the part "because of their different mass", and I'm pretty sure it's wrong. I would just remove it, but I wanted to see if anyone objects. [[User:Muaddib131|Muaddib131]] ([[User talk:Muaddib131|talk]]) 16:34, 4 August 2014 (UTC)
== Prediction of temperature of phase change ==
Is there no literature on whether the temperature of a phase change for a particular element or compound can be predicted from current physics (i.e. quantuum mechanics)?
Does current physics explain why mercury is a liquid in its "normal" state but Oxygen is a gas in its "normal" state?
Should the success or failure of physics to be able to predict such a thing be part of this article?
[[Special:Contributions/69.250.30.203|69.250.30.203]] ([[User talk:69.250.30.203|talk]]) 18:04, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
== Miscelaneous Discussion ==
From the article:
"This means, for example, that it is impossible for the solid-liquid phase boundary to end in a critical point like the liquid-gas boundary. However, symmetry-breaking transitions can still be either first or second order."
: Ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition. -- [[User:CYD|CYD]]
From the article:
Line 9 ⟶ 39:
This isn't my area of expertise, but I'm pretty sure this is wrong. The direction of the magnetic field always reverses under time reversal, but that's because of the way the field is represented mathematically; it isn't a T violation. -- [[User:BenRG|BenRG]] 05:51, 24 Sep 2003 (UTC)
:I'm note sure what you mean by "that's because of the way the field is represented mathematically". Note that "symmetry breaking" has a narrow meaning in the context of the article. It refers to a symmetry that is unbroken by the underlying physical laws, being broken ''by a particular configuration of the system''. In this case, the
:Is this what you're worried about? -- [[User:CYD|CYD]]
Line 56 ⟶ 86:
limit. Because cluster physics is more and more developed, I'd suggest to keep both:
'phase change' for strictly small systems, and 'phase transition' for bulk.See for example 'Theory of Atomic and molecular clsters' (J.Jellinek,ed.) Springer 1999[User:AIP] October, 22, 2005
I have been told that phase transitions=physical equilibria. How can phase transitions be physical equilibria? For example, if you have liquid water going into gas phase, doesn't delta G have to be greater than 0? Is physical equilibria an assumption in phase transitions? <small class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/128.220.159.5|128.220.159.5]] ([[User talk:128.220.159.5|talk]]) 00:33, 16 December 2015 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
==Diagrams==
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:Er, it ''is'' a first-order transition (except at the critical point). -- [[User:CYD|CYD]]
It is ''not'' first-order past the critical point. [[User:Itamblyn|Itamblyn]] ([[User talk:Itamblyn|talk]]) 13:58, 17 June 2009 (UTC)
== Ehrenfest classification ==
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Thoughts? — [[User:WebDrake|WebDrake]] 00:43, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
:[[:Category:Phase transitions]] probably? Agree with all the rest. --[[User:ACrush|ACrush]] <sup>[[User_talk:ACrush|?!]]</sup>/<sub>[[Special:Contributions/ACrush|©]]</sub> 10:49, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
== Abruptness of Chage ==
Can anyone explain why phase changes tend to be abrupt with respect to temperature? For example, some materials exhibit [[creep (deformation)|creep]] in the "solid" state, but even so, most materials have a defined melting temperature rather than having a [[yield stress]] that slowly approaches zero as ''T<sub>m</sub>'' is reached. Since abrupt phase transitions are the norm, there must be a general explanation. Why? —[[User:BenFrantzDale|BenFrantzDale]] 21:20, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
:They aren't always abrupt. Many materials are known for having rather vague melting points. That's often taken as a sign of chemical impurity, but it's also not unusual for amorphous materials or materials with lots of long molecular chains (polymers, for instance, or some catenating elemental allotropes). If you have a chemically pure substance with a very regular structure, every local set of molecules is identical, so naturally the conditions for making the phase change thermodynamically favorable is the same for all of them. Even so, it is also not unusual for a crystal to be thermodynamically "ready" to undergo a phase transformation but still sit around in the old phase for a while before it takes place - this is very similar to supersaturation in solutions. In such cases, the phase change when it happens tends to be widespread and rapid, much like precipitation from a supersaturated solution. In most such cases, the phenomenon is due to the requirement of a small amount of activation energy to make the transition happen. Once that's delivered, perhaps in the form of some local disturbance, the energy released by the phase transition in the disturbed area creates a sort of chain reaction that propagates through the whole material. [[User:Tarchon|Tarchon]] 21:37, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
:: Thanks for the reply. Let me try to elaborate. If I have a crystal of lead, the speeds of the atoms should follow a [[Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution]], thus some atoms should be above melting temperature (in as much as a single atom has its own temperature) even when the bulk temperature is well below the melting temperature. (As I understand it, this is what allows crystalline metals to [[Creep (deformation)|creep]] and what allows ice to sublimate.) In my experience, though, lead always melts suddenly when heated, just like ice.
