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{{Short description|Royal Navy officer and explorer (1800–1862)}}

'''Sir James Clark Ross''' ([[April 15]], [[1800]] - [[April 3]], [[1862]]), was a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Royal Navy|naval officer]] and [[explorer]]. He explored the [[Arctic]] with his uncle Sir [[John Ross (Arctic explorer)|John Ross]] and Sir [[William Edward Parry | William Parry]], and later led his own expedition to [[Antarctica]].

{{Similar names|James Ross (disambiguation)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox military person

|width_style = person

|honorific_prefix = [[Rear admiral (Royal Navy)|Rear-Admiral]]

|name = Sir James Clark Ross

|honorific_suffix = {{postnom|country=GBR|FRS|FLS|FRAS|size=100%}}

|image = James Clark Ross.jpg

|caption = ''Commander James Clark Ross, R.N., Discoverer of the North Pole'' by J R Wildman, 1834

|birth_name = James Clark Ross

|birth_date = {{birth date|1800|04|15|df=y}}

|birth_place = [[Finsbury Square]], [[London]]

|death_date = {{death date and age|1862|04|03|1800|04|15|df=y}}

|death_place = [[Aston Abbotts]], [[Buckinghamshire]]

|placeofburial = St James the Great, Aston Abbotts

|allegiance = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]

|branch = [[Royal Navy]]

|serviceyears = 1812–1862

|rank = [[Rear-Admiral of the Red]]

|battles_label = Expeditions

|battles = [[Ross expedition]] (1839–1843)

|awards = {{indented plainlist|

* [[Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal]] (1842)

* [[Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations]] (1843)}}

|spouse = {{marriage|Ann Coulman|1843|1857|end=d}}

|relations = [[Sir John Ross]] (uncle)

}}

[[Rear-Admiral of the Red]] '''Sir James Clark Ross''' {{postnom|country=GBR|size=100%|FRS|FLS|FRAS}} (15 April 1800 – 3 April 1862) was a [[Royal Navy]] officer and explorer who explored both the [[North Pole|North]] and [[South Pole]]s. In the [[Arctic]], he participated in two expeditions led by his uncle, [[Sir John Ross|John Ross]], and in four led by [[Sir William Parry|William Edward Parry]]: in the [[Antarctic]], he led [[Ross expedition|his own expedition]] from 1839 to 1843.

Ross was born in [[London]]. He entered the navy in 1812 under John Ross, whom he accompanied on his first Arctic voyage in search of a [[North West Passage]] in 1818. Between 1819 and 1827 he took part in four Arctic expeditions under Parry, and in 1829 to 1833 again served under his uncle. It was during this trip that they located the position of the [[North Pole|North Magnetic Pole]].

== Biography ==

In 1834 Ross was promoted to captain, and from 1835 to 1838 he was employed on the magnetic survey of [[Great Britain]]. Between 1839 and 1843 he commanded the Antarctic expedition of the [[HMS Erebus (1826)|HMS Erebus]] and [[HMS Terror]] which charted much of the coastline of the continent. In 1841, he discovered the [[Ross Sea]], [[Victoria Land]], and the volcanoes [[Mount Erebus]] and [[Mount Terror]]. The Victoria Barrier later gained the name "[[Ross Ice Shelf]]" in his honour.

=== Early life ===

Ross was born in London, the son of George Ross{{sfn|O'Byrne|1849|pp=1005–1006}} and nephew of [[Sir John Ross|John Ross]], under whom the eleven-year-old entered the [[Royal Navy]] on 5 April 1812.{{sfn|O'Byrne|1849|pp=1005–1006}}<ref name=archive>{{cite web |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/fab858e9-8f4a-3d66-af7b-178007989af8?terms=%22Erebus%22 |title=Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website |last=Boneham |first=M |date=1860 |website=JISC Archive |publisher=University of Cambridge |access-date=1 April 2022 |quote=}}</ref> Ross was an active participant in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], being present at an action where [[HMS Briseis (1808)|HMS ''Briseis'']], commanded by his uncle, captured ''Le Petit Poucet'' (a French privateer) on 9 October 1812.{{sfn|O'Byrne|1849|pp=1006–1007}} Ross then served successively with his uncle on [[HMS Acteon (1805)|HMS ''Actaeon'']] and [[HMS Driver (1840)|HMS ''Driver'']].{{sfn|O'Byrne|1849|pp=1005–1006}}

