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{{Short description|1964 book of statements by Mao Zedong}}
{{redirect|Little Red Book}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox book
| name = ''Quotations from<br />Chairman Mao Tse-tung''<br />{{small|"Chairman Mao's Quotations"}}
| title_orig = {{noitalics|{{lang|zh-Hans-CN|毛主席语录}};}} {{lang|zh-Latn|Máo Zhǔxí Yǔlù}}
| image = Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung bilingual.JPG
| caption = 1993 centenary reprint of the 1966 bilingual edition, published by the People's Republic of China Printing Office
| author = [[Mao Zedong]] (Mao Tse-tung)<br />[[Hou Bo]] (photographer)
| country = [[China|People's Republic of China]]
| language = Chinese
| series =
| editor = ''[[People's Liberation Army Daily]]''
| publisher = [[People's Liberation Army General Political Department]] (initial releases)<br />[[People's Press (Beijing)|People's Press]] (officially and massively since 1965)
| translator = [[Compilation and Translation Bureau|Central Compilation and Translation Bureau]]
| release_date = 5 January 1964
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] and [[Paperback]])
| pages =
| isbn = 978-0-8351-2388-4
| oclc = 23380824
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| order = st
| s = 毛主席语录
| t = 毛主席語錄
| l = "Chairman Mao Quotes"
| p = Máo Zhǔxí Yǔlù
| w = {{Tone superscript|Mao2 Chu3-hsi2 yü3-lu4}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|m|ao|2|-|zh|u|3|.|x|i|2|-|yu|3|.|l|u|4}}
| j = mou4 zyu2 zik6 jyu5 luk6
| y = Mòuh Jyú-jihk Yúh-luhk
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|m|ou|4|-|z|yu|2|-|z|ik|6|-|j|yu|5|-|l|uk|6}}
| poj = Mô͘ Chú-se̍k Gú-lio̍k
| tp = Máo Jhǔ-sí Yǔ-lù
| bpmf = ㄇㄠˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄒㄧˊ ㄩˇ ㄌㄨˋ
|t2= 紅寶書
|s2= 红宝书
|p2 = Hóng bǎo shū
|l2= "Treasured Red Book"
|j2 = hung4 bou2 syu1
|bpmf2 = ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄅㄠˇ ㄕㄨ
}}
'''''Quotations from Chairman Mao''''' ({{lang-zh|s=毛主席语录|t=毛主席語錄|p=Máo Zhǔxí Yǔlù}}, commonly known as the "红宝书" {{lang-zh|p=hóng bǎo shū}} during the Cultural Revolution<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/history/contemporary/culture_revolution/maozhuxiyulu.txt |title=存档副本 |access-date=2024-01-06 |archive-date=2024-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122191902/http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/history/contemporary/culture_revolution/maozhuxiyulu.txt |url-status=live}}</ref>), colloquially referred to in the English-speaking world as the '''Little Red Book''',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-26 |title=Who, What, Why: What is the Little Red Book? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34932800 |access-date=2025-01-18 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> is a [[anthology|compilation book]] of [[quotation]]s from speeches and writings by [[Mao Zedong]] (formerly [[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] as Mao Tse-tung), the former [[chairman of the Chinese Communist Party]], published from 1964 to 1979 and widely distributed during the [[Cultural Revolution]].