:: On the other hand, [[glass]] ([[silicon dioxide]]) always seems to soften gently as it is heated. Perhaps this has to do with the difference between [[crystalline solid]]s and [[amorphous solid]]s? Perhaps liquid glass just has a high viscosity and so its transition isn't as abrupt? [[User:BenFrantzDale|—Ben FrantzDale]] 19:28, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
::: Your understanding of creep is incomplete. There are many kinds of creep, named according to mechanism and rate-temperature dependence. Mechanistically, some have to do with 1D defects (dislocations) moving through a material, carrying deformation, while others have to do with 0D defects (missing atoms) that allow single atoms to diffuse preferentially in the direction of applied stain. Neither of those has to do with melting.
::: Glasses, by nature, do not have a long range order, and therefore do not have dislocations, so are not subject to those kinds of creep. Glasses, by nature are supercooled liquids, not proper solids. During the melting of a solid, you're pumping a lot of energy into a phase transformation that glasses do not have. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/164.107.78.183|164.107.78.183]] ([[User talk:164.107.78.183|talk]]) 20:14, 19 June 2009 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
:::: I don't think you meant "supercooled"; supercooled liquids still behave as liquids, but are below the normal temperature at which they would become solid. glass is like a liquid that is so viscous it behaves as a solid (except on the macro time scale). [[User:Firejuggler86|Firejuggler86]] ([[User talk:Firejuggler86|talk]]) 19:56, 25 April 2021 (UTC)
==Question:==
The following paragraph appears:
"The presence of symmetry-breaking (or nonbreaking) is important to the behavior of phase transitions. It was pointed out by Landau that, given any state of a system, one may unequivocally say whether or not it possesses a given symmetry. Therefore, it cannot be possible to analytically deform a state in one phase into a phase possessing a different symmetry. This means, for example, that it is impossible for the solid-liquid phase boundary to end in a critical point like the liquid-gas boundary. However, symmetry-breaking transitions can still be either first- or second-order."
I can't make sense of it. While this could certainly be my mistake, I think it could be made clearer. Could someone look it over and make sure the wording is as clear as possible? Thanks. [[User:207.157.43.71|207.157.43.71]] 14:06, 18 July 2006 (UTC). Adding my real sig: [[User:PitOfBabel|PitOfBabel]] 14:07, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
== Mistake? ==
I've got a question. In the article, there is "... including the solid/liquid/gas transitions and Bose-Einstein condensation." - for first-order phase transition.
But in the paragraph named Critical points, there is "..at which the transition between liquid and gas becomes a second-order transition".
Is there something I didn't catch or it's typing error?
== Order Parameters ==
Hello physicists, I was trying to learn about order parameters, which i get the vague notion sort of describe something about how something changes during a phase transition. great!! but -- the page for Order Parameters redirects to this page, and this page says "... order parameters, which we will describe later ..." lies! there are no later descriptions! silly physicists... now i still don't understand order parameters.
