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{{Short description|Province of Cambodia}}
{{distinguish|Ratnagiri}}
{{featured article}}
{{Update|date=February 2025|reason=Most sources are over 10 years old}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ratanakiri
| native_name = {{lang|km|រតនគិរី}}
| official_name = Ratanakiri Province<br />{{lang|km|ខេត្តរតនគិរី}}
| native_name_lang = km
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of Cambodia|Province]]
| image_skyline = RattanakiriVillage.jpg
| image_caption = Ratanakiri countryside
| image_alt = Primitive thatched houses on stilts lining a dusty red dirt road. Surrounding vegetation includes a variety of trees and some banana plants.
| image_seal = Ratanakiri.png
| image_map = Cambodia Ratanakiri locator map.svg
| map_caption = Location of Ratanakiri in Cambodia
| map_alt = Map showing ___location of Ratanakiri in northeast Cambodia
| coordinates = {{coord|13|44|N|107|0|E|type:adm1st_region:KH|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Cambodia}}
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1959<ref name=adbhistory/>
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Banlung]]
| parts_type = Subdivisions
| parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) -->
| parts = 1 municipality; 8 districts
| leader_party = [[Cambodian People's Party|CPP]]
| leader_title = Governor
| leader_name = Nhem Samoeurn
| leader_title2 = [[Ratanakiri (National Assembly constituency)|National Assembly]]
| leader_name2 = {{composition bar|1|125}}
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 10782
| area_rank = 9th
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2019}}</ref>
| population_total = {{decrease}} 235,852
| population_rank = 19th
| population_density_rank = 21st
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_density_km2 = 19
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone = [[Time in Cambodia|ICT]]
| utc_offset = +07:00
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| iso_code = <!-- KH-?? -->
| website = {{URL|www.ratanakiri.gov.kh}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Khmer}}
'''Ratanakiri''' ({{langx|km|រតនគិរី}}, [[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]]: ''Rôtânôkĭri'', [[Romanization of Khmer#ALA-LC Romanization Tables|ALA-LC]]: ''Ratanagirī'' {{IPA|km|rɔətanakiriː|}}; {{literal translation|Gem Mountains}}) is a [[provinces of Cambodia|province]] of northeast [[Cambodia]]. It borders the provinces of [[Mondulkiri Province|Mondulkiri]] to the south and [[Stung Treng Province|Stung Treng]] to the west and the countries of [[Laos]] ([[Attapeu province|Attapeu]] in [[Khmer Language]] is Ach Krapeu) and [[Vietnam]] ([[Gia Lai province|Gia Lai]] and [[Kon Tum province|Kon Tum]]) to the north and east, respectively. The province extends from the mountains of the [[Annamite Range]] in the north, across a hilly plateau between the [[Tonlé San]] and [[Srepok River|Tonlé Srepok]] rivers, to tropical [[deciduous forests]] in the south. In recent years, logging and mining have scarred Ratanakiri's environment, long known for its beauty.
For over a millennium, Ratanakiri has been occupied by the highland [[Khmer Loeu]] people, who are a minority elsewhere in Cambodia. During the region's early history, its Khmer Loeu inhabitants were exploited as slaves by neighboring empires. The slave trade economy ended during the [[Colonial Cambodia|French colonial era]], but a harsh [[Khmer people|Khmerization]] campaign after Cambodia's independence again threatened Khmer Loeu ways of life. The [[Khmer Rouge]] built its headquarters in the province in the 1960s, and bombing during the [[Vietnam War]] devastated the region. Today, rapid development in the province is altering traditional ways of life.
Ratanakiri is sparsely populated; its 184,000 residents make up just over 1% of the country's total population. Residents generally live in villages of 20 to 60 families and engage in subsistence [[shifting cultivation|shifting agriculture]]. Ratanakiri is among the least developed provinces of Cambodia. Its infrastructure is poor, and the local government is weak. Health indicators in Ratanakiri are extremely poor; men's life expectancy is 39 years, and women's is 43 years. Education levels are also low, with just under half of the population illiterate.
==History==
Ratanakiri has been occupied since at least the [[Stone Age|Stone]] or [[Bronze Age]], and trade between the region's highlanders and towns along the [[Gulf of Thailand]] dates to at least the 4th century A.D.<ref>{{harvnb|Ministry of Environment|2006|p=5}}; {{harvnb|Stark|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC&pg=PT120 96]}}.</ref> The region was invaded by [[History of Vietnam|Annamites]], the [[Champa|Cham]], the [[Khmer Empire|Khmer]], and the [[History of Thailand|Thai]] during its early history, but no empire ever brought the area under centralized control.<ref name=adbhistory/> From the 13th century or earlier until the 19th century, highland villages were often raided by [[History of slavery#Southeast Asia|Khmer, Lao, and Thai slave traders]].<ref>{{harvnb|ADB|2002|pp=6–7}}; {{harvnb|Ministry of Environment|2006|p=5}}.</ref> The region was conquered by local [[Laos|Laotian]] rulers in the 18th century and then by the Thai in the 19th century.<ref name=boundary>{{harvnb|Office of the Geographer|1964|p=4}}.</ref> The area was incorporated into [[French Indochina]] in 1893, and colonial rule replaced slave trading.<ref name=vnp>{{harvnb|Ministry of Environment|2006|p=5}}</ref> The French built huge rubber plantations, especially in Labansiek (present-day [[Banlung]]); indigenous workers were used for construction and rubber harvesting.<ref name=adbhistory/> While under French control, the land comprising present-day Ratanakiri was transferred from Siam ([[Thailand]]) to Laos and then to Cambodia.<ref>{{harvnb|Office of the Geographer|1964|p=4}}; {{harvnb|Stuart-Fox|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8VvvevRkX-EC&pg=PA27 27]}}.</ref> Although highland groups initially resisted their colonial rulers, by the end of the colonial era in 1953 they had been subdued.<ref name=vnp/>
