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{{short description|Code of scientific nomenclature}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:CarlvonLinne Garden.jpg|thumb|270px|[[Carl Linnaeus]]'s garden at [[Uppsala]], Sweden]]
[[File:Species plantarum 001.jpg|thumb|270px|Title page of ''[[Species Plantarum]]'', 1753]]
The '''''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants''''' ('''ICN''' or '''ICNafp''') is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal [[botanical name]]s that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those "traditionally treated as algae, fungi, or plants".<ref name="ShenzhenCode">{{Cite book |year=2018 |editor-last=Turland |editor-first=N.J. |display-editors=etal |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 |edition=electronic |___location=Glashütten |publisher=International Association for Plant Taxonomy |url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php |access-date=2018-06-27 |archive-date=2015-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115102503/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php |url-status=live }}.</ref>{{rp|Preamble, para. 8}} It was formerly called the '''''International Code of Botanical Nomenclature''''' ('''ICBN'''); the name was changed at the [[International Botanical Congress]] in [[Melbourne]] in July 2011 as part of the ''Melbourne Code''<ref name="MelbourneCode">{{Cite book |year=2012 |editor-last=McNeill |editor-first=J. |display-editors=etal |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code), Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 |edition=electronic |___location=Bratislava |publisher=International Association for Plant Taxonomy |url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php |access-date=2012-12-20 |archive-date=2015-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115102503/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php |url-status=live }}.</ref> which replaced the ''Vienna Code'' of 2005.
The ''ICN'' can only be changed by an International Botanical Congress (IBC), with the [[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]] providing the supporting infrastructure. Each new edition supersedes the earlier editions and is retroactive back to 1753, except where different starting dates are specified.<ref name="ShenzhenCode" />{{rp|Principle VI}}
The 17th edition, the ''Shenzhen Code'', was adopted by the IBC held in [[Shenzhen]], China, in July 2017. As with previous codes, it took effect as soon as it was ratified by the congress (on 29 July 2017), but the documentation was not published until 26 June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preface 2018 |url=https://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/Preface/P-2018.htm |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.iapt-taxon.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2018 |title=Shenzhen Code |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.12705/674.33 |journal=Taxon |language=en |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=830 |doi=10.12705/674.33 |bibcode=2018Taxon..67..830. |issn=1996-8175}}</ref> For fungi the ''Code'' was revised by the ''San Juan Chapter F'' in 2018.<ref name="ICNAFPchF_2019">{{Cite journal |last1= May |first1= Tom W. |last2= Redhead |first2= Scott A. |last3= Bensch |first3= Konstanze |last4= Hawksworth |first4= David L. |last5= Lendemer |first5= James |last6= Lombard |first6= Lorenzo |last7= Turland |first7= Nicholas J. |title= Chapter F of the ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' as approved by the 11th International Mycological Congress, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 2018 |journal= IMA Fungus |publisher= BioMed Central Ltd, part of Springer Nature |date= 2019-12-27 |volume= 10 |issue= 21 |page= 21 |issn = 2210-6359 |doi = 10.1186/s43008-019-0019-1|pmid= 32647625 |pmc= 7325661 |doi-access= free }}</ref>
The 18th edition, the ''Madrid Code'', was published in July 2025. It incorporates decisions made by the Twentieth IBC held in [[Madrid]], Spain, in July 2024.<ref>{{cite book |title=''International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants''. 2025 Edition, ''Madrid Code'' |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/I/bo251991590.html |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IAPT {{!}} International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants |url=https://www.iaptglobal.org/icn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811155247/https://www.iaptglobal.org/icn |archive-date=2025-08-11 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=IAPT |language=en}}</ref>
The name of the ''Code'' is partly capitalized and partly not. The lower-case for "algae, fungi, and plants" indicates that these terms are not formal names of [[clade]]s, but indicate groups of organisms that were historically known by these names and traditionally studied by [[phycology|phycologists]], [[mycology|mycologists]], and [[botany|botanists]]. This includes blue-green algae ([[Cyanobacteria]]); [[fungi]], including [[chytrid]]s, [[oomycete]]s, and [[slime mould]]s; [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] [[protists]] and [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomically]] related non-photosynthetic groups. There are special provisions in the ''ICN'' for some of these groups, as there are for [[fossil]]s.