:Have you read [[Landau theory]] on second order phase transitions? [[User:TomyDuby|TomyDuby]] ([[User talk:TomyDuby|talk]]) 01:57, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
Hi, does this sentence even has a meaning? "An order parameter is a measure of the degree of order across the boundaries in a phase transition system." What is order and what does order across a boundary mean? The boundary of what even? This is a tautologous definition, only those understand who already knew what it is.[[User:Rochard|Rochard]] ([[User talk:Rochard|talk]]) 03:55, 20 February 2018 (UTC)
== Evaporation ==
The article lists the change from liquid to gas as boiling/evaporation. Surely evaporation is the change from liquid to vapour, not gas. That's why it is called eVAPORation. [[User:86.133.202.12|86.133.202.12]] 20:53, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
:I assumed [[vapor]] and [[gas]] were interchangeable, apparently not. After a quick skim of their articles, it seems like the term is used correctly, although it could perhaps have been named more sensibly in the first place.[[User:Bistromathic|Bistromathic]] 15:27, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
:boiling is the phenomena where a gas phase forms within the bulk liquid phase. It takes a little more energy to nucleate (start) a bubble than it does to evaporate an equal amount of liquid at an existing gas-liquid interface. Boiling requires that the liquid be superheated. <small><span class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Pvkeller|Pvkeller]] ([[User talk:Pvkeller|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pvkeller|contribs]]) 15:58, 4 December 2008 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
== Ehrenfest classification system ==
Could anyone explain in more detail the difference between the two classification systems? I assume they are equivalent in most cases, is this true? Is the Ehrenfest system actually disused? This system was taught to me in a recent lecture, albeit by a rather hopeless lecturer... He also kept going on about [[Lambda transition | Lambda Transitions]], which do not seem to be as important as the impression he gave, as they are not mentioned in this article (please ignore me if I have had a bout of stupidity and / or blindness and missed it).[[User:Bistromathic|Bistromathic]] 15:32, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
== Diagram Labeling Error ==
The first diagram showing the phase changes indicates that "Sublimination" is a phase change. The term is in fact--as the table later shows--"sublimation." "Sublimination" isn't related to physics--it might be a paranormal term but it's definitely wrong here.[[User:66.174.92.168|66.174.92.168]] 04:06, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
* You are correct, I made a mistake when making that image. The correct word is [[Sublimation (chemistry)|Sublimation]]. The Image is now fixed--[[User:Penubag|'''<span style="background:#7d7;color:#1E90FF"> Penubag </span>''']] 05:15, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
== Phase Diagram ==
The phase diagram shown in the article has a small error, but I am no good at editing images so I was hoping I could raise the awareness and someone might fix it up. The dotted line showing the phase transition from solid to liquid for water is drawn in as a very curvy line. In every phase diagram of water I have ever seen it looks more like a straight line with more of an obviouse 'negative' slope. The line stays straight at least until 200+ atmospheres of pressure. Also, where the dotted line first branches out from the solid line at first it appears to have a slightly positive slope, and this is definately incorrect...Thanks, and comments much appreciated. [[User:CoolMike|CoolMike]] 00:51, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
== Discontinous phase transitions ==
This article seems to deal primarily with discontinous/first order phase transitions. E.g. "The order parameter is the quantity which is indeterminate at the critical point" this is true for a discontinous phase transition but not for a continous/second order phase transition. /[[:User:Lokal Profil|Lokal]][[Special:Contributions/Lokal Profil|_]][[:User talk:Lokal Profil|Profil]] 12:43, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
== Second class of phase transitions -- there is some confusion ==
The article says: "The second class of phase transitions are the continuous phase transitions, also called second-order phase transitions." Two paragraphs later: "Several transitions are known as the infinite-order phase transitions". Can I from this deduce that infinite order phase transitions are second order phase transitions?
I think that this needs clarification.
[[User:TomyDuby|TomyDuby]] ([[User talk:TomyDuby|talk]]) 03:23, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
Phase transitions of order n, where n > 1, are continuous. They are discontinuous when n=1. [[User:Itamblyn|Itamblyn]] ([[User talk:Itamblyn|talk]]) 14:03, 17 June 2009 (UTC)
== Melting and fusion are synonymous ==
I made an edit earlier that was promptly reversed by adding /Fusion next to Melting in the phase change table. I believe these terms are synonymous and it should be reflected in the article.
Reference:
Chang, R., ''Chemistry'', 7th Ed, McGraw-Hill (2002)
I've also seen this my physics and physical chemistry text books as well as online dictionaries.
