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{{Short description|Genus of New World monkeys}}
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" align="right" cellpading="2">
{{Automatic taxobox
<tr><th bgcolor="pink">Uakaris</th></tr>
| name = Uakari<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Primates | id = 12100349 | page = 146 | heading = Genus ''Cacajao''}}</ref>
<tr><td><!---space for image---></td></tr>
| status = CITES_A1
<tr><th bgcolor="pink">[[Scientific classification]]</th></tr>
| status_system = CITES
<tr><td>
| image = uakari_male.jpg
<table align="center">
| image_caption = [[Bald uakari]] (''Cacajao calvus'')
<tr><td>Kingdom:</td><td>[[Animal|Animalia]]</td></tr>
| taxon = Cacajao
<tr><td>Phylum:</td><td>[[Chordate|Chordata]]</td></tr>
| authority = [[Rene Primevere Lesson|Lesson]], 1840
<tr><td>Class:</td><td>[[Mammal|Mammalia]]</td></tr>
| type_species = ''[[Black-headed Uakari|Simia melanocephalus]]''
<tr><td>Order:</td><td>[[Primates]]</td></tr>
| type_species_authority = [[Alexander von Humboldt|Humboldt]], 1812
<tr><td>Suborder:</td><td>[[Haplorhini]]</td></tr>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
<tr><td>Superfamily:</td><td>[[Platyrrhini]]</td></tr>
| subdivision = {{linked species list
<tr><td>Family:</td><td>[[Atelidae]]</td></tr>
|Cacajao ayresi|
<tr><td>Subfamily:</td><td>[[Pithecinae]]</td></tr>
|Cacajao calvus|
<tr><td>Genus:</td><td>'''''Cacajao'''''</td></tr>
|Cacajao hosomi|
</table>
''|Cacajao melanocephalus''<br>''Cacajao calvus''|
<tr>
|Cacajao novaesi|
<th bgcolor="pink">[[Species]]</th></tr>
|Cacajao rubicundus|
<tr><td>
|Cacajao ucayalii|
''Cacajao melanocephalus''<br>''Cacajao calvus''
}}
</td></tr>
}}
</table>
'''Uakari''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|w|ə|ˈ|k|ɑːr|i}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/uakari |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123134147/https://www.lexico.com/definition/uakari |archive-date=November 23, 2021 |title=uakari |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|w|ɑː|-}})<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|uakari}}</ref> is the common name for the [[New World monkey]]s from the [[genus]] '''''Cacajao'''''. Both the English and scientific names are believed to have originated from indigenous languages.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barnett|first=Adrian A.|date=December 2004|title=The Meanings of Cacajao and Uacari: Folk Etymology in Neotropical Primate Taxonomy|journal=Neotropical Primates|language=en|volume=12|issue=3|pages=147–152|doi=10.1896/1413-4705.12.3.147|issn=1413-4705|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 
The uakaris are unusual among New World monkeys in that the tail length (15–18&nbsp;cm) is substantially less than their head and body length (40–45&nbsp;cm). Their bodies are covered with long, loose hair but their heads are bald. They have almost no [[subcutaneous tissue|subcutaneous fat]], so their bald faces appear almost skull-like. Like their closest relatives the [[saki monkey]]s, they have projecting lower [[incisor]]s. These monkeys have the most striking red facial skin of any primate. Females choose their mates based on how red the male's face is. Evidence suggests that the red facial coloration reflects the health of the primate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Corso|first1=Josmael|last2=Bowler|first2=Mark|last3=Heymann|first3=Eckhard W.|last4=Roos|first4=Christian|last5=Mundy|first5=Nicholas I.|date=2016-04-13|title=Highly polymorphic colour vision in a New World monkey with red facial skin, the bald uakari ( Cacajao calvus )|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=283|issue=1828|article-number=20160067|doi=10.1098/rspb.2016.0067|issn=0962-8452|pmc=4843651|pmid=27053753}}</ref>
The '''Uakaris''' form the genus '''''Cacajao''''', and are the largest of the monkeys in the [[subfamily]] [[Pithecinae]]. Two species are currently recognised, the
[[Black-headed Uakari]] ''Cacajao melanocephalus'' and the [[Bald Uakari]] or Red Uakari ''C. calvus''.
 
The four species of uakari currently recognized are all found in the north-western [[Amazon basin]]. The [[bald uakari]], remarkable for its brilliant scarlet complexion,<ref>Wolfe, A. (1997) ''Primates'', San Francisco: Chronicle Books, p. 159</ref> is found north of the [[Amazon River]], and south of the [[Japurá River]] in the [[Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve]]. The [[black-headed uakari]] is found north of the [[Amazon River|Amazon]] and south of the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]]. The [[Neblina uakari]] is found north of the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]], west of the Rio Marauiá and east of the [[Casiquiare canal]]. The [[Aracá uakari]] is currently known only from the Rio Curuduri basin.
The uakaris are unusual among [[New World monkey]]s in that their tail length (15-18 cm) is substantially less than their head and body length (40-45 cm). Their bodies are covered with long, loose hair but their heads are bald. They have almost no subcutaneous fat, so their bald faces appear almost skull like. Like the [[saki (animal)|saki]]s, they have projecting lower [[incisor]]s.
 
