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{{Short description|Competitive shooting team sport}}
{{About|the sport|the balls filled with paint|Paintball equipment#Paintballs|the DC Comics character|Paintball (comics)}}
{{pp-move}}
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{{More citations needed|date=January 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox sport
| name = Paintball
| image = NAdo-JTF3.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| alt = A person playing paintball
| caption = Paintball player in action
| union =
| nickname =
| first = June 27, 1981
[[Henniker, New Hampshire]], [[United States]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.paintballaward.com/history-paintball |title=The complete history of paintball |last=Adams |first=Ryan |date=March 11, 2016 |website=Paintball Awards |access-date=August 17, 2018 |archive-date=August 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818084224/https://www.paintballaward.com/history-paintball/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| country/region =
| registered =
| clubs = Teams range from Pro Divisions to local and low division teams
| contact = No
| team = Varies depending on format. 5 per team in Xball.
| mgender = Yes
| category = [[Extreme sport|Extreme]], [[team sport]], indoor, outdoor
| equipment = [[Paintball equipment#Masks|Paintball mask]], [[Paintball marker]], Compressed air or CO<sub>2</sub> canister, [[paintballs]], [[Paintball equipment#Hoppers/Loaders|hopper]]
| venue = Varies between outdoor (fields or woods) and indoor
| ball = Paintballs
}}
[[File:NAdo.jpg|thumb|A player in the middle of a popular style of paintball known as "woodsball"]]
'''Paintball''' is a [[competitive sport|competitive]] [[team sport|team]] [[shooting sport]] in which players eliminate opponents from play by hitting them with spherical [[dye]]-filled [[gelatin]] capsules called [[Paintball equipment#Paintballs|paintballs]] that break upon impact. Paintballs are usually shot using low-energy [[air gun|air weapon]]s called [[paintball marker]]s that are powered by [[compressed air]] or [[carbon dioxide]] and were originally designed for remotely marking trees and cattle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paintballnest.com/paintball-history/|title=3 History of Paintball|last=Paintballnest|date=March 6, 2024|access-date=March 6, 2024|archive-date=October 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002213349/https://paintballnest.com/paintball-history/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The game was invented in [[Henniker, New Hampshire|Henniker]], [[New Hampshire]], June 27, 1981, by Hayes Noel, a [[Wall Street]] [[stock trader]], and [[Charles Gaines (writer)|Charles Gaines]], an [[outdoorsman]] and writer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://nicolpawn.ca/paintball-blog.php/2011/05/27/history-of-paintball-markers|title=Paintball History > First Paintball Game|website=nicolpawn.ca|access-date=January 15, 2019|archive-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403150000/https://nicolpawn.ca/paintball-blog.php/2011/05/27/history-of-paintball-markers|url-status=dead}}</ref> A debate arose between the two men about whether a city-dweller had the instinct to survive in the woods against someone who had spent his youth hunting, fishing, and building cabins. A friend of the pair chanced upon an advertisement for ''Nel-Spot'' cattle marking guns in a farm catalogue and they were inspired to use it to settle their argument. Shortly after they participated with 10 other men in a [[capture the flag]] competition they called the first annual "Survival Game". One hundred acres of forest in New Hampshire were divided in to four quadrants and participants were tasked with collecting a flag from each quadrant and returning to a home base. A forester named G. Ritchie White collected the four flags to win in two hours and fifteen minutes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cahill |first1=Tim |title=A Wolverine Is Eating My Leg |date=February 1989 |publisher=Vintage Departures |isbn=978-0-307-77838-3 |page=188}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/17/magazine/who-made-that-paintball.html|title=Who Made That Paintball?|last=Slater|first=Dashka|date=August 15, 2014|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 7, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107140703/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/17/magazine/who-made-that-paintball.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The sport is played for [[recreation]] and is also played at a formal sporting level with organized competition that involves major tournaments, professional teams, and players.<ref name="tasmanianews">{{cite web|url=http://www.themercury.com.au/article/2009/09/09/96241_tasmania-news.html|title=Push to legalise paintball|access-date=October 31, 2014|date=September 9, 2009|publisher=The Mercury|last = Brown|first = Damien|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110706112533/http://www.themercury.com.au/article/2009/09/09/96241_tasmania-news.html|archive-date = July 6, 2011|url-status = dead}}</ref> Games can be played on indoor or outdoor fields of varying sizes. A playing field may have natural or artificial [[terrain]] which players use for [[Military tactics|tactical cover]]. Game types and goals vary, but include [[capture the flag]], elimination, <!-- limited ammunition, --> defending or attacking a particular point or area, or capturing objects of interest hidden in the playing area. Depending on the variant played, games can last from minutes to hours, or even ''days'' in "scenario play".
The legality of the sport and use of paintball markers varies among countries and regions. In most areas where regulated play is offered, players are required to wear protective masks, use barrel-blocking safety equipment, and strictly enforce safe game rules.
==
{{Main|Paintball equipment}}
[[File:JTF3 wood-simulation.JPG|thumb|upright=1.0|Players with woodsball equipment]]
The [[paintball equipment]] used may depend on the game type (''e.g.'', [[woodsball]], [[speedball (paintball)|speedball]], [[scenario paintball|scenario]]), on how much money one is willing to spend on equipment, and on personal preference. However, almost every player will utilize three basic pieces of equipment:
* [[Paintball marker]]: also known as a "paintball gun", this is the primary piece of equipment, used to mark the opposing player with [[paintballs]]. The paintball gun must have a [[Paintball equipment#Hoppers/Loaders|loader or "hopper"]] or magazines attached to feed paint into the marker, and will be either spring-fed, gravity-fed (where balls drop into the loading chamber), or electronically force-fed. Modern markers require a [[compressed air]] tank or [[carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] tank. In contrast, very early bolt-action paintball markers used disposable metal {{convert|12|g|adj=on}} CO<sub>2</sub> cartridges also used by [[pellet gun]]s. In the mid to late 1980s, marker mechanics improved to include constant air pressure and semi-automatic operation.<ref>{{cite web|title=How semi-automatic paintball guns work (animation)|url=http://www.mayhem-paintball.co.uk/news/how-semi-automatic-paintball-guns-work|website=mayhem-paintball.co.uk|access-date=October 8, 2014|archive-date=October 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013235453/http://www.mayhem-paintball.co.uk/news/how-semi-automatic-paintball-guns-work|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Paintball X3: Auto-cockers">{{cite web |url=http://history.paintballx3.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=121:the-80s-part-22-auto-cockers&catid=35:the-the-game-a-industry&Itemid=2 |title=The 80s Part 25: Auto-cockers |access-date=May 21, 2012 |publisher=Paintball X3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410080914/http://history.paintballx3.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=121%3Athe-80s-part-22-auto-cockers&catid=35%3Athe-the-game-a-industry&Itemid=2 |archive-date=April 10, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Paintball X3: Gear History">{{cite web|url=http://history.paintballx3.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=174&Itemid=58 |title=Gear History 1981-2000 |access-date=May 21, 2012 |author=Davidson, Steve |publisher=Paintball X3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305210633/http://history.paintballx3.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=174&Itemid=58 |archive-date=March 5, 2012 }}</ref> Further improvements included increased rates of fire; [[carbon dioxide]] (CO<sub>2</sub>) tanks from 100 to 1,180 ml (3.5 to 40 US fluid ounces), and compressed-air or nitrogen tanks in a variety of sizes and pressure capacities up to 34,000 kPa (5,000 psi). The use of unstable CO<sub>2</sub> causes damage to the low-pressure pneumatic components inside electronic markers, therefore the more stable compressed air is preferred by owners of such markers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paintballnest.com/types-of-paintball-guns/#electronic-paintball-guns|title=3 Types of Paintball Markers - Electronic, Mechanical, Pump|last=Paintballnest|date=November 10, 2021|access-date=September 29, 2022|archive-date=September 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115949/https://paintballnest.com/types-of-paintball-guns/#electronic-paintball-guns|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Paintball equipment#Paintballs|Paintballs]] (pellets): Paintballs, the [[ammunition]] used in the marker, are spherical [[gelatin]] [[capsule (pharmacy)|capsules]] containing primarily [[polyethylene glycol]], other non-toxic and water-soluble substances, and dye. The quality of paintballs is dependent on the brittleness of the ball's shell, the roundness of the sphere, and the thickness of the fill; higher-quality balls are almost perfectly spherical, with a very thin shell to guarantee breaking upon impact, and a thick, brightly colored fill that is difficult to hide or wipe off during the game. Almost all paintballs in use today are biodegradable. All ingredients used in the making of a paintball are food-grade quality and are harmless to the participants and environment. Manufacturers and distributors have been making the effort to move away from the traditional oil-based paints and compressed CO<sub>2</sub> gas propellant, to a more friendly water-based formula and compressed air in an effort to become more "eco-friendly". Paintballs come in a variety of sizes, including of 13mm (0.50 in) and 17mm (0.68 in).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bzpaintball.co.uk/blog/the-different-grades-of-paint/|title=The Different Grades Of Paintballs|last=BZ Paintball|access-date=May 5, 2017|archive-date=December 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034841/https://www.bzpaintball.co.uk/blog/the-different-grades-of-paint/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Paintball equipment#Masks|Mask or goggles]]: Masks are safety devices players are required to wear at all times on the field, to protect them from paintballs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theorion.com/features/aiming-to-please-paintball-club-geared-toward-beginners-1.347002|title=Aiming to please: Paintball Club geared toward beginners|access-date=October 31, 2014|date=September 2, 2009|publisher=The Orion|last = Barrett|first = Lindsey|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090907165905/http://www.theorion.com/features/aiming-to-please-paintball-club-geared-toward-beginners-1.347002|archive-date = September 7, 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> The original equipment used by players were safety goggles of the type used in labs and wood shops; today's goggles are derived from skiing/snowboarding goggles, with an attached shell that completely covers the eyes, mouth, ears and nostrils of the wearer. Masks can also feature throat guards. Modern masks have developed to be less bulky compared with older designs. Some players may remove the mouth and ear protection for aesthetic or comfort reasons, but this is neither recommended nor often allowed at commercial venues. A good paintball mask will protect the eyes from vision distortion caused by fogging, glare, and scratches. Players who do not wear a paintball mask can suffer serious injury.
Additional equipment, commonly seen among frequent players, tournament participants, and professional players include:
* Pods and pod packs: The most common addition to the above "mandatory" equipment, ''pods'' are plastic containers, usually with flip-open lids, that store paintballs in a ready-to-use manner. Pods are available in many sizes, including 10, 80, 100 and 140-round sizes, with the larger 140-round pods being most common among tournament players. Pods are carried by the player in ''pod packs'' or ''harnesses'' which facilitate easy access to the pods during play. There are several designs of pod packs, from belt loops allowing a recreational player to carry one or two extra pods, to harness designs generally designed for either tournament-style or scenario-style players.