Ratanakiri Province was created in 1959 from land that had been the eastern area of [[Stung Treng Province]].<ref name=adbhistory>{{harvnb|ADB|2002|pp=6–7}}.</ref> The name ''Ratanakiri'' (រតនគិរី) is formed from the [[Khmer language|Khmer]] words រតនៈ (''rôtânô'' "gem" from [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] ''ratna'') and គិរី (''kĭri'' "mountain" from Sanskrit ''giri''), describing two features for which the province is known.<ref>{{harvnb|Fox|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=n3FgkLncvMsC&pg=PA115 115]}}; {{harvnb|Headley|1997|pp=181, 1003}}; {{harvnb|Tourism of Cambodia ("Welcome to Ratnakiri")}}.</ref> During the 1950s and 1960s, [[Norodom Sihanouk]] instituted a development and Khmerization campaign in northeast Cambodia that was designed to bring villages under government control, limit the influence of insurgents in the area, and "modernize" indigenous communities.<ref>{{harvnb|Ministry of Environment|2006|p=5}}; {{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&q=ratanakiri&pg=PA353 353]}}; {{harvnb|Vajpeyi|2001|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JWf4X2apWMYC&pg=PA134 126–27]}}.</ref> Some [[Khmer Loeu]] were forcibly moved to the lowlands to be educated in Khmer language and culture, ethnic [[Khmer people|Khmer]] from elsewhere in Cambodia were moved into the province, and roads and large rubber plantations were built.<ref>{{harvnb|Ministry of Environment|2006|p=5}}; {{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&q=ratanakiri&pg=PA353 353]}}; {{harvnb|Vajpeyi|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JWf4X2apWMYC&pg=PA134 126]}}.</ref> After facing harsh working conditions and sometimes involuntary labor on the plantations, many Khmer Loeu left their traditional homes and moved farther from provincial towns.<ref name=samath353>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&q=ratanakiri&pg=PA353 353]}}.</ref> In 1968, tensions led to an uprising by the [[Brao people]] in which several Khmer were killed.<ref name=cdm>{{harvnb|Chandler|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vgw2rUEACRkC&pg=PA174 174]}}; {{harvnb|Dommen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MauWlUjuWNsC&pg=PA618 618]}}; {{harvnb|Martin|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BN-6Z3WWee4C&pg=PA114 114]}}.</ref> The government responded harshly, torching settlements and killing hundreds of villagers.<ref name=cdm/>
[[File:NixononCambodia.jpg|U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]] (shown here discussing Cambodia at a 1970 press conference) authorized the [[Operation Menu|covert 1969–1970 bombing of Vietnamese targets in Ratanakiri]].<ref name=troubled>{{harvnb|Clymer|2004|p=10}}.</ref>|alt=A room with a curtain and an American flag in the background. A man in a suit points to Cambodia on a large standing map of Southeast Asia.|thumb|left]]
In the 1960s, the ascendant [[Khmer Rouge]] forged an alliance with ethnic minorities in Ratanakiri, exploiting Khmer Loeu resentment of the central government.<ref>{{harvnb|Becker|1998|pp=107–108}}; {{harvnb|Chandler|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6s1OZI1kTPgC&pg=PA76 176]}}; {{harvnb|Locard|1996}}; {{harvnb|Chandler|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BN-6Z3WWee4C&pg=PA114 114]}}.</ref> The [[Communist Party of Kampuchea]] headquarters was moved to Ratanakiri in 1966, and hundreds of Khmer Loeu joined CPK units.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandler|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6s1OZI1kTPgC&pg=PA75 75]}}; {{harvnb|Chandler|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vgw2rUEACRkC&pg=PA158 158]}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vgw2rUEACRkC&pg=PA175 175].</ref> During this period, there was also extensive [[Vietnam]]ese activity in Ratanakiri.<ref name=p171>{{harvnb|Short|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XW24koscGMkC&pg=PA171 171]}}.</ref> Vietnamese [[communist]]s had operated in Ratanakiri since the 1940s; at a June 1969 press conference, Sihanouk said that Ratanakiri was "practically [[North Vietnamese]] territory".<ref>{{harvnb|Kissinger|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=O9qFpvGmiMcC&pg=PA128 128]}}; {{harvnb|Short|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XW24koscGMkC&pg=PA171 171]}}.</ref> Between March 1969 and May 1970, the United States undertook a massive [[Operation Menu|covert bombing campaign]] in the region, aiming to disrupt sanctuaries for communist Vietnamese troops. Villagers were forced outside of main towns to escape the bombings, foraging for food and living on the run with the Khmer Rouge.<ref>{{harvnb|Clymer|2004|p=11}}; {{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&q=ratanakiri&pg=PA353 353]}}; {{harvnb|Vajpeyi|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JWf4X2apWMYC&pg=PA127 127]}}.</ref> In June 1970, the central government withdrew its troops from Ratanakiri, abandoning the area to Khmer Rouge control.<ref>{{harvnb|Ministry of Environment|2006|p=5}}; {{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&q=ratanakiri&pg=PA353 353]}}</ref> The Khmer Rouge regime, which had not initially been harsh in Ratanakiri, became increasingly oppressive.<ref>{{harvnb|Becker|1998|pp=108, 251}}; {{harvnb|Ministry of Environment|2006|p=5}}.</ref> The Khmer Loeu were forbidden from speaking their native languages or practicing their traditional customs and religion, which were seen as incompatible with communism.<ref>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&q=ratanakiri&pg=PA353 353]}}; {{harvnb|Thomas|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L6aMrw5_FawC&pg=PA239 239]}}.</ref> Communal living became compulsory, and the province's few schools were closed.<ref>{{harvnb|Thomas|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L6aMrw5_FawC&pg=PA239 239]}}.</ref> Purges of ethnic minorities increased in frequency, and thousands of refugees fled to Vietnam and Laos.<ref>{{harvnb|Becker|1998|p=251}}; {{harvnb|Vajpeyi|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JWf4X2apWMYC&pg=PA127 127]}}.</ref> Preliminary studies indicate that bodies accounting for approximately 5% of Ratanakiri's residents were deposited in mass graves, a significantly lower rate than elsewhere in Cambodia.<ref>{{harvnb|Etcheson|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ip3kQNZgkt4C&pg=PA115 116]}}.</ref>