They have been observed both in small groups and in larger troops of up to 100. When traveling through the forest they move in the lower branches of the trees, though when foraging they also go up to the canopy. They mostly [[frugivory|eat fruit]], and unlike other Neotropical frugivores will consume a large amount of unripe fruit for which they have specialised dentition. They also eat flowers, seeds, invertebrates, [[bud]]s and leaves.<ref name="Gron2008"/>
Uakaris are found in the upper [[Amazon]] basin. The Black-headed Uakari is found north of the river, between the [[River Branco]] and the [[River Japurá]]. The Bald Uakari is found south of the Amazon, on the other side of the Japurá.
 
Uakari are found in neotropical [[Amazon biome|Amazon]] flooded or [[riparian]] forests, including [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[Peru]] and [[Venezuela]].<ref name="Gron2008">{{cite web|last=Gron |first=K.J. |date=July 21, 2008|title=Primate Factsheets: Uakari (Cacajao) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology |url=https://primate.wisc.edu/primate-info-net/pin-factsheets/pin-factsheet-uakari/|access-date= July 1, 2012}}</ref>
Uakaris are typically lethargic and silent in zoo conditions, but in the wild they are agile and active, capable of leaps of over 6 metres. They have been observed both in small groups and in larger troops of up to 100. When travelling through the forest they move in the lwoer branches of the trees, though when foraging they also go up to the canopy. They eat fruit, nuts, buds and leaves.
 
A [[Phylogeography|phylogeographic]] reconstruction found that the [[Most recent common ancestor|concestor]] of living uakari dates to 1.7 million years ago, in the [[Solimões River]], whence they spread and diversified following intermittent river rearrangements.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=Felipe Ennes |last2=Luna |first2=Leilton Willians |last3=Batista |first3=Romina |last4=Röhe |first4=Fabio |last5=Gubili |first5=Chrysoula |last6=Farias |first6=Izeni P. |last7=Hrbek |first7=Tomas |last8=Valsecchi |first8=João |last9=Ribas |first9=Camila C. |last10=McDevitt |first10=Allan D. |last11=Dellicour |first11=Simon |last12=Flot |first12=Jean-François |last13=Boubli |first13=Jean P. |date=2024-04-08 |title=Impact of Quaternary Amazonian river dynamics on the diversification of uakari monkeys (genus Cacajao ) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.14844 |journal=Journal of Biogeography |language=en |doi=10.1111/jbi.14844 |issn=0305-0270|hdl=2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/373534 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
[[Henry Walter Bates]], the [[nineteenth century]] zoologist, recorded that the [[Native American]]s captured uakaris alive by using blowpipe darts or arrows tipped with diluted [[curare]]; once captured the animals were revived by putting a pinch of salt in their mouths. Those animals that survived were kept as [[pet]]s.
 
==Species==
Per the [[American Society of Mammalogists|ASM]] and the [[IUCN]], there are eight species in this genus:<ref>{{cite web|title=Cacajao|url=https://mammaldiversity.org/#Y2FjYWphbyZnbG9iYWxfc2VhcmNoPXRydWUmbG9vc2U9dHJ1ZQ|access-date=2019-07-24|publisher=ASM Mammal Diversity Database}}</ref>
* Genus ''Cacajao''
** Bald uakari or red uakari species group
*** [[White bald-headed uakari]], ''Cacajao calvus''
*** [[Ucayali bald-headed uakari]], ''Cacajao ucayalii''
*** [[Red bald-headed uakari]], ''Cacajao rubicundus''
*** [[Novaes' bald-headed uakari]], ''Cacajao novaesi''
**Black-headed uakari species group
*** [[Golden-backed uakari|Golden-backed]] or black-headed uakari, ''Cacajao melanocephalus''
*** [[Aracá uakari]], ''Cacajao ayresi''
*** [[Neblina uakari]], ''Cacajao hosomi''
 
In 2014 Ferrari ''et al.'' proposed an alternative taxonomy for the ''C. melanocephalus'' group which recognizes the Aracá uakari as a subspecies of the golden-backed uakari, and also recognized ''Cacajao ouakary'' as a separate species, whereas current consensus is that ''C. ouakary'' is a junior synonym of ''C. melanocephalus''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Reconsidering the taxonomy of the Black-Faced Uacaris, ''Cacajao melanocephalus'' group (Mammalia: Pitheciidae), from the northern Amazon Basin|author=Ferrari, Stephen F.|author2=Guedes, Patricia G.|author3=Figueriredo-Ready, Wilsea M.B.|author4=Barnett, Adrian A.|year=2014|journal=Zootaxa|volume=3866|issue=3|pages=353–370|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3866.3.3|pmid=25283664}}</ref> This revision is not universally accepted.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cacajao|website=ITIS|access-date=2 September 2022|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=572817#null}}</ref>
[[Image:Male uakari.jpg|thumb|right|Male [[bald uakari]]]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
==External links==
*[http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/uakari Primate Info Net ''Cacajao'' Factsheet]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080207025415/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/02/080204-new-monkey.html New Monkey Species Found by a New Zealand primatologist in Brazilian Amazon]
*[http://www.uakari.co.uk The Red Uakari Monkey Project]
 
{{Pitheciidae nav}}
{{Haplorhini|S.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1048171}}
 
[[Category:Sakis and uakaris]]
[[Category:Taxa named by René Lesson]]