[[User:Jaa6c6|Jaa6c6]] ([[User talk:Jaa6c6|talk]]) 22:47, 9 November 2008 (UTC)
:Thanks for citing a reference; I will unrevert the change. Here on Wikipedia, we are really sensitive to information that seems like it is just randomly entered. --[[User:penubag|'''<span style="background:#00CCFF;color:#0066FF;font-size:84%"> penubag </span>''']] ([[User talk:penubag|talk]]) 22:57, 9 November 2008 (UTC)
:As a linguistic activist, I must say that I think a more proper use of the word fusion (with respect to melting) comes from the Oxford English Dictionary: "fusion, n. 3.a. The union or blending together of different things (whether material or immaterial) as if by melting, so as to form one whole; the result or state of being so blended." This use the term "fusion" is related to but distinct from the term "melting". This definition expresses the idea "fusing-by-melting" or "melt-fusion". Using the word "fusion" as a synonym for "melting" itself is potentially confusing because fusion seems to relate more to the process of freezing, where molecules fuse together to form rigid structures. --[[User:Zeroparallax|Zeroparallax]] ([[User talk:Zeroparallax|talk]]) 05:41, 10 August 2012 (UTC)
== Dash? ==
This is a minor but common point: phase transition or phase-transition; phase change or phase-change ? I see that both forms are used in the article at the moment; maybe one should fix one form according to the style of wikipedia. --[[User:PMajer|PMajer]] ([[User talk:PMajer|talk]]) 12:39, 4 December 2008 (UTC)
== solid to plasma transition ==
In the table of [[Phase transition|transitions]] plasma is reached only from gas/fluid. But this is not so obvious from the P-T diagram - there it ''seems'' that if P is high enough maybe solid-to-plasma transition can occur.[http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%22solid-to-plasma+phase+transition%22&btnG=Search] It is not very clear, because plasma is not shown on the P-T diagram. So, we should eighter mention solid-to-plasma or change the P-T diagram so that it shows a negative slope on the solid/liquid line after some point so that there is no solid-to-plasma. In eighter case the plasma phase should be added to the P-T diagram. [[User:Alinor|Alinor]] ([[User talk:Alinor|talk]]) 17:49, 4 October 2009 (UTC)
== Where does Engels come into this??? ==
Dear Friends,
I found a line saying one of the earlier attempts to formulate a scientific law of phase transitions was by Engels. I thought it was irrelevant and deleted it promptly. <small><span class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Pteradactyle|Pteradactyle]] ([[User talk:Pteradactyle|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pteradactyle|contribs]]) 22:50, 4 December 2009 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
== About "Mistake" - order of liquid/gas transition ==
about Mistake - is liquid/gas first or second order?
The article says the liquid/gas transition is first order, but then later says it has the same critical exponents as the uniaxial (a term which is not explained) ferromagnet, which is second order. The comment "Mistake" above makes a related point. [[User:Paulhummerman|Paulhummerman]] ([[User talk:Paulhummerman|talk]]) 10:59, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
:The ferromagnetic phase transition between magnetic moment up and magnetic moment down is a first order transition. The transition line lies at external field h=0. But for increasing temperatures, this transition line ends in a critical point, beyond which only one phase, the paramagnetic phase, exists. The same is true for liquid-gas transition. At lower temperatures, the phase transition is first order, but for increasing temperatures it ends in a critical point, above which neither gas not liquid exists, but just single homogeneous phase (you may want to have a look at the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_phase_diagram.svg phase diagram of water] to better understand what I am saying). This brings with it the interesting consequence that liquid and gas are only distinguishable ''in pactice'', not ''in principle''. Alas, this is a source of a lot of problems in describing what seems to be an everyday phenomenon; and I've not seen a good physical explanation, yet. Most things I've seen mix up the transition between liquid and gas and the transition between "liquid and gas can exist" and "only one phase can exist" in an erroneous manner (for instance, this very article says that "The order parameter is normally a quantity which is 0 in one phase (usually above the critical point), and non-zero in the other. [...] For liquid/gas transitions, the order parameter is the density.", which is clearly self-contradictory). --[[User:TDF|timo]] ([[User talk:TDF|talk]]) 21:50, 26 May 2011 (UTC)
== Lack of Generality of the Article ==
Hello, I'm not well versed on the propper form of Wikipedia editing so if I'm doing something wrong I apologize in advance.
