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{{short description|Hills in central England}}
{{about|the hills|the local government district formed in 1998|Malvern Hills District|the 1974–1998 one|Malvern Hills District (1974–1998)}}
{{Distinguish|Malvern Hill}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Malvern Hills
| iucn_category =
| iucn_ref =
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| photo = Malvern Hills - England.jpg
| photo_caption = Malvern Hills, looking northwest. [[Upper Welland]] is visible in the foreground.
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| map =
| map_image = Malvern Hills AONB locator map.svg
| map_size = 243
| map_caption = Location of the Malvern Hills AONB in the UK
| relief =
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| ___location = England
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| coordinates = {{coord|52|05|N|2|20|W|dim:20000_region:GB|display=inline,title}}
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| length_km = 13
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| elevation = {{convert|425|m|ft|0}}
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<!-- dates & info -->
| authorized =
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| designated =
| established = 1959
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| governing_body = [[Malvern Hills Conservators]]<br/>Malvern Hills AONB Partnership
| administrator =
| operator =
| owner =
<!-- website, embedded -->
| website = [http://www.malvernhills.org.uk/ www.malvernhills.org.uk], [http://www.malvernhillsaonb.org.uk/ www.malvernhillsaonb.org.uk]
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}}
{{Infobox SSSI
|image=
|image_caption=
|name=The Malvern Hills
|aos=[[Herefordshire]], [[Worcestershire]], [[Gloucestershire]]
|interest=Biological/Geological
|gridref={{gbmappingsmall|SO766472}} to {{gbmappingsmall|SO758350}}
|latitude=
|longitude=
|area=732.3 hectare
|notifydate=1954
|enref=1001017
}}
The '''Malvern Hills''' are in the English counties of [[Worcestershire]], [[Herefordshire]] and a small area of northern [[Gloucestershire]], dominating the surrounding countryside and the towns and villages of the district of [[Malvern, Worcestershire|Malvern]]. The highest summit affords a panorama of the [[Severn Valley (England)|Severn Valley]], the hills of Herefordshire and the Welsh mountains, parts of thirteen counties, the [[Bristol Channel]], and the cathedrals of [[Worcester, England|Worcester]], [[Gloucester]] and [[Hereford]].<ref>{{Cite news | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/countryside/10341432/Our-glorious-land-in-peril.html |title = Our glorious land in peril|date = 28 September 2013|last1 = Jenkins|first1 = Simon}}</ref>
They are known for their [[spring water]] – initially from [[holy wells]], and later the [[spa town]] of [[Great Malvern]], which led to the production of the modern bottled drinking water.<ref name=EnglishHeritage/>
The Malvern Hills have been designated as a [[Site of Special Scientific Interest|biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest]], and by [[Natural England]] as [[National Character Area]] 103 and an [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]].<ref name="SSSI"/><ref name="NE link"/><ref name="NE AONB"/><ref name="NE units of assessment"/><ref name="FdeanLocalPlan"/>
Management of the area is the responsibility of the [[Malvern Hills Trust]].<ref name=MalvernHillsConservators/>
==Toponymy==
The name ''Malvern'' is first attested in a [[charter]] of around 1030, as ''Mælfern'', and then in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086 as ''Malferna''. The name derives from the [[Common Brittonic]] words that survive in modern Welsh as {{lang|cy|moel}} ("bare") and {{lang|cy|bryn}} ("hill"); thus it once meant "bare hill".<ref name=Smart2009/><ref name=Walters1828/><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names, Based on the Collections of the English Place-Name Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=9780521168557 |editor-last=Watts |editor-first=Victor |___location=Cambridge}}, s.v. ''Great MALVERN''.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Coates |first=Richard |title=Celtic Voices, English Places: Studies of the Celtic Impact on Place-Names in Britain |last2=Breeze |first2=Andrew |publisher=Tyas |year=2000 |isbn=1900289415 |___location=Stamford}}.</ref>{{rp|341}}<ref name=Page&Willis-Bund1924/> The name perhaps applied originally to the hill now called Worcester Beacon, after which [[Great Malvern]] was then named; Great Malvern in turn then gave its name to the whole range of hills beside which it lies. The name ''Malvern Hills'' is first attested in the fourteenth-century poem ''[[Piers Plowman]]''.<ref name=":0" />
==Geography==
The Malvern Hills are part of an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, with scenic views over both Herefordshire and Worcestershire. The Hills run north–south for about {{convert|13|km|0|abbr=in|order=flip}}, in between [[Great Malvern]] and the village of [[Colwall]], and overlook the [[River Severn]] valley to the east, with the [[Cotswolds]] beyond. The highest point of the hills is the [[Worcestershire Beacon]] at {{convert|425|m|ft|0}} above sea level (OS Grid reference SO768452). The hills are famous for their natural mineral springs and wells, which were responsible for the development of [[Great Malvern]] as a [[Spa town|spa]] in the early 19th century. [[Malvern water]] was bottled commercially on a large scale and sold worldwide.<ref name=CocaColaPullsThePlug/>
There are three passes over the hills, the Wyche cutting, the [[A438 road]] north of [[Raggedstone Hill]] and the [[A449 road]] just north of the [[Herefordshire Beacon]], the site of the [[British Camp]], an [[Iron Age]] [[hillfort]] at the top of the hill, subsequently extended by a medieval [[castle]]. The extensive [[earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]] remain clearly visible today and determine the shape of the hill.
==Geology==
[[Image:Gullet Quarry - from East - geograph.org.uk - 5651.jpg|thumb|Gullet Quarry and [[unconformity]]]]
The Malvern Hills are formed of some of the most ancient rocks in England, mostly [[igneous]] and [[metamorphic rock]]s from the late [[Precambrian]], known as the [[Uriconian]], which are around 680 million years old.<ref name="AbberleyGeopark"/><ref name=MalvernsComplex/>
The [[Malvern Line]] or Malvern Lineament is the name applied to a north–south aligned [[lineament]] which runs through the Malvern Hills and extends southwards towards [[Bristol]] and northwards past [[Kidderminster]]. It consists of a series of [[fault (geology)|faults]] and [[fold (geology)|folds]] which have the effect of bringing old Malvernian rocks to the surface. Being largely hard [[igneous]] rocks, they have resisted [[erosion]] better than those of the surrounding countryside and result in a striking line of hills of which the Malvern Hills are the most impressive. This line is considered to mark the edge of two [[terrane]]s – two once separate fragments of the Earth's crust now joined as one – the [[Wrekin terrane]] to the west and the Charnwood terrane to the east.
The main face of Gullet Quarry shows a cross-section through the Precambrian rock and exhibits many rock types including [[diorite]], [[granite]], [[gneiss]], [[schist]], [[pegmatite]] and [[dolerite]]. The evidence of the complex history of earth movements which formed the Hills can be seen by multiple joints, fractures, faults and shears, which make identifying changes in rock types difficult. Mineral deposits such as [[haematite]], [[calcite]] and [[epidote]] can be seen within these features.<ref name=WestMidlandsGeodiversityPartnership/><ref name=GulletQuarry/>
There is a tiny, man-made cave near the ridge of the hills called Clutter's Cave (or Giant's Cave or Hermit's Cave or Waum's Cave, after Walm's Well which is located on the boundary of News Wood below).<ref name=BBCPlaces/><ref name=WalmsWell/> The cave has been excavated into [[pillow lavas]]. Some of the rounded 'pillow' shapes are still visible around the entrance to the cave.<ref name=WestMidlandsGeodiversityPartnershipHerefordshire/>
===Malvern water===
{{Main|Malvern water}}
{{See also|Hydrogeology|Groundwater recharge}}
[[Image:St. Anne's Well by Jim Linwood.jpg|thumb|[[St. Ann's Well, Malvern|St. Ann's Well]], Great Malvern, a popular café for walkers on the hills. The building on the right houses the spout from which the water surges into a basin.]]
