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{{short description|Historic monarch of the Hyderabad State of India}}
{{Redirect|Nizam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox former monarchy
| royal_title = Nizam-ul-Mulk
| realm = Hyderabad Deccan
| native_name =
| border =
| coatofarms = Hyderabad Coat of Arms.jpg
| coatofarms_size =
| coatofarmscaption = Coat of Arms of the [[Kingdom of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]
| style = [[Exalted Highness|His Exalted Highness]]
| image =
| image_size =
| heir_apparent = <!-- Optional. -->
| heir_presumptive = <!-- Optional. -->
| first_monarch = [[Chin Qilich Khan]]
| last_monarch = [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII|Mir Osman Ali Khan]]
| formation = 31 July 1724
| abolition = 17 September 1948
| residence = [[Chowmahalla Palace]]
| appointer = Hereditary
| pretender = [[Azmet Jah]]
|image2=File:Asaf Jah I, Nizam of Hyderabad.jpg |caption2='''First to reign'''<br />'''[[Chin Qilich Khan]]'''<br />31 July 1724{{spaced ndash}}1 June 1748}}
[[File:Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg|thumb|Asafia flag of [[Hyderabad Deccan]]. The script along the top reads ''Al Azmatulillah'' meaning "All greatness is for God". The bottom script reads ''Ya Uthman'' which translates to "Oh [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|Osman]]". The writing in the middle reads "''Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah''".]]
[[File:Usman Ali Khan.jpg|230px|thumb|right|7th Nizam - [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]]]]
'''Nizam of Hyderabad''' was the title of the ruler of [[Hyderabad State]] ({{as of|2023|alt=now}} part of the Indian state of [[Telangana]], the [[Marathwada]] Region of Maharashtra, and the [[Kalyana-Karnataka]] region of [[Karnataka]]). ''Nizam'' is a shortened form of {{translit|fa|Niẓām ul-Mulk}} ({{langx|fa|نظام الملک}}; {{lit|Administrator of the Realm}}), and was the title bestowed upon [[Asaf Jah I]] when he was appointed [[Viceroy of the Deccan]] by the Mughal emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]]. In addition to being the Mughal viceroy (''[[Naib]]'') of the Deccan, Asaf Jah I was also the premier [[courtier]] of the Mughal Empire until 1724, when he established an independent [[monarchy|realm]] based in [[Hyderabad]], but in practice, continued to recognise the nominal authority of emperor.
The [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]] was founded by [[Chin Qilich Khan]] (Asaf Jah I), who served as a ''Naib'' of the [[Deccan sultanates]] under the [[Mughal Empire]] from 1713 to 1721. He intermittently ruled the region after Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s death in 1707. In 1724 Mughal control weakened, and Asaf Jah became virtually independent.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC&pg=PA1049|title= Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z|isbn= 9780313335396|last1= Jaques|first1= Tony|year= 2007|publisher= Bloomsbury Academic|access-date= 11 April 2019|archive-date= 31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131223356/https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC&pg=PA1049|url-status= live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA64|title= The State at War in South Asia|isbn= 978-0803213449|last1= Barua|first1= Pradeep|year= 2005|publisher= U of Nebraska Press|access-date= 11 April 2019|archive-date= 12 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212123138/https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA64|url-status= live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&q=anglo+maratha+treaty+1790&pg=PA198|title= Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785–96, Volume 2|first= Sailendra|last= Nath Sen|isbn= 9788171547890|year= 1994|publisher= Popular Prakashan|access-date= 18 November 2020|archive-date= 28 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328161314/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&q=anglo+maratha+treaty+1790&pg=PA198|url-status= live|language=en}}</ref> The titular Nizams [[Battle of Palkhed|fought with the Marathas]] since the 1720s, which resulted in the Nizam paying a regular tax (''[[Chauth]]'') to the Marathas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC |title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96 |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-789-0 |page=198 |language=en |quote=It was Bajirao I who had imposed chauth on the Nizam's dominions and, over a long period, it had accumulated to quite a large amount. To all intents and purposes the Nizam was a tributary of the Marathas; but the Nizam, now strengthened by acquisitions from Tipu's dominions and by his alliance with the British, tried to shake off the Maratha yoke.}}</ref> The Nizam later accepted British [[suzerainty]] after [[Battle of Kharda|defeat at Kharda]] and supported the British [[Third Anglo-Maratha War|in its war against the Marathas]].