=== Arctic exploration ===

On his return Ross was knighted, and was nominated to the French order of the [[Legion d'Honneur]]. In 1847 he published his account of the expedition under the title of ''A Voyage of Discovery and Research to Southern and Antarctic Regions''. He was elected to the [[Royal Society]] in 1848, and in that year made his last expedition, as captain of [[HMS Enterprise (1848)|HMS Enterprise]], in the first expedition in search of [[John Franklin|Franklin]]. He died at [[Aylesbury]].

[[File:Ross at the North Magnetic Pole.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Illustration of the discovery of the [[North magnetic pole|North Magnetic Pole]] on the [[Boothia Peninsula]] in 1831, from Robert Huish's 1835 book.]]

Ross participated in John's unsuccessful first Arctic voyage in search of a [[Northwest Passage]] in 1818 aboard [[Isabella (1813 ship)|''Isabella'']].<ref name=archive /> Between 1819 and 1827 Ross took part in four Arctic expeditions under [[Sir William Parry|William Edward Parry]], taking particular interest in [[magnetism]] and natural history.<ref name=archive /> This was also where he served as [[midshipman]] with [[Francis Crozier]], who would later become his close friend and second-in-command. From 1829 to 1833 Ross again served under his uncle on John's second Arctic voyage. It was during this trip that a small party led by James Ross (including [[Thomas Abernethy (explorer)|Thomas Abernethy]]) located the position of the [[North Magnetic Pole|north magnetic pole]] on 1 June 1831, on the [[Boothia Peninsula]] in the far north of Canada, and James Ross personally planted the British flag at the pole.{{sfn|O'Byrne|1849|pp=1005–1006}} It was on this trip, too, that Ross charted the Beaufort Islands, later renamed [[Clarence Islands]] by his uncle.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Bossi, Maurizio|author2=Vieusseux, G.P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1izJwICQ2kC&pg=PA571|title=Notizie di viaggi lontani: l'esplorazione extraeuropea nei periodici del primo Ottocento, 1815–1845|date=1984|publisher=Guida|___location=Naples|isbn=8870423999}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Woodman|first=David C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbnvSlOc6twC&q=%22Clarence+Islands%22+-elephant+&pg=PA75|title=Unravelling the Franklin disaster: Inuit testimony|year=1991|publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]]|isbn=9780773509368}}</ref> Ross then served as supernumerary-commander of [[HMS Victory|HMS ''Victory'']] in [[Portsmouth]] for 12 months.{{sfn|O'Byrne|1849|pp=1005–1006}}

On 28 October 1834{{sfn|O'Byrne|1849|pp=1005–1006}} Ross was promoted to captain. In December 1835 he offered his services to the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] to resupply 11&nbsp;[[whaling ship]]s which had become trapped in [[Baffin Bay]]. They accepted his offer, and he set sail in HMS ''Cove'' in January 1836. The crossing was difficult, and by the time he had reached the last known position of the whalers in June, all but one had managed to return home. Ross found no trace of this last vessel, ''William Torr'', which was probably crushed in the ice in December 1835.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=A.G.E.|year=1950|title=The Voyage of H.M.S. Cove, Captain James Clark Ross, 1835–36|journal=[[Polar Record]]|volume=5|issue=40|pages=543–556|doi=10.1017/S0032247400045150|bibcode=1950PoRec...5..543J |s2cid=128912203 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5633664&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0032247400045150|access-date=21 April 2012 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> He returned to Hull in September 1836 with all his crew in good health.

A blue plaque marks Ross's home in [[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]], London.