After the [[Cambodian-Vietnamese War|Vietnamese defeated the Khmer Rouge]] in 1979, government policy toward Ratanakiri became one of benign neglect.<ref name=samath353/> The Khmer Loeu were permitted to return to their traditional livelihoods, but the government provided little infrastructure in the province.<ref name=samath353/> Under the Vietnamese, there was little contact between the provincial government and many local communities.<ref>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&q=ratanakiri&pg=PA353 353–54]}}.</ref> Long after the fall of the Khmer Rouge regime, however, Khmer Rouge rebels remained in the forests of Ratanakiri.<ref name=sw>{{harvnb|Suzuki|2005|p=11}}; {{harvnb|Waldick|2001}}.</ref> Rebels largely surrendered their arms in the 1990s, though attacks along provincial roads continued until 2002.<ref name=sw/>
Ratanakiri's recent history has been characterized by development and attendant challenges to traditional ways of life.<ref name=uv>{{harvnb|ADB|2008}}; {{harvnb|Vinding|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0t_CU9gmi8cC&pg=PA256 256]}}.</ref> The national government has built roads, encouraged tourism and agriculture, and facilitated rapid immigration of lowland Khmers into Ratanakiri.<ref>{{harvnb|Stidsen|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SdbwzF4k-msC&pg=PA324 324]}}; {{harvnb|Tyler|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pv6QsvDyQvgC&pg=PA33 33]}}; {{harvnb|Vinding|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0t_CU9gmi8cC&pg=PA256 256]}}.</ref> Road improvements and political stability have increased land prices, and [[Land Alienation in Ratanakiri Province|land alienation in Ratanakiri]] has been a major problem.<ref name=iw2004>{{harvnb|Vinding|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0t_CU9gmi8cC&pg=PA256 256]}}.</ref> Despite a 2001 law allowing indigenous communities to obtain collective title to traditional lands, some villages have been left nearly landless.<ref name=uv/> The national government has granted [[Concession (contract)|concessions]] over land traditionally possessed by Ratanakiri's indigenous peoples,<ref>{{harvnb|Hall|2011|p=76}}; {{harvnb|Stidsen|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SdbwzF4k-msC&pg=PA324 324]}}; {{harvnb|Tyler|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pv6QsvDyQvgC&pg=PA33 33]}}; {{harvnb|Vinding|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0t_CU9gmi8cC&pg=PA256 256]}}.</ref> and even land "sales" have often involved bribes to officials, coercion, threats, or misinformation.<ref name=iw2004/> Following the involvement of several international [[non-governmental organizations]] (NGOs), land alienation had decreased in frequency as of 2006.<ref name=p53>{{harvnb|John|Phalla|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vN524v5qXhoC&pg=PA53 53]}}.</ref> In the 2000s, Ratanakiri also [[Degar refugees in Cambodia|received hundreds of Degar (Montagnard) refugees]] fleeing unrest in neighboring Vietnam; the Cambodian government was criticized for its forcible repatriation of many refugees.<ref>{{harvnb|HRW|2002}}; {{harvnb|Christie|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SwwY5WR5fvkC&pg=PA162 162-63]}}.</ref>
==Geography and climate==
[[File:Ratanakiri physical map.svg|thumb|250px|right|Map of Ratanakiri, with major roads indicated in red|alt=Physical map of Ratanakiri, depicting highest elevation at the province's northern border. The city of Banlung is at the center of the province. Ta Vaeang and Veun Sai are in the north, and Lumphat is in the south.]]
The geography of Ratanakiri Province is diverse, encompassing rolling hills, mountains, plateaus, lowland [[Drainage basin|watershed]]s, and [[Volcanic crater lake|crater lake]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Tourism of Cambodia ("Welcome to Ratnakiri")}}.</ref> Two major rivers, [[Tonle San]] and [[Tonle Srepok]], flow from east to west across the province. The province is known for its lush forests; as of 1997, 70–80% of the province was forested, either with old-growth forest or with [[secondary forest]] regrown after [[shifting cultivation]].<ref name=bann/> In the far north of the province are mountains of the [[Annamite Range]]; the area is characterized by dense [[Broadleaf forest|broadleaf]] [[evergreen forest]]s, relatively poor soil, and abundant wildlife.<ref name=bfr/> In the highlands between Tonle San and Tonle Srepok, the home of the vast majority of Ratanakiri's population, a hilly [[basalt]] plateau provides fertile red soils.<ref name=bfr>{{harvnb|Bann|1997}}; {{harvnb|Fox|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=n3FgkLncvMsC&pg=PA115 115]}}.</ref> Secondary forests dominate this region.<ref name=geography115/> South of the Srepok River is a flat area of tropical [[deciduous forests]].<ref name=bfr/>
[[Geography of Cambodia#Climate|Like other areas of Cambodia]], Ratanakiri has a [[monsoon]]al climate with a rainy season from June to October, a cool season from November to January, and a hot season from March to May.<ref name=climate2>{{harvnb|Tourism of Cambodia ("Climate")}}.</ref> Ratanakiri tends to be cooler than elsewhere in Cambodia.<ref name=climate2/> The average daily high temperature in the province is {{convert|34.0|°C|°F|1}}, and the average daily low temperature is {{convert|22.1|°C|°F|1}}.<ref name=climate>{{harvnb|Sothy|Sokunth|2007|p=3}}.</ref> Annual precipitation is approximately {{convert|2200|mm|in}}.<ref name=climate/> Flooding often occurs during the rainy season and has been exacerbated by the recently built [[Yali Falls Dam]].<ref>{{harvnb|Japan Environmental Council|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4Mc_UXCTNQcC&pg=PA139 139–142]}}; {{harvnb|Xinhua|2007}}; {{harvnb|AMRC|2003}}.</ref>
[[File:Yak Loum.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of [[Yak Loum]], a [[Volcanic crater lake|crater lake]] near [[Banlung]]|alt=A deep blue, round lake surrounded with forest. Nearby, the forest has been replaced with fields.]]