When the [[English East India Company]] achieved [[Suzerainty#British paramountcy|paramountcy]] over the [[Indian subcontinent]], they allowed the Nizams to continue to rule their princely states as client kings. The Nizams retained internal power over [[Hyderabad State]] until 17 September 1948, when Hyderabad was integrated into the new Indian Union.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/day-year-how-hyderabad-became-part-union-india-88407
|title= This day, that year: How Hyderabad became a part of the union of India
|date= 16 September 2018
|access-date= 16 September 2018
|archive-date= 30 December 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230191656/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/day-year-how-hyderabad-became-part-union-india-88407
|url-status= live
}}</ref>
The Asaf Jahi dynasty had only seven recognized rulers, but there was a period of 13 unstable years after the rule of the first Nizam when two of his sons, [[Nasir Jung]] and [[Salabat Jung|Salabath Jung]], and his grandson, Muzafur Jung, ruled. They were never officially recognised{{by whom|date=October 2019}} as rulers. The seventh and last Nizam, [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]], fell from power when India annexed Hyderabad State in 1948 in [[Operation Polo]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 September 2020|title=Police Action: What happened in Hyderabad State during 1948 and beyond|url=https://www.siasat.com/police-action-what-happened-in-hyderabad-state-during-1948-and-beyond-1968710/|access-date=4 January 2021|website=The Siasat Daily|language=en-GB|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116064306/https://www.siasat.com/police-action-what-happened-in-hyderabad-state-during-1948-and-beyond-1968710/|url-status=live}}</ref> Today, the title is held by his great grandson, [[pretender]] [[Azmet Jah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azmet Jah coronated as ninth titular Nizam of Hyderabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/hyderabad/story/azmet-jah-coronated-as-ninth-titular-nizam-of-hyderabad-2324768-2023-01-22 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922182834/https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/hyderabad/story/azmet-jah-coronated-as-ninth-titular-nizam-of-hyderabad-2324768-2023-01-22 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==History==
===Etymology===
The title ''Nizam'' comes from the [[Persian language|Persian]] نظام /nɪˈzɑːm/, which itself is derived from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''niẓām'' which means "order" or "arrangement", and was typically given to high ranking state officials.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nizam|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nizam|publisher=[[OxfordDictionaries.com]]|access-date=11 February 2018|archive-date=11 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131310/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nizam|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Descent===
According to [[Roper Lethbridge|Sir Roper Lethbridge]] in ''The Golden Book of India'' (1893), the Nizams are lineally descended from the [[Rashidun Caliphate#Succession to Muhammad|First]] Caliph [[Abu Bakr]], the successor of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammed]].<ref name="Roper">{{cite book|chapter=Hyderabad|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC|title=The Golden Book of India|last=Lethbridge|first=Roper|page=179|year=1893|isbn=9788187879541|publisher=Aakar Books|access-date=11 February 2018|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625121211/https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC|url-status=live}}</ref> The family of Nizams in [[India]] is descended from [[Kilich Khan|Abid Khan]], a [[Persians|Persian]] from [[Samarkand]], whose lineage is traced to Sufi [[Shahab al-Din Abu Hafs Umar Suhrawardi|Shihab-ud-Din Suhrawardi]] (1154–91) of [[Sohrevard|Suhraward]] in Iran. In the early 1650s, on his way to [[hajj]], Abid Khan stopped in Deccan, where the young prince [[Aurangzeb]], then Governor of Deccan, cultivated him. Abid Khan returned to the service of Aurangzeb to fight in the succession wars of 1657–58. After Aurangzeb's enthronement, Abid Khan was richly rewarded and became Aurangzeb's favourite nobleman. His son [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Ghazi Uddin Khan]] was married to Safiya Khanum, the daughter of the former imperial [[Grand Vizier]] (prime minister) [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Sa'dullah Khan]]. [[Mir Qamaruddin Khan]], the founder of the line of Nizams, was born of the couple, thus descending from two prominent families of the Mughal court.{{sfn|Faruqui, At Empire's End|2013|p=3–4}}
Ghazi Uddin Khan rose to become a General of the [[Emperor Aurangzeb]] and played a vital role in conquering [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] and [[Golconda Sultanate]]s of Southern India in 1686.{{sfn|Lethbridge, The Golder Book of India|1893|p=179}} He also played a key role in thwarting the rebellion by [[Sultan Muhammad Akbar|Prince Akbar]] and alleged rebellion by [[Muhammad Mu'azzam|Prince Mu`azzam]].{{sfn|Faruqui, At Empire's End|2013|p=4–5}}[[File:India1760 1905.jpg|thumb|Map of India in 1760. Part of the southern area in green was ruled by the Nizam.|alt=]]After Aurangzeb's death and during the war of succession, Qamaruddin and his father remained neutral thus escaping the risk of being on the losing side; they remained marginal players in the Mughal court during the reigns of [[Bahadur Shah I]] (1707–12) and [[Jahandar Shah]] (1712–13). Their successor [[Farrukhsiyar]] (1713–19) appointed Qamaruddin the governor of Deccan in 1713, awarding him the title ''Nizam-ul-Mulk''. However, the governorship was taken away two years later and Qamaruddin withdrew to his estate in [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]. Under the next emperor, [[Muhammad Shah]] (1719–48), Qamaruddin accepted the governorship of Deccan for the second time in 1721. The next year, following the death of his uncle Muhammad Amin Khan, a power-broker in the Mughal Court, Qamaruddin returned to Delhi and was made the ''wazir'' (prime minister). According to historian Faruqui, his tenure as prime minister was undermined by his opponents and a rebellion in Deccan was engineered against him. In 1724, the Nizam returned to Deccan to reclaim his base, in the process making a transition to a semi-independent ruler.{{sfn|Faruqui, At Empire's End|2013|pp=9-13}}
===Reign===
{{Further|Hyderabad State}}