What I wanted to discuss is that this article on phase transitions isn't general enough to describe what phase transitions actually are. It states in the opening statement that "A phase transition is the transformation of a thermodynamic system from one phase or state of matter to another." and this is merely one of the many kinds of phase transitions there are. A phase transition is the physical process through which a system (thermodynamical, classical, quantum...) undergoes a discontinuous behavioral shift. Condensed Matter physics is ripe with examples of this: not only the thermodynamical "matter phase transitions" but Bose-Einstein condensation (fluid-superfluid transition) or Superconductivity which can actually be seen as a change in the nature of matter (from fermionic to bosonic!) and other fields of Physics deal with phase transitions. As another example, the Higgs mechanism implies a phase transition on the Standard Model, and most inflationary processes in Cosmology are models that create a phase transition in the early Universe.
It is my belief that presenting phase transitions as a purely thermodynamical mechanism is misleading and detracts from their position as one of the most important mechanisms to understanding the natural world. The Wikipedia article on Landau Theory is a great place to start for those whose interest is picked. My suggestion is that a tag is added to the article saying it needs to be generalized so it will hopefully garner the attention of an expert (the current incarnation of the article could be the "Thermodynamical Phase Transitions" Section). I might even help out if needed (the field is so incredibly vast that rewriting this article in those lines is a very, very daunting task).
And in case you're wondering, no, I'm not a phase transition academic that wants to see my field of work get more recognition :) I'm just a Physics grad student that has been marvelled by the subject ^^
[[User:Capelo|Capelo]] ([[User talk:Capelo|talk]]) 17:49, 20 January 2011 (UTC)
P.S.: My apologies to whoever editted above me as I accidentaly added this comment to his topic despite them being absolutely decorrelated. I edited it out again and started this new topic, I hope I didn't do anything wrong :/
== Modern Classification ==
The article (or someone here) should answer these questions: In the modern classification scheme, are there solid rules for defining the transition categories, or is it more like a loose collection of similar phenomena (like classification in biology)? Is there an easy way to define infinite-order phase transitions other than saying "They are continuous but break no symmetries."? (And do the other continuous transitions always break symmetries?) Also, if the second-order transitions are characterized by divergences, do infinite-order transitions lack such divergences? --[[User:Zeroparallax|Zeroparallax]] ([[User talk:Zeroparallax|talk]]) 06:02, 10 August 2012 (UTC)
I presume you referring to infinite-order PHASE transitions. Well the free energy has an essential singularity and any order derivative of the free energy does not diverge.
== plasma phase transition on phase diagram ==
Right now we just have a gas/liquid/solid phase phase diagram in pressure temperature. Since plasma seems to be singled out as "the fourth phase", it would be nice to also add on the plasma phase to the P-T diagram, although I'm not sure what the generic form of this is. For example, I suppose that upon heating a molecular substance it first decomposes into a polyatomic gas, and then finally begins to ionize. To avoid that extra intermediate phase we could consider a more simple specie, perhaps cesium.
It sounds like some such experiments have been done with cesium. [http://www.jetp.ac.ru/cgi-bin/dn/e_042_05_0828.pdf This paper] offers some insights however the diagram is not quite what we want (pressure-volume or axes instead of pressure-temperature). A few key things we can note:
* The transition to plasma seems to be gradual as temperature is increased. The parameter alpha only varies gradually. This seems to indicate that it is not really a proper phase transition, but rather more resembles the gradual transition from liquid to supercritical fluid. Possibly it could also be a second order phase transition. If so, it is not clear to me where the critical point of the gas-plasma transition is.