For the naming of cultivated plants there is a separate code, the ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants]]'', which gives rules and recommendations that supplement the ''ICN''.
== Principles ==
* Botanical nomenclature is independent of zoological, bacteriological, and viral nomenclature (see [[Nomenclature codes]]).
* A botanical name is fixed to a taxon by a [[type (botany)|type]].<ref name="ShenzhenCode" />{{rp|Article 7}} This is almost invariably dried plant material and is usually deposited and preserved in a [[herbarium]], although it may also be an image or a preserved culture. Some type collections can be viewed online at the websites of the herbaria in question.
* A guiding principle in [[botanical nomenclature]] is [[Priority (biology)|priority]], the first publication of a name for a taxon.<ref name="ShenzhenCode" />{{rp|Principle III}} The formal starting date for purposes of priority is 1 May 1753, the publication of ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]. However, to avoid undesirable (destabilizing) effects of strict enforcement of priority, [[conserved name|conservation]] of family, genus, and species names is possible.
* The intent of the Code is that each taxonomic group ("[[taxon]]", plural "taxa") of plants has only one [[correct name (botany)|correct name]] that is accepted worldwide, provided that it has the same [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]], position and [[Taxonomic rank|rank]].<ref name="ShenzhenCode" />{{rp|Principle IV}} The value of a scientific name is that it is an [[identifier]]; it is not necessarily of descriptive value.
* Names of taxa are treated as Latin.
* The rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless there is an explicit statement that this does not apply.
== History ==
{{Main article|International Botanical Congress}}
The rules governing botanical nomenclature have a long and tumultuous history, dating back to dissatisfaction with rules that were established in 1843 to govern zoological nomenclature.<ref name=Nicholson>{{cite journal|author=Nicolson, D.H.|year=1991|title=A History of Botanical Nomenclature|journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|volume=78|issue=1|pages=33–56|jstor=2399589|doi=10.2307/2399589|bibcode=1991AnMBG..78...33N |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/35570|access-date=2021-05-21|archive-date=2021-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812103707/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/35570|url-status=live}}</ref> The first set of international rules was the {{Lang|fr|Lois de la nomenclature botanique}} ("Laws of botanical nomenclature") that was adopted as the "best guide to follow for botanical nomenclature"<ref name=Nicholson/> at an "International Botanical Congress" convened in [[Paris]] in 1867.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-QkAAAAYAAJ |author=Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle |year=1867 |title=Lois de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Congrès International de Botanique tenu à Paris en août 1867 suivies d'une deuxième édition de l'introduction historique et du commentaire qui accompagnaient la rédaction préparatoire présentée au congrès |publisher=J.-B. Baillière et fils |___location=Genève et Bâle |author-link=Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle |access-date=2020-05-24 |archive-date=2024-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602225009/https://books.google.com/books?id=S-QkAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle|year=1868|title=Laws of Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Congress held at Paris in August 1867; together with an Historical Introduction and Commentary by Alphonse de Candolle, Translated from the French|others=translated by [[Hugh Algernon Weddell]]|publisher=L. Reeve and Co|___location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924001723604|author-link=Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle}}</ref> Unlike modern Codes, it contained recommendations for naming to serve as the basis for discussions on the controversial points of nomenclature, rather than obligatory rules for validly published and legitimate names within the Code.<ref name="Nicholson" /> It was organized as six sections with 68 articles in total.
Multiple attempts to bring more "expedient" or more equitable practice to botanical nomenclature resulted in several competing codes, which finally reached a compromise with the 1930 congress.<ref name=Nicholson/> In the meantime, the second edition of the international rules followed the [[Vienna]] congress in 1905. These rules were published as the {{Lang|fr|Règles internationales de la Nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Congrès International de Botanique de Vienne 1905}} (or in English, ''International rules of Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Conference of Vienna 1905''). Informally they are referred to as the ''Vienna Rules'' (not to be confused with the ''Vienna Code'' of 2006).
Some but not all subsequent meetings of the International Botanical Congress have produced revised versions of these ''Rules'', later called the ''International Code of Botanical Nomenclature'', and then ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants''.