In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated [[Mubariz Khan]] to establish autonomy over the ''Deccan Suba'', named the region ''[[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad Deccan]]'', and started what came to be known as the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]]. Subsequent rulers retained the title ''Nizam ul-Mulk'' and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad.<ref name="Richards">{{cite journal|title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707|first=J. F. |last=Richards|year=1975|journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]]|pages=241–260|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996|volume=9|issue=2|s2cid=142989123 }}</ref><ref name="columbia&TOI">{{cite book|title=Muslim civilization in India|chapter=A century of political decline: 1707–1803|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html|year=1964|last=Ikram|first=S. M.|author-link=S. M. Ikram|editor-last=Embree|editor-first=Ainslie T|editor-link=Ainslie Embree|isbn=978-0-231-02580-5|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=6 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002641/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|title=Testing time again for the pearl of Deccan|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM|last=Rao|first=Sushil|newspaper=The Times of India|date=11 December 2009|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910232115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live}}</ref> Nizam I never formally declared independence from the Mughals; he still flew the Mughal flag, and was never crowned. In Friday prayers, the sermon would be conducted in the name of Aurangzeb, and this tradition continued until the end of Hyderabad State in 1948. The death of [[Asaf Jah I]] in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons, backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces, contended for the throne. The accession of [[Ali Khan Asaf Jah II|Asif Jah II]], who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768, he signed the treaty of [[Machilipatnam]], surrendering the coastal region to the [[East India Company]] in return for a fixed annual rent.<ref name="Reg Sal Geo">{{cite book|title=Nizam-British relations, 1724–1857|publisher=Concept Publishing| pages=130–150|isbn=978-81-7022-195-1|last=Regani|first=Sarojini|year=1988}}
* {{cite book|title=A comprehensive history of medieval India|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|page=346|isbn=978-81-317-3202-1|last=Farooqui|first=Salma Ahmed|year=2011}}
* {{cite book|title=An historical sketch of the native states of India in subsidiary alliance with the British government|publisher=Asian Education Services|pages=280–292|isbn=978-81-206-1971-5|last=Malleson|first=George Bruce|year=2005}}
* {{cite book|title=The annals of Indian administration, Volume 14| publisher=BiblioBazaar|page=467|isbn=978-1-145-42314-5|last=Townsend|first=Meredith|year=2010}}</ref>
[[File:Hyderabad state 1909.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Hyderabad State in 1909]]
[[File:Hyderabad, Chowmahalla Palace, edificio centrale 02.jpg|thumb| [[Chowmahalla Palace]], official residence of the Nizams (1720-1948)]]
Following the decline of the Mughal power, the region of Deccan saw the rise of the [[Maratha Empire]]. The titular Nizams themselves fought during the [[Mughal-Maratha Wars]] since the 1720s, which resulted in the Nizam paying a regular tax (''[[Chauth]]'') to the Marathas. The major battles fought between the Marathas and the Nizam include [[Battle of Palkhed|Palkhed]], [[Battle of Bhopal|Bhopal]], [[Battle of Rakshasbhuvan|Rakshasbhuvan]], and [[Battle of Kharda|Kharda]], in all of which the Nizam lost.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC&pg=PA1049|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z|isbn=9780313335396|last1=Jaques|first1=Tony|year=2007|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131223356/https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC&pg=PA1049|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA64|title=The State at War in South Asia|isbn=978-0803213449|last1=Barua|first1=Pradeep|year=2005|publisher=U of Nebraska Press |access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=12 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212123138/https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA64|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the conquest of Deccan by [[Bajirao I]] and the imposition of ''Chauth'' by him, the Nizam essentially remained a tributary of the Marathas.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&q=anglo+maratha+treaty+1790&pg=PA198|title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96, Volume 2|last=Nath Sen|first=Sailendra|isbn=9788171547890|year=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan |access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=28 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328161337/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&q=anglo+maratha+treaty+1790&pg=PA198|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:The Nizam VI riding an elephant in a procession from Moula Ali, circa. 1895.jpg|thumb|The [[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI|sixth Nizam]] riding an elephant in a procession from [[Moula Ali]], {{Circa|1890s}}.]]
In 1805, after the East India Company's victory in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], the Nizam of Hyderabad came under their protection.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}. In 1858, the state of Hyderabad became part of the [[British Indian Empire]] as a [[princely state]] with full autonomy albeit under colonial rule and was subject to the British Crown.
From 1876 to 1948, the Nizam recognised [[the Crown]] as paramount ruler of India as the [[monarch of the United Kingdom]] simultaneously held the title of [[emperor of India]] (first held by [[Queen Victoria]] as empress and the last being [[George VI]] as emperor)
In 1903, the [[Berar Province|Berar]] region of the state was separated and merged into the Central Provinces of [[British Raj|British India]], to form the [[Central Provinces and Berar]].
During the [[Second World War]], 80,000 men who were raised by the Nizam to form a personal army under the [[Indian State Forces]], known as the [[19th Hyderabad Regiment]] served in Malaya, North Africa, Persia, Singapore and Burma
The last Nizam of Hyderabad state, [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII|Mir Osman Ali Khan]] crowned in 1911, had been the richest man in the world in his time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.instash.com/top-10-richest-men-of-all-time|title=Top 10: Richest Men (of All Time)|work=inStash|access-date=28 September 2014|archive-date=19 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819080553/http://www.instash.com/top-10-richest-men-of-all-time|url-status=live}}</ref> The Nizams developed the railway, introduced electricity, and developed roads, airways, irrigation and reservoirs; in fact, all major public buildings in Hyderabad City were built during his reign during the period of [[British Raj|British rule in India]]. He pushed education, science, and the establishment of [[Osmania University]] forward.
In 1947, at the time of the [[partition of India]], the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] offered the 565 [[princely state]]s in the sub-continent the options of acceding to either India or Pakistan or remaining independent.
===End of the dynasty===
{{Main|Annexation of Hyderabad}}
[[File:Op Polo Surrender.jpg|upright|thumb|General [[Syed Ahmed El Edroos]] (at right) offers his surrender of the [[Hyderabad State]] Forces to Major General (later General and Army Chief) [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]] at [[Secunderabad]].]]