== Publication process ==
''Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung'' was originally compiled by an office of the ''[[PLA Daily]]'' (''People's Liberation Army Daily'') as an ideological handbook.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=xiii}} It developed out of [[Lin Biao]]'s practice of incorporating the study of Mao's texts and model soldiers like [[Lei Feng]] into daily drills.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |___location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=Introduction}}</ref>{{Rp|page=2}} Lin's approach became known as the "lively study, lively application" of [[Mao Zedong Thought]].<ref name=":232">{{Cite book |last=Leese |first=Daniel |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |___location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=A Single Spark: Origins and Spread of the Little Red Book in China}}</ref>{{Rp|page=29}} In 1961, Lin had required PLA Daily to publish a Mao quote each day to emphasise the central theme of the day's editorial.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=29}} To facilitate this, ''PLA Daily'' editors used a ''Tianjin Daily'' index of Mao's quotes arranged by topic.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=29}} The daily Mao quote became a popular feature and ''PLA Daily''<nowiki/>'s use of the ''Tianjin Daily'' index became the core of ''Quotations from Chairman Mao''.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=29}}
In December 1963, a deputy editor-in-chief of the ''PLA Daily'' proposed compiling a selection of Mao's quotations in a book for use by the PLA.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=29}} The response at a [[General Political Department of the People's Liberation Army|General Political Department]] work conference was strongly positive, and the initial draft was prepared as ''200 Quotations from Chairman Mao''.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=29}} It was revised several times over the next few months based on input from conference participants and PLA units that piloted the study of the text.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=29}}
In May 1964, the General Political Department released the internal publication ''Quotations from Chairman Mao'',<ref name=":23" />{{Rp|page=2}} adding a half title page with the slogan "[[Workers of the world, unite!]]" ({{lang-zh|labels=no|s=全世界无产者，联合起来！}}) in bold red letters, and endorsement leaves written by [[Lin Biao]], Mao's chosen successor, that included three lines from the diary of model Lei Feng. This version had 30 topics under which 355 quotations were grouped.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=30}} Following discussions that expanded the book twice more. The definitive 1965 version contained 33 thematic chapters of 427 total quotations excerpted from Mao's speeches and writing over the period 1929–1964.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=xiii}} As of August 1965, new copies of the book had their distinct red vinyl covers (as opposed to the previously used white paper binding) to increase durability for fieldwork.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=30}}
Demand for the book increased sharply including for use outside the military and in August 1966 [[People's Press (Beijing)|People's Publishing House]] took over the work of printing ''Quotations''.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=34}} It was made available to the public through [[Xinhua Bookstore]]s.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=34}}
The [[Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Culture]] held special study meetings to develop a production and distribution plan. It sought assurances that the book would receive publishing priority and that there would be sufficient paper, ink, and printing presses available. The goal was for "ninety-nine percent (of the population of China to) read Chairman Mao's book", according to a catalogue of publication records of the People's Publishing House.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} Provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions across China were ordered to build hundreds of new printing houses to publish the ''Quotations'' during the second half of 1966, which pushed the limits of the Chinese printing industry.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}
This disrupted plans for publishing any new volumes of ''The Complete Works of Marx and Engels'' that was already in progress. It also halted distribution of other ideological works. As late as 1970, more than 8 million copies of the 4-volume set of ''Selected Works of Marx and Engels'' that had already been printed (both in cloth hardcover and paperback) remained undistributed in storage warehouses on the grounds that other works "should not interfere with learning ''Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung''".{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
On the other hand, several other works by Mao had very large printings during the same period, even though these editions were not produced in the large numbers of ''Quotations from Chairman Mao''. These include ''Selected Works of Mao Zedong'' (in four volumes, 2.875 million copies in 14 languages), ''Selected Articles of Mao Zedong'' (various editions totalling 252 million copies), single article books, and works of poetry.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://chinascope.org/main/content/view/413/131/ |access-date=10 March 2010 |title = How Much Did Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, and Jiang Zemin Get Paid for Their Publications? |publisher = ChinaScope Magazine, September 2005 (Updated 8 February 2008), article by Jiao Guobiao}}</ref>
The emphasis on ''Quotations'' started decreasing after the [[9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|9th Party Congress]] in April 1969.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=39}}
On 12 February 1979, the [[Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party]] ordered a halt to publishing ''Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybsl.cn/beijingcankao/beijingfenxi/2011-03-01/25141.html|title=1979年《毛主席语录》因"流毒甚广"被停止发行|publisher=胡耀邦史料信息网|accessdate=2013-09-30|archive-date=2014-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911050124/http://www.hybsl.cn/beijingcankao/beijingfenxi/2011-03-01/25141.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=40}} The department stated that ''Quotations'' was a distortion of Mao Zedong Thought and had a "widespread and pernicious influence".<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=40}}
=== Formats ===
Earlier versions and predecessors of the compilation book featured blue or white covers and sleeves.<ref name=":0" />
The most widely produced editions of the ''Quotations of Chairman Mao'' were published with a printed red [[Polyvinyl chloride|vinyl]] cover wrapper over cardboard with pages bound in 64 folios that included photos of Mao. Other editions of the book were covered in cloth, silk, leather, paper, and other materials.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}
Most editions were produced in a functional, compact size that fit into a pocket, were easy to carry, and could be taken out at any time "for practice, learning, application." It was published in 32 other common sizes, allegedly the largest format printed on only four pages as large as the newspaper ''[[Reference News]]'', and the smallest format the size of a [[matchbox]].{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}
== Content ==
''Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung'' consists of 427 quotations, organized thematically into 33 chapters.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=xiii}} It is also called "Thoughts of Chairman Mao" by many Chinese. The quotations range in length from a sentence to a few short paragraphs, and borrow heavily from a group of about two dozen documents in the four volumes of Mao's ''Selected Works''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}
Usually the quotations are arranged logically, to deal with one to three themes in the development of a chapter. The table below summarizes the book.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chapter !! Number of
|-
| 1 || 13 || The Communist Party || The [[Chinese Communist Party]] is the core of the [[Chinese Communist Revolution|Chinese revolution]], and its principles are based on
|-
| 2 || 22 || Classes and Class Struggle || The revolution, and the recognition of [[Social class|class]] and [[class struggle]], are necessary for [[peasants]] and the Chinese people to overcome both domestic and foreign enemy elements. This is not a simple, clean, or quick struggle.