The quality of Malvern water is attributable to its source. The rocks of the Malvern Hills are amongst the oldest and hardest found in England; the geology is responsible for the quality of Malvern's spring water.<ref name=Smart2009/><ref name=LaMoreaux&Tanner2001/> The hills consist of [[Precambrian]] [[igneous]] and [[metamorphic rock]], the oldest of which are about 670 million years old.<ref name=GulletQuarry/><ref name=Gibbons-Harris1994/> The rocks are characterised by low porosity and high secondary permeability via fissures.<ref name=Hydrology&Geomorphology/><ref name=HydrogeologyMalvernHills/> Malvern water is rainwater and snow meltwater that percolates through fissures created by the pressures of [[tectonic]] movements about 300 million years ago when advancing sedimentary layers of [[Silurian]] [[shale]] and [[limestone]] were pushed into and under older Precambrian rock.<ref name=LaMoreaux&Tanner2001/><ref name=HydrogeologyMalvernHills/><ref name=geo/> When the fissures are saturated, a [[water table]] forms and the water emerges as springs around the fault lines between the strata. Depending on rainfall, the flow can vary from as little as {{convert|36|L}} per minute to over {{convert|350|L}} per minute.<ref name=Blyth1967/> The water permeates through the rock which, because of its hardness, leaves little or no mineral traces in the water, while at the same time the very fine cracks act as a filter for other impurities.<ref name=HydrogeologyMalvernHills/> Rainfall on the Malvern Hills is thought to be sufficient to account for all the water that runs out of the springs, reflected for example in some spring flows six to eight weeks after heavy rainfall, and in reduced flows after a dry period.<ref name=CollectingMalvernWater/>
==Ecology==
The Malvern Hills have been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) by Natural England<ref name="SSSI"/><ref name="NE link"/> and an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty by the Countryside Agency (now Natural England).<ref name="NE AONB"/>
Features of the Malvern Hills AONB include wide areas of acid grassland and [[heath]] on the summit and [[mixed woodland|mixed broadleaved woodland]] and [[ancient woodland|Ancient Semi-Natural Woodland]] on the lower hills and valleys.<ref name="MHAONBLandscape"/> There are three areas of Ancient Semi-Natural Woodland in the Malvern Hills SSSI: [[Hollybush, Worcestershire|Hollybush]] Roughs between the boundary of [[Castlemorton|Castlemorton Common]] and the Midsummer Hill fort, Park Wood in [[West Malvern]] and an area near [[Holy Well, Malvern|Holy Well]] above [[Malvern Wells]].<ref name="MHCManagementPlan"/>
Key AONB species include [[dormouse]], [[barbastelle]], [[skylark]], [[high brown fritillary butterfly]], [[great crested newt]], [[Vipera berus|adder]] and [[black poplar]].<ref name="MHAONBBiodiversity"/>
==History==
[[Image:British camp central mound 2005.jpg|thumb|Iron Age earthworks, [[British camp]]]]
Flint axes, arrowheads, and flakes found in the area are attributed to early [[Bronze Age]] settlers,<ref name=Smith1978/> and the '[[British Camp#The Shire Ditch|Shire Ditch]]', a late Bronze Age boundary earthwork possibly dating from around 1000 BC, was constructed along part of the crest of the hills near the site of later settlements.<ref name=EnglishHeritage/> The Wyche Cutting, a mountain pass through the hills was in use in prehistoric times as part of the salt route from [[Droitwich Spa|Droitwich]] to South Wales.<ref name=Smith1978/> A 19th-century discovery of over two hundred metal money bars suggests that the area had been inhabited by the [[La Tène culture|La Tène people]] around 250 BC.<ref name=Smith1978/> Ancient folklore has it that the [[British Iron Age|British]] chieftain [[Caractacus]] made his last stand against the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] at the [[British Camp]],<ref name=BBCJune2003/> a site of extensive Iron Age earthworks on a summit of the Malvern Hills close to where Malvern was to be later established. The story remains disputed, however, as Roman historian [[Tacitus]] implies a site closer to the river Severn.<ref name=Woodman2004/> There is therefore no evidence that Roman presence ended the prehistoric settlement at British Camp. However, excavations at nearby [[Midsummer Hill]]fort, [[Bredon Hill]] and [[Croft Ambrey]] all show evidence of violent destruction around the year 48 AD. This may suggest that the British Camp was abandoned or destroyed around the same time.<ref name=Hencken1938/>
[[Image:View N from western peak of Ragged Stone Hill - geograph.org.uk - 35228.jpg|thumb|[[Midsummer Hill|Midsummer Hill Iron Age Hill Fort]] and Hollybush Quarry]]
During the medieval period, the hills and surrounding area were part of a [[royal forest]] known as [[Malvern Chase]]. Riots by commoners and legal challenges from land owners ensued when [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] attempted to disafforest the Chase in 1630. Ultimately, only one third was disafforested, and commissioners were appointed to ensure any further encroachments did not leave the common lands as the most meagre in quality. This system lasted until the 1800s.<ref name=Lees>{{cite book
| last = Lees
| first = Edwin
| title = The Forest and Chase of Malvern
| url = https://archive.org/stream/forestandchacem00leesgoog/forestandchacem00leesgoog_djvu.txt
| publisher = Transactions of the Malvern Naturalists' Field Club
| year = 1877
| pages = 16/17
}}
</ref>
In 1884, the [[Malvern Hills Conservators]] were established through an Act of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] to preserve the natural aspect of the hills and protect them from encroachments.<ref name=MalvernHillsConservatorsBBCHW/> However, by this time large-scale quarrying had already begun. Quarry works were set in motion in the 1870s at Tank Quarry and at Little Malvern by Pyx Granite Company. The Hills Conservators lobbied parliament to pass an Act limiting the exploitation, and although a second Act was passed in 1924 its provisions were largely ineffective. Quarrying continued until 1966.<ref name=QuarriesInTheMalvernHills/> The landscape itself was irrevocably changed;<ref name=TankQuarry/> but there is some debate whether this has enriched or damaged the ecology of the Hills.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} Certainly the quarrying has changed the Hills forever, including creating habitats for frogs, toads, newts and other small animals. The new cliffs provide nesting sites for certain birds.<ref name=MalvernHillsConservatorsBirdsandBotany/> The quarries, especially North Quarry and Tank Quarry, have over the years been the sites of several accidents requiring the Emergency Services.<ref name=DiversRecoverBody/><ref name=YouthsrescuedfromMalvernquarry/><ref name=Rescuerloweredtoquarryquartet/>
[[Image:Cattle on the Malvern Hills - geograph.org.uk - 371551.jpg|thumb|[[Dexter cattle]] on the Malvern Hills]]
In 1989, the cafe on Worcestershire Beacon burned down. As the Malvern Hills Acts state that no building should be erected on the Conservators' land or on land under their jurisdiction, the Conservators put a bill through Parliament to get the power to build a new one but the [[House of Lords]] opposed it.<ref name=Fire/> When the cafe was burned down, the Conservators had plans to replace the building but were advised that they risked prosecution for rebuilding as the original cafe building was an encroachment on common land. The Malvern Hills Bill was in preparation to modernise some of the clauses in previous acts a clause was inserted to gain authority to rebuild the cafe.
Five members of the House of Lords [[Select committee (United Kingdom)|Select Committee]] visited the Malvern Hills and decided that there were enough facilities in the immediate area and that St Ann's Well cafe should be enough provision on the hills, so the application to rebuild was turned down.<ref name=ImpossibleIdea/><ref name="MalvernHillsBill1993"/><ref name="MalvernHillsBill1994"/>
[[Image:The Holy Well, Malvern Wells - geograph.org.uk - 395887.jpg|thumb|[[Holy Well, Malvern|The Holy Well]], Malvern. With the aid of a Lottery Heritage grant, production of 1200 bottles per day of Holy Well Spring Water was recommenced.]]
In 2000, a £1.3 million project to reintroduce grazing animals to the Malvern Hills and restore part of its historic network of water spouts was given significant backing of [[National Lottery (United Kingdom)|National Lottery]] funds. The Malverns Heritage Project aimed to reintroduce grazing animals as a natural means of scrub management and restore several water features. The project was spearheaded by the Malvern Hills AONB Service, in partnership with Worcestershire County Council, Herefordshire Council, Malvern Hills Conservators, Malvern Spa Association, [[English Nature]], Countryside Agency, [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] and [[English Heritage]].<ref name=ProjectToSaveHills/> Members of the public were concerned that by erecting temporary fences on the Malvern Hills the Conservators would be straying from their core duty of keeping the Malvern Hills unenclosed as open spaces for the recreation and enjoyment of the public. Although the conservation officer said any enclosures would be small and temporary there were worries that leisure activities could be affected and that "the feeling of freedom associated with 'just being' on the Malvern Hills" could be lost.<ref name=StrayingFromDuty/><ref name=DontFence/><ref name=OurFreedom/>
In 2001, the Malvern Hills were officially closed to the public for the first time in history. Walkers were told to avoid the area as part of the effort to prevent the spread of [[foot and mouth disease]].<ref name=KeepOff/> As a result of the closure the economy of the Malvern Hills faced serious damage.<ref name=ItCantGoOn/> In 2002 the Malvern Hills were named the most popular free tourist attraction in the West Midlands in a survey commissioned by the Countryside Agency to take the temperature of rural tourism in the wake of the crisis.<ref name=HillsAreTop/>
In 2006, Worcestershire County Council was awarded £770,000 by the Heritage Lottery Fund for restoration work and preservation of the area by fitting cattle grids to roads across the Hills and encouraging local landowners to allow sheep to wander across their land. As part of the Malvern Heritage Project nine water features within the AONB were also renovated.<ref name=MalvernHeritageProject/>
==Governance==
[[Image:Malvern Hills AONB.jpg|thumb|Malvern Hills with the [[British Camp]] on the left]]
The ''Malvern Hills Trust'' is the working name for the Malvern Hills Conservators and manages most parts of the Hills and the surrounding Commons, some other parcels of land and many roadside verges. They were established in 1884 and are governed by five [[Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom|Acts of Parliament]], the ''Malvern Hills Acts'' 1884, 1909, 1924, 1930 and 1995.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malvern Hills Act|url=https://www.malvernhills.org.uk/looking-after/malvern-hills-acts/|work=Malvern Hills Trust|accessdate=22 February 2021}}</ref> They are a voluntary body of twenty-nine members. Eleven are directly elected under the Local Elections ([[Principal areas]]) Rules by the residents of the [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]] who contribute to the Conservators' funds through a [[Tax|levy]] in their [[Council Tax]], seventeen are appointed by [[local authorities]] and one by the [[Church Commissioners]].<ref name=MalvernHillsConservators/> The total area under their jurisdiction is over {{convert|1200|ha}}.<ref name=MalvernHillsConservatorsAbout/>
The Malvern Hills were designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) in 1959. The designation covers {{convert|105|km2|sqmi|0}} and includes parts of Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire.<ref name=MalvernHillsAONB/> The Malvern Hills Conservators played a key role in ensuring that the area of the AONB is larger than that originally proposed.<ref name=MalvernHillsAONBHistory/>
The AONB Partnership work together to conserve and enhance the Malvern Hills AONB. The Partnership has a formal structure including representatives from private and public enterprises, officers from local authorities, the Countryside Agency and the Malvern Hills Conservators.<ref name=MalvernHillsAONBStructure/>
==Sport, leisure, and tourism==
[[Image:Walkers on the Malvern Hills - geograph.org.uk - 825312.jpg|thumb|Walkers on the Malvern Hills]]
The Malvern Hills are home to a wide range of outdoor sports and leisure activities, including walking, mountain biking, horse riding, orienteering, hang-gliding, paragliding, model aircraft flying, fishing, climbing and diving.<ref name=MalvernHillsConservatorsActivities/>
The [[Worcestershire Way]] is a waymarked [[long-distance trail]] located within the county of [[Worcestershire]]. It runs {{convert|50|km|abbr=in}} from [[Bewdley]] to [[Great Malvern]].<ref name=WorcestershireWay/> It is an important recreation resource in the AONB.<ref name=NauralEngland/>
The [[Geopark Way]] is a {{convert|109|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=in}} long-distance trail which runs from [[Bridgnorth]] to [[Gloucester]] and passes through the Abberley and Malvern Hills Geopark.<ref name=109Mile/> The route was devised to highlight geology, landscape and associated heritage.<ref name=GeoparkWay/> The Malvern Hills Geocentre is located halfway along the [[Geopark Way]], at the [[Wyche, Worcestershire|Wyche]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocentre.co.uk/|title=Malvern Hills GeoCentre|access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref> This official visitor centre gives more information on interactive [[iPads]] about the geology, nature and history of the Geopark and the Malvern hills and Malvern in particular, as well as large wall maps of the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitthemalverns.org/attraction/malvern-hills-geocentre-featuring-cafe-h2o/|title=Malvern Hills GeoCentre featuring Cafe H2O - Visit The Malverns|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malverngazette.co.uk/news/10470571.Visitors_flock_to_hi_tech_base/|title=Visitors flock to hi-tech base|date=10 June 2013 |access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref>
==Abberley and Malvern Hills Geopark==
The Abberley and Malvern Hills Geopark was launched in 2004.<ref name=GeoparkLaunch/> It falls within the counties of Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, [[Shropshire]] and Worcestershire and covers {{convert|1250|sqmi|-1|order=flip|abbr=in}}. The geological and [[geomorphological]] significance of the area has been recognised for many years with 13 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and 179 Local Geological Sites (LGS) present.<ref name="GeoparkBAckground"/>
==Transport==
===Trunk roads===
The [[A449|A449 road]] runs through the centre of Malvern, connecting it to [[Worcester, England|Worcester]] and [[Ledbury]]. The [[M5 motorway]] to the east of Malvern is accessible at junctions 7 and 8. The [[M50 motorway (Great Britain)|M50]] (also known as the ''Ross Spur'') to the south can be accessed at junction 1 on the [[A38 road]] between Tewkesbury and Malvern.