The Nomenclature Section of the 18th International Botanical Congress in Melbourne, Australia (2011) made major changes:<ref name="MelbourneCode"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller JS, Funk VA, Wagner WL, Barrie F, Hoch PC, Herendeen P | year = 2011 | title = Outcomes of the 2011 Botanical Nomenclature Section at the XVIII International Botanical Congress | journal = PhytoKeys | pages = 1–3 | doi = 10.3897/phytokeys.5.1850 | pmid = 22171188 | issue = 5 | pmc = 3174450 | bibcode = 2011PhytK...5....1M | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>John McNeill, 2011. Important decisions of the Nomenclature Section of the XVIII International Botanical Congress, Melbourne, 18–22 July 2011. ''Botanical Electronic News'', {{ISSN|1188-603X}}, [http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben441.html 441] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512165459/https://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben441.html |date=2021-05-12 }}</ref><ref>[http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/culturing-science/2011/12/28/botanists-finally-ditch-latin-and-paper-enter-21st-century/ Botanists finally ditch Latin and paper, enter 21st century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229064235/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/culturing-science/2011/12/28/botanists-finally-ditch-latin-and-paper-enter-21st-century/ |date=2011-12-29 }}, Hannah Waters, Scientific American blog, December 28, 2011</ref>
* The ''Code'' now permits electronic-only publication of names of new taxa; no longer will it be a requirement to deposit some paper copies in libraries.
* The requirement for a Latin validating diagnosis or description was changed to allow either English or Latin for these essential components of the publication of a new name (Article 39).
* "[[One fungus, one name]]" and "one fossil, one name" are important changes; the concepts of ''[[anamorph]]'' and ''[[teleomorph]]'' (for fungi) and ''[[morphotaxa]]'' (for fossils) have been eliminated.
* As an experiment with "registration of names", new fungal descriptions require the use of an identifier from "a recognized repository"; there are two recognized repositories so far, [[Index Fungorum]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Index Fungorum Registration|url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/IndexFungorumRegistration.asp|access-date=2012-04-24|archive-date=2011-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807070125/http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/IndexFungorumRegistration.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[MycoBank]].
==Versions==
All the versions are listed below.
{| class="wikitable"
! Year of publication !! Informal name
|-
|1867||''[https://books.google.com/books?id=S-QkAAAAYAAJ Laws of botanical nomenclature]''
|-
|1883||''[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/1883.htm Laws of botanical nomenclature, ed. 2]''
|-
|1906||''[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/1906.htm Vienna Rules]''
|-
|1912||''[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/1912.htm Brussels Rules]''
|-
|1935||''[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/1935.htm Cambridge Rules]''
|-
|1950||''[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/1950.htm Amsterdam Code]''
|-
|1952||''[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/1952.htm Stockholm Code]''
|-
|1956||''[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/1956.htm Paris Code]''
|-
|1961||''[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/1961.htm Montreal Code]''
|-
|1966||''[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/1966.htm Edinburgh Code]''
|-
|1972||''[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/1972.htm Seattle Code]''
|-
|1978||''[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/1978.htm Leningrad Code]''
|-
|1983||''[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/1983.htm Sydney Code]''
|-
|1988||''[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/1988.htm Berlin Code]''
|-
|1994||''[https://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/tokyo-e/ Tokyo Code]''
|-
|2000||''[https://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0001ICSLContents.htm St Louis Code]''
|-
|2006||''[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/icbn/main.htm Vienna Code]''
|-
|2012||''[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/melbourne/main.php Melbourne Code]''
|-
|2018||''[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php Shenzhen Code]''
|-
|2025
|''[https://www.iaptglobal.org/icn Madrid Code]'' (current)
|}
== See also ==
'''Specific to botany'''
* [[Author citation (botany)]]
* [[Botanical name]]
* [[Botanical nomenclature]]
** [[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]]
** [[International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants]]
** [[International Plant Names Index]]
* [[Correct name (botany)]]
* [[Infraspecific name (botany)]]
* [[Hybrid name (botany)]]
'''More general'''
* [[Glossary of scientific naming]]
* [[Binomial nomenclature]]
* [[Nomenclature codes]]
* [[Scientific classification]]
* [[Undescribed species]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Botany}}
[[Category:Botanical nomenclature]]
[[Category:Plant taxonomy]]
[[Category:Nomenclature codes]]
[[Category:International classification systems]]
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