===British Magnetic Survey===

From 1835 to 1839, except for his voyage with ''Cove,'' he was one of the principal participants in the British Magnetic Survey, a magnetic survey of [[Great Britain]], with [[Sir Edward Sabine|Edward Sabine]], [[John Phillips (geologist)|John Phillips]] and [[Humphrey Lloyd (physicist)|Humphrey Lloyd]]. This also included some work on [[Earth's magnetic field|geomagnetic]] measurements in [[Ireland]] in 1834–1835, working with Sabine and Lloyd. In 1837, Ross assisted in T. C. Robinson's improvement of the [[dip circle]] during the survey; anomalous results had been discovered by Ross in 1835 in [[Westbourne Green]]. In 1838, Ross completed magnetic observations at 12 different stations throughout Ireland. The survey was completed in 1838; some supplementary measurements by [[Robert Were Fox the Younger|Robert Were Fox]] were also used.<ref name=Sabine>{{cite journal |last1=Goodman |first1=Matthew |date= 20 September 2016 |title=Proving instruments credible in the early nineteenth century: The British Magnetic Survey and site-specific experimentation |journal=Notes Rec R Soc Lond |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=251–268 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2016.0023 |pmid=31390418 |pmc=4978730 }}</ref>

=== Antarctic exploration ===

{{main|Ross expedition}}

[[File:James Ross-fr.svg|thumb|400px|Map of Ross' 1839-43 Antarctic expedition]]

On 8 April 1839, Ross was given orders to command an expedition to Antarctica for the purposes of 'magnetic research and geographical discovery'.{{sfn|O'Byrne|1849|pp=1005–1006}} Between September 1839 and September 1843, Ross commanded {{HMS|Erebus|1826|6}} on [[Ross expedition|his own Antarctic expedition]] and charted much of the continent's coastline. Captain Francis Crozier was second-in-command of the expedition, commanding {{HMS|Terror|1813|6}}, with senior lieutenant [[Archibald McMurdo]]. Support for the expedition had been arranged by [[Francis Beaufort]], hydrographer of the Navy and a member of several scientific societies. On the expedition was gunner [[Thomas Abernethy (explorer)|Thomas Abernethy]] and [[ship's surgeon]] [[Robert McCormick (explorer)|Robert McCormick]], as well as [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]], who had been invited along as assistant ship's surgeon. ''Erebus'' and ''Terror'' were [[bomb vessel]]s—an unusual type of warship named after the mortar bombs they were designed to fire and constructed with extremely strong hulls, to withstand the recoil of the heavy weapons. The ships were selected for the Antarctic mission as being able to resist thick ice, as proved true in practice.<ref name=Glasgow>{{cite web |title=James Clark Ross (1800–1862) |url=http://sites.scran.ac.uk/voyage_of_the_scotia/scotia/vserm/vserm020202.htm |publisher=Glasgow Digital Library |access-date=26 February 2016 |archive-date=13 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013212010/http://sites.scran.ac.uk/voyage_of_the_scotia/scotia/vserm/vserm020202.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Ward>{{cite web |last=Ward |first=P. |date=2001 |url=http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/History/antarctic_ships/erebus_terror_antarctica.htm |title=Antarctic expedition, 1839–1843, James Clark Ross}}</ref>

[[File:HMS Erebus and Terror in the Antarctic by John Wilson Carmichael.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|Ross expedition in the Antarctic, 1847, by [[James Wilson Carmichael|John Carmichael]]]]

En route to the [[Southern Ocean]], Ross established magnetic measurement stations in [[St. Helena|Saint Helena]], [[Cape Town]], and [[Kerguelen]] before arriving in [[Hobart]] in early 1840 and establishing a further permanent station with the help of governor [[John Franklin]] before waiting for summer.<ref name=archive />