===Rail===
The [[Cotswold Line|Cotswold railway line]] was originally intended to follow a flatter and more direct route north of the area, but after lobbying from residents throughout the 1850s, the railway was diverted close to - and under - the hills, to serve Malvern and Ledbury.<ref name = "BBC feats">{{cite web |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/herefordandworcester/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8683000/8683231.stm |title = Worcester to Hereford Railway: Great engineering feats |publisher = BBC News |date = 17 May 2010}}</ref> The route passes east and south of Malvern on the Worcestershire side of the hills, crosses the range through the [[Colwall Tunnels]], and emerges heading west on the Herefordshire side. The first tunnel was opened in 1861 after a difficult excavation through some of the hardest rock in Great Britain - following advances in machinery development, it was closed and replaced with a wider, less steep tunnel in 1926, which remains in use today.<ref name="BBC feats"/> There have been proposals to reopen the abandoned older tunnel as a cycle route;<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.lacf.org.uk/docs/tunnel.html |publisher = Ledbury Area Cycle Forum |title = The Colwall Tunnel Project |accessdate = 28 July 2020}}</ref> it is also used by a colony of [[Lesser horseshoe bat|lesser horseshoe bats]] to hibernate in winter,<ref name="BBC feats"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-29 |title=Building a Bat Barn; Part Two |url=https://www.borderarchaeology.com/building-a-bat-barn-part-two/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Border Archaeology |language=en-GB}}</ref> and is a designated part of the Malvern Hills SSSI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Worcestershire Biodiversity Action Plan 2018: S3 Bats Species Action Plan |url=https://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2023-02/worcsbap_2018_s3_bats_sap_.pdf |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Worcestershire County Council |publisher=Worcestershire Biodiversity Partnership}}</ref>
Today, the AONB has four railway stations inside or very close to its boundary: [[Malvern Link railway station|Malvern Link]] and [[Great Malvern railway station|Great Malvern]] to the east, and [[Colwall railway station|Colwall]] (just beyond the tunnel) and [[Ledbury railway station|Ledbury]] to the west. Services operate between {{stnlnk|Oxford}} via [[Worcester Shrub Hill railway station|Worcester Shrub Hill]] and [[Worcester Foregate Street railway station|Worcester Foregate Street]] to {{stnlnk|Hereford}}. Direct trains to the area are available from [[Birmingham Snow Hill railway station|Birmingham Snow Hill]] or [[Birmingham New Street railway station|Birmingham New Street]] and [[Paddington railway station|London Paddington]].<ref name="MalvernHillsAONBPublicTransport"/> There were also formerly small stations at [[Malvern Hanley Road railway station|Malvern Hanley Road]], [[Ledbury Town Halt railway station|Ledbury Town Halt]] and [[Malvern Wells railway station| Malvern Wells]], which closed in 1952, 1959 and 1965 respectively.
===Bus===
Several local bus services connect Malvern with the surrounding area.<ref name=busroutesmap/> Long-distance direct bus services connect Malvern with other cities in the country, including the National Express route 321 through eleven counties from Aberdare, South Wales, via Birmingham and other major cities to Bradford, West Yorkshire,<ref name=carlberry/> and route 444 from Worcester to London (Victoria).<ref name=carlberry/>
==Malvern Hills in cultural life==
===Music===
[[Image:Sir Edward Elgar, Belle Vue Island, Great Malvern - geograph.org.uk - 1316288.jpg|thumb|Sir Edward Elgar, Belle Vue Island, Great Malvern]]
English composer [[Edward Elgar]], who was from the area, often walked, cycled, and reportedly flew kites on these hills. He wrote a [[cantata]] in 1898 entitled ''[[Caractacus]]'', which alludes to the popular legend of his last stand at British Camp.<ref name=InTuneWithElgar/><ref name=Moore1999/> In 1934, during the composer's final illness, he told a friend: "If ever after I'm dead you hear someone whistling this tune [from his [[Cello Concerto (Elgar)|Cello Concerto]]] on the Malvern Hills, don't be alarmed, it's only me."<ref name=Kennedy1982/>
Composers [[Herbert Howells]] and [[Ivor Gurney]] used to take long walks together through the nearby [[Cotswold Hills]] and the natural beauty of the area, including the magnificent views of the Malverns, was a profound inspiration for their music. Howells dedicated his first major work, the Piano Quartet in A minor (1916), to "the hill at Chosen ([[Churchdown]]) and Ivor Gurney who knew it".<ref name=LongRememberedHills/>
The Swedish singer [[Jenny Lind]] spent the last years of her life living at Wynd's Point near the British Camp. She is buried in Great Malvern cemetery.<ref name="lindbeacon">{{cite web|url=http://www.malvernbeacon.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=146&Itemid=239|title=Jenny Lind – Swedish Nightingale in Malvern|access-date=27 April 2013}}</ref>
===Literature===
The Malvern Hills were the inspiration and setting for the famous 14th-century poem ''The Visions of [[Piers Plowman]]'' (1362) by [[William Langland]], who was possibly educated at the priory of Great Malvern.<ref name=Burrow1996/> The earliest poetical allusion to the Malvern Hills occurs in the poem: "''And on a Maye mornynge on Malverne hylles''".<ref name=skeat1886/><ref name=VisionofPiercePlowman1550/>
The poet [[W. H. Auden]] taught for three years at [[The Downs School (Herefordshire)|The Downs School]], [[Colwall]], in the Malvern Hills. He spent three years at the school in the 1930s and wrote some of his finest early love poems there, including: "This Lunar Beauty"; "Lay Your Sleeping Head, My Love" ('Lullaby'); "My Love, Fish in the Unruffled Lakes"; and "Out on the Lawn I Lie in Bed". He also wrote a long poem about the hills and their views, called simply ''The Malverns''.
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] found inspiration in the Malvern landscape<ref name=Duriez1992/> which he had viewed from his childhood home in [[Birmingham]] and his brother Hilary's home near [[Evesham]].<ref name=sayer-tolkien/> He was introduced to the area by [[C. S. Lewis]], who had brought him here to meet [[George Sayer (biographer)|George Sayer]], the Head of English at [[Malvern College]]. Sayer had been a student of Lewis, and became his biographer, and together with them Tolkien would walk the Malvern Hills. Recordings of Tolkien reading excerpts from ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' were made in Malvern in 1952, at the home of George Sayer. The recordings were later issued on long-playing [[gramophone record]]s.<ref name=Humphrey77/> In the liner notes for ''J.R.R. Tolkien Reads and Sings his The Hobbit & The Fellowship of the Ring'', George Sayer wrote that Tolkien would relive the book as they walked and compared parts of the Malvern Hills to the [[White Mountains (Middle-earth)|White Mountains of Gondor]].<ref name=sayer-tolkien/>
The poet [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]] spent her childhood at [[Hope End]], a 500-acre (2.0 km<sup>2</sup>) estate near the Malvern Hills in [[Ledbury]], Herefordshire. Her time at Hope End would inspire her in later life to write ''[[Aurora Leigh]]''.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
In ''Early British Trackways'' [[Alfred Watkins]] theorised that a [[ley line]] passed along the Malvern Hills through several wells including St Ann's Well, [[Holy Well, Malvern|Holy Well]], Walms Well and St. Pewtress Well. Interest in Watkin's theories subsided in the 1930s but saw a revival in the late 1960s.<ref name=Watkins1921/> In ''The Ley Hunter's Companion'' (1979) [[Paul Devereux]] theorised that a 10-mile alignment he called the "Malvern Ley" passed through St Ann's Well, the [[Wyche, Worcestershire|Wyche Cutting]], a section of the [[British Camp#The Shire Ditch|Shire Ditch]], Midsummer Hill, [[Whiteleaved Oak]], Redmarley D'Abitot and Pauntley.<ref name=Devereaux1979/> In ''City of Revelation'' (1973) British author [[John Michell (writer)|John Michell]] theorised that Whiteleaved Oak is the centre of a circular alignment he called the "Circle of Perpetual Choirs" and is equidistant from [[Glastonbury]], [[Stonehenge]], [[Goring-on-Thames]] and [[Llantwit Major]]. The theory was investigated by the British Society of Dowsers and used as background material by [[Phil Rickman]] in his novel ''The Remains of an Altar'' (2006).<ref name=Michell1973/><ref name=Rickman2006/>
"Malvern Hills" is the third short story in Japanese-English author [[Kazuo Ishiguro]]'s collection ''[[Nocturnes (Ishiguro book)|Nocturnes]]'' (2009).