There is also [https://www.gl.ciw.edu/static/users/bmilitzer/diss/node5.html this diagram] (similar axes) which says that many of the very high temperature phase transitions are only continuous transitions... --[[User:Nanite|Nanite]] ([[User talk:Nanite|talk]]) 07:44, 19 February 2014 (UTC)
== Relevance to Exoplanets/Stars ==
Stars are plasma, gas giants are gas, rocky planets have liquids/solids. The relevance of phase transitions in cosmology is in the stars/planets themselves. The symmetry breaking stuff sounds like a mathematician went crazy. [[User:Wavyinfinity|Wavyinfinity]] ([[User talk:Wavyinfinity|talk]]) 12:26, 11 November 2014 (UTC)
== spinodal decomposition ==
How is this even logically possible? - needs to be rewritten.
"A spinodal decomposition, in which a single phase is cooled and separates into two different compositions of that same phase."[[User:Wikibearwithme|Wikibearwithme]] ([[User talk:Wikibearwithme|talk]]) 21:54, 16 January 2016 (UTC)
== External links modified ==
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== section added : Phase transition in economics ==
This was removed because it "appeared to be spam". It is not spam. The publications have a following of significant physicists and economists, and have been published in reputable physics and economics journals. Do not confuse the "newness" of the field of econophysics with the posting of spam. The readers can verify that the main author is being followed by the very notable economist Alan Kirman (formerly of Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton, and also IHES). The main author was also "facebook friended" by nobel laureate in economics Edmund Phelps, whose work on partial information theory partially inspired the ideas of bounded rationality in the work.
UPSHOT: please do your homework and read the article on [[Econophysics]] before altering this new section. <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2602:301:772A:E580:E477:F887:DFC2:9504|2602:301:772A:E580:E477:F887:DFC2:9504]] ([[User talk:2602:301:772A:E580:E477:F887:DFC2:9504#top|talk]]) 07:56, 15 December 2017 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
:The cited reports are (1) primary source and overly technical and (2) recently published and so uncited by anybody. This does not add up to a [[wp:rs]]. The IP that added the paragraph seems to be singly focussed on citing the reports. For these reasons, I will remove the material again. Thank you. [[User:Attic Salt|Attic Salt]] ([[User talk:Attic Salt|talk]]) 13:39, 15 December 2017 (UTC)
:Twitter follows and facebook friend connections are not evidence of reliability or notability. This is an academic setting, and citations are the agreed-upon measure of notability. [[User:WeakTrain|WeakTrain]] ([[User talk:WeakTrain|talk]]) 18:31, 17 December 2017 (UTC)
The first paper was published in a journal for undergraduates and is not overly technical, and has been cited. The other papers have also been cited. Please read the papers and check the links before making untrue statements. <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/23.114.174.88|23.114.174.88]] ([[User talk:23.114.174.88#top|talk]]) 14:51, 15 December 2017 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
:Google scholar shows zero citations for both recently published articles. But, more generally, the IP editor needs to recognise that Wikipedia is not a farm for citing his/her favorite (or own) papers. [[User:Attic Salt|Attic Salt]] ([[User talk:Attic Salt|talk]]) 15:02, 15 December 2017 (UTC)
This work goes back to 2005, (see currently cited paper on researchgate, which has been cited many times). The purpose of Wikipedia is to disseminate knowledge, even if the advances are recent. An expert, Alan Kirman, edits and references wikipedia to students and authors, and he requested proof for these statements of recent advances. Hence the newer papers were cited to satisfy a "publication needed" requirement. If you are not an expert, please do your homework to understand the content of the article. <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2602:301:772A:E580:9184:6E6F:3252:F8EA|2602:301:772A:E580:9184:6E6F:3252:F8EA]] ([[User talk:2602:301:772A:E580:9184:6E6F:3252:F8EA#top|talk]]) 18:14, 16 December 2017 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
:Please read [[WP:COI]]. [[User:Attic Salt|Attic Salt]] ([[User talk:Attic Salt|talk]]) 18:16, 16 December 2017 (UTC)
:The purpose of Wikipedia is to serve as an encyclopedia. [[WP:NOTREPOSITORY|WP is not a repository for any paper you think is vaguely relevant.]] 19:06, 17 December 2017 (UTC) <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:WeakTrain|WeakTrain]] ([[User talk:WeakTrain#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WeakTrain|contribs]]) </small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