Ross crossed the [[Antarctic Circle]] on 1 January 1841.<ref name=archive /> Shortly after, he discovered the [[Ross Sea]] and [[Victoria Land]], charting {{Convert|900|km|mi|abbr=on|sp=us}} of new coastline, reaching [[Possession Islands|Possession Island]] on 12 January and [[Franklin Island (Antarctica)|Franklin Island]] on 27 January<ref name=archive /> (which Ross named after John Franklin<ref name=gnis>{{cite gnis | type = antarid | id = 5256| name = Franklin Island | accessdate = 6 April 2012}}</ref>). He then reached [[Ross Island]], later named after him by [[Robert F. Scott]],{{cn|date=December 2023}} with the volcanoes [[Mount Erebus]] and [[Mount Terror (Antarctica)|Mount Terror]], which were named for the expedition's vessels. They sailed for {{convert|250|nmi|km}} along the edge of the low, flat-topped ice shelf they called variously the Barrier or the Great Ice Barrier, later named the [[Ross Ice Shelf]] in his honour.{{cn|date=January 2023}}

After being forced to overwinter in [[Tasmania]], Ross returned to the Ross Sea in December 1841 before travelling east past [[Marie Byrd Land]] to the [[Antarctic Peninsula]]. The next winter, the expedition overwintered in the [[Falkland Islands]] before returning to survey the Antarctic Peninsula over the summer of 1842–1843.<ref name=Ross87v2/>

Ross attempted to penetrate south at about 55°&nbsp;W, and explored the eastern side of what is now known as [[James Ross Island]], discovering and naming [[Snow Hill Island]] and [[Seymour Island]]. Ross reported that [[Admiralty Sound]] appeared to him to have been blocked by glaciers at its southern end.<ref name="Ross87v2">{{cite book |title=A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions, During the Years 1839–43 |last=Ross |first=James |___location=London |publisher=John Murray |year=1847 |volume=2}}</ref>

The expedition's main aim was to find the position of the [[South Magnetic Pole|south magnetic pole]].<ref name=NewScientist>{{cite journal |title=New Scientist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcvp_4_BsOQC&pg=PA53 |date=7 October 1982 |page=53 |issn=0262-4079}}</ref> While Ross failed to reach the pole, he was able to determine its ___location.<ref name="BoardSciences1986">{{cite book|author1=Polar Research Board|author2=Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences|author3=National Research Council|title=Antarctic Treaty System:: An Assessment: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Beardmore South Field Camp, Antarctica, January 7–13, 1985|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNxjxfm4cSgC&pg=PA90|date=1 January 1986|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=978-0-309-03640-5|page=90}}</ref> The expedition also produced the first accurate magnetic maps of the Antarctic.

Ross's ships arrived back in England on 4 September 1843. He was awarded the [[Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations]] in 1843, knighted in 1844, and elected to the [[Royal Society]] in 1848.<ref>{{cite book |title=Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862 |year=1863 |publisher=D. Appleton & Company |___location=New York |page=749 |url=https://archive.org/stream/1862appletonsan02newyuoft#page/n758/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=20325 |date=15 March 1844 |page=909}}</ref>

=== Search for Franklin's lost expedition ===

[[File:E&I 1849 Somerset Island.jpg|thumb|upright=1.31|"E.I. 1849": {{HMS|Enterprise|1848|2}} and {{HMS|Investigator|1848|2}}, inscribed by a crew member of the Ross expedition on [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] in [[Nunavut]], Canada]]

On 31 January{{sfn|O'Byrne|1849|pp=1005–1006}} 1848, Ross was sent on one of three expeditions to find John Franklin. Franklin's second in command was Ross's close friend Francis Crozier. The other expeditions sent to find Franklin were the [[Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition]] and the expedition aboard HMS ''Plover'' and {{HMS|Herald|1824|6}} through the [[Bering Strait]]. He was given command of {{HMS|Enterprise|1848|6}}, accompanied by {{HMS|Investigator|1848|6}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ordeal by ice: the search for the Northwest Passage|last=Mowat|first=Farley|year=1973|publisher=McClelland and Stewart Ltd|___location=Toronto|oclc=1391959|page=250}}</ref> Because of heavy ice in [[Baffin Bay]] he only reached the northeast tip of [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] where he was frozen in at [[Port Leopold]]. In the spring, he and [[Francis McClintock|Leopold McClintock]] explored the west coast of the island by sledge. He recognized [[Peel Sound]] but thought it too ice-choked for Franklin to have used it. In fact, Franklin had used it in 1846 when the extent of sea ice had been atypically low. The next summer he tried to reach [[Wellington Channel]] but was blocked by ice and returned to England.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} Ultimately every member of Franklin's expedition perished.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57013327|title=Franklin expedition: DNA test identifies member of 1845 Arctic voyage |date=6 May 2021 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Personal life ===