The legend of the Shadow of the Ragged Stone, a shadow appearing to arise from the hilltop under particular meteorological conditions said to bring ill-fortune to those on whom it falls, features in many literary sources. It is the subject of the novel "The Shadow of the Ragged Stone" by Charles F. Grindrod, which tells the story of a monk who in punishment for breaking his vow of chastity was compelled to crawl up the hill every day on his hands and knees, and died cursing the hill and all on whom its shadow should fall.<ref name="raggedshadow">{{cite web|url=http://moelbryn-eastnor.blogspot.co.uk/2005/09/ragged-stone-hill.html|title=Ragged Stone Hill|access-date=27 April 2013|date=10 September 2005}}</ref>
===Art===
Paintings of the Malvern Hills include [[Henry Harris Lines]]'s ''The British Camp and Herefordshire Beacon'' (1872), now in the Worcester City Museums.<ref name=HenryHarrisLines1872/>
[[David Prentice]], founder member of [[Birmingham]]'s [[Ikon Gallery]], has been painting the Malvern Hills since 1986.<ref name=IkonGallery/><ref name=Prentice2011/>
[[Paul Nash (artist)|Paul Nash]] made paintings of the hills from 'Madams' in Gloucestershire<ref name=AndersonMeyrickNahum2008/> and from the 'Rising Sun' hotel on [[Cleeve Hill, Gloucestershire|Cleeve Hill]] near [[Cheltenham]].<ref name=Eates1973/>
[[Dame Laura Knight]] painted in a studio near Wynds Point below British Camp.
===Television===
The opening scene in ''[[Elgar (film)|Elgar]]'', a drama documentary made in 1962 by the British director [[Ken Russell]], depicts a young Elgar riding a white pony over the Malvern Hills.<ref name=TheMusicalLegacyOfKenRussell/> Made for BBC Television's long-running ''[[Monitor (UK TV series)|Monitor]]'' programme, it dramatised the life of the composer Edward Elgar. The film significantly raised the public profile of the composer.<ref name=Elgar1962/>
The Tank Quarry on [[North Hill, Malvern|North Hill]] and West of England Quarry on the [[Worcestershire Beacon]] were used as locations in the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' serial ''[[The Krotons]]'', starring [[Patrick Troughton]]. The serial was broadcast in four weekly parts from 28 December 1968 to 18 January 1969.<ref name=DrWhoTankQuarry/><ref name=DrWhoWestofEnglandQuarry/><ref name=BBCWorlwideTV/>
The Malvern Hills are the backdrop for ''[[Penda's Fen]]'', a 1974 British television play written by [[David Rudkin]] and directed by [[Alan Clarke]] for the BBC's ''[[Play for Today]]'' series. It tells the story of Stephen, a pastor's son who has [[Vision (spirituality)|visions]] of angels, Edward Elgar, and [[King Penda]], the last [[pagan]] ruler of England.<ref name=Rolinson2005/>
<ref name=PendasFen/> The final scene of the play, where the protagonist has an [[apparitional experience]] of King Penda and the "mother and father of England", is set on the Malvern Hills.<ref name=Rudkin1998/>
===Architecture===
A famous historic Virginia Landmark, [[Malvern Hill]] was a house built in the 17th century by an English settler, Thomas Cocke, later the site of an American Civil War battle. Cocke named his home after Malvern Hills in England.
==The hills==
[[Image:Malvern Hills Location.PNG|thumb|Location within England]]
A list of the hills in their order from north to south is shown below:{{sfn|JJ of the Cooper Partnership|2009|p=6}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Hill
! Elevation (ft)
! Elevation (m)
|-
| [[End Hill]] || 1,079 || 329
|-
| [[Table Hill]] || 1,224 || 373
|-
| [[North Hill, Malvern|North Hill]] || 1,303 || 397
|-
| [[Sugarloaf Hill, Malvern|Sugarloaf Hill]] || 1,207 || 368
|-
| [[Worcestershire Beacon]] || 1,395 || 425
|-
| Summer Hill || 1,253 || 382
|-
| Perseverance Hill || 1,066 || 325
|-
| [[Jubilee Hill]] || 1,073 || 327
|-
| [[Pinnacle Hill]] || 1,174 || 358
|-
| Black Hill (north)|| 1,011 || 308
|-
| Black Hill (south)|| 886 || 270
|-
| [[Tinkers Hill]] || 700 || 213
|-
| [[Herefordshire Beacon]] ([[British Camp]]) || 1,109 || 338
|-
| Millennium Hill || 1,073 || 327
|-
| Broad Down || 958 || 292
|-
| Hangman's Hill || 906 || 276
|-
| [[Swinyard Hill]] || 889 || 271
|-
| [[Midsummer Hill]] || 932 || 284
|-
| [[Hollybush Hill]] || 794 || 242
|-
| [[Raggedstone Hill]] (east top) || 820 || 250
|-
| [[Raggedstone Hill]] (west top) || 833 || 254
|-
| Chase End Hill || 625 || 191
|}
A good panorama of the length of the hills can be seen from the [[M5 motorway]], particularly between Junction 7 at [[Worcester, England|Worcester]] (south) and Junction 9 at [[Tewkesbury]].
{{wide image|Little Malvern Hills panorama.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|Panorama of the Malvern Hills (AONB) with Little Malvern Priory taking centre stage.}}
==Vistas==
Between 1999 and 2000, the Heart of England Tourist Board carried out a survey of visitors to the Malvern hills on behalf of the Malvern Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Partnership (AONB). Those questioned indicated that the thing they liked most about the hills was "the scenery and views".<ref name=Views-page-4/>
{{blockquote|[The Malvern Hills form] an island of high ground surrounded by lower lying land, most noticeably to the east. As a result, the [h]ills are clearly visible and easily recognisable from a considerable distance away [and] constitute an iconic feature in the local and regional landscape.<ref name=Views-page-4/>}}
The AONB commissioned study to "identify and assess a selection of key views to and from the Malvern Hills" it was carried out in 2009 by Cooper Partnership Ltd, a firm of Chartered Landscape Architects.<ref name=Views-page-4/><ref name=JJ/>
This information was gathered not only so that the best vistas could be made known to a wider public, but also as an intelligence gathering so that proposed changes to the landscape both in and outside the Malvern Hills area of outstanding beauty (such as the building of wind turbines) could be assessed against the impact those developments would have on the Malvern Hills area of outstanding beauty.<ref name=Views-page-4/>
The Cooper Partnership identified 50 key views from vantage points on the Malvern hills,<ref name=Views-page-4/>{{sfn|JJ of the Cooper Partnership|2009|pp=19–26}} and from the surrounding area. These were:{{sfn|JJ of the Cooper Partnership|2009|pp=19–35}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Vistas within the AONB boundary
!Location || OS Coordinates || Importance || Sensitivity || Notes
|-
|North Hill || {{gbmappingsmall|SO769464}} || Exceptional || High || "Panoramic (360°) viewpoint with far reaching views in all directions".
|-
|Worcestershire Beacon || {{gbmappingsmall|SO768452}} || Exceptional || High || "Panoramic (360°) viewpoint with far reaching views in all directions".
|-
|Herefordshire Beacon (British Camp) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO760400}} || Exceptional || High || "Panoramic (360°) viewpoint with far reaching views in all directions".
|-
|Chase End Hill || {{gbmappingsmall|SO761355}} || Exceptional || High || "Panoramic (360°) viewpoint with far reaching views in all directions".
|-
|[[B4232]] at [[Upper Wyche]] (looking east) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO770438}} || Special || High || "Contained by the landform of the hills themselves this is an elevated outlook which has views of Great Malvern with Worcester City in the distance".
|-
|B4232 at Upper Wyche (looking west) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO769437}} || Special || High || "Elevated view from western side of the Wyche cutting through the MH central spine, looking across the midwestern part of the wider MH AONB and beyond".
|-
|[[A438]] (north-west of [[Eastnor, Herefordshire|Eastnor]]) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO727383}} || Special || Medium || "Oblique view of MH central spine across south-western areas of the AONB".
|-
|[[A449]] (north-west of Eastnor) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO726388}} || Special || Medium || "prominent in the left of the view, with glimpses of the Herefordshire Beacon across south western areas of the AONB".
|-
|Jubilee Drive ([[B4232]]) by [[Perrycroft]]|| {{gbmappingsmall|SO766417}} || Special || High || "Framed distant views of the western side of the MHAONB".
|-
|[[B4219]] at [[Storridge]] || {{gbmappingsmall|SO755481}} || Special || Medium || "Framed, narrow view from road. Low land in the fore/mid-ground and woodland vegetation hiding the intervening landform enhances the perceived height of the rising hills. Angle of view shows the boldness of the northern group of peaks with their heavy base and rounded tops".
|-
|Public footpath on [[Oyster Hill]]|| {{gbmappingsmall|SO723418}} || Exceptional || High || Representing view from gardens of [[Hope End Estate]], including view from in front of the house. "Open, panoramic viewpoint (360°) with views in some directions filtered by vegetation. View 34 shows 180° looking west and north-west towards the MH central spine and wider AONB areas to the north".
|-
|[[B4209]] by [[Three Counties Showground]] || {{gbmappingsmall|SO788424}} || Special || Medium || "Wide local view of eastern elevation of MH central spine from approach road. Roadside and field boundary trees interrupt the view".
|-
|[[A4104]] (west of [[Welland, Worcestershire|Welland]]) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO779403}} || Exceptional || High || "Wide local view of eastern elevation of MH central spine from approach road".
|-
|Public footpath near [[Eastnor Castle]] || {{gbmappingsmall|SO752378}} || Exceptional || High || by obelisk within the parkland. "Panoramic (360°) viewpoint. Views are generally enclosed by vegetation and the MH central spine, but far reaching views are available to the south and south-west and through a narrow corridor to the north".