* [[Squeegee]]/swab – From time to time, a paintball will break inside the player's marker. When this happens it coats the inner surfaces of the marker with paint, especially the barrel, which considerably reduces accuracy. While speedball and tournament players generally have no time to clear this obstruction and instead simply "shoot through it", woodsball and scenario players generally carry a tool to allow them to clear the barrel following a break. There are several types of squeegee, most of which are advantageous in two of three areas and disadvantageous in the last: cleaning time, effectiveness, and storage space.
* Paintball jerseys and pants: Originally derived from motocross and BMX attire, tournament players commonly wear special outer clothing with integrated padding that allows the player a free range of motion, and helps protect the player both from paintball hits and from incidental contact with rocks and hard ground. Certain designs of jersey and pant even advertise lower incidence of hits, due to increased "bounce-offs" and "breakaways". In indoor fields, where shooting generally happens at very close range, hard-shelled armor is sometimes worn to protect the player from bruising and welts from close-range hits.
* Elbow and knee pads: Common among outdoor sports, players can choose to help protect knee, elbow and even hip joints from jarring impact with the use of pads. For paintball, these pads are generally soft foam worn inside a player's pants to prevent abrasion of the pad against the ground.
* Gloves: Paintball impacts to the hands, knuckles and fingers can be extremely painful and temporarily debilitating. Outdoors, players are often prone or crawling which can cause scrapes to the hands. Padded or armored gloves help reduce the potential for injury to the hands. These gloves are generally referred to as "tactical gloves" and their purpose is to protect the player's hands while maintaining dexterity.
* [[jockstrap|Athletic supporter]]: Also called a jockstrap with cup pocket and [[jockstrap#Protective cup|protective cup]]. Players generally take care to protect sensitive or vulnerable anatomical areas from painful hits and injury; men commonly wear an athletic supporter with a rigid cup similar to types used in cricket, American football, lacrosse, hockey or baseball, while women often wear a pelvic protector and a padded or hard-shelled sports bra also commonly seen in the aforementioned sports.
* Other paint marking equipment: Normally seen in scenario play only, and disallowed at all tournaments, other forms of paint-marking equipment are sold, such as paint-grenades (paint-filled balloons or lengths of surgical hose).
* Vehicles: Again normally only seen in scenario play, a variety of vehicles have been devised based on go-karts, pickup trucks, ATVs, small off-road vehicles, etc. to create "armored vehicles", within which players are protected from hits and can move around on the field. Such vehicles may employ a wide range of mounted paint-discharging weaponry.
* Hats/Toques/Bandanas: Commonly worn by all levels of players to protect the forehead from direct paintball hits, and stop sweat from running down in to the mask.
* Remote lines: Used to increase maneuverability, a remote line is a high- pressure hose connecting the fuel tank to the marker allowing the tank to be stored in a backpack or harness. It is mostly found in Mil-Sim, woodsball and scenario events.
==
[[File:Competitive Paintball.png|thumb|Two players after a round of competitive paintball]]
Paintball is played with a potentially limitless [[Paintball variations|variety of rules and variations]], which are specified before the game begins. The most basic game rule is that players must attempt to accomplish a goal without being shot and marked with a paintball. A variety of different rules govern the legality of a hit, ranging from "anything counts" (hits cause elimination whether the paintball broke and left a mark or not) to the most common variation: the paintball must break and leave a mark the size of a US quarter or larger. Eliminated players are expected to leave the field of play; eliminations may also earn the opposing team points.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6957,13377142&dq=basic+paintball+rules|title=Paintball Planet features competitive fun|publisher=Cherokee County Herald|access-date=September 16, 2009|author=McCarthy, Chris|archive-date=January 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112224255/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zb4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6957,13377142&dq=basic+paintball+rules|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paintball-apl.com/APL%202003%20Rules%2004-03-03.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030502081811/http://www.paintball-apl.com/APL%202003%20Rules%2004-03-03.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 2, 2003 |title=APL Rules |access-date=July 11, 2012 }}</ref> Depending on the agreed upon game rules, the player may return to the field and continue playing, or is eliminated from the game completely.
The particular goal of the game is determined before play begins; examples include ''[[capture the flag]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/20/business/the-executive-life-the-satisfying-silliness-of-the-paintball-wars.html|title=The Executive Life; The Satisfying Silliness Of the Paintball Wars|access-date=September 15, 2009|author=Billard, Mary|date=October 20, 1991|publisher=The New York Times Company|archive-date=October 21, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021085218/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/20/business/the-executive-life-the-satisfying-silliness-of-the-paintball-wars.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''elimination''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2005/01/13/indoor_paintball_site_targets_the_rapid_growth_of_sport/|title=Indoor paintball site targets the rapid growth of sport|access-date=September 15, 2009|date=January 13, 2005|author=Ewing, Bill|newspaper=The Boston Globe|archive-date=December 15, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215232359/http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2005/01/13/indoor_paintball_site_targets_the_rapid_growth_of_sport/|url-status=live}}</ref> Paintball has spawned popular variants, including [[woodsball]], which is played in the natural environment and spans across a large area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.www.dennews.com/media/storage/paper309/news/2007/09/28/TheVerge/Paintball.Addictive.To.Players-2998458.shtml|publisher=The Daily Eastern News|title=Paintball addictive to players|author=Peters, Kristina|access-date=September 15, 2009|date=September 28, 2007|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023010928/http://media.www.dennews.com/media/storage/paper309/news/2007/09/28/TheVerge/Paintball.Addictive.To.Players-2998458.shtml|archive-date=October 23, 2010}}</ref> Conversely, the variant of [[speedball (paintball)|speedball]] is played on a smaller field and has a very fast pace with games as brief as two minutes fifteen seconds in the (NSL) or lasting up to twenty minutes in the PSP (Paintball Sports Promotions).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.simivalleyacorn.com/news/2006-07-07/Sports/020.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126150440/http://www.simivalleyacorn.com/news/2006-07-07/Sports/020.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 26, 2010|title=Paintball's popularity continues to spread|access-date=April 7, 2010|author=Gase, Thomas|publisher=Simi Valley Acorn}}</ref> Another variant is [[scenario paintball]], in which players attempt to recreate historical, or fictional settings.
===
[[File:Hostility Paintball Team.jpg|thumb|Hostility Paintball Team at CPPS]]
Tournaments are skill based competitions. These are often bracket tournaments with 5 person teams, taking place on [[Speedball (paintball)]] fields. Tournaments such as the NXL hold different events throughout the summer months all over the United States with a range of skill divisions. Other series such as the Ultimate Woodsball League (UWL) play tournaments with large teams on large wooded fields. The types of tournaments and applicable skill divisions vary wildly to serve the diverse interest of paintball competitors.
The CPPS ('''Central Premier Paintball Series''') is the leading paintball tournament event in the UK and only hosts tournament style paintball. Everything is played on sup air fields (inflatable bunkers on flat grass) and games are timed and scored.
===
{{Main|Speedball (paintball)}}
Speedball is played in an open field that could be compared to a soccer field, it is flat with a minimum of natural obstacles, and sometimes artificial turf is used, especially in indoor fields. The first speedball fields were constructed with flat wooden obstacles staked into the ground to provide cover; this concept was further developed into a number of urban-scenario field styles with larger building-like obstacles for casual play, but speedball itself progressed to using smaller obstacles made from plastic drainage pipe, which offered a more variable field layout and some "give" to the obstacles for increased safety. This style of play was often referred to as "Hyperball". Eventually, inflatable fabric "bunkers" were developed based on common obstacle shapes from previous fields, such as "snake" and "can" bunkers. Often referred to as "Airball", the use of these inflatable obstacles both increases player safety by reducing potential injury from collisions with obstacles, and allows them to be easily moved to reconfigure the field or to set up temporary fields.
===
{{Main|Woodsball}}
Woodsball, or "Bushball", is a fairly recent term that refers to what was the original form of the game: teams competing in a wooded or natural environment, in which varying amounts of stealth and concealment tactics can offer an advantage. The term is commonly used as a synonym for specialized scenario-based play, but it technically refers to virtually any form of paintball played in fields primarily composed of natural terrain and cover such as trees and berms, instead of manmade obstacles. Usually the gamemode is ''team death match'' although some times it is ''capture the flag'', or ''protect the president'' (where one player is chosen as the "president", the president's team must protect the president, the enemy team must eliminate the president).
==
{{Main|Scenario paintball}}
Commonly referred to as "Big Games" or "Scenario Games". "Big Games" refer to territory control based gameplay, while a "Paintball Scenario" refers to a game where tasks are given to each side at timed intervals. Pioneered by Wayne Dollack, "Scenario Paintball" focus much more heavily on Live Action Roleplaying events, elevating their immersion, storyline, and game play mechanics above the paintball aspect of play. Many variations and combinations of these games are currently played and are unique to each event and event producer. The game uses the entire venue it is at, combining all normal gaming fields into 1 large playing area. Popular examples of the scenario format are Paintball's Grand Finale at Wayne's World (Ocala, Florida), Cousin's Big Game in Coram, New York (on Long Island), Hell Survivor's Monster Game (just outside Pinckney, Michigan), Invasion of Normandy at Skirmish U.S.A in Pennsylvania, [[Oklahoma D-Day]] (in Wyandotte, Oklahoma), Fight For Asylum at PRZ Paintball (Picton, Ontario), Battle Royale at Flag Raiders Paintball (Kitchener, Ontario), the Sherwood Classic at Sherwood Forest (La Porte, Indiana), and Free Finale at Low Country Paintball (Ludowici, GA) events which draws in 100 to 5000 players and run at least 6 hours of uninterrupted play, most often averaging 12 hours of play in 2 days. "True24" scenario events run at least 24 hours continuously, the most recent one taking place in May 2019 at Sherwood Forest. These formats vary widely and are frequently historical MilSim, movie, or pop culture themed.
=== MilSim ===
[[MilSim]] ("Military Simulation") is a mode of play designed to create an experience closer to military reality, where the attainment of specific objectives is the most important aspect of the game.
MilSim addresses the logistics of combat, mission planning and execution, and dealing with limited resources and ammunition. Players are typically eliminated from the game when struck by paint just like in any traditional game of paintball. MilSim is a popular gamemode also played in Airsoft, which is a similar sport to paintball.