Ratanakiri has some of the most [[Biodiversity|biologically diverse]] lowland tropical rainforest and [[montane forest]] ecosystems in mainland Southeast Asia.<ref name=cfi-iv>{{harvnb|Brown|2006|p=iv}}.</ref> One 1996 survey of two sites in Ratanakiri and one site in neighboring Mondulkiri recorded 44 mammal species, 76 bird species, and 9 reptile species.<ref>{{harvnb|Desai|Vuthy|1996}}.</ref> A 2007 survey of Ratanakiri's [[Virachey National Park]] recorded 30 ant species, 19 katydid species, 37 fish species, 35 reptile species, 26 amphibian species, and 15 mammal species, including several species never before observed.<ref>{{harvnb|Conservation International|2007|pp=5–6}}.</ref> [[Wildlife in Ratanakiri]] includes [[Asian elephants]], [[gaur]], and monkeys.<ref name=bann>{{harvnb|Bann|1997}}.</ref> Ratanakiri is an important site for the conservation of endangered birds, including the [[giant ibis]] and the [[greater adjutant]].<ref name=bann/> The province's forests contain a wide variety of flora; one half-hectare forest inventory identified 189 species of trees and 320 species of ground flora and saplings.<ref name=bann/>
Nearly half of Ratanakiri has been set aside in protected areas,<ref>{{harvnb|Fox|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=n3FgkLncvMsC&pg=PA124 124]}}; {{harvnb|Poffenberger|1999|loc=ch. 4–5}}.</ref> which include [[Lomphat Wildlife Sanctuary]] and Virachey National Park. Even these protected areas, however, are subject to [[illegal logging]], poaching, and mineral extraction.<ref name=kurc>{{harvnb|Kurczy|2009}}.</ref> Though the province has been known for its relatively pristine environment, recent development has spawned environmental problems.<ref>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA350 350–51]}}.</ref> The unspoiled image of the province often conflicts with the reality on the ground: visitors "expecting to find pristine forests teeming with wildlife are increasingly disappointed to find lifeless patches of freshly cut tree stumps".<ref name=kurc/> Land use patterns are changing as population growth has accelerated and agriculture and logging have intensified.<ref name=samath350>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA350 350]}}.</ref> [[Soil erosion]] is increasing, and [[microclimates]] are being altered.<ref name=samath350/> Habitat loss and unsustainable hunting have contributed to the province's decreasing biodiversity.<ref>{{harvnb|Poffenberger|1999|loc=ch. 4–5}}; {{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA351 351]}}.</ref>
==Government and administrative divisions==
Government in Ratanakiri is weak, largely due to the province's remoteness, ethnic diversity, and recent history of Khmer Rouge dominance.<ref>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA349 349]}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA356 356]; {{harvnb|Suzuki|2005|pp=12–13}}.</ref> The provincial legal framework is poor, and the rule of law is even weaker in Ratanakiri than elsewhere in Cambodia.<ref name=samath356>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA349 349]}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA356 356].</ref> Furthermore, government services are ineffective and insufficient to meet the needs of the province.<ref name=samath351>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA351 351]}}.</ref> The Cambodian government has traditionally accepted substantial support from [[Non-governmental organizations in Ratanakiri Province|NGOs in the region]].<ref name=suzuki13>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA351 351]}}; {{harvnb|Suzuki|2005|p=13}}.</ref>
Thon Saron is the provincial governor.<ref>{{harvnb|Chork|Sithyna|2015}}.</ref> As of the [[2017 Cambodian communal elections|2017 communal elections]], [[Commune Council (Cambodia)|commune council]]s in Ratanakiri are composed of 207 members representing the CPP, 51 members representing the [[Cambodia National Rescue Party]], and two members representing the [[Grassroots Democracy Party]].<ref>{{harvnb|National Election Committee|2017}}.</ref> Political scientist Caroline Hughes has suggested that the CPP's overwhelming dominance in rural areas such as Ratanakiri stems from the central government's ability to suppress collective action, which in urban areas is offset by international donors and NGOs that provide support for opposition parties.<ref>{{harvnb|Hughes|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iSE3S-nJzMoC&pg=PA46 80]}}.</ref> Fifty-one commune council members in Ratanakiri (20%) were women as of the [[2012 Cambodian communal elections|2012 communal elections]], and 98% of Ratanakiri's government staff was Khmer as of 2006.<ref>{{harvnb|John|Phalla|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vN524v5qXhoC&pg=PA34 34].}}; {{harvnb|Committee for Free and Fair Elections|2012|p=79}}.</ref> [[Bou Lam]], a member of the CPP, represents Ratanakiri in the [[National Assembly of Cambodia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Pheap|2015}}.</ref>
Village government in Ratanakiri has both traditional and administrative components. Traditional forms of government, namely village [[Elder (society)|elders]] and other indigenous institutions, are dominant.<ref name=brown11>{{harvnb|Brown|2006|p=11}}.</ref> Members of each village designate one or more community elders to manage village affairs, mediate conflicts, and ensure that villagers follow customary laws, particularly about land and resource use.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|2006|pp=9–11}}.</ref> Elders do not play an autocratic role, and are instead primarily respected advisors and consensus builders.<ref name=brown10>{{harvnb|Brown|2006|p=10}}.</ref> Village elders are generally male, but women also play a role in the management of the community and its resources.<ref name="brown12">{{harvnb|Brown|2006|p=12}}.</ref> A village may also have a village chief, i.e., a local government person who is appointed by a higher governmental official.<ref name=brown11/> The village chief serves as a liaison between the village and outside government officials, but lacks traditional authority.<ref name=brown11/> The role of the village chief in village governance may be poorly defined; in one Kreung village, residents told a researcher that they were "very unclear exactly what the work of the village chief entailed."<ref name=brown11/>
[[File:Ratanakiri districts.jpg|alt=|thumb|345x345px|Map of Ratanakiri Province]]