[[File:Sir James Clark Ross by Stephen Pearce.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|James Clark Ross, depicted in 1850 by [[Stephen Pearce]]]]

Ross married Ann Coulman in 1843.<ref name=gnisb>{{cite GNIS|id=3206|type=antarid|name=Coulman Island}}</ref> They had four children: James, Anne, Thomas and Andrew.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anne Ross|url=https://calmview.derbyshire.gov.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=DS%2FUK%2F3379|publisher=Derbyshire Record Office|access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref> A [[blue plaque]] marks Ross's home in Eliot Place, [[Blackheath, London]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir James Clark Ross 1800–1862 polar explorer lived here|url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/327|publisher=Open Plaques|access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref> His closest friend was Francis Crozier, with whom he sailed many times.

He also lived in the ancient [[The Abbey, Aston Abbotts|House of the Abbots of St. Albans]] in [[Buckinghamshire]]. In the gardens of the Abbey there is a lake with two islands, named after the ships ''Terror'' and ''Erebus''.<ref>{{cite web|title=History: Sir James Clark Ross|url=http://www.aston-abbotts.co.uk/history4.htm|publisher=Aston Abbotts|access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>

Ross remained an officer in the Royal Navy for the rest of his life and was subsequently promoted several times, his final rank being [[Rear-Admiral of the Red]] awarded in August 1861.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=7144 |date=13 August 1861 |page=1044 |city=e}}</ref>

Ross died at [[Aston Abbotts]] on 3 April 1862, five years after his wife.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=Hj8R3Fxq8P3Z6Fu3jmrTuw&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=5 March 2021|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=22701 |date=23 January 1863 |page=413}}</ref> They are buried together in the parish churchyard of St.&nbsp;James the Great.

=== In fiction ===

Ross, played by British actor [[Richard Sutton (actor)|Richard Sutton]], is a secondary character in the 2018 AMC television series [[The Terror (TV series)|''The Terror'']], portrayed in a fictionalised version of his 1848 search for [[Franklin's lost expedition]], as well as in the 2007 [[Dan Simmons]] [[The Terror (novel)|novel]] on which the series is based. Ross is also mentioned continually by [[Jules Verne]] in his novel ''[[The Adventures of Captain Hatteras]]'' (for example, chapter XXV is entitled 'One of James Ross's foxes').{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

== Tributes ==

* The [[James Ross Strait]], Ross Bay, [[Ross Point]], and [[Rossoya|Rossøya]] in the Arctic are all named after him<ref name=MJR>{{cite book|last=Ross|first=Maurice James|title=Polar Pioneers: John Ross and James Clark Ross|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZPf2RzV-PkC|year=1994|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|isbn=9780773512344}}</ref>

* {{ship|RRS|James Clark Ross}}, former name of ''Noosfera'', a [[National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine]] research ship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/|title=RRS ''James Clark Ross''|publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]]|access-date=28 October 2016|archive-date=28 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228232139/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_ships/rrs_james_clark_ross/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* The crater [[Ross (lunar crater)|Ross]] on the [[Moon]] is named after him<ref>{{cite web|title=North Magnetic Pole Discovered 1 June 1831|url=http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422042031/http://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/north-magnetic-pole-discovered/|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2017|publisher=History Channel|access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref>

* [[Ross Dependency]], [[Ross Island]], [[Ross Ice Shelf]]<ref>1) [Bertrand, Kenneth John, et al, ed.] The Geographical Names of Antarctica. Special Publication No. 86. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Board on Geographical Names, May 1947. 2) [Bertrand, Kenneth J. and Fred G. Alberts]. Gazetteer No. 14. Geographic Names of Antarctica. Washington: US Government Printing Office, January 1956.</ref> and [[Ross Sea]] in the Antarctic are all named after him<ref name=MJR/>

* [[Mont Ross]], the highest mountain, at a height of {{convert|6070|ft}}, in the [[Kerguelen Islands]], is named after Ross.