With the advent of shaped projectiles, such as the First Strike, and the resulting development of magazine fed markers, a considerable increase in range, accuracy and MILSIM realism was gained. Functionally speaking, magazine-fed markers are no different from any other paintball marker, with one exception. Instead of paintballs being gravity fed from a bulky hopper, which sits above the marker, shaped projectiles (or paintballs) are fed from a spring-loaded magazine from the bottom of the marker. The caliber of both the gravity fed and magazine fed markers are the same (.68 caliber) and the velocities are also generally the same. The increased range and accuracy of the shaped projectile comes from the higher ballistic coefficient that the shaped projectile has, and the gyroscopic spin imparted onto the projectile from a rifled barrel and fins on the projectile itself. Magazine fed markers and shaped projectiles have allowed marker designs to more closely approximate the styling and functionality of actual (real steel) firearms, which in turn has given paintball a better avenue to compete with Airsoft in the MilSim environment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airsplat.com/MilSim|title=Airsoft MilSim - Military Simulation|website=www.airsplat.com|access-date=May 11, 2016|archive-date=May 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513102125/http://www.airsplat.com/MilSim|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
==
Mag-Fed Only Game. An increasingly popular style of game play that forbids bulk loading devices such as the traditional paintball "hopper" or "loader" and under or back mounted
=== Time Trials ===
A single player paintball attraction in which participants move through a closed course and shoot at a succession of targets. Runs are timed and competition among players is through a leader board, competing to be the quickest.
=== Zombie Hunt ===
A static (or mobile) entertainment attraction. Venue staff are padded up and dressed as zombies. Paintball markers are mounted to a flat bed trailer. Participants are taken on a "Haunted Hay Ride" style attraction, towed through the property, where they defend themselves from the zombie hordes with paintballs. Generally, black lights and glow in the dark paintballs are used as ammo.
=== Enforcement of game rules ===
Regulated games are overseen by [[referees]] or [[marshals]], who patrol the course to ensure enforcement of the rules and the safety of the players.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paintball Risk Assessement{{sic|nolink=yes}}|work=Mayhem Paintball |url=http://www.mayhem-paintball.co.uk/about/Risk%20Assessement%20for%20Mayhem%20Paintballing%20London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517101828/http://www.mayhem-paintball.co.uk/about/Risk%20Assessement%20for%20Mayhem%20Paintballing%20London |archive-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> If a player is marked with paint, they will call them out, but competitors may also be expected to follow the [[code of conduct|honor code]]; a broken ball means elimination. Field operators may specify variations to this rule, such as requiring a tag to certain body locations only – such as the head and torso only.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=140&article=27733|title=Paintball warriors embrace fast and furious version known as 'speedball'|access-date=March 20, 2010 |author=Zimmerman, Fred|publisher=Stars and Stripes|date=March 13, 2005}}</ref> There are game rules that can be enforced depending on the venue, to ensure safety, balance the fairness of the game or eliminate cheating.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2022 |title=How to play Paintball: 100% Easy Guide - IOP |work=IOP |url=https://itsonlypaintball.com/how-to-play-paintball-easy-guide/ |access-date=September 19, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171617/https://itsonlypaintball.com/how-to-play-paintball-easy-guide/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Masks On''' Even when a game is not in progress, virtually all venues enforce a ''masks-on'' rule while players are within the playing area. More generally, within any given area of the park, either all players'/spectators'/officials' masks must be on, or all players' markers must either have a barrel block in place or be disconnected from their gas source, to ensure that a paintball cannot be fired from any nearby marker and cause eye injury. Some fields encourage players to aim away from opponents' heads during play if possible; splatter from mask hits can penetrate ventilation holes in the goggles and cause eye irritation, close-range hits to the mask can cause improperly maintained lenses to fail, and hits to unprotected areas of the face, head and neck are especially painful and can cause more serious injury.<ref>Paintball Shooting Tactics at ExtremeSports101 - ''Getting a head shot looks cool and because there's so much hard surface, there's a good chance that the paint will break. However, there are definite downsides to going for an opponent's head. There's also a good chance that the player will end up eating some paint or - worse yet - get hit in the neck, which is quite painful. If players do not change their lenses as often as they should (and few players do!), a hit to the lenses may cause them to break.''</ref>
* '''Minimum distance''' – When being tagged, depending on the distance from where the shot was fired, a direct paintball impact commonly causes bruises. In certain areas and at close range, these impacts may leave welts, or even break the skin and cause bleeding. To decrease these risks and the severity of associated injuries, commercial venues may enforce a minimum distance, such as {{convert|4.5|m|ft}}, within which players cannot shoot an opponent.<ref name="roanoke">{{cite news|url=http://www.roanoke.com/news/nrv/sports\wb/83060|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201085529/http://www.roanoke.com/news/nrv/sports%5Cwb/83060|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 1, 2013|title=Paintball: There's a little pain, but it's a ball|author=Fowler, Hart|access-date=September 18, 2009|newspaper=The Roanoke Times|date=September 17, 2006}}</ref> Many fields enforce a modified minimum distance ''surrender rule''; a player who advances to within minimum range must offer his opponent the chance to surrender before shooting. This generally prevents injury and discord at recreational games, however it is seldom used in tournaments as it confers a real disadvantage to the attacking player; he must hesitate while his opponent is free to shoot immediately. The act of shooting a player at close range is colloquially called "bunkering"; it happens most often when a player uses covering fire to force his opponent behind the cover of a bunker, then advances on that bunker while still shooting to eliminate the opponent point-blank.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.directpaintball.com/article_bunkering101.html |title=Bunkering 101 - Tactics and the Surrender Rule |publisher=Directpaintball.com |access-date=September 13, 2010 |archive-date=July 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710131916/http://www.directpaintball.com/article_bunkering101.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A tap of the targeted player with the barrel of a marker, sometimes called a "barrel tag", "Murphy" or "tap-out", is generally considered equivalent to marking them with a paintball and is sometimes used in situations where one player is able to sneak up on an opponent to point-blank range.
* '''Hits''' - A player is hit if a paintball leaves a solid mark of a specified minimum size (often nickel- or quarter-sized) anywhere on the player's body or equipment. Some variations of paintball don't count hits to the gun or the pod pack, or require multiple hits on the arms or legs. Most professional fields and tournaments, though, count any hit on a person, the equipment on their person, or even objects picked up at random from the field. A grey area of "splatter" often occurs when a paintball breaks on a nearby surface and that paint deflects onto the player; this usually does not count as a hit but it can be difficult to tell the difference between significant splatter and a genuine direct hit.
* '''Overshooting''' – Fields may discourage players from ''overshooting'' (also regarded as ''bonus balling'', "ramping", "overkill", or ''lighting up''), which is to repeatedly shoot an opposing player after he is eliminated from the game.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dailyuw.com/2001/4/18/ready-aim-paint/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711000718/http://dailyuw.com/2001/4/18/ready-aim-paint/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 11, 2012|title=Ready, Aim, Paint!|author=Santschi, Mark|date=April 18, 2001|access-date=September 21, 2009|newspaper=The Daily of the University of Washington}}</ref> It is also considered overshooting if a player knew the opponent was eliminated but continued to shoot, disregarding the safety of the opposing player and risking dangerous injury to others.
* '''Ramping''' – Ramping is a feature of many electronic markers, where after a certain number of rapid shots or upon a threshold rate-of-fire being achieved by the player, the gun will begin firing faster than the trigger is being pulled. Ramping of rate of fire is prohibited or sharply limited at most paintball fields, however it is allowed in various tournament formats with specific rules governing when and how the marker may ramp.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warpig.com/paintball/newbie/dictionary/index3.shtml|title=Warpig.com Paintball Dictionary|date=January 2006|publisher=Warpig.com via Corinthian Media Services|access-date=April 7, 2010|archive-date=July 9, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709001526/http://www.warpig.com/paintball/newbie/dictionary/index3.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Wiping''' – Players may attempt to cheat by ''wiping'' paint from themselves, to pretend they were not hit and stay in the game.<ref name="voicepaly">{{cite web|url=http://voice.paly.net/view_story.php?id=3647|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070528195140/http://voice.paly.net/view_story.php?id=3647|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 28, 2007|title=Ready, Aim ... Paint?|access-date=September 16, 2009|date=January 3, 2005|author=Kousnetz, Zack|publisher=The Paly Voice}}</ref> If caught, "wipers" are generally called out of the game, and in recreational paintball may be ejected from the field for multiple instances of wiping. Various tournament rules state additional penalties for players or teams caught wiping, such as "3-for-1" (calling the wiping player and the nearest three players out) in PSP capture-the-flag, or a prescribed number of "penalty minutes" in XBall.
* '''Non-contact''' - While paintball does involve tagging players with paintball projectiles, this is generally considered the sole point of physical contact between members of opposing teams. Players are generally prohibited from physically contacting other players, such as colliding with them, physically restraining them, and especially using fists, feet, protective gear or the markers themselves to hit other players. Fisticuffs in particular are dangerous not only to the participants but to all players on or off the field, and referees are generally trained to respond immediately and aggressively to stop the fight, and to eject and ban instigators of these fights.
* '''Velocity''' - Though most paintball markers are capable of firing at muzzle velocities of around 300 feet per second (fps), the players' paintball marker is generally limited to a muzzle velocity of 280 fps for safety reasons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liveabout.com/mph-paintball-gun-shoot-2565741|title=Exactly How Fast Does a Paintball Gun Fire?|website=LiveAbout|access-date=May 28, 2020|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111221353/https://www.liveabout.com/mph-paintball-gun-shoot-2565741|url-status=live}}</ref>
==
Player and team strategy varies depending on the size and layout of the field and the total number and experience level of players. The most basic strategy is to coordinate with the team to distribute the team members across the field roughly perpendicular to the line between starting stations to cover all potential lines of advance; a team that runs all in the same direction is easily flanked by opponents moving around the field on the opposite side. A second basic goal is to control as much of the field as possible, as early as possible, either by being the first to get to advantageous obstacles on the field or by quickly eliminating one or more opponents to reduce the number of directions each player has to watch for incoming paint. The more territory that the members of a team have behind them, the more options they have for choosing effective cover and changing position to get a good shot at one or more opponents, and because the field is of finite size, the fewer options the opposing team has.
