Structural analog: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Compound having a structure similar to that of another compound}}

: ''For other uses of analog, see [[Analog (disambiguation)]].''

{{About|the chemistry term|related uses|analogical models|and|analog (disambiguation)}}

A '''structural analog''', also known as a '''chemical analog''' or simply an '''analog''', is a [[chemical compound|compound]] having a [[chemical structure|structure]] similar to that of another compound, but differing from it in respect to a certain component.<ref name="Willet1998">{{cite journal |last1= Willett|first1= Peter|last2= Barnard|first2= John M.|last3= Downs|first3= Geoffrey M. |title= Chemical Similarity Searching |journal= Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences |year= 1998 |volume= 38 |issue= 6 |pages= 983–996 |url= http://www.cust.edu.tw/mathmet/qsar_ref/Willett_1998.pdf |doi=10.1021/ci9800211|citeseerx= 10.1.1.453.1788 }}</ref><ref name="Johnson1990">{{cite book |author1=A. M. Johnson |author2=G. M. Maggiora |title= Concepts and Applications of Molecular Similarity |publisher= John Wiley & Sons |___location= New York |year= 1990 |isbn= 978-0-471-62175-1}}</ref><ref name="Nikolova2003">{{cite journal |doi= 10.1002/qsar.200330831 |author1=N. Nikolova |author2=J. Jaworska |title= Approaches to Measure Chemical Similarity - a Review |journal= QSAR & Combinatorial Science |year= 2003 |volume= 22 |issue= 9–10 |pages= 1006–1026}}</ref>

InIt [[chemistry]],can '''structural analogs''' ('''structural analogues'''), also known as '''chemical analogs''' or simply '''analogs''', are [[chemical compound|compounds]]differ in which one or more [[atomsatom]]s, [[functional group]]s, or substructures, havewhich beenare replaced with differentother atoms, groups, or substructures. DespiteA astructural highanalog chemicalcan similarity,be structuralimagined analogsto arebe notformed, necessarilyat [[functionalleast analog]]theoretically, andfrom canthe haveother verycompound. differentStructural physical,analogs chemical,are biochemical,often or pharmacological properties[[isoelectronicity|isoelectronic]].

Despite a high chemical similarity, structural analogs are not necessarily [[functional analog (chemistry)|functional analog]]s and can have very different physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties.<ref name="Martin2002">{{cite journal |last1= Martin|first1=Yvonne C.|last2= Kofron|first2= James L.|last3= Traphagen|first3= Linda M. |title= Do Structurally Similar Molecules Have Similar Biological Activity? |journal= Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |year= 2002 |volume= 45 |issue= 19 |pages= 4350–4358 |doi=10.1021/jm020155c |pmid=12213076}}</ref>

In [[drug development]] large series of structural analogs of an initial [[lead compound]] are created and tested as part of a [[structure optimization]] project.

In [[drug discovery]], either a large series of structural analogs of an initial [[lead compound]] are created and tested as part of a [[structure–activity relationship]] study<ref name="Schnecke2006">{{cite journal |author1=Schnecke, Volker |author2=Boström, Jonas |name-list-style=amp |title= Computational chemistry-driven decision making in lead generation |journal= Drug Discovery Today |year= 2006 |volume= 11 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 43–50 |doi=10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03703-7|pmid=16478690}}</ref> or a database is [[virtual screening|screened]] for structural analogs of a [[lead compound]].<ref name="pmid18600572">{{cite journal |author= Rester, Ulrich |title= From virtuality to reality - Virtual screening in lead discovery and lead optimization: A medicinal chemistry perspective |journal= Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development |volume= 11 |issue= 4 |pages= 559–68 |year= 2008 |pmid= 18600572}}</ref>

== See also ==

Chemical analogues of [[illegal drug trade|illegal drugs]] are developed and sold in order to circumvent laws. Such substances are often called [[designer drug]]s. Because of this, the United States passed the [[Federal Analogue Act]] in 1986. This bill banned the production of any chemical analogue of a [[Controlled Substances Act#Schedule I controlled substances|Schedule I]] or [[Controlled Substances Act#Schedule II controlled substances|Schedule II]] substance that has substantially similar pharmacological effects, with the intent of human consumption.

* [[Homology (chemistry)|Homolog]], a compound of a series differing only by repeated units

* [[Functional analog]], compounds with similar physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties

==Examples==

{{Gallery

|title=[[Alcohols]]

|width=150 |align=center

|File:Methanol-2D.svg

|alt1=Methanol

|[[Methanol]]

|File:Silanol.svg

|alt2=Silanol

|[[Silanol]], a structural analog of methanol

|File:Methanethiol.svg

|alt3=Methanethiol

|[[Methanethiol]], a structural analog of methanol

}}

{{Gallery

|title=[[Substituted phenethylamine|Phenethylamines]]

|width=150 |align=center

|File:Phenethylamine2DCSD.svg

|alt1=Phenethylamine

| [[Phenethylamine]]

|File:Amphetamine-2D-skeletal.svg

|alt2=Amphetamine

| [[Amphetamine]]

|File:Methamphetamine.svg

|alt3=Methamphetamine

| [[Methamphetamine]]

}}

== Neurotransmitter analog ==

A neurotransmitter analog is a structural analogue of a [[neurotransmitter]], typically a [[drug]]. Some examples include:

* [[Catecholamine analogue]]

* [[GABA analogue]]

* [[Serotonin analogue]]

== See also ==

* [[Derivative (chemistry)]]

* [[Functional analog (chemistry)|Functional analog]], compounds with similar physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties

* [[HomologyHomologous (chemistry)series|Homolog]], a compound of a series differing only by repeated units

* [[Transition state analog]]

==References==

[[Category:Chemical nomenclature]]

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

[[de:Analogon (Chemie)]]

*[http://shiny.bioinf.jku.at/Analoging/ Analoging in ChEMBL, DrugBank and the Connectivity Map] – a free web-service for finding structural analogs in [[ChEMBL]], [[DrugBank]], and the Connectivity Map

[[ja:アナログ (化学)]]

[[pt:Análogo (químico)]]

[[Category:Chemical nomenclature]]