|-
| 3 || 28 || Socialism and Communism || [[Socialist mode of production|Socialism]] must be developed in China, and the route toward such an end is a democratic revolution, which will enable socialist and [[Communism|communist]] consolidation over a length of time. It is also important to unite with the middle peasants, and educate them on the failings of [[capitalism]].
|-
| 4 || 16 || The Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People || There are at least two basic kinds of contradiction: the antagonistic contradictions which exist between communist countries and their capitalist neighbors and between the people and the [[enemies of the people]], and the contradictions among the people themselves, people unconvinced of China's new path, which should be dealt with in a democratic and non-antagonistic fashion.
|-
| 5 || 21 || War and Peace || [[On War|War is a continuation of politics]], and there are at least two types: just (progressive) and unjust wars, which only serve [[bourgeois]] interests. While no one likes war, we must remain ready to wage just wars against imperialist agitations.
|-
| 6 || 10 || Imperialism and All Reactionaries Are Paper Tigers || [[U.S. imperialism]],
|-
| 7 || 10 || Dare to Struggle and Dare to Win || Fighting is unpleasant, and the people of China would prefer not to do it at all. At the same time, they stand ready to wage a just struggle of self-preservation against reactionary elements, both foreign and domestic.
|-
| 8 || 10 || People's War || China's masses are the greatest conceivable weapon for fighting against [[Japanese imperialism]] and domestic reactionaries. Basic strategic points for war against the
|-
| 9 || 8 || The People's Army || The
|-
| 10 || 14 || Leadership of Party Committees || Internal life of the Party is discussed. Committees are useful to avoid monopolization by others, and Party members must demonstrate honesty, openness in discussing problems, and the ability to learn and multitask.
Line 52 ⟶ 106:
| 13 || 7 || Relations Between Officers and Men || Non-antagonistic and democratic relations between officers and men make for a stronger army.
|-
| 14 || 6 || Relations Between the Army and the People || An army that is cherished and respected by the people, and vice
|-
| 15 || 8 || Democracy in the Three Main Fields || [[New Democracy|Democracy]] and honesty play roles in the reform of the army, as well as in the life of the Party, and of cadres. "[[Western democracy|Ultra-democracy]]", which is defined as an [[Individualism|individualistic]] [[bourgeois]] aversion to discipline, is to be avoided.
|-
| 16 || 9 || Education and the Training of Troops || [[Education in China|Education]] must have a practical and political basis for the army, Party and cadres. Along democratic lines, it will also be possible for the officers to teach the soldiers, for the soldiers to teach the officers, and for the soldiers to teach each other.
|-
| 17 || 9 || Serving the People || It is the duty of the cadres and the Party to serve the people. Without the people's interests constantly at heart, their work is useless.
|-
| 18 || 7 || Patriotism and Internationalism || The [[Socialist patriotism|patriotism]] of a [[communist nation]] and an [[Proletarian internationalism|internationalist sympathy]] for just struggles in other countries are in no way exclusive; on the contrary, they are
|-
| 19 || 8 || Revolutionary Heroism || The same limitless creative energy of the masses is also visible in the army, in their fighting style and indomitable will.