A key element of intermediate and advanced strategy is the concept of "firing lanes". These are clear lines of sight between obstacles on the field and thus potentially between opposing players on the field behind them. A lane is "occupied" if at least one player of the opposing team can fire along it, and it is "active" if any player is firing along it, friend or foe. Occupied and active lanes hinder player movement as the player risks getting hit and eliminated. Open fields with sparse cover often have long open lanes between most or all bunkers on the field, most of which will be occupied if not active. Therefore, players have to keep track of which lanes to and from their bunker become occupied by the other team, so the player can make sure the bunker is between themselves and the opponent(s). This becomes harder the more occupied firing lanes there are; when most available firing lanes on the field are occupied, each team has to create cover in at least one direction using suppressing fire (rounds sent to the opponent's ___location designed to keep their head down more than to eliminate them). Speedball, which tends to use small open fields with relatively few obstacles, requires each player to use hundreds of paintballs in the course of a game to keep his opponents pinned down, lest he be pinned himself. Conversely, if most firing lanes on the field are clear, players on each team have greater mobility and the use of covering fire to pin an opponent is less useful as the player can stay behind cover while moving long distances, so players tend to fire less and move more to gain clear shots. Urban scenarios and woodsball fields tend to be larger and with more cover, shortening firing lanes and requiring players to move more to get good shots against their opponent.
Typically, strategy is limited for casual walk-on style paintball play. Some teamwork will be seen at the beginning of the games with brief discussions on tactics and strategy, such as distributing players between bunkers and assigning defenders that will stay back and cover attackers that advance. However, mid to late game tactics tend to be limited to groups of players sticking together or doing isolated attacks rather than a coordinated sweep down the field. In team paintball tournaments, more serious planned team tactics and strategy is seen throughout each game from the opening to the endgame. Teams generally practice together and have planned tactics they can use in the tournament, and know what each of their teammates will be trying to do in various situations during the game.
== Playing venues ==
[[File:Inflatable paintball bunkers.jpg|thumb|right|A "speedball" field consisting of inflatable paintball bunkers]]
[[File:Paintball Venue in Mexico.jpg|thumb|right|A non-commercial, community paintball field with wooden structures in Mexico, which is used in playing "renegade" or "gotcha" paintball]]
[[File:Paintball field in median of I-5 north of Castaic, California.JPG|thumb|A paintball field using [[cable reel]]s and shipping crates as features]]
Paintball is played at both commercial venues, which require paid admission, and private land, both of which may include multiple fields of varying size and layout. Fields can be scattered with either natural or artificial terrain, and may also be themed to simulate a particular environment, such as a wooded or [[urban area]], and may involve a historical context.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnews.net/article.php?id=9008463|title=Video Report – Blountville-based paintball team ranked fifth in nation, heading to World Championships|access-date=October 31, 2014|date=October 7, 2008|publisher=Kingsport Publishing Corporation|work=www.timesnews.net|last = Smith|first = Rain|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081013133046/http://timesnews.net/article.php?id=9008463|archive-date = October 13, 2008|url-status = dead}}</ref> Smaller fields (such as those used for speedball and tournament play) may include an assortment of various inflatable [[bunkers]]; these fields are less prone to cause injury as the bunkers are little more than air bags, which can absorb the impact of a player colliding with them. Before these inflatable fields became available and popular, speedball fields were commonly constructed of various rigid building materials, such as plywood and framing timber, shipping pallets, even concrete and plastic drainage pipe.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} The use of plastic pipe tethered with stakes became common, as it allowed for relatively easy reconfiguration of fields and at least some impact-absorption, and was the precursor to the modern inflatable bunker (in fact, certain common features in inflatable fields, such as "can" and "snake" bunkers, were derived from similar features built with plastic drainage pipe). Recreational fields still commonly use these older materials for their higher durability and novelty; inflatable bunkers are prone to bursting seams or otherwise developing holes and leaks. Other fields have wooden or plastic barriers.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}
Commercial venues may provide amenities such as bathrooms, picnic areas, lockers, equipment rentals, air refills and food service. Countries may have paintball sports guidelines, with rules on specific safety and insurance standards, and paid staff (including referees) who must ensure players are instructed in proper play to ensure participants' safety. Some fields are "BYOP" (Bring Your Own Paint), allowing players to buy paint at unrelated retail stores or online and use it at their field. However, most fields are FPO (Field Paint Only,) meaning players must buy paint at the venue or at a pro shop affiliated with the park. This is largely for revenue reasons; field and rental fees generally do not cover expenses of a paintball park. However, other reasons relating to player safety are generally cited and have some merit, as poor quality or poorly stored paint can cause gun failures or personal injury to targeted players.<ref name="EMRPB">{{cite web|url=http://www.emrpaintball.com/fpo.shtml|title=Field Paint Only Policy – see number 24|access-date=February 16, 2010|publisher=EMR Paintball|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324143022/http://www.emrpaintball.com/fpo.shtml|archive-date=March 24, 2010}}</ref><ref name="GATSPLAT">{{cite web|url=http://www.gatsplat.com/fpo.asp|title=FPO? What is that?|access-date=February 16, 2010|publisher=Gatsplat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704131758/http://www.gatsplat.com/fpo.asp|archive-date=July 4, 2009}}</ref><ref name="LVPSOUTH">{{cite web|url=http://www.lvpsouth.com/Field_Paint_Only.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215171650/http://www.lvpsouth.com/Field_Paint_Only.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 15, 2008|title=Both locations are now Field Paint Only (FPO). Players can no longer bring in their own paint (BYOP)|access-date=February 16, 2010|publisher=Lehigh Valley Paintball Inc}}</ref> Other times, FPO policies are in keeping with municipal laws for wastewater and runoff; paintballs contain food dyes, and some formulations have metallic flakes or cornstarch to make them more visible, all of which can pose problems in water reservoirs and treatment plants. So, fields that must wash paintball paint into municipal wastewater facilities, or that have substantial rain runoff into bodies of water that are used as sources of drinking water, are generally required by the municipality to restrict players to only certain paint formulations; the easiest way to achieve this is to sell only approved paint and require that field paint be used.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gatsplat.com/fpo.asp |title=Field Paint Only policy and explanation at GatSplat in Lewisville, TX, an indoor paintball facility |publisher=Gatsplat.com |access-date=July 11, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718174251/http://www.gatsplat.com/fpo.asp |archive-date=July 18, 2012 }}</ref>
Playing on a non-established field is sometimes referred to as ''renegade'' or ''gonzo'' play or ''outlaw ball'' (with the players nicknamed ''renegade ballers'' or ''outlaws'').<ref name="News Tribune, The">{{cite web|url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/125655/splat__south_sound_plays_host_to_some_of_the/|title=SPLAT!; South Sound Plays Host to Some of the Best in the World of Paintball|access-date=September 15, 2009|publisher=News Tribune, The|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715171911/http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/125655/splat__south_sound_plays_host_to_some_of_the/|archive-date=July 15, 2011}}</ref> Though less expensive and less structured than play at a commercial facility, the lack of safety protocols, instruction, and [[Regulation|oversight]] can lead to higher incidence of injuries.
{{Clear}}
== Organized play ==
{{Globalize|section|USA|2name=the United States|date=December 2010}}
[[File:Paintballs green.jpg|thumb|Green paintballs]]
The first organized paintball game in record was held by [[Charles Gaines (writer)|Charles Gaines]] and his friends in New Hampshire in 1981, with the first paintball field opening approximately a year later in [[Sutton, New Hampshire]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paintballenemy.com/history-of-paintball|title='Paintball History Sites':The Complete History of Paintball|website=Paintball Enemy|date=May 31, 2021|language=en-GB|access-date=August 27, 2021|archive-date=August 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827182744/https://paintballenemy.com/history-of-paintball/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/stories-46033159/i-invented-paintball-to-settle-an-argument|title='I shot him right in the butt': I invented paintball|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=November 2, 2018|archive-date=November 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102083211/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/stories-46033159/i-invented-paintball-to-settle-an-argument|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1983, the first ''National Survival Game'' (NSG) championship was held, with a $14,000 cash award for the winning team. {{As of|2010}}, tournaments are largely organized by ''paintball leagues''.
=== Leagues ===
{{Main|List of paintball leagues}}
A Speedball [[Sports league|league]] is an organization that provides a regulated competition for Speedball players to compete. Leagues can be of various sizes (for example, regional, national or international) and offer organized tournaments and or games for professional, [[semi-professional]], and [[amateur]] teams, sometimes with financial prizes. The first British national league was the British Paintball League created in 1989 by Gary Morhall, Richard Hart and Derek Wildermuth in Essex England.<ref name="British Paintball League">{{cite web |url=http://makrobicz.com/bpl.php |title=British Paintball League |publisher=Makrobicz.com |access-date=July 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011233/http://makrobicz.com/bpl.php |archive-date=March 24, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BPL">{{cite web |url=http://www.terrymartin.me.uk/paintball.html |title=Terry Reflects on early paintball days |publisher=Terrymartin.me.uk |access-date=July 11, 2012 |archive-date=November 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106050609/http://www.terrymartin.me.uk/paintball.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Midland Masters">{{cite web|url=http://www.p8ntballer-forums.com/vb/showthread.php?8606-MIDLANDS-MASTERS-2002-Series-Standings|title=British Paintball League to reach Midlands|publisher=P8ntballer-forums.com|access-date=July 11, 2012|archive-date=July 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715031801/http://www.p8ntballer-forums.com/vb/showthread.php?8606-MIDLANDS-MASTERS-2002-Series-Standings|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="inthepaint" /> As of 2017, the major leagues in the United States are the National X-ball League (NXL), Carolina Field Owners Association (CFOA), Maximum Velocity Paintball Series (MVPS), the Northern Xtreme Paintball League (NXPL).<ref name="inthepaint" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://68caliber.com/?p=5661|title=NPPL Info Dump|date=December 9, 2009|access-date=December 23, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213023221/http://68caliber.com/?p=5661|archive-date=December 13, 2009}}</ref> Internationally, Paintball League Middle-East (PALM) in Middle-East, East Asian Paintball League (PALS) series in East Asia, Hazara Series in Western Europe,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/dietandfitness/3354589/Paintball-gunning-for-the-games.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118071211/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/dietandfitness/3354589/Paintball-gunning-for-the-games.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 18, 2011|work=The Telegraph|title=Paintball: gunning for the games|author=Davidson, Max|date=May 3, 2008|access-date=May 26, 2010 | ___location=London}}</ref> the Centurio series in [[Eastern Europe]], and the National Collegiate Paintball Association in the US and Canada (A league was also created for high school and college players, the NCPA.*Not recognized by the NCAA*). They are supplemented by various regional and local leagues spread worldwide. Within these leagues it is narrowed down further to divisions. There are six divisions from division 5 to division 1 besides various professional leagues.