After the [[Independence of India]] in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad chose to join neither the [[Dominion of India]] nor the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. He later declared Hyderabad an independent state as the third Dominion, attempting to become an independent monarchy in the [[British Commonwealth]], sharing King George VI as head of state (since at that time members were required to share the king as head of state). Not only the Government of India, but [[George VI]] who was head of the organization, the last [[emperor of India]] before independence and most crucially, the incumbent [[List of heads of state of India|monarch of India]] rejected the notion. After attempts by India to persuade the Nizam to accede to India failed, and due to large-scale atrocities committed by [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakars]] (who wanted the Nizam to accede Hyderabad to Pakistan) on the Hindu populace,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=231|title=Police Action in Hyderabad State|publisher=AP State Portal|access-date=29 February 2020|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615190821/https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=231|url-status=live}}</ref> the Indian government finally launched a military operation named [[Operation Polo]]. The [[Indian Army]] invaded Hyderabad on 13 September 1948 and defeated his untrained forces. The Nizam capitulated on 17 September 1948; that same afternoon he broadcast the news over the State radio network. The Nizam was forced to accept accession to the new Union of India. His abdication on 17 September 1948 ended the dynasty's ambitions. Nevertheless, he became the [[Rajpramukh]] postindependence based on public vote.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-last-nizam-hero-or-villain/articleshow/71152851.cms |title=The last Nizam - Hero or Villain? |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301142209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-last-nizam-hero-or-villain/articleshow/71152851.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He died on Friday, 24 February 1967.
All Nizams are buried in royal graves at the [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]] near [[Charminar]] in Hyderabad excepting the [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|last]], who wished to be buried beside his mother, in the graveyard of [[Judi Mosque]] facing [[King Kothi Palace]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/news/floarl-tribute-nizam-vii-1322809| title=Floarl Tribute to Nizam VII| date=25 February 2018| access-date=9 December 2018| archive-date=13 June 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613160539/https://www.siasat.com/news/floarl-tribute-nizam-vii-1322809/| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pictures-50-years-ago-sea-people-turned-death-hyderabads-last-nizam-57707?amp |title=In pictures: 50 years ago, a sea of people turned up for the death of Hyderabad's last Nizam |date=24 February 2017 |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323091123/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pictures-50-years-ago-sea-people-turned-death-hyderabads-last-nizam-57707?amp |url-status=live }}</ref>
==State wealth==
[[File:Nizam's of Hyderabad Throne.jpg|thumb|300px|The Nizam of Hyderabad's throne in [[Chowmahalla Palace]]]]
During the period of the Nizams' rule, [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] became wealthy - thanks to the [[Golconda diamonds|Golconda mines]] which were the only sources of diamonds in the world market at that time (apart from South African mines) making the 7th Nizam the richest person in the world. [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII]] and his family including [[Mir Turab Ali Khan, Salar Jung I|Salar Jung I]] were taught by Nawab Sarwar Ul Mulk and Agha Mirza Baig Bahadur, who was his political advisor,<ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad:silver jubilee durbar|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770599,00.html|newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=22 February 1937|access-date=15 September 2011|archive-date=24 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524114531/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770599,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the senior-most [[salute state]] among the Indian [[princely state]]s. It was spread over {{Convert|223000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the Deccan, ruled by the Asaf Jahi dynasty. The Nizams were conferred with the title of [[Exalted Highness|His Exalted Highness]], and "Faithful Ally of the British Government" for their roles in the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War|Second]] and [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]s and the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] of 1857,<ref name="TimesMag"/> becoming the only Indian prince to be given both these titles.<ref name="thedailystar.net">{{cite news|title=Richest Indian in history!|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=147820|newspaper=[[Daily Star (United Kingdom)]]|date=23 July 2010|access-date=15 September 2011}}
{{cite news|title=Making money the royal way|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-04-23/news/27703352_1_richest-man-mir-osman-ali-khan-forbes-list|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=23 April 2008|access-date=15 September 2011|archive-date=14 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714172402/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-04-23/news/27703352_1_richest-man-mir-osman-ali-khan-forbes-list|url-status=dead}}</ref>
One example of the wealth of the Nizams is the [[Jewels of the Nizams]], an international tourist attraction once displayed in [[Salar Jung Museum]], but now locked in a [[Reserve Bank of India]] vault in Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why are Jewels Hyderabad Last Nizam Locked RBI Vault in Delhi |date=8 April 2017 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-are-jewels-hyderabads-last-nizam-locked-rbi-vault-delhi-60045 |access-date=27 December 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805043401/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-are-jewels-hyderabads-last-nizam-locked-rbi-vault-delhi-60045 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1948 Hyderabad state had an estimated population of 17 million (1.7 [[crore]]), and it generated an estimated annual revenue of £90,029,000.<ref name="TimesMag">{{cite news|title=Hyderabad:the holdout|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799076-1,00.html|newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=30 August 1948|access-date=10 October 2011|archive-date=10 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110111930/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799076-1,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The state had its currency known as the [[Hyderabadi rupee]], until 1951.<ref name="guardian.co.uk">{{cite news|title=Jewel in the crown: a palace fit for a Nizam|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2011/feb/20/taj-falaknuma-palace-nizam|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=20 February 2011|access-date=15 September 2011|archive-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125042218/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2011/feb/20/taj-falaknuma-palace-nizam|url-status=live}}</ref> The pace at which the last Nizam [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] amassed wealth made him one of the world's richest men in 1937, also known for his miserliness.<ref name="thedailystar.net"/> He was estimated to be worth {{INR}} 660 crores (roughly {{USD}}2 billion by the then exchange rates).<ref>[[History of the rupee]]</ref> According to the ''[[Forbes]] All-Time Wealthiest List'' of 2008, Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan is the fifth richest man in recorded history per the figures, with an estimated worth of {{USD}}210.8 billion adjusted by Forbes as per the growth of the US GDP since that period and the present exchange rate of the US dollar against the Indian rupee.<ref name="guardian.co.uk"/>
===Institutions===
The Nizams set up numerous institutions in the name of the dynasty including hospitals, schools, colleges, and universities that imparted education in Urdu.<ref name="guardian.co.uk"/> Inspired by the [[Indian Civil Service]], the Nizams established their own local [[Hyderabad Civil Service]].{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
===Infrastructure===
The Nizams commissioned engineering projects such as large reservoirs like [[Osman Sagar]] and [[Himayat Sagar]]. Survey work on the [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] was also initiated during this time, although the actual work was completed under the aegis of the [[Government of India]] in 1969.<ref name="Mahmood">{{cite book|title=A policeman ponders: memories and melodies of a varied life|publisher=A.P.H.Publishing Corporation|page=19|year=1999|isbn=978-81-7648-026-0|first=Muhammad|last=Mahmood Bin}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tribes of India:ongoing challenges|publisher=MD Publication Pvt Ltd|page=310|year=1996|isbn=978-81-7533-007-8|first=Mann|last=Rann Singh}}</ref>
They also gave Hyderabad its railway network - the [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/wheel-comes-full-circle|title=The wheel comes full circle…: A look back at the history of transportation in the city|last=Ifthekar|first=JS|date=26 November 2017|work=Telangana Today|access-date=25 May 2020|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619093148/https://telanganatoday.com/wheel-comes-full-circle|url-status=live}}</ref> which helped in setting up various industries.