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Vistas outside AONB boundary
!Location || OS Coordinates || Distance (km) || Importance || Sensitivity || Notes
|-
|A449 through Malvern Link || {{gbmappingsmall|SO783475}} || 1.2 || Representative || Medium || "Typical view from the A449 through urban areas of Great Malvern. Views towards the hills are framed by buildings on both sides of the road".
|-
|Public footpath at [[Birtsmorten]]|| {{gbmappingsmall|SO801357}} || 2.0 || Special || Medium || "Rural view across flat landscape of agricultural fields and scattered trees."
|-
|[[A4103]] near [[Leigh Sinton]] || {{gbmappingsmall|SO788514}} || 2.5 || Special || Medium || "The first wide, open view of the Malvern Hills from the A4103 when travelling southbound from the southwest fringe of Worcester. The Malvern Hills rise up from flat agricultural fields in the foreground and are prominent on the skyline of an essentially rural view".
|-
|[[A417]] near [[Donnington, Herefordshire|Donnington]] || {{gbmappingsmall|SO728341}} || 3.5 || Special || Medium || "View over roadside vegetation from road following the southern border of the MH AONB. Rural view across gently undulating landscape of well enclosed fields and areas of woodland cover at the south-east part of the AONB. Landform frames and directs eye to the north where the dark silhouette of Worcestershire Beacon is seen on the distant skyline".
|-
|A417 near [[Redmarley D'Abitot]] || {{gbmappingsmall|SO761321}} || 3.5 || Special || Medium || "End-on view of MH peaks at southern end of the central spine in the mid-distance beyond undulating farmland landscape in the fore/midground".
|-
|[[A4103]] near [[Stony Cross]]|| {{gbmappingsmall|SO723474}} || 4.0 || Special || Medium || "Open view from road, towards northwestern part of MH AONB and central hill spine. Unfolding view across undulating and well wooded rural farmland landscape with some urban elements in the fore/midground such as the A4103 and houses at Stoney Cross".
|-
|[[B4211]] near [[Rhydd]]|| {{gbmappingsmall|SO834450}} || 4.5 || Special || Medium || View from road where roadside vegetation/buildings open up more than typical. Malvern Hills are dominant on the skyline in the centre of view, with urban areas of Great Malvern seen spreading at their foot".
|-
|B4208 near [[Pendock]] || {{gbmappingsmall|SO789315}} || 5.0 || Special || Medium || "Essentially rural view from road, over roadside vegetation. View across large open fields towards the MH".
|-
|[[A4104]] at [[M5 Motorway|M5]] over-bridge (near [[Holly Green, Worcestershire|Holly Green]]) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO886420}} || 8.5 || Special || Medium || "View from road, framed by roadside vegetation which opens up as you reach elevated points of the road. Malvern Hills are prominent on the skyline travelling west along the A4104. The M5 motorway corridor and agricultural fields can be seen in the foreground".
|-
|Public bridleway at [[Broadheath, Worcestershire|Broadheath]] || {{gbmappingsmall|SO803555}} || 9.0 || Special || Medium || "Open view across rural farmland landscape towards northern parts of the AONB".
|-
|[[B4220]] near [[Standford Bishop]]|| {{gbmappingsmall|SO690518}} || 9.0 || Special || Medium || "View from road, above tops of roadside vegetation. Northern end of Malvern Hills is prominent in the view, seen beyond foreground fields and gently undulating landscape".
|-
|[[B4214]] at [[Stanley Hill]] || {{gbmappingsmall|SO675440}} || 10.0 || Representative || Low || "View from road through gaps in roadside vegetation. Malvern Hills spine is prominent on skyline, although undulating hills and vegetation clutter the fore/midground. Essentially rural view across farmland and woodland".
|-
|[[Ketch]] viewpoint at southern edge of Worcester (A38 and A4440 junction) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO863516}} || 10.0 || Special || High || "Panoramic (180°) view from dedicated viewing point to overlook historic battlefield (green fields in the foreground). Essentially rural view across flat River Severn floodplain seen in fore/mid-ground, urbanised by the busy A4440 road corridor, pylons and overhead power-lines and views of urban areas of Great Malvern at the foot of Worcestershire Beacon and North Hill in the distance".
|-
|M5 over-bridge at Green Street Road || {{gbmappingsmall|SO867491}} || 10.1 || Representative || Medium || "Elevated view from M5 overbridge. Highway structures and traffic on M5 in foreground. Flat, low lying landform of the River Avon and Severn vales to both sides of the motorway".
|-
|[[Bringsty Common]] (Common land) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO697548}} || 10.4 || Special || Medium || "Open, wide panoramic (180°) view towards the north-western parts of the MH AONB and northern group of hills along the central spine line. In the fore/mid-ground views of a rural, well wooded, intricately undulating landscape of the River Teme and its tributary valleys, and the eastern edge of the Bromyard Plateau with scattered farmsteads and houses".
|-
|[[Collins' Green]] viewpoint (B4197) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO740573}} || 11.0 || Special || Medium || "from side of road across rural countryside. Far reaching views across flat, open landscape of the Severn and Avon Vales to the left and centre of view. Grey silhouette of Bredon Hill at the edge of the Cotswolds seen on the distant skyline at the centre of view. MH and more hilly landscape to its west and north seen in the right of view".
|-
|Over Old Road near [[Woolridge]] || {{gbmappingsmall|SO803244}} || 11.0 || Special || Medium || "View from road, over roadside vegetation. Flat Severn Floodplain in the fore/mid-ground, May Hill, areas within the Forest of Dean and southern fringes of the MH AONB and MH central spine on the distant skyline. Essentially rural view of settled farmed landscape. Medium sized fields well enclosed by hedgerows and some small areas of woodland. Urban areas of Newent, scattered small groups of housing and houses at Hartpury seen in the midground".
|-
|[[Croome Court]] (National Trust) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO886450}} || 11.7 || Exceptional || High || "Open view across landscaped parkland, with designed views towards the MH. Croome Court and lake seen to the left of view, and Panorama Tower seen on high ground on the other side of the M5 motorway (from foreground parkland) to the centre of view".
|-
|Track near [[Durlow Common]] PROW || {{gbmappingsmall|SO624381}} || 12.4 || Special || Medium || "Wide panoramic (180°) view through gap in field boundary hedgerow. Essentially rural view across a gently undulating agricultural landscape of arable/pasture fields, polytunnels associated with fruit farms and woodland cover associated with hill slopes. On the distant skyline, the dark silhouette of the Cotswold Scarp is seen to the right, and tops of [[Titterstone Clee Hill]] and [[Clent Hills]] glimpsed to the left of the MH central hill spine and wider AONB on the intermediate skyline at the centre of view. Urban areas of [[Ledbury]] seen at the foot of the hills in the midground in right of view. [[Bromyard]] Plateau to the left of view".
|-
|Hill View Road, [[Upper Strensham]] near M5 junction 8 || {{gbmappingsmall|SO901397}} || 13.3 || Representative || Low || "Wide panoramic (180°) view towards Malvern Hills, over roadside hedge. Malvern Hills dominant on the skyline, rising up from contrasting flat Severn Flood Plain in the foreground. An essentially rural view from edge of small settlement of Upper Strensham. M5 motorway corridor seen to the right of view".
|-
|[[A438]] over-bridge north-west of Tewkesbury Road || {{gbmappingsmall|SO889337}} || 13.7 || Representative || Medium || "Elevated view from bridge crossing over River Severn, across rural agricultural landscape. Views towards MH part framed by intervening landform".
|-
|Footpath and road on [[Much Marcle]] Ridge (from Herefordshire Trail LDF) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO889337}} || 13.7 || Exceptional || High || "Elevated view from bridge crossing over River Severn, across rural agricultural landscape. Views towards MH part framed by intervening landform."
|-
|[[Ronkswood Hill]] Meadows, (Worcester Public Open Space, Local Nature Reserve) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO872555}} || 13.8 || Special || Medium || "Panoramic view from highest point within park. Urban areas of Worcester seen spreading on the low lying River Severn vale in the midground, including view of Worcester Cathedral. MH central spine line and linear group of hills to the north form a grey silhouette on the skyline, as a backdrop to the city".
|-
|[[May Hill, Gloucestershire|May Hill]] (National Trust owned Common Land) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO695223}} || 15.0 || Representative || Medium || "Oblique view from gap in field boundary hedgerow at field gate. Far reaching views across rural countryside. Sloping land and gentle undulations reveal and hide the midground landscape".
|-
|Public footpath [[Bredon Hill]] by the Banbury Stone Tower || {{gbmappingsmall|SO955400}} || 15.5 || Exceptional || High || "Panoramic (360°) view, affording full views of the eastern side of the Malvern Hills AONB to the west, in the context of other larger hill groups/mountain ranges in the distance and smaller hills rising from the flat Severn Plain in the middle ground. A rural view, although there is much visual evidence of urbanisation along the M5 corridor and at Great Malvern".
|-
|A438 at [[Bartestree]] (western edge of Hereford) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO565414}} || 18.4 || Representative || Low || "Glimpsed view from road through gaps in housing and roadside vegetation. Semi-urban view from edge of Hereford".
|-
|[[Hegdon Hill]] (near [[Leominster]]) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO587536}} || 19.2 || Representative || Low || "Framed view through and above field boundary hedgerows. Long length of Malvern Hills seen rising above gently undulating rural farm land in the foreground, and dominant on the skyline; hills are seen in the context of their wider landscape setting".
|-
|[[Cleeve Hill, Gloucestershire|Cleeve Hill]] ([[Cleeve Common|Common Land]]) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO985266}} || 25.0 || Special || High || "180-degree panoramic view from elevated viewpoint on north-west facing slope of Cleeve Hill. Distant hills make up an almost continuous skyline, of which the Malvern Hills are a part of. Urban areas of Gloucester and Cheltenham seen in the foreground spreading on the lower lying land of the Severn and Avon Vales. Industrial warehouses and large scale developments stand out in the view".