=== Tournament format ===
The nature and timing of paintball events are specified by the league running the tournament, with the league also defining match rules – such as number of players per team (anywhere from 3-7 players per team), or acceptable equipment for use. The number of matches in a tournament is largely defined by the number of available teams playing. However, the NSL offers non-tournament game play where a more traditional game day format has been adopted. Two teams face off at a set time and play only one game per game day in the season as beginners play a 24-minute game and amateur and professionals play a 32-minute game, both requiring 90 minutes to resolve.
A match in a tournament is refereed by a judge, whose authority and decisions are final. Tournament rules can vary as specified by the league, but may include for example – not allowing players to use devices to communicate with other persons during a game, or not allowing players to unduly alter the layout of terrain on the field. In contrast to a casual game designed for fun, a tournament is much stricter and violations of rules may result in penalties for the players or entire teams.<ref name="PSP2009RulesGeneral">{{cite web|url=http://www.pspevents.com/uploads/PSP2009RulesGeneral.pdf |title=PSP Point Rules |date=February 12, 2009 |publisher=PSP Events |access-date=February 18, 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
Though tournament paintball was originally played in the woods, [[speedball (paintball)|speedball]] became the standard competitive format in the 1990s.<ref name="inthepaint">{{cite web|access-date=December 23, 2009|title=In The Paint|url=http://www.citypaper.com/columns/story.asp?id=13664|author=Alvania, Rebecca|date=May 23, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814162308/http://www2.citypaper.com/columns/story.asp?id=13664|archive-date=August 14, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://68caliber.com/?p=5940|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709124030/http://68caliber.com/?p=5940|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 9, 2012|title=National Pump League Goes Back To Paintball's Roots|date=February 2, 2010|access-date=February 17, 2010|publisher=.68caliber}}</ref> The smaller fields made use of artificial terrain such as bunkers, allowing symmetrical fields that eliminate terrain advantages for either team; woodsball fields having no such guarantee.<ref name="stpetersburgtimes">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pdQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6610,2199580&dq=paintball+tournament+symmetrical&hl=en|title=Styles of play|access-date=February 17, 2010|date=May 18, 2006|publisher=St Petersburg Times}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Most recently, fields using inflatable bunkers, tethered to the ground with stakes, have become standard for most tournament formats; the soft, yielding bunkers reduce the occurrence of injuries, the bunkers deflate to store in a compact space and anchor to the ground with tent stakes, allowing for temporary fields to be set up and torn down with less impact on the ground underneath, and the arrangement of bunkers can be easily re-configured to maintain novelty of play or to simulate a predetermined field layout for an upcoming event.
=== Professional teams ===
{{Main|List of professional paintball teams}}
A professional paintball team is one that plays paintball with the financial, equipment or other kind of support of one or more sponsors, often in return for advertising rights. Professional teams can have different names in different leagues due to franchising and [[sponsorship]] issues.
== Accused terrorists' usage ==
In the past, unlawful groups and terrorists have been accused of using paintball for tactical training purposes in connection with the following incidents:
[[Mohamed Mahmood Alessa]] and [[Carlos "Omar" Eduardo Almonte]], two men arrested in June 2010 as they were bound for Somalia, and charged with terrorism and conspiring to kill, maim, and kidnap people outside the U.S., had simulated combat at an outdoor paintball facility in [[West Milford, New Jersey]], according to the complaint against them.<ref>{{cite news|last=Allen |first=Nick |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/7807582/Two-US-citizens-in-court-over-links-to-Somali-terror-plot.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/7807582/Two-US-citizens-in-court-over-links-to-Somali-terror-plot.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Two US citizens in court over links to Somali terror plot |newspaper=Telegraph |date= June 7, 2010|access-date=June 9, 2010 | ___location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost4">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/07/AR2010060702590.html |title=Two N.J. men arrested for allegedly trying to join Somali terrorists |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 7, 2010 |access-date=June 9, 2010 |first1=Peter |last1=Finn |first2=Jerry |last2=Markon |archive-date=February 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213023534/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/07/AR2010060702590.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite news |author=John O'Boyle |url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/06/nj_terror_plot_highlights_use.html |title=N.J. terror plot highlights use of paintball facilities for training exercise |newspaper=The Star-Ledger |access-date=June 9, 2010 |archive-date=June 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611001607/http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/06/nj_terror_plot_highlights_use.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.northjersey.com/opinion/what-makes-these-terror-suspects-tick-1.206639?page=all |title=What makes these terror suspects tick |publisher=NorthJersey.com |access-date=July 7, 2015 |archive-date=July 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709192735/http://www.northjersey.com/opinion/what-makes-these-terror-suspects-tick-1.206639?page=all |url-status=live }}</ref>
Similarly, 11 men, convicted in 2003–04 of composing the [[Virginia Jihad Network]], engaged in paintball training in [[Spotsylvania County, Virginia]], to simulate guerrilla operations and develop combat skills to prepare for ''jihad'', according to prosecutors.<ref name="washingtonpost4"/><ref name="autogenerated4"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Dao |first=James |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/02/us/closing-remarks-in-terror-trial-touch-on-paintball-and-pakistan.html?pagewanted=1 |title=Closing Remarks in Terror Trial Touch on Paintball and Pakistan |newspaper=NYTimes.com |date=March 2, 2004 |access-date=June 16, 2010 |archive-date=June 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615173836/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/02/us/closing-remarks-in-terror-trial-touch-on-paintball-and-pakistan.html?pagewanted=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/04/26/AR2005042600490.html |title=Jurors Convict Muslim Leader in Terrorism Case |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=April 27, 2005 |access-date=June 16, 2010 |first=Jerry |last=Markon |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629043410/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/04/26/AR2005042600490.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8wQzAAAAIBAJ&pg=6174,2080460&dq=paintball+muslim&hl=en |title=Google News |date=November 8, 2003 |access-date=September 13, 2010 |archive-date=March 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308022515/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8wQzAAAAIBAJ&pg=6174,2080460&dq=paintball+muslim&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nydailynews2">{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2010/06/07/2010-06-07_paintball_just_one_way_for_them_to_practice.html |title=Suspected New Jersey terror wannabes trained at paintball ranges, feds say |newspaper=New York Daily News |date=June 6, 2010 |access-date=June 9, 2010 |archive-date=June 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611064158/http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2010/06/07/2010-06-07_paintball_just_one_way_for_them_to_practice.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, [[Ali Asad Chandia]] of the Virginia Jihad Network was sentenced to 15 years in prison aiding the Pakistani terrorist organization, [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], including arranging a shipment of 50,000 paintballs from the U.S. to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2006/082006/08262006/216931/index_html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708223401/http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2006/082006/08262006/216931/index_html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 8, 2012 |title=Paintball jihadist hit with 15-year sentence |publisher=Fredericksburg.com |access-date=July 7, 2015}}</ref>
In addition, two of the 2005 London [[7/7]] bombers were filmed while training in June 2005 at a paintball center in [[Tonbridge, Kent]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gardham |first=Duncan |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1579917/Opportunities-to-stop-July-21-bombers-missed.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1579917/Opportunities-to-stop-July-21-bombers-missed.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Opportunities to stop July 21 bombers missed |newspaper=Telegraph |date=April 12, 2008 |access-date=June 16, 2010 | ___location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Also, the suspects in the [[2006 Toronto Terrorism case|2006 Toronto terrorism case]] played paintball to prepare for their attack.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sean Alfano |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/06/07/terror/main1692699.shtml |title=Imitating September 11 and Madrid? |work=CBS News |date=June 7, 2006 |access-date=June 16, 2010 |archive-date=December 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204120420/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/06/07/terror/main1692699.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/crime/article/794612--alleged-terror-cell-s-training-camp-proved-they-were-serious-court-told |title=Alleged terror cell's training camp proved they were serious, court told |work=thestar.com |date=April 13, 2010 |access-date=June 16, 2010 |___location=Toronto |first=Isabel |last=Teotonio |archive-date=October 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024050322/http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/crime/article/794612--alleged-terror-cell-s-training-camp-proved-they-were-serious-court-told |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, paintball training was engaged in by five terrorists to prepare for an [[2007 Fort Dix attack plot|attack aimed at killing American soldiers]] in [[Fort Dix, New Jersey]]; they were later convicted.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sean Alfano |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/05/11/terror/main2789739.shtml |title=No Bail For Fort Dix Six – CBS News |website=[[CBS News]] |date=May 10, 2007 |access-date=June 16, 2010 |archive-date=September 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924080336/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/05/11/terror/main2789739.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated7">{{cite news |url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/06/nj_terror_suspects_to_appear_i.html |title=N.J. terror suspects to appear in court for bail hearing |newspaper=The Star-Ledger |access-date=June 10, 2010 |archive-date=June 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612093326/http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/06/nj_terror_suspects_to_appear_i.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Safety statistics ==
[[File:Paintball welt.jpg|thumb|Injured paintball player]]
The rate of injury to paintball participants has been estimated as 45 injuries per 100,000 participants per year.<ref name="pmid15178668">{{cite journal | title = Injuries from paintball game related activities in the United States, 1997–2001 | journal = [[Injury Prevention]] | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 139–43 |date=June 2004 | pmid = 15178668 | pmc = 1730099 | author1 = Conn JM | author2 = Annest JL | author3 = Gilchrist J | author4 = Ryan GW | doi = 10.1136/ip.2003.004101 | issn=1353-8047 }}</ref>
Research published by the Minnesota Paintball Association has argued that paintball is one of the statistically safest sports to participate in, with 20 injuries per 100,000 players annually,<ref name="safety">(2003): National Injury Information Clearinghouse of the U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission in Washington D.C. (Published by Minnesota Paintball Association) [http://www.paint-ball.org/paintball/safety_report.htm Paint-ball.org] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107061120/http://www.paint-ball.org/paintball/safety_report.htm |date=January 7, 2016 }}. Retrieved February 19, 2007.</ref> and these injuries tend to be incidental to outdoor physical activity (e.g. trip-and-fall). A 2003 study of the 24 patients with modern sports eye injuries presenting to the eye emergency department of Porto São João Hospital between April 1992 and March 2002 included five paintball eye injuries.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Modern sports eye injuries | journal = [[The British Journal of Ophthalmology]] | volume = 87 | issue = 11 | pages = 1336–9 |date=November 2003 | pmid = 14609827 | pmc = 1771879 | doi = 10.1136/bjo.87.11.1336| author1 = Capão Filipe JA|author2 = Rocha-Sousa A | author3 = Falcão-Reis F | author4 = Castro-Correia J }}</ref> Furthermore, a one-year study undertaken by the Eye Emergency Department, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary in [[Boston]] has shown that most sports eye injuries are caused by [[basketball]], [[baseball]], [[hockey]], and [[racquetball]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Larrison WI, Hersh PS, Kunzweiler T, Shingleton BJ |title=Sports-related ocular trauma |journal=Ophthalmology |volume=97 |issue=10 |pages=1265–9 |date=October 1990 |pmid=2243676 |doi=10.1016/s0161-6420(90)32421-1}}</ref> Another analysis concluded that eye injuries incurred from paintball were in settings where protective equipment such as masks were not enforced, or were removed by the player.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Changing trends in paintball sport-related ocular injuries | journal = [[Archives of Ophthalmology]] | volume = 118 | issue = 1 | pages = 60–4 |date=January 2000 | pmid = 10636415 | author1 = Fineman MS | author2 = Fischer DH | author3 = Jeffers JB | author4 = Buerger DG | author5 = Repke C | doi = 10.1001/archopht.118.1.60 | doi-access = }}</ref>
Eye injuries can occur when protective equipment is not properly used and such injuries often cause devastating [[visual loss]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = Ocular trauma and visual outcome secondary to paintball projectiles | journal = [[Ophthalmology (journal)|American Journal of Ophthalmology]] | volume = 147 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–242.e1 |date=February 2009 | pmid = 18835471 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.08.007 | author1 = Alliman KJ | author2 = Smiddy WE | author3 = Banta J | author4 = Qureshi Y | author5 = Miller DM | author6 = Schiffman JC }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Ocular trauma resulting from paintball injury | journal = Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für Klinische und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie | volume = 247 | issue = 4 | pages = 469–75 |date=April 2009 |pmid = 19034480 | doi = 10.1007/s00417-008-0985-2 | author1 = Pahk PJ |author2=Adelman RA |s2cid = 1935916}}</ref> For safety, most regulated paintball fields strictly enforce a 'masks-on' policy, and most eject players who consistently disobey.