Line 66 ⟶ 120:
| 20 || 8 || Building Our Country Through Diligence and Frugality || China's road to modernization will be built on the principles of diligence and frugality. Nor will it be legitimate to relax if, 50 years later, modernization is realized on a mass scale.
|-
| 21 || 13 || Self-Reliance and Arduous Struggle || It is necessary for China to become [[Autarky|self-reliant]] in the course of the revolution, along the usual lines of class struggle. At the same time, it is a mistake for individuals to only see the good or the bad in a system, to the exclusion of all else. The section ends with ''[[The Foolish Old Man Removes the Mountains|The Foolish Old Man Who Removed the Mountains]]'' (1945), which is the only text reproduced in full in ''Quotations''.<ref name=":23" />{{Rp|page=4}}
|-
| 22 || 41 || Methods of Thinking and Methods of Work || Marxist [[dialectical materialism]], which connotes the constant struggle between opposites in an empirical setting, is the best method toward constant improvement. Objective analysis of problems based on empirical results is at a premium.
|-
| 23 || 9 || Investigation and Study || It is necessary to investigate both the facts and the history of a problem in order to study and understand it.
|-
| 24 || 15 || Correcting Mistaken Ideas || Arrogance, lack of achievement after a prosperous period, selfishness, shirking work, and [[liberalism]], are all evils to be avoided in China's development. Liberalism is taken to mean that one may avoid conflict or work in order to be more comfortable for the moment, while the problem continues to grow.
|-
| 25 || 5 || Unity || Unity of the masses, the Party and the whole country is essential. At the same time, criticism may take place along comradely lines, while at the same time a basic unity is felt and preserved. This is the dialectical method.
Line 82 ⟶ 136:
| 28 || 18 || Communists || A communist must be selfless, with the interests of the masses at heart. He must also possess a largeness of mind, as well as a practical, far-sighted mindset.
|-
| 29 || 11 || Cadres || [[Cadre (politics)|Cadres]], the instrument for uniting with and working for the people, must be leaders versed in
|-
| 30 || 7 || Youth || The Chinese Youth represent an active, vital force in China, to be drawn upon. At the same time, it is necessary to educate them, and for the [[All-China Youth Federation|Youth League]] to give special attention to their problems and interests.
|-
| 31 || 7 || Women || [[Chinese women|Women]] represent a great productive force in China, and [[Gender equality|equality among the sexes]] is one of the goals of communism. The multiple burdens which women must shoulder are to be eased.
|-
| 32 || 8 || Culture and Art || [[Chinese literature|Literature]] and [[Chinese art|art]] are discussed with respect to communism, in an [[Socialist realism|orthodox fashion]]. (Principally consisting of quotations from [[Yan'an Talks on Literature and Art|Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art]].)
|-
| 33 || 16 || Study || It is the responsibility of all to cultivate themselves, and study Marxism–Leninism deeply. It is also necessary for people to turn their attention to contemporary problems, along empirical lines.
|}
== Distribution ==
{{Mao Zedong series}}
[[File:Little Red Book First Edition English Scan.png|left|thumb|200px|Cover of the first edition English version of the Little Red Book {{circa|1966}}]]
The book was known as the "Treasured Red Book" ({{lang-zh|s=红宝书|t=紅寶書|p=''hóng bǎoshū''|links=no}})<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=最"红"不过"红宝书" – DW – 2012年5月11日 |url=https://www.dw.com/zh/%E6%9C%80%E7%BA%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BF%87%E7%BA%A2%E5%AE%9D%E4%B9%A6/a-15943775 |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=dw.com |language=zh}}</ref> or "Little Treasure Book" in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Little Red Book |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/little-red-book |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> From the mid-1960s through the mid-1970s, it was the most printed book globally.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=xiii}} It has produced a wide array of sales and distribution figures. Some sources claim that over 6.5 billion printed volumes have been distributed in total,<ref>Zhengyuan Fu, ''Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics'', Cambridge University Press 1994, p. 186. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uGZIziWmlmsC Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics]</ref> others contend that the distribution ran into the "billions",<ref>[[Allen Kent]], Harold Lancour, Jay E. Daily, ''Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, Volume 22'', CRC Press 1977, p.31. [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=Encyclopedia+of+Library+and+Information+Science%3A+Volume+22 Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science]</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |___location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=Preface}}</ref>{{Rp|page=xiii}} and others cite "over a billion" official volumes between 1966 and 1969 alone as well as "untold numbers of unofficial local reprints and unofficial translations."<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=xiii}}<ref>Daniel Leese, ''Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in China's Cultural Revolution'', Cambridge University Press 2013, p. 108 [https://books.google.com/books?id=iqjviY6aFloC Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in China's Cultural Revolution]</ref>
The initial print run was distributed only within the PLA, with 4.2 million copies printed.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=30}}