The province is divided into eight [[Administrative divisions of Cambodia|districts]] and one municipality, further divided into 50 communes, as follows:<ref>{{harvnb|CNPRDB|2003}}; {{harvnb|National Institute of Statistics ("Annex 1")|p=85}}.</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!ISO Code
! District
! Communes
! Population (2019)<ref name=census2019>{{Cite web|url=http://nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf|title=General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019 – Final Results|publisher=[[Ministry of Planning (Cambodia)|Ministry of Planning]]|work=National Institute of Statistics|date=2019|access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|1601
|[[Andoung Meas]]
|[[Malik, Cambodia|Malik]], [[Nhang]], [[Ta Lav]] || 17,617
|-
|1602
|[[Banlung|Banlung Municipality]]
|[[Kachanh]], [[Labansiek]], [[Yeak Laom]], Boeng Kansaeng || 30,399
|-
|1603
|[[Bar Kaev]]
|[[Kak Commune, Bar Kaev District|Kak]], [[Ke Chong|Keh Chong]], [[Laming|La Minh]], [[Lung Khung]], [[Seung (commune)|Saeng]], [[Ting Chak]] || 28,279
|-
|1604
|[[Koun Mom]]
|[[Serei Mongkol]], [[Srae Angkrorng]], [[Ta Ang]], [[Toen (commune)|Teun]], [[Trapeang Chres]], [[Trapeang Kraham]] || 30,810
|-
|1605
|[[Lumphat]]
|[[Chey Otdam]], [[Ka Laeng]], [[Lbang Muoy]], [[Lbang Pir]], [[Ba Tang]], [[Seda, Cambodia|Seda]] || 27,839
|-
|1606
|[[Ou Chum]]
|[[Cha Ung]], [[Chan (commune)|Chan]], [[Aekakpheap]], [[Kalai, Cambodia|Kalai]], [[Ou Chum (commune)|Ou Chum]], [[Sameakki]], [[L'ak]] || 25,301
|-
|1607
|[[Ou Ya Dav]]
|[[Bar Kham]], [[Lum Choar]], [[Pak Nhai]], [[Pate, Cambodia|Pate]], [[Sesant]], [[Saom Thum]], [[Ya Tung]] || 23,932
|-
|1608
|[[Ta Veaeng]]
|[[Ta Veaeng Leu]], [[Ta Veaeng Kraom]] || 7,503
|-
|1609
|[[Veun Sai]]
|[[Ban Pong (commune)|Ban Pong]], [[Hat Pak]], [[Ka Choun]], [[Kaoh Pang]], [[Kaoh Peak]], [[Kok Lak]], [[Pa Kalan]], [[Phnum Kok]], [[Veun Sai (commune)|Veun Sai]] || 27,210
|}
==Economy and transportation==
[[File:Banlung market (1).jpg|A local market in Banlung|thumb|alt=Outdoor market stalls on red earth, with makeshift cloth roofs]]
The vast majority of workers in Ratanakiri are employed in agriculture.<ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2014c|p=93}}.</ref> Most of the indigenous residents of Ratanakiri are [[subsistence farmers]], practicing [[slash and burn]] [[shifting cultivation]]. (See [[#Culture|Culture]] below for more information on traditional subsistence practices.) Many families are beginning to shift production to [[cash crops]] such as [[cashews]], [[mangoes]], and [[tobacco]], a trend that has accelerated in recent years.<ref>{{harvnb|Levett|2007}}; {{harvnb|Suzuki|2005|p=10}}; {{harvnb|ADB|2008}}.</ref> Ratanakiri villagers have traditionally had little contact with the cash economy.<ref name=bann/> Barter exchange remains widespread, and Khmer Loeu villagers tended to visit markets only once per year until quite recently.<ref name=bann/> As of 2005, monetary income in the province averaged US$5 per month per person; purchased possessions such as motorcycles, televisions, and [[karaoke]] sets have become extremely desirable.<ref name=suzuki10>{{harvnb|Suzuki|2005|p=10}}.</ref>
Larger-scale agriculture occurs on [[rubber]] and [[cashew]] plantations.<ref>{{harvnb|NGO Forum|2005|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110609083924/http://www.ngoforum.org.kh/Land/Docs/Indigenous/Rethinking/Part%20I.htm Part I]}}; {{harvnb|Ratanakiri Department of Planning|p=170}}.</ref> Other economic activities in the province include gem mining and commercial logging. The most abundant gem in Ratanakiri is blue [[zircon]].<ref>{{harvnb|Zeug|Nasdala|Wanthanachaisaeng|Balmer|2018}}.</ref> Small quantities of [[amethyst]], blue [[sapphire]] and [[Peridot]] are also produced.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Zircon Mines And Blue Zircon |url=https://exploreratanakiri.com/others/zircon-gemstone-mines/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Explore Ratanakiri |language=de-DE}}</ref> Gems are generally mined using traditional methods, with individuals digging holes and tunnels and manually removing the gems; recently, however, commercial mining operations have been moving into the province.<ref>{{harvnb|AFP|2004}}; {{harvnb|Saroeun|Kyne|2001}}; {{harvnb|Calvet|2009b}}; {{harvnb|Dobbs|1994}}.</ref> Logging, particularly illegal logging, has been a problem both for environmental reasons and because of land alienation.<ref>{{harvnb|Dauvergne|2001|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oiTHZMVwc-0C&pg=PA119 119], [https://books.google.com/books?id=oiTHZMVwc-0C&pg=PA133 133]}}; {{harvnb|Kurczy|2009}}; {{harvnb|Ratha|Yun|Finney|2016}}.</ref> In 1997, an estimated 300,000 cubic meters of logs were exported illegally from Ratanakiri to Vietnam, compared to a legal limit of 36,000 cubic meters.<ref name=dennis>{{harvnb|Dennis|1999}}.</ref> John Dennis, a researcher for the Asian Development Bank, described the logging in Ratanakiri as a "human rights emergency".<ref name=dennis/>
[[File:Ratanakiri1.jpg|A road in rural Ratanakiri|thumb|left|alt=An unpaved red dirt road passing through a forest in a mountainous landscape, with a house standing apart from the road to the left]]
Ratanakiri's tourist industry has rapidly expanded in recent years: visits to the province increased from 6,000 in 2002 to 105,000 in 2008 and 118,000 in 2011.<ref>{{harvnb|Kurczy|2009}}; {{harvnb|Council for the Development of Cambodia|2013|p=119}}.</ref> The region's tourism development strategy focuses on encouraging ecotourism.<ref name=tourism2>{{harvnb|Summers|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e5Az1lGCJwQC&pg=PA251 251]}}.</ref> Increasing tourism in Ratanakiri has been problematic because local communities receive very little income from tourism and because guides sometimes bring tourists to villages without residents' consent, disrupting traditional ways of life.<ref>{{harvnb|Baird|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FOEYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 14]}}; {{harvnb|UNESCAP|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NYSDBtGasgoC&pg=PA29 29–30]}}.</ref> A few initiatives have sought to address these issues: a provincial tourism steering committee aims to ensure that tourism is non-destructive, and some programs provide English and tourism skills to indigenous people.<ref name=i2002-268>{{harvnb|Vinding|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RomJxg75MZMC&pg=RA1-PA268 268]}}.</ref>