Regardless, paintball has received criticism due to incidents of injury. In Canada in 2007, an eleven-year-old boy lifted his mask and was shot point blank in the eye by an adult playing on the same field,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/doctors-say-paintball-too-dangerous-for-kids-1.246775|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724182909/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/print/CTVNews/20070628/paintball_injuries_070628/20070628/?hub=Health&subhub=PrintStory|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 24, 2012|title=Doctors say paintball too dangerous for kids|access-date=September 16, 2009|date=June 28, 2007|author=DeMelt, Annie|publisher=CTV.ca}}</ref> leading to calls by the [[Montreal Children's Hospital]] to restrict the minimum age of paintball participants to 16 years. In Australia, the sport attracted criticism when a 39-year-old man playing at a registered field in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] died of a suspected [[heart attack]], after being struck in the [[chest]].<ref name="tasmanianews" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/paintball-organisers-defend-sport-after-death/2008/01/15/1200159443228.html|title=Paintball organisers defend sport after death|access-date=September 13, 2009|date=January 15, 2008|publisher=The Age Company Ltd|___location=Melbourne|archive-date=September 8, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908233831/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/paintball-organisers-defend-sport-after-death/2008/01/15/1200159443228.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Additionally, the use of paintball markers outside a regulated environment has caused concern. In the United States in 1998, 14-year-old Jorel Lynn Travis was shot with a paintball gun while standing outside a [[Fort Collins, Colorado]] [[ice cream parlor]] – blinding her in one eye.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1024078997304|title=Paintball Suit Results in Defense Win – Case against a youth who hurt a girl settles|author=Langer, Sara|magazine=The National Law Journal|date=July 17, 2002|access-date=September 21, 2009|archive-date=October 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003034624/http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1024078997304|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2001, a series of pre-meditated and racially motivated [[Anchorage paintball attacks|drive-by shootings]] targeted [[Alaska Natives]] in [[Anchorage, Alaska]], using a paintball marker. In [[Ottawa]], Canada in 2007, Ashley Roos was shot in the eye and blinded with a paintball gun while waiting for a bus.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/city/story.html?id=6f0caf25-05b1-48ae-b160-43e5874c6122&k=40617|title=Paintball gun shot could leave woman blind in one eye|access-date=September 14, 2009|newspaper=The Ottawa Citizen|date=May 9, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628223201/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/city/story.html?id=6f0caf25-05b1-48ae-b160-43e5874c6122&k=40617|archive-date=June 28, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/girl-17-and-man-20-charged-in-ottawa-paintball-shooting-1.678058|title=Girl, 17, and man, 20, charged in Ottawa paintball shooting|access-date=April 21, 2010|publisher=CBC News|date=May 11, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618211339/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/girl-17-and-man-20-charged-in-ottawa-paintball-shooting-1.678058|archive-date=June 18, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.metronews.ca/ottawa/local/article/24032--appalled-paintballers-help-victim|title='Appalled' paintballers help victim|date=October 30, 2007|access-date=April 21, 2010|author=Wieclawski, Tim|publisher=Metro Ottawa|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629045304/http://www.metronews.ca/ottawa/local/article/24032--appalled-paintballers-help-victim|archive-date=June 29, 2011}}</ref> In 2014 in the UK, as a marketing strategy, one company advertised and hired a Human Bullet Tester.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/paintball-company-seeks-human-bullet-tester-for-job-that-pays-40000-9880351.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/paintball-company-seeks-human-bullet-tester-for-job-that-pays-40000-9880351.html |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Paintball company seeks human 'bullet tester'|access-date=April 27, 2015|newspaper=The Independent|date=November 24, 2014}}</ref>
== Legality ==
=== Argentina ===
Paintball has been considered an inappropriate game, that promotes [[violence]], by the Parliament of the Province of Buenos Aires. The approved law 14,492 (December 2012) regulates its use: it is totally forbidden for children under 16 years old, but can be played with written authorization by the parents, or responsible person in charge, of youths between 16 and 18 years old. Originally, the initiative had proposed the total prohibition for players under 21 years old. The penalties are also established by law, as 30 days of communitarian work or other modalities.
=== Australia ===
Paintballing in Australia is controlled by the police in each state, with differing minimum age requirements. Players under 18 are required to have a guardian sign a consent form. The minimum ages are 12 for [[South Australia]], [[New South Wales]] and [[Western Australia]], 15 for [[Queensland]], 16 for [[Australian Capital Territory]] and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]. The minimum age for Victoria was 18 until it was lowered in 2015,<ref>{{cite web |last1=David |first1=Rebecca |title=Amendment passed to lower paintball age limit in Victoria |url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/leader/news/amendment-passed-to-lower-paintball-age-limit-in-victoria/news-story/aec828e2b5116c420e94743fe8556af0 |website=The Herald Sun |publisher=News Corporation |access-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125142453/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/leader/news/amendment-passed-to-lower-paintball-age-limit-in-victoria/news-story/aec828e2b5116c420e94743fe8556af0 |url-status=live }}</ref> with the support of both major parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snipersden.com.au/paintball-age-limit-change-2/ |title=New update to the paintball age limit |access-date=October 31, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319230158/http://www.snipersden.com.au/paintball-age-limit-change-2/ |archive-date=March 19, 2016 }}</ref>
To own a paintball marker privately in Australia (outside Tasmania and the Northern Territory) one must hold a valid firearms license endorsed for paintball use.
In the Northern Territory they are considered a Class C firearm and private ownership is illegal.
In Western Australia they are considered a Category E(5) miscellaneous weapon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.police.wa.gov.au/Ourservices/PoliceLicensingServices/Firearms2/Firearmslicencesandcategories/tabid/1903/Default.aspx|title=Western Australia Firearms Classes|access-date=February 8, 2013|archive-date=January 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117061605/http://police.wa.gov.au/Ourservices/PoliceLicensingServices/Firearms2/Firearmslicencesandcategories/tabid/1903/Default.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
In New South Wales,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.police.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/133216/FACT_Sheet_Paintball_Gun_Permit_2_December_2011_2.pdf|title=NSW Firearms Branch Paintball Permit|access-date=February 8, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324141522/http://www.police.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/133216/FACT_Sheet_Paintball_Gun_Permit_2_December_2011_2.pdf|archive-date=March 24, 2012}}</ref> South Australia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sapolice.sa.gov.au/sapol/services/firearms_weapons/firearms_clubs_licences_registration/categories_access_and_security_of_firearms.jsp|title=South Australian Firearms Branch License Classes|access-date=February 8, 2013|archive-date=April 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412190539/http://www.sapolice.sa.gov.au/sapol/services/firearms_weapons/firearms_clubs_licences_registration/categories_access_and_security_of_firearms.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref> the Australian Capital Territory<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.police.act.gov.au/safety-and-security/firearms/categories|title=Australian Capital Territory Firearms Classes|access-date=February 8, 2013|archive-date=February 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223151702/https://www.police.act.gov.au/safety-and-security/firearms/categories|url-status=live}}</ref> and Queensland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.police.qld.gov.au/programs/weaponsLicensing/licenceApplication/licences/firearms/recreational.htm|title=Queensland Firearms Branch Recreational License|access-date=February 8, 2013|archive-date=January 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127165649/http://www.police.qld.gov.au/programs/weaponsLicensing/licenceApplication/licences/firearms/recreational.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> they are considered Class A firearms for the purposes of licensing and storage.
In Victoria they are now classified as a Category P firearm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.police.vic.gov.au/weaponsid/information/category.htm |title=Firearm Categories |access-date=October 31, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902143538/http://www.police.vic.gov.au/weaponsid/information/category.htm |archive-date=September 2, 2014 }}</ref>
Operators must adhere to legislation on gun storage, safety training and field sizes; private owners have to secure their markers according to state law on storage, as by law paintball markers are considered firearms in Australia.
=== Cyprus ===
Paintballing in the Republic of Cyprus is controlled by police, i.e. all paintball markers must be registered and licensed, the field must be in certain standards that is inspected by police in order to obtain the license for a paintball field. The process of buying one's own paintball marker is just as complicated, the buyer must have completed military service, have a clean police record and be over the age of 18 years.
Minimum age for paintball is 14 years old with parents consent, from 16 and up no parental consent is required. It is required that all players must wear a protective mask as well and neck and chest protection.