Other landmarks include the [[Telangana High Court]], [[City College Hyderabad|City College]], [[Public Gardens, Hyderabad|Public Gardens]] (formerly ''Bagh-e-Aaam''), [[Jubilee Hall, Hyderabad|Jubilee Hall]], [[Asafia Library]], [[Telangana Legislature|The Assembly building]], [[Niloufer Hospital]], the [[Osmania University|Osmania Arts College]] and the [[Osmania Medical College]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/160452/6/06_abstract.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401172317/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/160452/6/06_abstract.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Donation for compilation of Mahabharata===
In 1932, there was a need for money for the publication of [[Mahabharata]] in the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] located in Pune. A formal request was made to the 7th Nizam, who granted Rs. 1000 per year for 11 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/family-members-rue-that-hyderabad-has-forgotten-the-last-nizams-contribution-to-the-city-2963344.html|title=Family members rue that Hyderabad has forgotten the last Nizam's contribution to the city|date=18 August 2016|access-date=9 February 2019|archive-date=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709153635/https://www.firstpost.com/india/family-members-rue-that-hyderabad-has-forgotten-the-last-nizams-contribution-to-the-city-2963344.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
He also gave Rs 50,000 for construction of the guest house which stands today as ''"Nizam's guest house"''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bori.ac.in/Bori-Heritage-Walk.html|title=Nizam's Guest House, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709094410/http://www.bori.ac.in/Bori-Heritage-Walk.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ifthekhar |first1=AuthorJS |title=Reminiscing the seventh Nizam's enormous contribution to education |url=https://telanganatoday.com/reminiscing-seventh-nizam-enormous-contribution-education |website=Telangana Today |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826125103/https://telanganatoday.com/reminiscing-seventh-nizam-enormous-contribution-education |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Donation to Hindu Temples===
The Nizams donated Rs. 82,825 to the [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Yadadri|Yadagirigutta temple]] near Bhongir and Rs. 29,999 to [[Sita Ramachandraswamy temple, Bhadrachalam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A 'miser' who donated generously |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/A-lsquomiser-who-donated-generously/article15988076.ece |date=20 September 2010 |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205205308/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/A-lsquomiser-who-donated-generously/article15988076.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
The 7th Nizam also donated Rs. 8,000 to [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirupati Balaji Temple]] as yearly grants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://missiontelangana.com/nizam-gave-funding-for-temples-and-hindu-educational-institutions |title=Nizam gave funding for temples, and Hindu educational institutions |date=28 May 2013 |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-date=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708074635/http://missiontelangana.com/nizam-gave-funding-for-temples-and-hindu-educational-institutions/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
A donation of Rs. 50,000 towards the reconstruction of [[Sitarambagh temple]] located in the old city of Hyderabad was also made.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2008/01/08/stories/2008010850200100.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328161319/https://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2008/01/08/ |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=live }}</ref>
He also donated 1,525 acres of Land to "Sita Rama Swami Temple" located in Devaryamjal<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/devaryamjal-temple-land-case-officials-examine-nizam-era-pahanis | title=Devaryamjal temple land case: Officials examine Nizam-era Pahanis | date=22 May 2021 | access-date=21 July 2024 | archive-date=22 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922182938/https://telanganatoday.com/devaryamjal-temple-land-case-officials-examine-nizam-era-pahanis | url-status=live }}</ref>
===Palaces===
The Asaf Jahis were prolific builders. Their palaces are listed below:
* [[Chowmahalla Palace]] - Official residence of early Nizams
* [[Purani Haveli]]
* [[King Kothi Palace]]
* [[Mahboob Mansion]]
* [[Falaknuma Palace]]
* [[Bella Vista, Hyderabad|Bella Vista]]
* [[Hill Fort Palace]]
* [[Chiran Palace]]
* [[Saifabad Palace]]
* [[Hyderabad House]], [[New Delhi]]
* [[Nizam Palace]], [[Kolkata]]
==List of Nizams of Hyderabad (1724–1948)==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! width=8% | Portrait
! width=15% | Titular name
! width=15% | Personal name
! width=8% | Date of birth
! width=8% | Nizam from
! width=8% | Nizam until
! width=8% | Date of death
|-
| [[File:Nizam-ul-mulk.jpg|100px]]
| '''Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I'''<br>{{Nastaliq|نظامالملک آصف جاہ}}
| '''[[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I|Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan]]'''
| 20 August 1671
| 31 July 1724
| colspan="2"| 1 June 1748
|-
| [[File:Nasir Jung.jpg|100px]]
| '''Nasir Jung'''<br>{{Nastaliq|نصیرجنگ}}
| '''[[Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad|Mir Ahmed Ali Khan]]'''
| 26 February 1712
| 1 June 1748
| colspan="2"| 16 December 1750
|-
| [[File:Muzaffar Jung.jpg|Muzaffar Jung|100px]]
| '''Muzaffar Jung'''<br>{{Nastaliq|مظفرجنگ}}
| '''[[Muhyi ad-Din Muzaffar Jang Hidayat|Mir Hidayat Muhi-ud-din Sa'adullah Khan]]'''
| ?