Ox-cart and motorcycle are common means of transportation in Ratanakiri.<ref>{{harvnb|Thomas|2004}}.</ref> The provincial road system is better than in some parts of the country, but remains in somewhat bad condition.<ref>{{harvnb|Spooner|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-PpBn9xFJ5YC&pg=PA19 19]}}.</ref> National Road 78 between Banlung and the Vietnam border was built between 2007 and 2010; the road was expected to increase trade between Cambodia and Vietnam.<ref>{{harvnb|Communist Party of Vietnam|2010}}; {{harvnb|Sen|2007}}; {{harvnb|UNESCAP ("Project Profile...")|pp=1–4}}; {{harvnb|Communist Party of Vietnam|2010}}.</ref> There is a [[Ratanakiri Airport|small airport]] in Banlung,<ref>{{harvnb|Palmer|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oR-Kmnj8wmAC&q=rattanakiri&pg=PA242 241]}}.</ref> but commercial flights to Ratanakiri have long been discontinued.<ref>{{harvnb|Ray|Robinson|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E3pPhVSklJsC&pg=PA334 334]}}; {{harvnb|Ray|Bloom|2014}}.</ref>
==Demographics and towns==
[[File:Tampuan Children.JPG|thumb|[[Tampuan people|Tampuan]] children in Ratanakiri Province|alt=Six young children standing in front of a building with a woven wall]]
As of 2013, Ratanakiri Province had a population of approximately 184,000.<ref name=cips1011>{{harvnb|NISC|2014c|p=11}}.</ref> Its population nearly doubled between 1998 and 2013, largely due to internal migration.<ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2014c|pp=11, 14–15}}; {{harvnb|NISC|2013a|p=17}}; {{harvnb|Van den Berg|Palith|2000|p=6}}.</ref> In 2013, Ratanakiri made up 1.3% of Cambodia's total population; its population density of 17.0 residents per square kilometer was just over one fifth the national average.<ref name=cips1011/> About 70% of the province's population lives in the highlands; of the other 30%, approximately half live in more urbanized towns, and half live along rivers and in the lowlands, where they practice wetland rice cultivation and engage in market activities.<ref name=bann/> [[Banlung]], the provincial capital located in the central highlands, is by far the province's largest town, with a population of approximately 25,000.<ref>{{harvnb|Ray|Robinson|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E3pPhVSklJsC&pg=PA292 292]}}.</ref> Other significant towns include [[Veun Sai]] in the north and [[Lomphat]] in the south, with populations of 2,000 and 3,000 respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|Ray|Robinson|2008|pp=296, 298}}.</ref>
In 2013, 37% of Ratanakiri residents were under age 15, 52% were age 15 to 49, 7% were age 50 to 64, and 3% were aged 65 or older; 49.7% of residents were male, and 50.3% were female.<ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2013b|p=30}}.</ref> Each household had an average of 4.9 members, and most households (85.6%) were headed by men.<ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2014c|pp=15, 44}}.</ref>
While highland peoples have inhabited Ratanakiri for well over a millennium, lowland peoples have migrated to the province in the last 200 years.<ref name=bann/> As of 2013, various highland groups collectively called [[Khmer Loeu]] made up approximately half of Ratanakiri's population, ethnic [[Khmer people|Khmers]] made up 36%, and ethnic [[Lao people|Lao]] made up 10%.<ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2014a|pp=16, 97}}. Language is used as a proxy for ethnicity.<!--see this work where a scholarly source does the same:{{cite book|url=https://www.adb.org/publications/indigenous-peoples-ethnic-minorities-and-poverty-reduction-cambodia|title=Indigenous Peoples: Ethnic Minorities and Poverty Reduction (Cambodia)|publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]]|date=June 2002|isbn=971-561-437-X|page=6}}--></ref> Within the Khmer Loeu population, 35% were [[Tampuan people|Tampuan]] as of 1996, 24% were [[Jarai people|Jarai]]<!--or Charay-->, 23% were [[Kreung]]<!--also spelled Krung-->, 11% were [[Brou people|Brou]]<!--or Prou or Brao-->, 3% were [[Kachok]], and 3% were [[Kavet people|Kavet]], with other groups making up the remaining one percent.<ref>{{harvnb|ADB|2002|p=6}}.</ref> There are also very small [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Cham (Asia)|Cham]], and [[Chinese people|Chinese]] minorities.<ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2014a|p=16}}; {{harvnb|Van den Berg|Palith|2000|p=6}}; {{harvnb|Sisovanna|2012|pp=63, 65}}.</ref> Though the official language of Ratanakiri (like all of Cambodia) is [[Khmer language|Khmer]], each indigenous group speaks its own language.<ref>{{harvnb|Constitution of Cambodia|loc=Article 5}}; {{harvnb|Tyler|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vN524v5qXhoC&pg=PA34 34]}}.</ref> Less than 10% of Ratanakiri's indigenous population can speak Khmer fluently.<ref name=clayton/>
==Health, education, and development==
{{see also|Health in Ratanakiri Province}}
Health indicators in Ratanakiri are the worst in Cambodia.<ref name=riddell>{{harvnb|Riddell|2006|p=258}}.</ref> Life expectancy is 39 years for men and 43 years for women.<ref>{{harvnb|Sisovanna|2012|pp=63, 65}}.</ref> [[Malaria]], [[tuberculosis]], [[intestinal parasites]], [[cholera]], [[diarrhea]], and [[vaccine]]-preventable diseases are [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]].<ref name=riddell/> Ratanakiri has very high rates of [[maternal mortality|maternal]] and [[child mortality]]; in Ratanakiri and neighboring Mondulkiri (whose figures were combined in the most recent survey), over 10% of children die before the age of five.<ref>{{harvnb|Hubbel|2007|p=34}}; {{harvnb|WFP}}; {{harvnb|Riddell|2006|p=258}}; {{harvnb|Directorate General for Health}}.</ref> Ratanakiri also has the country's highest rates of severe [[malnutrition]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hamade|2003|p=3}}.</ref> Ratanakiri residents' poor health can be attributed to a variety of factors, including poverty, remoteness of villages, poor quality medical services, and language and cultural barriers that prevent Khmer Loeu from obtaining medical care.<ref>{{harvnb|Hubbel|2007|pp=34, 36}}; {{harvnb|Riddell|2006|p=258}}.</ref> The province has one referral hospital, 10 health centers, and 17 health posts.<ref name=arai>{{harvnb|Health Unlimited|2006|p=9}}.</ref> Medical equipment and supplies are minimal, and most health facilities are staffed by nurses or midwives, who are often poorly trained and irregularly paid.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|2000|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bK11j2IdbC0C&pg=PA59 59–60]}}; {{harvnb|Health Unlimited|2006|p=9}}.</ref>
[[File:Ratanakiri tribal village school.jpg|left|A village school in Ratanakiri|thumb|alt=Small white building standing in a field of red earth. A cow wanders in the foreground.]]