Paintball markers are not allowed to exceed 290 fps velocity and a maximum of 12 bit/s (balls per second) firing rate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dna-paintball.com/paintball |title=Paintball at DNA - Paintball - DNA Paintball Cyprus |publisher=Dna-paintball.com |access-date=July 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125123811/http://www.dna-paintball.com/paintball/ |archive-date=January 25, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Germany ===
In Germany, paintball is restricted to players over 18 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.de/national/20090514-19275.html|title=MPs rush new gun law but back down from paintball ban|date=May 14, 2009|access-date=April 13, 2010|archive-date=May 17, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517100530/http://www.thelocal.de/national/20090514-19275.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Paintball markers are classified as weapons that do not require a license or permit; they are legal to buy and use, but restricted to adults. Markers are limited to a kinetic energy of 7.5 J.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bundesrecht.juris.de/waffg_2002/anlage_2_84.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140908122145/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/waffg_2002/anlage_2_84.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 8, 2014|title=Anlage 2 zu § 2 Abs. 2 bis 4 WaffG Abschnitt 2, Nummer 1.1|access-date=September 8, 2014}}</ref> Tampering with the marker to increase muzzle velocity above 280 fps can lead to confiscation/destruction of the marker and a fine. All paintball markers sold officially in Germany must be certified by the government ''Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt'' (PTB; English translation: "Federal Physical and Technical Institute") to operate within these limits and must have a registered serial number and an official stamp on the firing mechanism. In May 2009, reacting to the [[Winnenden school shooting]], German lawmakers announced plans to ban games such as paintball as they allegedly trivialized and encouraged violence<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8041320.stm |title=World | Europe | Germany moves to outlaw paintball |work=BBC News |date=May 9, 2009 |access-date=May 27, 2009 |archive-date=May 14, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514020904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8041320.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/5291891/Germany-to-ban-paintball-in-wake-of-high-school-shooting.html |title=Germany to ban paintball in wake of high school shooting |newspaper=Telegraph |date=May 7, 2009 |access-date=May 27, 2009 |___location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511071321/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/5291891/Germany-to-ban-paintball-in-wake-of-high-school-shooting.html |archive-date=May 11, 2009 }}</ref> but the plans were retracted a few days later. Most indoor paintball areas in Germany have a strict "no [[Military simulation|mil-sim]]" policy, meaning that no camouflage clothing or real-life looking markers are allowed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gVwFCPxg2H79qj6jNVgw2MljMRzw |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124195214/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gVwFCPxg2H79qj6jNVgw2MljMRzw |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |title=AFP: Paintball dodges bullet in Germany |date=May 14, 2009 |access-date=May 27, 2009 }}</ref>
=== Ireland ===
Paintballing is widely accepted as a recreational pastime in Ireland and is not directly subject to any governing regulations. In Northern Ireland all paintball guns are classified as firearms and as such all gun owners needs to obtain a license from the PSNI (Police Service of Northern Ireland). There is also a minimum age where all players need to be 16 or older. Paintball is governed by the local [[Garda Síochána|Gardaí]] in the Republic of Ireland. A firearms licence is required for both personal and site use. Weapon storage guidelines and security must also be strictly adhered to.
=== New Zealand ===
Paintball markers are classified as Airguns under New Zealand law, and as such are legal for persons 18 and over to possess (those between the ages of 16 and 18 require a firearms license). Following the Arms (Military Style Semi-automatic Firearms and Import Controls) Amendment Act 2012 (Which came into effect on December 1, 2013),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asylumpaintball.co.nz/changes-to-nz-firearm-laws-paintball-full-auto-ramping-now-nz-legal/ |title=Firearms Laws & Paintball (Full Auto & Ramping) - Asylum Paintball Auckland |date=December 11, 2013 |access-date=March 15, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323120726/http://asylumpaintball.co.nz/changes-to-nz-firearm-laws-paintball-full-auto-ramping-now-nz-legal/ |archive-date=March 23, 2016 }}</ref> fully automatic Paintball guns are legal to purchase and use, although a permit to procure from the New Zealand Police is required in order to legally import them into the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/sights-imported-airguns-and-military-style-firearms-new-gun-laws |title=Sights on imported airguns and military style firearms in new gun laws |access-date=March 15, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425192654/http://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/sights-imported-airguns-and-military-style-firearms-new-gun-laws |archive-date=April 25, 2016 }}</ref> Military replicas require a permit for import.
=== United Kingdom ===
{{see also|Firearms policy in the United Kingdom|UKPSF}}
{{one source|date=January 2024}}
The [[UKPSF]] (UK Paintball Sports Federation) is the only recognised body on behalf of paintball in the UK. The UKPSF represents players, traders and sites within the UK and is recognised by the Home Office and government as the representative body for the UK.
Under Covid lockdown exit arrangements the UKPSF established authority and covid operating procedures for the reopening of sites as sports/activity centres in the UK with the authority of Sport England on recognition of safe operating procedures and standards of UKPSF member sites.
Paintballing venues in the United Kingdom accredited by bodies such as the [http://www.ukpba.org.uk/ United Kingdom Paintball Association] and the [[UKPSF]] (UK Paintball Sports Federation). These bodies define codes of practice for venue operators, but accreditation with these bodies is voluntary. The UKPBA is not an accredited body and has been rejected for its attempts to claim that one of players at Delta Force sites were UKPBA/Delta Force members due to having completed game waivers required to play.
Laws pertaining to paintball markers in the United Kingdom classify them as a type of [[air gun]], although some could be considered to be [[imitation firearms]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/firearms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430181004/http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/d_to_g/firearms/|url-status=dead|title=Firearms | The Crown Prosecution Service|archive-date=April 30, 2016|website=www.cps.gov.uk}}</ref> Owners do not require a license unless the marker fires above {{convert|90|m/s|abbr=on}}. Only approved paintballs may be used, and the marker must not be fully automatic. The minimum age to be in possession of a marker is 17, except in target shooting clubs or galleries, or on private property so long as projectiles are not fired beyond the premises. It is prohibited to be in possession of a paintball marker in public places. The minimum age for a commercial venue is generally 10, although some venues provide lower-powered guns for children of a younger age.
=== United States ===
In the [[United States]], eight states define explicit legislation for paintball guns. In [[Pennsylvania]], paintball markers have transport requirements, cannot be used against anyone not participating in a paintball activity, and cannot be used for property damage. [[New Hampshire]] and [[Rhode Island]] require players be at least 18 years of age to own a marker, with students in New Hampshire faced with the possibility of expulsion from school for possessing a marker. In [[Illinois]], owners must be at least 13 years of age, and Illinois law makes it unlawful to fire a paintball gun from or across a street, sidewalk, road, highway, public land, or public place except on a safely constructed target range.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cga.ct.gov/2008/rpt/2008-R-0571.htm|title=Legislation on paintball guns|date=October 24, 2008|website=jcga.ct.gov|access-date=June 13, 2023|archive-date=September 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928182215/https://www.cga.ct.gov/2008/rpt/2008-R-0571.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Virginia]] is one of two states that permit its towns to adopt ordinances on paintball guns, allowing its local authorities to do so.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/15.2-915.4/|title=Counties, cities and towns authorized to regulate use of pneumatic guns|access-date=April 17, 2015|archive-date=October 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027165817/http://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/15.2-915.4|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Delaware]] on the other hand only authorizes [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]] to do so, but does allow paintball to be played on farms as it is considered an [[agritourism]] activity. [[Florida]] and [[Texas]] limit government liability if a government entity allows paintball on its property.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cga.ct.gov/2008/rpt/2008-R-0571.htm|title=Legislation on paintball guns|author=Senior Attorney – Reinhart, Christopher Reinhart|date=October 24, 2008|access-date=April 7, 2010|publisher=Connecticut General Assembly|archive-date=May 4, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504094541/http://www.cga.ct.gov/2008/rpt/2008-R-0571.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
In virtually all jurisdictions, the use of a paintball marker in a manner other than its intended purpose or outside the confines of a sanctioned game or field can result in criminal charges such as disturbing the peace, disorderly conduct, vandalism, criminal mischief or even aggravated assault. Paintball guns may also be considered air guns in some states. The possession and use of paintball guns in public places may also provoke officer-involved shootings from police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2018/04/27/detroit-police-paintball-gun-use/559337002/|title=Detroit police to crack down on 'paintball wars'|access-date=May 28, 2020|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728063919/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2018/04/27/detroit-police-paintball-gun-use/559337002/|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Paintball around the world ==
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=== Australia ===
Despite stiff legislation,{{clarify|date=April 2019}} paintball is growing in popularity as a competitive sport, with several leagues and tournaments across the country. There are paintball fields in every state except Tasmania that allows paintball marker ownership.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} In Victoria the Paintball Association of Victoria runs a number of events including scenario, 3v3 and 5v5 competitions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paintballassociationvictoria.org.au |title=Paintball Association Victoria - Home Page |access-date=October 31, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403182320/http://www.paintballassociationvictoria.org.au/ |archive-date=April 3, 2016 }}</ref>
=== Bangladesh ===
In [[Bangladesh]] paintball as a sport is rare. Paintball was first initiated in the BD and the [[Middle East]] in 1996. Paintball games and rules were established in [[Dhaka]].
Paintball was first introduced in Bangladesh in 2017 by Ground Zero, a paintball center located in Vatara, [[Bashundhara Residential Area|Bashundhara R/A]]. Even though the idea came in 2017 but the paperwork had taken more than two years and in 2020 the paintball center started its journey. Toggy Fun world also has a space for paintballing but it is not a dedicated paintball center.