| 16 December 1750
| colspan="2"| 13 February 1751
|-
| [[File:Salabat Jung.jpg|100px]]
| '''Salabat Jung'''<br>{{Nastaliq|صلابت جنگ}}
| '''[[Mir Sa'id Muhammad Khan, Salabat Jang|Mir Sa'id Muhammad Khan]]'''
| 24 November 1718
| 13 February 1751
| 8 July 1762<br />(''deposed'')
| 16 September 1763
|-
| [[File:Mir Nizam Ali Khan.jpg|100px]]
| '''Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah II'''<br>{{Nastaliq|نظامالملک آصف جاہ دوم}}
| '''[[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Mir Nizam Ali Khan]]'''
| 7 March 1734
| 8 July 1762
| colspan="2"| 6 August 1803
|-
| [[File:Sikandar Jah.jpg|100px]]
| '''Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III'''<br>{{Nastaliq|سکندر جاہ ،آصف جاہ سوم}}
| '''[[Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III|Mir Akbar Ali Khan]]'''
| 11 November 1768
| 6 August 1803
| colspan="2"| 21 May 1829
|-
| [[File:Nasir ud-Daula.jpg|100px]]
| '''Nasir-ud-Daula, Asaf Jah IV'''<br>{{Nastaliq|ناصر الدولہ ،آصف جاہ چہارم}}
| '''[[Nasir-ud-dawlah, Asaf Jah IV|Mir Farqunda Ali Khan]]'''
| 25 April 1794
| 21 May 1829
| colspan="2"| 16 May 1857
|-
| [[File:Afzal ud-Daula.jpg|100px]]
| '''Afzal-ud-Daula, Asaf Jah V'''<br>{{Nastaliq|افضال الدولہ ،آصف جاہ پنجم}}
| '''[[Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V|Mir Tahniyath Ali Khan]]'''
| 11 October 1827
| 16 May 1857
| colspan="2"| 26 February 1869
|-
| [[File:Asaf Jah VI.jpg|100px]]
| '''Asaf Jah VI'''<br>{{Nastaliq|آصف جاہ ششم}}
| '''[[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI|Mir Mahbub Ali Khan]]'''
| 17 August 1866
| 26 February 1869
| colspan="2"| 29 August 1911
|-
| [[File:Usman Ali Khan.jpg|100px]]
| '''Asaf Jah VII'''<br>{{Nastaliq|آصف جاہ ہفتم}}
| '''[[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII|Mir Osman Ali Khan]]'''
| 6 April 1886
| 29 August 1911
| 17 September 1948<br />(''deposed'')
| 24 February 1967
|}
===Descendants of the last Nizam===
The last Nizam had 34 children, including 16 sons and 18 daughters<!--; as few as 34, and as many as 149 or more, including more than 100 illegitimate children.--><ref name="34 children #3">{{cite news|title=Last surviving son of Nizam, Fazal Jah, dies|author=Mir Ayoob Ali Khan|date=19 February 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/last-surviving-son-of-nizam-fazal-jah-dies/articleshow/62975984.cms|access-date=18 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220040300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/last-surviving-son-of-nizam-fazal-jah-dies/articleshow/62975984.cms|archive-date=20 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="34 mention #2">{{cite news |title=Last Surviving son of seventh Nizam passes away in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/last-surviving-son-seventh-nizam-passes-away-hyderabad-76681 |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218193305/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/last-surviving-son-seventh-nizam-passes-away-hyderabad-76681 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Nizams34children">{{cite news |title=Nizam's heirs seek Pakistani intervention to unfreeze bank account |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nizam-heirs-pakistani-intervention-unfreeze-bank-account-110376-2012-07-20 |publisher=indiatoday |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218145641/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nizam-heirs-pakistani-intervention-unfreeze-bank-account-110376-2012-07-20 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mohla |first=Anika |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1306390.ece |title=From richest to rags in seven generations |publisher=The New Indian Express |accessdate=18 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814120438/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1306390.ece |archive-date=14 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1584818/India-finally-settles-1million-Nizam-dispute.html |title=India finally settles £1million Nizam dispute |date=12 April 2008 |access-date=11 April 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411234313/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1584818/India-finally-settles-1million-Nizam-dispute.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,497496,00.html |title=A prince's ransom | the Guardian | guardian.co.uk |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |access-date=11 April 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063024/https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,497496,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]] followed the order of precedence of [[male primogeniture]] regardless of the mother's marital status or rank.