There is no conflict of interest here. <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2602:301:772A:E580:9184:6E6F:3252:F8EA|2602:301:772A:E580:9184:6E6F:3252:F8EA]] ([[User talk:2602:301:772A:E580:9184:6E6F:3252:F8EA#top|talk]]) 18:28, 16 December 2017 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
User who is taking down "phase transition in economics" has had issues with wikipedia administration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Attic_Salt#Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Incidents#Repeated_closure_of_RfC_by_involved_editor_.2B_alteration_of_others.27_talk_page_comments <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2602:301:772A:E580:9184:6E6F:3252:F8EA|2602:301:772A:E580:9184:6E6F:3252:F8EA]] ([[User talk:2602:301:772A:E580:9184:6E6F:3252:F8EA#top|talk]]) 19:00, 16 December 2017 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
:As per this edit by [[user:WeakTrain]]: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu_theorem&diff=791564624&oldid=786160040], this material appears to be self-promotional. The link the IP editor provides, asserting "issues with an administrator" is not about my behaviour, as can be checked. [[User:Attic Salt|Attic Salt]] ([[User talk:Attic Salt|talk]]) 15:05, 17 December 2017 (UTC)
== Mistake with Type 1/Type 2 superconductors? ==
Type 1 has always first order phase transition, whereas type 2 has a second order phase transition only at zero magnetic field. <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2607:EA00:107:3407:58D0:E9F4:D3AF:3F18|2607:EA00:107:3407:58D0:E9F4:D3AF:3F18]] ([[User talk:2607:EA00:107:3407:58D0:E9F4:D3AF:3F18#top|talk]]) 06:10, 23 June 2019 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
== Latent Heat ==
The current version of this article defines a first order phase transition by the presence of latent heat according to the Landau classification (this has been included for a long time, since the 2003 version, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase_transition&diff=1008825&oldid=1007560 see diff]). I don't believe that this is universally accepted, as the [[Bose-Einstein Condensation]] of an ideal Bose gas has a latent heat given by
:<math>L = \frac{5}{2} k_BT \frac{g_{5/2}(1)}{g_{3/2}(1)}<\math>,
where all symbols have their usual meanings. [[Kerson Huang|Huang]] uses this to justify calling BEC a first order phase transition in the old Ehrenfest classification. However, BEC is considered a second order phase transition (Pitaevski and Stringari) via the spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetry in the Ginzburg-landau sense (this works for both free fields and phi-4 theory).
Therefore, perhaps it would be prudent to remove any mention of latent heat from the Landau Classification, and move it to the Enrenfest classification. If this issue has already been raised and resolved, then can somebody please point me to the relevant discussion, as I cannot find it. [[Special:Contributions/43.252.249.11|43.252.249.11]] ([[User talk:43.252.249.11|talk]]) 15:29, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
=== References===
* {{cite book | author-link=Kerson Huang | author=Huang, Kerson | title=Statistical mechanics | url=https://archive.org/details/statisticalmecha00huan | url-access=registration | ___location=New York | publisher=Wiley | year=1963 | isbn= 0-471-41760-2}}. 2e (1987) New York: Wiley {{ISBN|0-471-81518-7}}
* Lev P. Pitaevskii and S. Stringari, ''Bose–Einstein Condensation'', Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2003.
== Social systems ==
I started off a brief section on dynamical modelling of social systems, with an example in one specific ___domain. Obviously, the dynamical modelling of social systems is a lot more speculative than for chemical or simple physical systems due to the huge number of dimensions, difficulty in measurement, and near-impossibility of controlled experiments (depending on the particular social system under study). Moreover, overconfidence in jargon, lack of mathematical understanding and experience in numerical modelling and general [[postmodernism]] may lead to peer-reviewed papers on dynamical modelling of social systems that are, to say it politely, not as rigorous as they should be.
All the same, the literature exists and the basic hypothesis of social systems being dynamical systems seems difficult to dispute.
Putting these two elements together, I think that sooner or later, once there's enough material, the section on dynamical modelling of social systems should be [[WP:SPLIT]] off to its own article, leaving an {{t|excerpt}} of the lead here. [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 09:30, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
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