=== Canada ===
Certain paintball fields opened in the [[Eastern Townships]] and in the [[Laurentides|Laurentians]]. In the beginning it was mostly fields with regular open fields with barricades of wood, old tires and barrels, and very basic infrastructure. Harry Kruger has operated a paintball venue known as "Capture the Flag" in Alberta since the late 1980s. In 1995 [[Bigfoot Paintball]] opened in [[Saint-Alphonse-Rodriguez, Quebec|St. Alphonse-Rodriguez]] in the region of Lanaudière. After only a few years it became more and more prominent in [[Québec]].{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} In 2013, paintball has become relatively mainstream in Canada, with multiple commercial indoor paintball facilities located in most large cities across Canada, as well as a variety of outdoor style commercial paintball fields located in the countryside around the cities. In 2016, the Ontario Paintball League (OPL) was created. The league offers four divisions with cash and gear prizes for the different divisions. In 2018, the most recent ''NXL World Cup'' winners, Edmonton Impact, or just Impact, were based out of Canada.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}
=== Cyprus ===
There are about ten fields in [[Cyprus]], the most recognized of them being the Lapatsa Paintball Ranch in [[Nicosia]], DNA-Paintball in [[Paphos]], and Paintball Cyprus in [[Limassol]]. The Republic of Cyprus has a number of ongoing paintball leagues, including CRL (Cyprus Rec-ball League) and CSL (Cyprus Speedball League). Each league has tournaments every month for the duration of the season which is usually about 7–9 months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dna-paintball.com/ |title=Paintball - DNA Paintball Cyprus |publisher=Dna-paintball.com |access-date=July 11, 2012 |archive-date=January 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111210703/http://www.dna-paintball.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Denmark ===
In Denmark paintball is a popular sport. There are around 25 paintball outdoor and indoor fields in Denmark. The largest indoor paintball center in Europe is in Copenhagen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paintballarena.dk/ |title=Paintball, Copenhagen Paintball Arena : Index |access-date=October 2, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001185743/http://www.paintballarena.dk/ |archive-date=October 1, 2016 }}</ref>
=== Finland ===
[[File:Talma Paintball Center C IMG 8857.JPG|thumb|A paintball center at Talma Active Park in [[Sipoo|Sipoo, Finland]]]]
Since 1998, Finland's operating nationwide umbrella organization, SPBL (Finnish Paintball Association), is responsible for the country's paintball activities and its development both as a hobby and as a competitive sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spbl.org/|title=Suomen Paintball -liitto|access-date=15 March 2024|language=fi}}</ref> The largest game paintball area of Finland is located in the town of [[Jämsä]] in [[Central Finland]], including no less than 12 hectares of different terrains and nine game areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jamsanpaintball.fi/205-paintball-games-in-jamsa-are-fun-for-the-whole-group|title=Paintball games in Jämsä are fun for the whole group!|publisher=Jämsän Paintball|access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref>
=== India ===
In India, paintball dates back to 2005 when TPCI (The Paintball Co India) joined with PALS (Paintball Asia League Series) which then was the biggest paintball tournament organizer in the Asian circuit and introduced this sport to the country by starting the first commercial paintball park on the outskirts of the national capital at Damdama Lake in Gurgaon, Haryana.
Now paintball is a widely played and recognized sport in India with Many fields in almost all major tier-1 cities and some tier-2 cities like Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Gurgaon, Pune, Lucknow, NOIDA, Guwathi, Goa, Sikkim, Chennai, etc.
=== Iran ===
In Iran, paintball is a popular recreational sport but also considered by some as expensive and dangerous. Nearly every city has one or more paintball fields but only a few of them offer woodsball and realistic terrain, and every province has one or more teams that play in the national paintball league. Iran has a national paintball team.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paintball.ir/ |title=انجمن پینت بال Iran Paintball Association |publisher=Paintball.ir |access-date=July 11, 2012 |archive-date=June 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611104034/http://paintball.ir/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Lebanon ===
[[Hezbollah]], the militant group and political party based in Lebanon, has trained with paintball.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/paintballing-with-hezbollah-0000151-v19n3/?Contentpage=-1/ |title=Paintballing with Hezbollah |date=March 26, 2012 |publisher=Vice Media Inc. |access-date=August 30, 2013 |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214043630/http://www.vice.com/read/paintballing-with-hezbollah-0000151-v19n3?Contentpage=-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Malaysia ===
Paintball is a very popular sport in Malaysia. The Malaysian paintball community is considered the largest in Asia. The Paintball Asia League Series (PALS) is headquartered in [[Petaling Jaya]] near the capital city of [[Kuala Lumpur]].
There are also the Malaysian Paintball Official Circuit (MPOC), Malaysian National Paintball League (MY-NPL), the Malaysian Super Sevens Series, World Paintball Players League (WPPL), the Malaysian Ultimate Woodsball League (UWL Malaysia), and Tactical Paintball Championship (TPC). The Paintball World Cup Asia is also held annually in [[Langkawi]] island.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paint Ball World Cup in Asia|url=http://www.paintballworldcupasia.com/|publisher=Paintball World Cup Asia|access-date=February 15, 2014|archive-date=February 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219094541/http://www.paintballworldcupasia.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Several woodsball and scenario big games are also held throughout the year such as the International Scenario Paintball Games (ISPG) and by Paintball Warfare Group Malaysia (PWG-Malaysia). There are many commercial paintball fields operating in almost every major city across the country, with most of them concentrated around the [[Klang Valley]] region. However, in December 2013, the Royal Malaysian Police stated that all paintball markers must be owned with a licence and owners must hand in their markers. Some paintball organizations have stated that this will be "a big blow" to paintball in the country while others stated that this will not affect the sport at all.
In February 2019 the high court has said that paintball markers do not fall under the firearms act but look alike weapons do fall under the category of imitation firearms. This means that paintball markers that do not look like firearms can be owned by anyone with a licence.
=== Singapore ===
Paintball in Singapore started in the late 1990s as a recreational team building activity for corporate sectors. Singapore was one of the earliest countries in South East Asia to introduce paintball as a team building tool. TAG Paintball which was originally located in Downtown East shifted its operations to Orchid Country Club (Yishun) and remained there for almost a decade. Speedball which is the competitive side of paintball was introduced in 2007 by Red Dynasty Paintball Park through a competition known as the Singapore Paintball Novice Series (SPNS). The first tournament saw the participation of 8 3on3 teams which PSG Warfreakz taking the Champion title. The SPNS was later renamed as the Singapore Paintball Series in 2010 to cater to the growing sport. Over the years, Singapore held many international paintball tournaments notably the Paintball Asia League Series (PALS) Singapore edition in 2015 and 2016, the GI.Sportz Cup in 2017 and the Asia Girls Paintball International Championship (AGPIC) in 2018. The AGPIC is the only All-Female paintball tournament to promote women's paintball in Asia. All tournaments were held in Red Dynasty Paintball Park which houses 2 internationally sized speedball fields with artificial turf grass.
=== South Africa ===
In South Africa, organised paintball has been played since the late 1980s. The only legal enforcement regarding paintball is the concealment of paintball (and [[airsoft]]) guns in public areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Airsoft Guns|url=http://www.airsoftatlanta.com/Cybergun-Airsoft-s/150.htm|access-date=February 15, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301134619/http://www.airsoftatlanta.com/Cybergun-Airsoft-s/150.htm|archive-date=March 1, 2014}}</ref> There are no license requirements or age limitations in place, but with the threat of the implementation of the "Dangerous Weapons Act", this could change.{{when|date=November 2012}}
South Africa has seen a steady growth of the sport of paintball since its introduction. Recreational bushball is the most popular form throughout the country, but the last couple of years{{when|date=November 2012}} have seen a big increase in the popularity of speedball. The South African Paintball League has been in existence since 2002. During 2013 South Africa was invited to send a representative paintball team to the first ever Paintball World Cup held in Paris, France. The South African team got officially ranked 13th in the world.
Popular tournaments such as The Tippmann Challenge, D-Day and the Navy Festival SWAT Challenge, see hundreds of players from around the entire country participate.
The first ever public paintball performance in South Africa was held at the Swartkop Airshow during 2013. More than 80 paintball players took part in a simulated a counter terrorist raid on a weapons dealer.
Since 2009 the largest national speedball league in South Africa is the South African Regional Paintball League (SARPL)<ref>{{cite web |title=SARPL |url=https://www.sarpl.co.za/ |work=sarpl.co.za |access-date=February 15, 2014 |archive-date=January 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111034050/http://www.sarpl.co.za/ |url-status=live }}</ref> having over 500 members during 2014 and hosting both a three-man and five-man series events at one stage in 5 provinces (including Gauteng, Kwazulu Natal, Eastern Cape, Western Cape and the Free State). The league hosted around 31 events per year on a regional and national level with the national finals that usually takes place during the beginning of December each year since its inception in 2013. The SARPL currently uses the NXl Mercy-to format and use their own ruleset based on the NXL rules as well as using the APPA<ref>{{cite web|title=America's #1 Paint Ball Event Registration System American Paintball Players Association|url=http://www.paintball-players.org/|publisher=American Paintball Players Association|access-date=February 15, 2014|archive-date=February 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210023217/http://www.paintball-players.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> system for player classification.
The South African National Paintball and Airsoft Association (SANPA)<ref>{{cite web|title=SANPA|url=https://www.sanpa.co.za/|work=sanpa.co.za|access-date=June 26, 2021|archive-date=June 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621130506/https://sanpa.co.za/|url-status=live}}</ref> is the national body looking after the sport of paintball and airsoft in South Africa and is an active member of the United Paintball Federation (UPBF) <ref>{{cite web|title=UPBF|url=https://www.upbf.net/|work=upbf.net|access-date=June 26, 2021|archive-date=September 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928110719/https://upbf.net/|url-status=live}}</ref> and also have committee members on both the ASTM as well as the SABS.
Since 2013 The South African National Paintball and Airsoft Association (SANPA) represented South Africa at the United Paintball Federation (UPBF) World Championship events in the Mens category with SANPA also being fortunate enough, in later years, to send over the first U16, U19, Women's and Veterans teams to represent South Africa.
During 2016 The South African National Paintball and Airsoft Association (SANPA) sent over the first U19 team to compete in the United Paintball Federation (UPBF) World Championships where the team missed out going into the finals due to a technicality in the rules which was subsequently updated by the organization to prevent future situations.
During 2018 the South African National Paintball and Airsoft Association (SANPA) sent over the first all female team to compete in the United Paintball Federation (UPBF) World Championships where they won the Women's 3-player category and brought South Africa the Gold.
2019 saw the South African National Paintball and Airsoft Association (SANPA) sent over teams in the U16, U19, Women's (3 and 5-player) as well as Mens and Veterans Categories to represent South Africa in all the categories at the United Paintball Federation (UPBF) Paintball World Championship.
=== Thailand ===
Thai teams have won the Division 1 Paintball Asia League Series (PALS) World Cup and series titles in year 2012, 2014, and 2015. In 2014, Thai teams made history by taking victories in all Divisions 1, 2, and 3 at the PALS World Cup at Langkawi Island, Malaysia. This trend continued into 2015, with Thai teams taking victories in Divisions 1 and 2 during the PALS World Cup 2015. Along with winning the PALS World Cup titles in 2014 and 2015, all respective teams also took the overall series titles for their respective divisions in 2014 and 2015.
=== Turkey ===
At first, paintball was engaged to the [[Turkey]] Shooting and Hunting Federation in 2006, it has grown especially in recent years in Turkey. It has organized at least four tournaments each year in different cities.
Particularly on the European side of [[Istanbul]], there are some paintball areas opened in the last decade.
=== United Arab Emirates ===
Paintball is a growing sport in the [[United Arab Emirates]]. Paintball was first introduced in the UAE and the [[Middle East]] in 1996. The very first paintball facility was established in [[Dubai]] with the technical assistance of some of the best European and American Paintball operators in the industry.
== See also ==
{{Portal|Sports}}
* [[Airsoft]]
* [[Laser tag]]
* [[NERF]]
* [[Paintball equipment]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
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{{Commons category|Paintball}}
{{Paintball}}
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