|-
|Public footpath on [[Haresfield Beacon]] (National Trust owned Common Land) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO821088}} || 26.0 || Special || High || "Panoramic (180°) viewpoint. Views filtered by wooded vegetation, and seasonal change likely in view. Malvern Hills seen on skyline to the left, rising above the flat [[Severn Plain]]. Large urban areas of [[Gloucester]] in the midground, in the centre of view and more rural and wooded areas within the [[Forest of Dean]] spread to the left of view".
|-
|B4202 near [[Clows Top]] || {{gbmappingsmall|SO821088}} || 26.0 || Representative || Low || "Framed view from road. Malvern Hills seen rising above intermediate hills in the distance. Undulating, rural countryside unfolds in fore/midground".
|-
|Track near [[Westhope Hill]]|| {{gbmappingsmall|SO478522}} || 28.0 || Representative || Low || "Glimpsed view from road through gaps in housing and roadside vegetation. Semi-urban view from edge of Hereford".
|-
|38 Cockyard (from lane) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO411340}} || 33.6 || Representative || Low || "Glimpsed view from road through gaps in housing and roadside vegetation. Semi-urban view from edge of Hereford. ... Characteristic western elevation silhouette of the tops of peaks along MH central spine from North Hill to Herefordshire Beacon is seen on part of the skyline, in the context of intervening hills and ridges of the mid/foreground".
|-
|B4066 Taits Hill near [[Stinchcombe Hill]] || {{gbmappingsmall|SO734999}} || 34.0 || Special || Low || "Roadside view. Malvern Hills seen in the distance in the context of other hills. The ridge line of the [[Wye Valley]] within the Forest of Dean and [[May Hill, Gloucestershire|May Hill]] are more dominant in the view. The [[Severn Estuary]] can be seen lying across the lower land of the Severn plain. Urban areas of Gloucester are glimpsed at the right of view. Essentially a view of rural areas at the outskirts of urban areas".
|-
|Public footpath on [[Balis's Hill]] (near [[Honeybourne]]) || {{gbmappingsmall|SP123452}} || 35.0 || Representative || Medium || "Open view of Malvern Hills seen in context of other hills on skyline. Essentially rural setting of agricultural fields in foreground".
|-
|Common land south of [[Titterstone Clee Hill]] || {{gbmappingsmall|SO599770}} || 35.0 || Special || Medium || "Far reaching panoramic (360°) views of hill ranges to the south, west and north. Central spine of the Malvern Hills seen intruding into the skyline at the centre of view, in the context of other ridgelines in the foreground, and May Hill and the Black Mountains in the distance. The nearby radar station and quarry give a slight industrial feel, but it is an essentially rural view across an intricate landscape of farmland and scattered settlements. Views to the north-west (not shown) are more mountainous and dramatic. ... The whole length of the Malvern Hills spine can be seen as a grey silhouette against the sky. The hills represent a small part of the view, but are recognisable by their unique outline.".
|-
|[[Clent Hills]] Country Park near [[Hagley]] (public open space) || {{gbmappingsmall|SO927799}} || 36.0 || Special || High || "180-degree panoramic view towards the south-west from elevated viewpoint on SW facing slope of Clent Hills, affording long distance views. Malvern Hills seen to the left of view in the context of other hill ranges seen to the centre and right of view. Generally hilly foreground with scattered settlements on lower lying land. Urban areas of [[Kidderminster]] and [[Stourbridge]] seen in centre mid-ground ... Far-fetching views of hill ranges, including that of Malvern Hills is impressive, across a generally rural setting".
|}
==See also==
*[[Malvern, Worcestershire|Malvern]]
*[[Great Malvern]]
*[[Malvern Hills Conservators]]
*[[Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in England]]
*[[List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Herefordshire]]
*[[List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Worcestershire]]
*[[List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire]]
*[[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills District Council]]
==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=109Mile>{{cite news
| title = Geopark Way is officially open to walkers
| newspaper = [[Malvern Gazette]]
| publisher = [[Newsquest]]
| date = 14 May 2009
| url=http://www.malverngazette.co.uk/news/4368032.109_mile_Geopark_Way_is_officially_open_to_walkers/
| access-date = 7 January 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="AbberleyGeopark">{{cite web
| title = The Malvern Hills
| publisher = Abberley and Malvern Hills Geopark
| url = http://www.geopark.org.uk/blog/Geology/AreaGeology/_archives/2009/7/12/4252612.html
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721231353/http://www.geopark.org.uk/blog/Geology/AreaGeology/_archives/2009/7/12/4252612.html
| archive-date=21 July 2011
| access-date = 4 January 2010}}
</ref>
<ref name=AndersonMeyrickNahum2008>{{cite book
| last1 = Anderson
| first1 = Anne
| last2 = Meyrick
| first2 = Robert
| last3 = Nahum
| first3 = Peter
| title = Ancient landscapes, pastoral visions: Samuel Palmer to the ruralists
| publisher = ACC Editions
| year = 2008
| page = 72
| isbn = 9781851495696}}</ref>
<ref name=BBCPlaces>{{cite news
| author = BBC
| title = Malvern Hills – History
| publisher = [[BBC Hereford & Worcester]]
| date = January 2009
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/herefordandworcester/content/articles/2008/03/11/malverns_history_feature.shtml
| access-date = 5 January 2011}}
</ref>
<ref name=BBCJune2003>{{cite news
| author = BBC
| title = Malvern Hills – British Camp
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| date = June 2003
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| access-date = 4 January 2011}}
</ref>
<ref name=BBCWorlwideTV>{{cite web
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}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=JH3dAAAAIAAJ&q=%22(maximum+yield+%3D+77+gallons+per+minute%22First snippet view] [https://books.google.com/books?id=JH3dAAAAIAAJ&q=%22minimum+%3D+8+gallons+per+minute%22 second snippet view]</ref>
<ref name=Burrow1996>{{cite book
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<ref name=busroutesmap>{{cite web
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<ref name=CocaColaPullsThePlug>{{cite news
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| title = Coca-Cola pulls the plug on Malvern Water
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<ref name=CollectingMalvernWater>{{Cite web
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<ref name=Devereaux1979>{{cite book
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<ref name=DiversRecoverBody>{{cite news
| title = Divers recover body from quarry depths
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<ref name=DontFence>{{cite news
| title = Don't fence them in on Malvern Hills
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<ref name=DrWhoTankQuarry>{{cite web
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<ref name=Elgar1962>{{cite web
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<ref name=EnglishHeritage>{{cite web
| author = English Heritage
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|archive-date=29 October 2013
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Fire>{{cite news
| title = Fire puts end to restored Beacon cafe
| newspaper = [[Malvern Gazette]]
| publisher = [[Newsquest]]
| date = 19 September 2003
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| access-date = 6 January 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="geo">{{cite web
|url = http://www.malvernhills.org.uk/visiting/geology_and_geography.aspx
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|url-status = dead
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|archive-date = 30 September 2010
}}
</ref>
<ref name="GeoparkBAckground">{{cite web
| title = Geopark Background
| publisher = Abberley and Malvern Hills Geopark
| url = http://www.geopark.org.uk/blog/Geology/AreaGeology/_archives/2009/7/12/4252612.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721231353/http://www.geopark.org.uk/blog/Geology/AreaGeology/_archives/2009/7/12/4252612.html
| archive-date = 21 July 2011
| access-date = 7 January 2011}}
</ref>
<ref name=GeoparkLaunch>{{cite news
| title = Geopark launch to encourage greater awareness of heritage
| newspaper = [[Malvern Gazette]]
| publisher = [[Newsquest]]
| date = 19 March 2004
| url=http://www.malverngazette.co.uk/archive/2004/03/19/Herefordshire+Archive/5665593.Geopark_launch_to_encourage_greater_awareness_of_heritage/
| access-date = 7 January 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=GeoparkWay>{{cite web
| title = Geopark Way
| publisher = LDWA
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| access-date = 7 January 2011}}
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<ref name=Gibbons-Harris1994>{{Cite book
| year = 1994
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|editor1=Wes Gibbons |editor2=Anthony Leonard Harris | chapter = Precambrian rocks in England and Wales south of the Menai Strait Fault System
| title = A Revised Correlation of Precambrian Rocks in the British Isles
| series = Special Report No.22
| page = 90
| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e07_AvEChXMC&q=malvern+hills+670&pg=PA90
| place = London
| publisher = [[The Geological Society]]
| access-date = 5 January 2011
| isbn = 978-1-897799-11-6
}}
</ref>
<ref name=GulletQuarry>{{cite web
|title = Gullet Quarry
|publisher = Malvern Hills Conservators
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|access-date = 4 January 2011
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|archive-date = 21 July 2011
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Hencken1938>{{cite journal
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| title = The Excavation of the Iron Age Camp on Bredon Hill, Gloucestershire 1935–1937
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<ref name=HenryHarrisLines1872>{{cite web
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}}</ref>
<ref name=HillsAreTop>{{cite news
| title = Hills are top for tourists
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| publisher = [[Newsquest]]
| date = 1 February 2002
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<ref name=Humphrey77>{{cite book
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}}
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<ref name=HydrogeologyMalvernHills>{{Cite web
|last = Jones
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|title = Hydrogeology of the Malvern Hills
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|access-date = 5 January 2011
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719010931/http://www.malvern-hills.co.uk/malvernspa/geology/hydrogeology.html