As of 1998, Ratanakiri had 76 primary schools, one junior high school, and one high school.<ref>{{harvnb|Ratanakiri Department of Planning|p=6}}</ref> Education levels, particularly among Khmer Loeu, are very low. A 2002 survey of residents in six villages found that fewer than 10% of respondents had attended any primary school.<ref>{{harvnb|Chat|2003|p=7}}.</ref> Access to education is limited because of the expense of books, distance to schools, children's need to contribute to their families' livelihood, frequent absence of teachers, and instruction that is culturally inappropriate and in a language foreign to most students.<ref>{{harvnb|Hubbel|2007|p=36}}.</ref> Only 55% of Ratanakiri adults were [[literate]] as of 2013 (compared to 80% in Cambodia overall).<ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2014b|p=36}}.</ref> Bilingual education initiatives, in which students begin instruction in native languages and gradually transition to instruction in Khmer, began in Ratanakiri in 2002 and appear to have been successful.<ref>{{harvnb|Clayton|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0iJD7lZR8WYC&pg=PA104 104]}}; {{harvnb|Kosonen|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aP3iylRYWywC&pg=PT135 125]}}.</ref> The programs aim to make education more accessible to speakers of indigenous languages, as well as to give Khmer Loeu access to national political and economic affairs by providing Khmer language skills.<ref name=clayton>{{harvnb|Clayton|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0iJD7lZR8WYC&pg=PA104 104]}}.</ref>
Ratanakiri is one of the least developed provinces in Cambodia.<ref name=samath351/> As of 2013, the average home had 1.9 rooms, and only 14.9% of buildings in the province had permanent roofs, walls, and flooring.<ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2014b|pp=18, 23}}.</ref> Relatively few households (27.8%) had toilet facilities.<ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2014b|p=42}}.</ref> The largest share of households (38.0%) obtained water from springs, streams, ponds, or rain; much of the remainder obtained water from protected (23.9%) or unprotected (15.1%) dug [[water well|wells]].<ref name=cips938>{{harvnb|NISC|2014b|p=38}}.</ref> Only 21.6% of Ratanakiri residents obtained water from sources that are considered safe (purchased water, piped water, or tube/piped wells).<ref>{{harvnb|CNPRDB|2003}}; {{harvnb|NISC|2014b|p=38}}.</ref> Household water sources were within the home for 28.0% of households, near the home for 39.1%, and away from the home for 32.9%.<ref name=cips938/> The most common source of light was battery power (39.5%), followed by government-provided power (25.5%), and kerosene (16.5%).<ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2014b|p=29}}.</ref> Most households (85%) used firewood as the main fuel for cooking.<ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2014b|p=33}}.</ref> A [[non-governmental organizations in Ratanakiri Province|variety of NGOs]], including [[Oxfam]] and [[Health Unlimited]], work to improve health and living conditions in the province.<ref>{{harvnb|Riska}}.</ref>
==Culture==
{{see also|Khmer Loeu|Culture of Cambodia}}
Khmer Loeu typically practice [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence]] [[slash and burn]] [[shifting cultivation]] in small villages of between 20 and 60 [[nuclear families]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bourdier|2006|p=8}}; {{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA354 354]}}.</ref> Each village [[Common ownership|collectively owns]] and governs a forest territory whose boundaries are known though not marked.<ref>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA354 354]}}; {{harvnb|ADB|2008}}.</ref> Within this land, each family is allocated, on average, 1–2 [[hectares]] (2.5–5 [[acre]]s) of actively cultivated land and 5–6 hectares (12.5–15 acres) of fallow land.<ref name=montagnards>{{harvnb|Jones|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oKSIm4CreP8C 44]}}.</ref> The ecologically sustainable cultivation cycle practiced by the Khmer Loeu generally lasts 10 to 15 years.<ref name=samath354>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA354 354]}}.</ref> Villagers supplement their agricultural livelihood with low-intensity hunting, fishing, and gathering over a large area.<ref name=samath354/>
Khmer Loeu diets in Ratanakiri are largely dictated by the food that is available for harvesting or gathering.<ref name=food>{{harvnb|Health Unlimited|2002}}; {{harvnb|Hamade|2003}}.</ref> Numerous food taboos also limit food choice, particularly among pregnant women, children, and the sick.<ref name=taboo>{{harvnb|Health Unlimited|2002}}.</ref> The primary staple grain is [[rice]], though most families experience rice shortages during the six months before harvest time.<ref name=food14>{{harvnb|Hamade|2003|p=14}}.</ref> Some families have begun to plant [[maize]] to alleviate this problem; other sources of grain include [[potatoes]], [[cassava]], and [[taro]].<ref name=food14/> Most Khmer Loeu diets are low in [[Protein in nutrition|protein]], which is limited in availability.<ref name=food13>{{harvnb|Hamade|2003|p=13}}.</ref> [[Wild game]] and fish are major protein sources, and smaller animals such as rats, wild chickens, and insects are also sometimes eaten.<ref name=food13/> Domestic animals such as pigs, cows, and [[Domestic buffalo|buffaloes]] are only eaten when sacrifices are made.<ref name=food13/> In the rainy season, many varieties of vegetables and leaves are gathered from the forest.<ref name=food14/> (Vegetables are generally not cultivated.<ref name=food14/>) Commonly eaten fruits include bananas, [[jackfruit]], [[papayas]], and [[mangoes]].<ref name=food16>{{harvnb|Hamade|2003|p=16}}.</ref>
[[File:Kreung meeting house.jpg|Meeting house in a [[Kreung]] village near [[Banlung]]|thumb|alt=A stilted building with woven walls]]
Houses in rural Ratanakiri are made from [[bamboo]], [[rattan]], wood, [[saek (plant)|saek]], and [[kanma]] leaves, all of which are collected from nearby forests; they typically last for around three years.<ref name=bann/> Village spatial organization varies by ethnic group.<ref name="brown12"/> Kreung villages are constructed in a circular manner, with houses facing inwards toward a central meeting house.<ref name="brown12"/> In Jarai villages, vast longhouses are inhabited by all extended families, with the inner house divided into smaller compartments.<ref name="brown12"/> Tampuan villages may follow either pattern.<ref name="brown12"/>