During the Learn from the People's Liberation Army campaign, the book became hugely popular among the revolutionary youth.<ref name=":23" />{{Rp|page=2}}
Demand grew so high that the PLA Publishing House's printing resourced became over extended, and after September 1964, printing moulds were provided to civilian printing presses at times to relieve the pressure.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=30}} Twelve million copies had been printed by August 1965.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=30}}
During the early phase of the [[Cultural Revolution]], copies of quotations were frequently donated to those deemed the revolutionary masses.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=36}} On [[National Day of the People's Republic of China|National Day]] in 1966, one million copies were handed out to [[Red Guards]] who traveled to Beijing.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=36}}
=== Overseas distribution ===
Outside China the work was called the "Little Red Book" due to the red cover of its most widely printed version.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Grimes |first=William |date=2014-11-19 |title=纽约举办《毛主席语录》50周年展 |url=https://cn.nytimes.com/art/20141119/t19mao/ |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=纽约时报中文网 |language=zh-cmn-hans}}</ref>
The Foreign Affairs Department of the State Council issued a March 1966 circular requesting any foreigners who had obtained a copy of ''Quotations'' to return it, stating that the book was for internal education and study only and was not a complete description of [[Mao Zedong Thought]].<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=35}} This proved not practical and the next month the Central Propaganda Department stated that copies already distributed should not be recalled and that foreign experts and exchange students could request copies to borrow or buy.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=35}}
In 1966, the [[Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party]] approved ''Quotations from Chairman Mao'' for export. To meet overseas requirements, the editors of the Chinese [[Foreign Languages Press]] made revisions necessitated by the situation. They added a "second edition preface" endorsement by [[Lin Biao]], dated 16 December 1966 (which was torn out following [[Lin Biao incident|Lin Biao's death]] and [[Criticize Lin Biao, Criticize Confucius|public disgrace]] in September 1971). On the last page, they listed the names of the publisher ([[People's Liberation Army General Political Department|PLA General Political Department]]) without an [[ISBN]], the printer and distributor (both [[Xinhua Bookstore]]), and the publication year.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}
By May 1967, bookstores in 117 countries and territories around the world—including the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], [[Francoist Spain|Spain]], [[Japan]], the [[Soviet Union]], [[West Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]], [[Indonesia]], [[Philippines]], [[Socialist Burma|Burma]], [[Pahlavi dynasty|Iran]], various [[Arab world|Arab]] and [[Africa]]n nations and others—were distributing Mao's ''Quotations''. It was translated into more than 50 languages.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=xiii}}
After the 12 February 1979 directive withdrawing ''Quotations'' from circulation, foreigners seeking copies of ''Quotations'' were instead to be offered Mao's ''Selected Works''.<ref name=":232" />{{Rp|page=40}}
== Social impact ==
[[File:Mao Zedong Cultural Revolution Propaganda Poster (cropped).jpg|thumb|246x246px|A propaganda poster from the Cultural Revolution featuring people holding Mao's Little Red Book and wearing [[Chairman Mao badge|Mao badges]].]]
=== China ===
During the 1960s, the book was the single most visible icon in mainland China, even more visible than images of Mao himself. In posters and pictures created by CCP's propaganda artists, nearly every painted character, whether smiling or looking determined, was seen with a copy of the book in his or her hand.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Patricia |last2=Wong |first2=Joseph |date=1997-06-01 |title=Propaganda Posters from the Chinese Cultural Revolution |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1540-6563.1997.tb01375.x |journal=The Historian |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=777–794 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1997.tb01375.x |issn=0018-2370|url-access=subscription }}</ref> During the Mao era, when people swore oaths they would often do so on ''Quotations''.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Marquis |first1=Christopher |url= |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26883-6 |___location=New Haven |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k |jstor=j.ctv3006z6k |oclc=1348572572 |author-link=Christopher Marquis |s2cid=253067190}}</ref>{{Rp|page=49}} After the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976 and the rise of [[Deng Xiaoping]] in 1978, the importance of the book waned considerably, and the glorification of Mao's quotations was considered to be [[deviationism|left deviationism]] and a [[cult of personality]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}
''Quotations'' continues to be a symbol of [[Mao Zedong Thought]] in China today. In certain situations, the book is given as a gift, for example, when public funds are involved, or when personal events arise, such as congratulating newlyweds.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}