|archive-date = 19 July 2011
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Hydrology&Geomorphology>{{citation
| title = Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology
| work = Area Geology
| publisher = Abberley and Malvern Hills Geopark
| url = http://www.geopark.org.uk/blog/_archives/2009/7/3/4243579.html
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| archive-date = 21 July 2011
| access-date=12 July 2010}}
</ref>
<ref name=IkonGallery>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ikon-gallery.co.uk/programme/past/event/106/some_of_the_best_things_in_life_happen_accidentally/
|title=Some of the Best Things in Life Happen Accidentally 28 July – 12 September 2004
|access-date=23 May 2012
|work=Programme – Past
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|url-status=dead
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|archive-date=17 May 2011
}}
</ref>
<ref name=ImpossibleIdea>{{cite news
| title = Impossible idea
| newspaper = [[Malvern Gazette]]
| publisher = [[Newsquest]]
| date = 3 October 2006
| url=http://www.malverngazette.co.uk/news/letters/949947.Impossible_idea/
| access-date = 6 January 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=InTuneWithElgar>{{cite news
| title = In tune with Elgar
| newspaper = [[The Daily Telegraph]]|___location=London
| date = 27 September 2005
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| access-date = 29 April 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=ItCantGoOn>{{cite news
| title = It can't go on much longer, say businesses
| newspaper = [[Malvern Gazette]]
| publisher = [[Newsquest]]
| date = 16 March 2002
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| access-date = 5 January 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=KeepOff>{{cite news
| title = Keep off! Walkers told to shun hills
| newspaper = [[Malvern Gazette]]
| publisher = [[Newsquest]]
| date = 2 March 2002
| url=http://www.malverngazette.co.uk/archive/2001/03/02/Worcestershire+Archive/7770328.Keep_off__Walkers_told_to_shun_hills/
| access-date = 5 January 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=Kennedy1982>{{cite book
| last = Kennedy
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| title = Portrait of Elgar
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<ref name=LaMoreaux&Tanner2001>{{Cite book
| year = 2001
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| title = Springs and bottled water of the world: Ancient history, source, occurrence, quality and use
| place = Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
| publisher = Springer-Verlag
| isbn =3-540-61841-4
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sjEoBmfUka0C&q=springs+bottled
| access-date = 5 January 2011
}}
</ref>
<ref name=LongRememberedHills>{{cite web
| title = Long Remembered Hills
| publisher = Best of British TV
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| access-date = 3 January 2011}}
</ref>
<ref name=MalvernHeritageProject>{{cite web
|title = National Lottery Good Causes
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|access-date = 3 January 2011
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|archive-date = 22 July 2011
}}
</ref>
<ref name=MalvernHillsAONB>{{cite web
| title = Designation of the Malvern Hills AONB
| publisher = Malvern Hills AONB
| url = http://www.malvernhillsaonb.org.uk/about_the_aonb.html
| access-date = 4 January 2011}}
</ref>
<ref name=MalvernHillsAONBHistory>{{cite web
|title = Designation History Series Malvern Hills AONB
|publisher = Malvern Hills AONB
|url = http://www.malvernhillsaonb.org.uk/documents/Malvern-Hills-AONB-Designation-History-Series.pdf
|access-date = 4 January 2011
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722012123/http://www.malvernhillsaonb.org.uk/documents/Malvern-Hills-AONB-Designation-History-Series.pdf
|archive-date = 22 July 2011
}}
</ref>
<ref name="MalvernHillsAONBPublicTransport">{{cite web
| title = Malvern Hills AONB Public Transport
| publisher = Malvern Hills AONB
| url = http://www.carlberry.co.uk/rfnlistr.asp?L1=MAL014&op=D
| access-date = 4 January 2010}}
</ref>
<ref name=MalvernHillsAONBStructure>{{cite web
| title = AONB Partnership
| publisher = Malvern Hills AONB
| url = http://www.malvernhillsaonb.org.uk/aonb_partnership.html
| access-date = 4 January 2011}}
</ref>
<ref name="MalvernHillsBill1993">{{cite web
| title = Malvern Hills Bill 1993
| publisher = Millbank Systems
| url = https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1993/mar/08/malvern-hills-bill-hl
| work = [[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]
| date = 8 March 1993
| access-date = 6 January 2011}}
</ref>
<ref name="MalvernHillsBill1994">{{cite web
| title = Malvern Hills Bill 1994
| publisher = Millbank Systems
| url = https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1994/feb/15/malvern-hills-bill-hl
| work = [[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]
| date = 15 February 1994
| access-date = 6 January 2011}}
</ref>
<ref name=MalvernHillsConservators>{{cite web
|title = About Us
|publisher = Malvern Hills Trust
|url = http://www.malvernhills.org.uk/about-us/
|access-date = 26 February 2018
}}
</ref>
<ref name=MalvernHillsConservatorsAbout>{{cite web
|title = About the Malvern Hills Conservators
|publisher = Malvern Hills Conservators
|url = http://www.malvernhills.org.uk/conservators/about_us.aspx
|access-date = 4 January 2011
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721231845/http://www.malvernhills.org.uk/conservators/about_us.aspx
|archive-date = 21 July 2011
}}
</ref>
<ref name=MalvernHillsConservatorsActivities>{{cite web
|title = Things to do on the Malvern Hills
|publisher = Malvern Hills Conservators
|url = http://www.malvernhills.org.uk/visiting/things_to_do.aspx
|access-date = 5 January 2011
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721231950/http://www.malvernhills.org.uk/visiting/things_to_do.aspx
|archive-date = 21 July 2011
}}
</ref>
<ref name=MalvernHillsConservatorsBBCHW>{{cite web
| title = Malvern Hills Conservators
| publisher = [[BBC]]
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/herefordandworcester/content/articles/2007/05/30/malvern_hills_conservators_org.shtml
| access-date = 4 January 2011}}
</ref>
<ref name=MalvernHillsConservatorsBirdsandBotany>{{cite web
|title = Birds and Botany
|publisher = [[Malvern Hills Conservators]]
|url = http://www.malvernhills.org.uk/visiting/birds_and_botany.aspx
|access-date = 16 July 2011
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111007091625/http://www.malvernhills.org.uk/visiting/birds_and_botany.aspx
|archive-date = 7 October 2011
}}
</ref>
<ref name=MalvernsComplex>{{cite web
| title = Malverns Complex
| publisher = Herefordshire and Worcestershire Earth Heritage Trust
| url = http://www.earthheritagetrust.org/pub/learning-discovery/aggregates/lithology-profiles/malverns-complex/
| access-date = 21 June 2012
| archive-date = 20 July 2013
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| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
<ref name="MHAONBBiodiversity">{{cite web
|title = Special Features – Biodiversity
|publisher = Malvern Hills AONB
|url = http://www.malvernhillsaonb.org.uk/biodiversity_popup.html
|access-date = 9 April 2012
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130801075253/http://www.malvernhillsaonb.org.uk/biodiversity_popup.html
|archive-date = 1 August 2013
}}
</ref>
<ref name="MHAONBLandscape">{{cite web
|title = Special Features – Landscape
|publisher = Malvern Hills AONB
|url = http://www.malvernhillsaonb.org.uk/landscape_popup.html
|access-date = 9 April 2012
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130801071144/http://www.malvernhillsaonb.org.uk/landscape_popup.html
|archive-date = 1 August 2013
}}
</ref>
<ref name="MHCManagementPlan">{{cite web
|title = Malvern Hills Conservators Management Plan 2007 – 2012
|publisher = Malvern Hills Conservators
|url = http://www.malvernhills.org.uk/Content/Management%20Plan%202007.2012.pdf
|access-date = 9 April 2012
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150322202859/http://www.malvernhills.org.uk/Content/Management%20Plan%202007.2012.pdf
|archive-date = 22 March 2015
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Michell1973>{{cite book
| last = Michell
| first = John
| title = City of Revelation: On the Proportions and Symbolic Numbers of the Cosmic Temple
| year = 1973
| isbn = 0-349-12320-9
| publisher = Sphere
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/cityofrevelation00john
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Moore1999>{{cite book
| last = Moore
| first = Jeremy
| title = Edward Elgar: A Creative Life
| pages = 230, 241
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WRULnIDJRH8C&q=Caractacus++Edward+Elgar+british+camp&pg=PA230
| access-date = 29 April 2012
| isbn = 0-19-816366-5
| year = 1999}}
</ref>
<ref name=NauralEngland>{{cite web
|title = Malvern Hills
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|access-date = 4 January 2011
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100726013704/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designatedareas/aonb/malvernhills.aspx
|archive-date = 26 July 2010
}}
</ref>
http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designations/aonb/default.aspx
<ref name="NE AONB">{{cite web
| title = Natural England – AONBs: General information and map of designations
| publisher = [[Natural England]]
| url = http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designations/aonb/default.aspx
| access-date = 3 October 2012}}
</ref>
<ref name="NE link">{{cite web
|title = Natural England – SSSIs : The Malvern Hills SSSI information summary
|publisher = [[Natural England]]
|url = http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/sites/local_ID102.aspx
|access-date = 26 September 2012
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121221122939/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/sites/local_ID102.aspx
|archive-date = 21 December 2012
}}
</ref>
<ref name="NE units of assessment">{{cite web
| title = Natural England – SSSIs : The Malvern Hills Units of assessment
| publisher = [[Natural England]]
| url = http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/Special/sssi/unitlist.cfm?sssi_id=1001017
| access-date = 3 October 2012
}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<ref name=OurFreedom>{{cite news
| title = Our freedom could be lost
| newspaper = [[Malvern Gazette]]
| publisher = [[Newsquest]]
| date = 20 December 2002
| url=http://www.malverngazette.co.uk/archive/2002/12/20/Worcestershire+Archive/7668619.Our_freedom_could_be_lost/
| access-date = 9 January 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=Page&Willis-Bund1924>{{cite book
| editor1-last = Page
| editor1-first = William
| editor2-last = Willis-Bund
| editor2-first = J. W.