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Copland |first1=Ian |title=India 1885-1947: The Unmaking of an Empire |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-87785-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63QABAAAQBAJ&q=Asaf+Jahi+dynasty+%22male%22+primogeniture+-wiki |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922182842/https://books.google.com/books?id=63QABAAAQBAJ&q=Asaf+Jahi+dynasty+%22male%22+primogeniture+-wiki#v=onepage&q=Asaf%20Jahi%20dynasty%20%22male%22%20primogeniture%20-wiki&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
His eldest son was [[Azam Jah]] (21 February 1907 – 9 October 1970), was the Prince of [[Berar Province|Berar]].<ref name="berar prince">{{cite book |last1=Haidar |first1=Navina Najat |last2=Sardar |first2=Marika |title=Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy |date=13 April 2015 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-300-21110-8 |page=332 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oi4nBwAAQBAJ&dq=azam+jah+prince+berar&pg=PA332 |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922183352/https://books.google.com/books?id=oi4nBwAAQBAJ&dq=azam+jah+prince+berar&pg=PA332#v=onepage&q=azam%20jah%20prince%20berar&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
Whereas, his second son [[Moazzam Jah]], married [[Princess Niloufer]], a princess of the [[Ottoman empire]].<ref name="princess nilofer">{{cite news |title=Niloufer, the beguiling princess of Hyderabad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/niloufer-beguiling-princess-hyderabad |access-date=15 January 2019 |archive-date=3 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103005300/https://telanganatoday.com/niloufer-beguiling-princess-hyderabad |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Family tree===
{{Tree list}}
*[[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''I. [[Asaf Jah I]], Yamin us-Sultanat, Rukn us-Sultanat, Jumlat ul-Mulk, Madar ul-Maham, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Khan-i-Dauran, Nawab Mir Ghazi ud-din Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Fath Jang, Sipah Salar, Nawab [[Subedar]] of the Deccan, 1st [[Nizam]] of Hyderabad (cr. 1720)''' (20 August 1671 – 1 June 1748). A senior governor and counsellor in the Imperial government. Defeated the Imperial forces on 19 June 1720 at Hasanpur and formed an independent state of his own. Confirmed in his possessions by Imperial ''[[firman]]'' and crowned on 31 July. Named Vice-Regent of the Mughal Empire by Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] on 8 February 1722, secured the province of Berar on 11 October 1724 and formally made [[Hyderabad City]] his new capital on 7 December 1724.
**[[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] ''II. Humayun Jah, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Ahmad 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Nasir Jang, Nawab Subedar of the Deccan, 2nd Nizam of Hyderabad'' (26 February 1712 – k. by the Nawab of Kadapa 16 December 1750; r. 1 June 1748 – 16 December 1750).
**Sahibzadi Khair un-nisa Begum. Married Nawab Talib Muhi ud-din Mutasawwil Khan Bahadur, Muzaffar Jang:
***{{Tree list/final branch}}[[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] ''III. Nawab Hidayat Muhi ud-din Sa'adu'llah Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Muzaffar Jang, Nawab Subedar of the Deccan, 3rd Nizam of Hyderabad'' (k. by the Nawab of Kurnool 13 February 1751; r. 16 December 1750 – 13 February 1751).
**[[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] ''IV. Amir ul-Mamalik, Asaf ud-Daula, Nawab Said Muhammad Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Zaffar Jang, Nawab Subadar of the Deccan, 4th Nizam of Hyderabad'' (November 1718 – 16 September 1763; r. 13 February 1751 – 8 July 1762). Deposed by his younger brother on 8 July 1762 and killed in prison the following year, aged 44.
**{{Tree list/final branch}}[[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''V. [[Asaf Jah II]], Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Nizam 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Fath Jang, Sipah Salar, Nawab Subadar of the Deccan, 5th Nizam of Hyderabad''' (7 March 1734 – 6 August 1803; r. 8 July 1762 – 6 August 1803)
***{{Tree list/final branch}}[[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''VI. [[Asaf Jah III]], Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Akbar 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Fulad Jang, 6th Nizam of Hyderabad''' (11 November 1768 – 21 May 1829; r. 6 August 1803 – 21 May 1829). The first of the dynasty to be officially granted the title of ''Nizam''.
****{{Tree list/final branch}}[[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''VII. Rustam-i-Dauran, Aristu-i-Zaman, [[Asaf Jah IV]], Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Farkhanda 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur [Gufran Manzil], Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Ayn Waffadar Fidvi-i-Senliena, Iqtidar-i-Kishwarsitan Muhammad Akbar Shah Padshah-i-Ghazi, 7th Nizam of Hyderabad''' (25 April 1794 – 16 May 1857; r. 21 May 1829 – 16 May 1857).
*****{{Tree list/final branch}}[[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''VIII. [[Asaf Jah V]], Nizam ul-Mulk, Afzal ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Tahniyat 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, 8th Nizam of Hyderabad, [[GCSI]]''' (11 October 1827 – 26 February 1869; r. 16 May 1857 – 26 February 1869). The first of the dynasty to come under British rule.
******{{Tree list/final branch}}[[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''IX. Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, [[Asaf Jah VI]], Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Mahbub 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, 6th Nizam of Hyderabad''' [[Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath|GCB]], [[GCSI]] (17 August 1866 – 31 August 1911; r. 26 February 1869 – 31 August 1911). Succeeded his father on 26 February 1869, ruled under a regency until 5 February 1884, when he was invested with full ruling powers by the Viceroy of India.
*******{{Tree list/final branch}}[[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''X. Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, [[Asaf Jah VII]], Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Osman 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Faithful Ally of the British Government, 10th Nizam of Hyderabad and of Berar''' [[GCSI]], [[Knight Grand Cross of the British Empire|GBE]], [[Royal Victorian Chain]], [[Member of Parliament|MP]] (6 April 1886 – 24 January 1967; r. 31 August 1911 – 26 January 1950). Granted the style of ''His Exalted Highness'' (1 January 1918), the title of ''Faithful Ally of the British Government'' (24 January 1918) and ''Nizam of Hyderabad and of Berar'' (13 November 1936). The last of the ruling Nizams; ruled absolutely from his accession until 19 September 1948, when the state was formally annexed to the [[Dominion of India|Union]]. Maintained semi-ruling and semi-autonomous status from then until 23 November 1949, when he accepted the paramountcy of the new Indian government and Constitution and acceded to the Union. Formally lost his sovereignty, ending 230 years of Asaf Jahi rule, upon the formal promulgation of the Constitution on 26 January 1950. Served as ''[[Rajpramukh]]'' of the new Hyderabad State from 26 January 1950 until 31 October 1956, when the post was abolished. Served as a titular monarch from 26 January 1950 until his death.