Today in China, ''Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung'' is mostly seen as a piece of [[nostalgia]]. It is difficult to find in bookstores.<ref name=":1" /> Rare and unusual printings can command extremely high prices from collectors. A 1964 version of the book was sold for US$15,000 by [[Sotheby's]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/collection/2004-07/13/content_1595108.htm |script-title=zh:《毛主席语录》成为热门收藏品 |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |access-date=1 March 2011 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622081556/http://news.xinhuanet.com/collection/2004-07/13/content_1595108.htm |archive-date=22 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1" />
=== Africa ===
In Africa, ''Quotations'' helped inspire political texts including ''Quotations from President Karume'' and ''Axioms of Kwame Nkrumah''.<ref name=":23233">{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Priya |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |___location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=Maoism in Tanzania: Material Connections and Shared Imaginiaries}}</ref>{{Rp|page=108}}
=== Euro-American contexts ===
Assessing its legacy in the French Maoist context, [[Alain Badiou]] concludes that "Mao's ''Little Red Book'' has been our guide, not, as fools say, in the sense of a dogmatic catechism, but on the contrary, so that we can clarify and invent new behaviors in all sorts of disparate situations that were unfamiliar to us."<ref name=":23222">{{Cite book |last=Bourg |first=Julian |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |___location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=Principally Contradiction: The Flourishing of French Maoism}}</ref>{{Rp|page=241}}
In the United States, ''Quotations'' was particularly popular among African American and Asian American radicals, who often viewed the text as a welcome departure from what they regarded as a typically Eurocentric body of theory.<ref name=":232223" />{{Rp|page=246}}
According to [[Bobby Seale]], in 1967 he and [[Huey P. Newton]] obtained copies of ''Quotations'' from the Chinese Book Store in San Francisco to sell at [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref name=":232223">{{Cite book |last=Mullen |first=Bill V. |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |___location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=By the Book: Quotations from Chairman Mao and the Making of Afro-Asian Radicalism, 1966-1975}}</ref>{{Rp|page=245}} With the proceeds, they purchased weapons to arm [[Black Panther Party]] members for self-defense against police brutality.<ref name=":232223" />{{Rp|page=245}}
The [[Revolutionary Action Movement]] modeled its Code of Cadres on the "Three Main Rules of Discipline" section of ''Quotations''.<ref name=":232223" />{{Rp|page=258}}
=== India ===
In India, ''Quotations'' gained popularity following the 1967 [[Naxalbari uprising]] and the beginning of the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite Movement]].<ref name=":2323">{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Sreemanti |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |___location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=Empty Symbol: The Little Red Book in India}}</ref>{{Rp|page=117}} The leader of the first phase of the Naxalite Movement, [[Charu Majumdar]], placed major emphasis on the text, requiring it to be studied and to be read aloud to illiterate peasants.<ref name=":2323" />{{Rp|page=117}} During this phase of the Naxalite Movement, ''Quotations'' was popular among both movement participants and those who sympathized with it.<ref name=":2323" />{{Rp|page=118}} The [[Censorship in India|Indian government banned]] ''Quotations'' beginning in the mid-1970s.<ref name=":2323" />{{Rp|page=118}}
== See also ==
*[[Chairman Mao badge]]
* ''[[History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)]]''
* [[Mao Zedong's cult of personality]]
* [[Little Red Songbook]]
* [[Three Old Articles (China)]]
* [[The Green Book (Gaddafi)]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* [[DeFrancis, John]] (1975). ''[http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=0300018703 Annotated Quotations from Chairman Mao]''. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-01870-3}}.
* Han, Oliver Lei. ''[http://www.bibsocamer.org/bibsite/han/index.html Sources and Early Printing History of Chairman Mao's "Quotations"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124193050/https://bibsocamer.org/BibSite/Han/index.html |date=24 January 2022 }}''.
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Quotations from Chairman Mao}}
=== English translations of original text ===
* [http://www.terebess.hu/english/mao.html ''Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung''], Terebess Asia Online (TAO)
* [http://art-bin.com/art/omaotoc.html ''Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung''], Art-bin.com
* [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/red-book/ ''Quotations from Mao Tse-Tung''], Mao Tse Tung Internet Archive, Marxists.org
{{Mao Zedong}}{{Cultural Revolution}}
{{Maoism}}{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Quotations From Chairman Mao Zedong}}
[[Category:1964 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books of quotations]]
[[Category:Chinese culture]]
[[Category:Chinese literature]]
[[Category:Communist books|Mao Tse-Tung, Quotations from Chairman]]
[[Category:Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party]]
[[Category:Maoist China propaganda]]
[[Category:Maoist terminology]]
[[Category:Culture of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Propaganda books and pamphlets]]
[[Category:Works by Mao Zedong]]
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