| title = Victoria County History, Worcestershire
| volume = 4
| year = 1924
| ___location = London, UK
| pages = 123–134
| url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42867}}
</ref>
<ref name=PendasFen>{{cite web
| title = Penda's Fen (1974)
| publisher = BFI Screen Online
| url = http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/439460/
| access-date = 8 April 2010}}
</ref>
<ref name=Prentice2011>{{cite news
|url=http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/local/9119770.Paintings_are_a_love_letter_to_the_hills/
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130114061041/http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/local/9119770.Paintings_are_a_love_letter_to_the_hills/
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=14 January 2013
|date=4 July 2011
|newspaper=Worcester News
|access-date=23 May 2012
|title=Paintings are a love letter to the hills
}}
</ref>
<ref name=ProjectToSaveHills>{{cite news
| title = £1.3m project to save Hills
| newspaper = [[Malvern Gazette]]
| publisher = [[Newsquest]]
| date = 25 August 2000
| url=http://www.malverngazette.co.uk/archive/2000/08/25/Worcestershire+Archive/7791943.__1_3m_project_to_save_Hills/
| access-date = 6 January 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=QuarriesInTheMalvernHills>{{cite web
|title = Quarries in the Malvern Hills
|publisher = MIAC
|url = http://www.miac.org.uk/hills1.htm
|access-date = 16 July 2011
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716094910/http://www.miac.org.uk/hills1.htm
|archive-date = 16 July 2011
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Rescuerloweredtoquarryquartet>{{cite news
| title = Rescuer lowered to quarry quartet
| newspaper = [[Worcester News]]
| publisher = [[Newsquest]]
| date = 18 February 2008
| url=http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/archive/2008/02/18/Round-up+%28malvern_news_roundup%29/2053539.Rescuer_lowered_to_quarry_quartet/
| access-date = 16 July 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=Rickman2006>{{cite book
| last = Rickman
| first = Phil
| year = 2006
| title = The Remains of an Altar (Merrily Watkins Mystery)
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ynPldN1GTH4C&q=The+Remains+of+an+Altar
| access-date= 8 April 2012
| publisher = [[Quercus (publisher)|Quercus]]
| isbn = 1-905204-51-5 }}</ref>
<ref name=Rolinson2005>{{cite book
| last = Rolinson
| first = Dave
| title = Alan Clarke
| publisher = Manchester University Press
| year = 2005
| isbn = 0-7190-6830-4}}
</ref>
<ref name=Rudkin1998>{{cite book
| last = Rabey
| first = David
| title = David Rudkin: Sacred Disobedience: an expository study of his drama 1959–96
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 1998
| isbn = 90-5702-126-9}}
</ref>
<ref name=sayer-tolkien>{{cite AV media notes
| title = J.R.R. Tolkien Reads and Sings his The Hobbit and the Fellowship of the Ring
| others = J.R.R. Tolkien
| year = 1979
| orig-year= based on an August 1952 recording
| first = George
| last = Sayer
| type = Liner
| publisher = Caedmon Records}}
</ref>
<ref name=Smart2009>{{cite book
| last = Smart
| first = Mike
| title = Malvern Hills
| publisher = Frances Lincoln ltd
| year = 2009
| pages = 15
| isbn = 978-0-7112-2915-0}}
</ref>
<ref name=Smith1978>{{cite book
| last = Smith
| first = Brian S.
| title = A History of Malvern
| publisher = Leicester University Press
| orig-year = 1964
| year = 1978
| pages = 2, 3, 5
| ___location = Leicester, UK
| isbn = 0-904387-31-3}}
</ref>
<ref name=skeat1886>{{cite book
| last = Skeat
| first = W. W.
| title = Langland, Piers the Plowman
| publisher = [[Clarendon Press]]
| year = 1886
| ___location = Oxford, UK
| isbn = 1-4370-1999-4}}
</ref>
<ref name="SSSI">{{cite web
| title = The Malvern Hills (SSSI) – citation, map, unit details
| publisher = [[Natural England]]
| url = http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/Special/sssi/sssi_details.cfm?sssi_id=1001017
| access-date = 3 October 2012
}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<ref name=StrayingFromDuty>{{cite news
| title = Straying from duty
| newspaper = [[Malvern Gazette]]
| publisher = [[Newsquest]]
| date = 19 January 2001
| url = http://www.malverngazette.co.uk/archive/2001/01/19/Worcestershire+Archive/7775018.Straying_from_dut
| access-date = 9 January 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=TankQuarry>{{cite web
| title = Tank Quarry Malvern
| publisher = MIAC
| url = http://www.miac.org.uk/tank.htm
| access-date = 3 January 2011}}
</ref>
<ref name=TheMusicalLegacyOfKenRussell>{{cite news
| title = The musical legacy of Ken Russell
| newspaper = [[The Guardian]]|___location=London
| date = 28 November 2011
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2011/nov/28/ken-russell-turned-composers-marble-busts-into-flesh
| access-date = 4 December 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=VisionofPiercePlowman1550>{{cite book
| last = Langland
| first = William
| title = Vision of Pierce Plowman
| publisher = printed by Robert Crowley
| year = 1550
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Watkins1921>{{cite journal
| last = Watkins
| first = Alfred
| title = Early British Trackways, Moats, Mounds, Camps, and Sites
| journal = Nature
| volume = 110
| issue = 2753
| year = 1921
| pages =176–177
| bibcode = 1922Natur.110T.176.
| doi = 10.1038/110176d0
| hdl = 2027/umn.31951002129314a
| s2cid = 4138366
| url = http://archive.org/details/earlybritishtrac00watkuoft
| hdl-access = free
}}
</ref>
<ref name=WalmsWell>{{cite web
|title = Walms Well, south of Herefordshire Beacon Camp, Ledbury
|publisher = Herefordshire Council
|url = http://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/htt/smrSearch/Monuments/Monument_Item.aspx?ID=3733
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20121223184931/http://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/htt/smrSearch/Monuments/Monument_Item.aspx?ID=3733
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 23 December 2012
|access-date = 11 April 2012
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Walters1828>{{cite book
| last = Walters
| first = John
| title = An English and Welsh dictionary
| publisher = T. Gee
| year = 1828
| pages = 580
}}
</ref>
<ref name=WestMidlandsGeodiversityPartnership>{{cite web
| title = Sites worth visiting in Worcestershire
| publisher = West Midlands Geodiversity Partnership
| url = http://www.geowestmidlands.org.uk/wiki/index.php5?title=Sites_to_Visit/Worcestershire
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150930193240/http://www.geowestmidlands.org.uk/wiki/index.php5?title=Sites_to_Visit/Worcestershire
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 30 September 2015
| access-date = 4 January 2010}}
</ref>
<ref name=WestMidlandsGeodiversityPartnershipHerefordshire>{{cite web
| title = Sites worth visiting in Herefordshire
| publisher = West Midlands Geodiversity Partnership
| url = http://www.geowestmidlands.org.uk/wiki/index.php5?title=Sites_to_Visit/Herefordshire
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150930195947/http://www.geowestmidlands.org.uk/wiki/index.php5?title=Sites_to_Visit/Herefordshire
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 30 September 2015
| access-date = 5 January 2010}}
</ref>
<ref name=Woodman2004>{{cite book
| author = Tacitus
| translator-last = Woodman
| translator-first = Anthony John
| title = The Annals
| publisher = Hackett Publishing Company
| year = 2004
| isbn = 0-87220-558-4| title-link = Annals (Tacitus)
| author1-link = Tacitus
}} See also [https://archive.today/20121211145701/http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+12.33 Church & Brodribb's translation] or [https://archive.org/stream/annalsoftacitustaci00rich#page/n9/mode/2up searchable text at Internet Archive]
</ref>
<ref name=WorcestershireWay>{{cite web
|title=The Worcestershire Way
|publisher=Worcestershire County Council
|url=http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/cms/countryside/explore-the-countryside/long-distance-trails/the-worcestershire-way.aspx
|access-date=26 July 2012
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716190419/http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/cms/countryside/explore-the-countryside/long-distance-trails/the-worcestershire-way.aspx
|archive-date=16 July 2012
}}
</ref>
<ref name=YouthsrescuedfromMalvernquarry>{{cite news
|title = Youths rescued from Malvern quarry
|newspaper = [[Worcester News]]
|publisher = [[Newsquest]]
|date = 1 August 2007
|url = http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/local/1587047.Youths_rescued_from_Malvern_quarry/
|access-date = 16 July 2011
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121005022236/http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/local/1587047.Youths_rescued_from_Malvern_quarry/
|archive-date = 5 October 2012
}}</ref>
<ref name=Views-page-4>{{cite web
| url = http://www.malvernhillsaonb.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/KEYVIEWSFinalreport-lowreswebsite.pdf
| title = Malvern Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty: Guidance on Identifying and Grading Views and Viewpoints
| publisher = Malvern Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB)
| page = 4}}
</ref>
<ref name=JJ>{{cite web
|author = JJ of the Cooper Partnership
|url = http://www.malvernhillsaonb.org.uk/documents/AppendicesA3_000.pdf
|title = Identification of Key views to and From the Malvern Hills area of Outstanding Natural Beauty:A Report prepared by Cooper Partnership for The Malvern Hills AONB
|publisher = Malvern Hills AONB 201
|date = March 2009
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927064938/http://www.malvernhillsaonb.org.uk/documents/AppendicesA3_000.pdf
|archive-date = 27 September 2011
}}</ref>
}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Malvern Hills}}
{{geoGroup}}
*[http://www.malvernhills.org.uk Malvern Hills Conservators]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100629101919/http://www.malvernhills.gov.uk/cms/leisure-and-culture/tourism/walking-the-malverns.aspx Walking the Malverns]
*[http://www.malvernhillsaonb.org.uk/ Malvern Hills AONB Website]
*[http://www.geopark.org.uk/ Abberley and Malvern Hills Geopark]
*[http://www.malverntrail.co.uk/malvernhills.htm Malvern Hills Trail]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060623081449/http://www.malvern-hills.co.uk/geology.html Geology of the Malvern Hills]
*[http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&t=h&msa=0&msid=207886503583211970736.0004a105771cced0427ac&ll=52.098913,-2.337341&spn=0.132447,0.363579&z=12 Google Map of the springs and fountains of the Malvern Hills]
*[http://www.naturalengland.org.uk Natural England (SSSI general information)]
{{The Malvern Hills}}
{{AONBs in England}}
{{Tolkien tourism}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:
[[Category:
[[Category:Hills of
[[Category:Hills of Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in England]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Worcestershire]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Herefordshire]]
[[Category:Malvern, Worcestershire]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Worcestershire]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Herefordshire]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Herefordshire]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Worcestershire]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1954]]
[[Category:Natural regions of England]]
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