== Taxon named in his honor ==

* [[Ross's gull]], a small gull, the only species in its genus, that breeds in the high arctic of northernmost North America and northeast Siberia<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rushton|first1=Annabel|title=Who's this Ross character then?|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/community/placestovisit/leightonmoss/b/leightonmoss-blog/archive/2014/02/09/who-39-s-this-ross-character-then.aspx|publisher=RSPB|access-date=28 October 2016|date=9 February 2014}}</ref>

* The [[Ross seal]], ''Ommatophoca rossii'', one of the four Antarctic [[phocids]], first described during the [[Ross expedition]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Riffenburgh|first=Beau|title=Encyclopedia of the Antarctic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRJtB2MNdJMC&pg=PA815|year=2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415970242|page=815}}</ref>

*''[[Melanocetus rossi]]'' is a species of [[black seadevil]], a type of [[anglerfish]]. The fish is [[mesopelagic]]; the only example collected by humans was found in the [[Ross Sea]] at a depth of {{convert|390|m}}.<ref>{{FishBase genus|genus=Melanocetus|species=rossi|month=June|year=2016}}</ref><ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = http://www.etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/ | title = Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE | access-date= 11 May 2025 | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara | date = 22 September 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration]]

* [[Port-Christmas]]

== References ==

=== Footnotes ===

{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}

* {{cite book |last1=O'Byrne |first1=William R. |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary: Comprising the Life and Services of Every Living Officer in Her Majesty's Navy, from the Rank of Admiral of the Fleet to that of Lieutenant, Inclusive |date=1849 |publisher=J. Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm5KAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}

* {{cite book

|last = Coleman

|first = E. C.

|date = 2006

|title = The Royal Navy in Polar exploration: from Frobisher to Ross

|___location = Stroud

|publisher = [[Tempus Publishing|Tempus]]

|isbn = 9780752436609

}}

* {{cite book

|last1 = Ross

|first1 = J.

|author-link1 = John Ross (Royal Navy officer)

|last2 = Ross

|first2 = J. C.

|date = 1835a

|title = Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage

|url = https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofsecon00ross#page/n8

|volume = 1

|___location = London

|publisher = A. W. Webster

|oclc = 1049894753

}}

* {{cite book

|last1 = Ross

|first1 = J.

|last2 = Ross

|first2 = J. C.

|date = 1835b

|title = Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage

|url = https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofsecon12ross#page/n6

|volume = 2

|___location = London

|publisher = A. W. Webster

|oclc = 579644792

}}

* {{cite book

|last = Ross

|first = J. C.

|date = 1847a

|title = A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions

|url = https://archive.org/stream/voyageofdiscover01ross#page/n8

|volume = 1

|___location = London

|publisher = [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]

|oclc = 62006339

}}

* {{cite book

|last = Ross

|first = J. C.

|date = 1847b

|title = A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions

|url = https://archive.org/stream/voyageofdiscover02rossuoft#page/n4

|volume = 2

|___location = London

|publisher = [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]

|oclc = 81909940

}}

* {{cite encyclopedia

|editor-last = Wilson

|editor-first = J. G.

|editor-link = James Grant Wilson

|display-editors = etal

|date = 1900

|title = Ross, Sir John

|title-link = s:en:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ross, John (explorer)

|encyclopedia = [[Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography]]

|volume = 5

|___location = New York

|publisher = [[D. Appleton & Company|D. Appleton & Co.]]

|page = 330

}}

{{refend}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|2=Sir James&nbsp;Clark&nbsp;Ross}}

* {{BHL author}}

* {{OL author}}

* {{Internet Archive author}}

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