********{{Tree list/final branch}} [[Azam Jah]], Prince of Berar [[GCIE]], [[Knight Grand Cross of the British Empire|GBE]] (21 February 1907 – 9 October 1970). Granted the title of ''His Highness the Prince of Berar'' (13 November 1936). Passed over in the line of succession in 1967 in favour of his elder son.
*********{{Tree list/final branch}} [[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''XI. Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, [[Mukarram Jah|Asaf Jah VIII]], Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Barakat 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, 11th Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar''' (6 October 1933 – 15 January 2023; 11th Nizam: 24 January 1967 – 28 December 1971; dynastic head and pretender since then).
**********{{Tree list/final branch}} [[Prince Azmet Jah|Azmet Jah]], Nawab Mir Muhammad Azmat 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur (b. 23 June 1960; appointed Prince of Berar and heir apparent: 2002)
{{Tree list/end}}
The Nizams' daughters had been married traditionally to young men of the [[Paigah family]]. This family belonged to the Sunni sect of Islam.
''italics'' – Considered pretenders by most historians; refrained from exercising traditional authority during their reigns.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
==Places, things named after and established by the Nizams==
Places and things named after the Nizam include [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]], a city and district in the state of Telangana; [[Jamia Nizamia]], a university; the [[Nizam College]]; the [[Nizam's Museum]]; the [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]]; the [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]]; the [[Jewels of the Nizams]]; the [[Nizam Diamond]]; the [[Nizam Sagar]], [[HMAS Nizam]], [[Nizamia observatory]]; the [[Nizam Club]]; the [[Nizam of Hyderabad necklace]]; the [[Nizam's Contingent]]; the [[Nizam Gate]]; the [[Nizam Palace (Kolkata)|Nizam Palace]]; [[Government Nizamia General Hospital]]; and [[H.E.H. the Nizam's Charitable Trust]].
==See also==
{{Portal|Hyderabad|India}}
* [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]]
* [[Raja Shan Rai Rayan]]
* [[History of Telangana]]
* [[History of Hyderabad, India]]
* [[Hyderabadi Muslims]]
* [[Osman Ali Khan]]
* [[Mukarram Jah]]
* [[Najaf Ali Khan]]
* [[Salar Jung family]]
* [[Raja Shamraj Bahadur]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Secondary sources==
* {{citation |first=Lucien D. |last=Benichou |title=From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938–1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Loiq3YrFy40C&pg=PA214 |year=2000 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1847-6 |ref={{sfnref|Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration|2000}}}}
*{{cite book |last= Briggs |first= Henry George |title= The Nizam: His History and Relations With the British Government, Volume 1 |publisher=[[Bernard Quaritch|B. Quaritch]] |___location=London |year= 1861 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.44637}}
* {{citation |last=Farooqui |first=Salma Ahmed |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA346 |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |pages=346– |ref={{sfnref|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Faruqui |first=Munis D. |chapter=At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-century India |editor1=Richard M. Eaton |editor2=Munis D. Faruqui |editor3=David Gilmartin |editor4=Sunil Kumar |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&pg=PA1 |year=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 |pages=1–38 |ref={{sfnref|Faruqui, At Empire's End|2013}}}}
*{{cite book |last= Hastings |first= Fraser |title= Our Faithful Ally, the Nizam |publisher=[[Smith, Elder & Co.]] |___location=London |year= 1865 |url=https://archive.org/details/ourfaithfulally01frasgoog}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Hyderabad |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC |title=The Golden Book of India |last=Lethbridge |first=Roper |page=179 |year=2005 |orig-year=first published 1893 |isbn=9788187879541 |publisher=Aakar Books |ref={{sfnref|Lethbridge, The Golder Book of India|1893}}}}
*{{cite book |title=The Days of the Beloved |last1=Lynton |first1=Harriet Ronken |last2=Rajan |first2=Mohini |year=1974 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-02442-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhYjiciXlwwC}}
*{{cite book | title= Mughal Administration of Deccan Under Nizamul Mulk Asaf Jah, 1720–48 A.D| first= M. A.| last= Nayeem | publisher= Indian Council of Historical Research, University of Pune, Dept. of History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRweAAAAMAAJ&q=asaf+jahi | year= 1985| isbn= 9788172243258}}
*{{cite book |last= Regani |first= Sarojini |title= Nizam-British Relations, 1724–1857 |publisher= Concept Publishing Company |___location=New Delhi |year= 1988 |orig-year=First published 1963 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fb26pWqhScC |isbn= 978-81-7022-195-1}}
* {{citation |first=Wilfred Cantwell |last=Smith |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith |title=Hyderabad: Muslim Tragedy |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=4 |pages=27–51 |number=1 |date=January 1950 |jstor=4322137}}
*{{cite book |last= Zubrzycki |first=John |title= The Last Nizam: An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback |publisher= [[Pan Macmillan]] |___location=Australia |year= 2006 |isbn= 978-0-330-42321-2}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Nizams of Hyderabad}}
* [http://www.usbnews24.com/?p=14659 Detailed genealogy of the Nizams of Hyderabad]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBrnCbBZKqI Rare colour footage of accession ceremony of the 8th Nizam of Hyderabad in 1967 (YouTube)]
{{Nizam of Hyderabad}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nizam Of Hyderabad}}
[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Nizams of Hyderabad|*]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
[[Category:History of Marathwada]]
[[Category:History of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:History of Telangana]]
[[Category:History of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Asian royal families]]
[[Category:Royal families]]
[[Category:Nawabs of India]]
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