Nearly all Khmer Loeu are [[animist]], and their cosmologies are intertwined with the natural world.<ref>{{harvnb|Tyler|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vN524v5qXhoC&pg=PA34 34]}}; {{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA354 354]}}.</ref> Some forests are believed to be inhabited by local spirits, and local taboos forbid cutting in those areas.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|2006|p=9}}; {{harvnb|Poffenberger|1999|loc=ch. 4–5}}.</ref> Within spirit forests, certain natural features such as rock formations, waterfalls, pools, and vegetation are sacred.<ref name=cfi9>{{harvnb|Brown|2006|p=9}}.</ref> Major [[sacrificial]] festivals in Ratanakiri occur during March and April, when fields are selected and prepared for the new planting season.<ref name=food5>{{harvnb|Hamade|2003|p=5}}.</ref> [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Mission (Christian)|missionaries]] are present in the province, and some Khmer Loeu have converted to Christianity.<ref>{{harvnb|Baird|2009}}; {{harvnb|Calvet|2009a}}; {{harvnb|AIPP|2006}}.</ref> Indigenous community representatives have described the missionaries as a major threat to their society.<ref>{{harvnb|AIPP|2006}}.</ref> The region's ethnic Khmer are [[Buddhist]].<ref>{{harvnb|John|Phalla|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vN524v5qXhoC&pg=PA34 34]}}; {{harvnb|Short|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XW24koscGMkC&pg=PA171 171]}}.</ref> There is also a small [[Islam|Muslim]] community, consisting mainly of ethnic Cham.<ref>{{harvnb|Calvet|2009a}}.</ref>
Because of the province's high prevalence of malaria and its distance from regional centers, Ratanakiri was isolated from Western influences until the late 20th century.<ref name=geography115>{{harvnb|Fox|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=n3FgkLncvMsC&pg=PA115 115]}}.</ref> Major cultural shifts have occurred in recent years however, particularly in villages near roads and district towns; these changes have been attributed to contact with internal immigrants, government officials, and NGO workers.<ref name=on19>{{harvnb|Van den Berg|Palith|2000|p=19}}.</ref> Clothing and diets are becoming more standardized, and traditional music is being displaced by Khmer music.<ref name=on19/> Many villagers have also observed a loss of respect for elders and a growing divide between the young and the old.<ref name=on19/> Young people have begun to refuse to abide by traditional rules and have stopped believing in spirits.<ref name=on19/>
==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|colwidth=20em}}
===Works cited===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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* {{Cite web|title=2010 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey Fact Sheet|url=https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/GF22/GF22.pdf|access-date=14 July 2015|publisher=Cambodia Directorate General for Health|ref={{harvid|Directorate General for Health}}}}
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* {{cite news|last=Austin|first=Gordon|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413124913/http://www.colored-stone.com/stories/nov05/mining.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2010|url=http://www.colored-stone.com/stories/nov05/mining.cfm|title=World Mining Report|newspaper=Colored Stone|date=November–December 2005}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Baird|first=Ian G.|date=2009|title=Identities and Space. The Geographies of Religious Change amongst the Brao in Northeastern Cambodia|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40467185|journal=Anthropos|volume=104|issue=2|pages=457–468|doi=10.5771/0257-9774-2009-2-457|jstor=40467185|issn=0257-9774|url-access=subscription}}
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* {{cite web|last=Bann|first=Camille|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608213840/http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/10536114500ACF4B.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2011|url=http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/10536114500ACF4B.pdf|title=An Economic Analysis of Tropical Forest Land Use Options, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia|publisher=[[International Development Research Centre]]|date=1997}}
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.stat.go.jp/info/meetings/cambodia/pdf/ci_fn02.pdf|title=Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013 Final Report|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia]]|date=November 2013|access-date=14 July 2015|ref={{harvid|NISC|2013a}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.stat.go.jp/info/meetings/cambodia/pdf/c13ana03.pdf|title=Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013: Report 3, Sex and Age Structure|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia]]|date=December 2013|access-date=14 July 2015|ref={{harvid|NISC|2013b}}}}
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* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Thomas|first=Anne|display-authors=etal|title=Empowering Ethnic Minorities in the Cambodian Highlands|encyclopedia=From Bullets to Blackboards|editor-first=Emily|editor-last=Vargas-Baron|editor2-first=Hernando|editor2-last=Bernal Alarcon|publisher=[[Inter-American Development Bank]]|date=2005|isbn=1-931003-99-8}}
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* {{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721121045/http://www.mekong.es.usyd.edu.au/case_studies/sesan/yalifallsdam/yali_ratanakiri.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2008|url=http://www.mekong.es.usyd.edu.au/case_studies/sesan/yalifallsdam/yali_ratanakiri.htm|title=Yali Falls Dam: Impacts on Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia|publisher=Australian Mekong Resource Centre, [[University of Sydney]]|date=10 March 2003|ref={{harvid|AMRC|2003}}}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Zeug|first1=Manuela|last2=Nasdala|first2=Lutz|last3=Wanthanachaisaeng|first3=Bhuwadol|last4=Balmer|first4=Walter A.|last5=Corfu|first5=Fernando|last6=Wildner|first6=Manfred|display-authors=3|date=2018|title=Blue Zircon from Ratanakiri, Cambodia|journal=The Journal of Gemmology|volume=36|issue=2|pages=112–132|doi=10.15506/JoG.2018.36.2.112|hdl=10852/67410|url=https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/67410/Zeug_2018_JGe_Ratanakiri-zircon.pdf?sequence=1|hdl-access=free}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.necelect.org.kh/khmer/content/2401|script-title=km:តារាងគណបក្សនយោបាយទទួលបានអាសនៈ នៃលទ្ធផលផ្លូវការសម្រាប់ការបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសរើសក្រុមប្រឹក្សាឃុំ សង្កាត់ អាណត្តិទី៤ ឆ្នាំ២០១៧|publisher=[[National Election Committee of Cambodia]]|date=2017|ref={{harvid|National Election Committee|2017}}|lang=km}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Ratanakiri Province}}
{{Geographic ___location
|Centre = Ratanakiri Province
|North = [[Attapeu Province]], {{flag|Laos}}
|Northeast = [[Kon Tum Province]], {{flag|Vietnam}}
|East =
|Southeast = [[Gia Lai Province]], {{flag|Vietnam}}
|South = [[Mondulkiri Province]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Stung Treng Province]]
|Northwest =
}}
{{RatanakiriProvince}}
{{Provinces of Cambodia}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Ratanakiri province| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1959]]
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