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{{Short description|Latin Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Iowa, USA}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Diocese<!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese -->
| name = Sioux City
| latin = Diœcesis Siopolitanensis
| local = <!-- Name in the native language -->
| image = Cathedral of the Epiphany (Sioux City, Iowa) from SE 1.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt =
| caption = Cathedral of the Epiphany
| coat = Coat of arms of the Diocese of Sioux City.svg
| coat_size = 175px
| coat_alt =
<!---- Locations ---->
| country = United States
| territory = 24 Counties in the Northwest quadrant of Iowa
| province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque|Dubuque]]
| metropolitan =
| deaneries =
| headquarters =
| coordinates = {{coord|42|30|02|N|96|24|23|W|type:landmark_region:US-IA_source:kolossus-plwiki|display=inline,title}}<!-- Use {{coord}} -->
<!---- Statistics ---->
| area_sqmi = 14,518<!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted -->
| area_footnotes =
| population = 455,293
| population_as_of = 2020
| catholics = 85,516<!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese -->
| catholics_percent = 18.8
| parishes = 73<!-- Number of parishes in the diocese -->
| churches = <!-- Number of churches in the diocese -->
| congregations = <!-- Number of congregations in the diocese -->
| schools = <!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese -->
| members = <!-- Number of members in the diocese -->
<!---- Information ---->
| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
| rite = [[Roman Rite]]
| established = January 15, 1902 ({{age|1902|1|15}} years ago)
| dissolved =
| cathedral = [[Cathedral of the Epiphany (Sioux City, Iowa)|Cathedral of the Epiphany]]
| cocathedral =
| patron = [[Our Lady of Guadalupe]]
| priests = 92 (diocesan)<br />2 (religious Orders)<br />53 Permanent Deacons<!-- Number of priests in the diocese -->
<!---- Current leadership ---->
| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} <!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change -->
| bishop = [[John Edward Keehner]]
| bishop_title = Bishop
| metro_archbishop = [[Thomas Robert Zinkula]]
| coadjutor =
| auxiliary_bishops =
| apostolic_admin =
| vicar_general =
| episcopal_vicar =
| judicial_vicar =
| emeritus_bishops = [[R. Walker Nickless]]
<!---- Map ---->
| map = Diocese of Sioux City.jpg
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
<!---- Website ---->
| website = {{Official website|https://www.scdiocese.org/|scdiocese.org}}
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Diocese of Sioux City''' ({{langx|la|Diœcesis Siopolitanensis}}) is the [[Latin Church]] diocese for the northwestern quarter of the state of [[Iowa]] in the United States. It is a suffragan see of the [[Archdiocese of Dubuque]]. The cathedral parish for this diocese is the [[Cathedral of the Epiphany (Sioux City, Iowa)|Epiphany]] and the [[Episcopal see|see city]] is [[Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City]].
The Diocese of Sioux City comprises 24 counties in northwestern Iowa, covering {{convert|14518|sqmi|km2}}.
==History==
=== 1830 to 1920 ===
The first Catholic missionaries arrived in the Iowa area during the early 1830s. They were under the supervision of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis|Diocese of St. Louis]]. In 1837, the Vatican erected the [[Diocese of Dubuque]], covering Iowa and adjoining territories.
In the late 19th century, Bishop [[John Hennessy (bishop)|John Hennessy]] of the Diocese of Dubuque requested that the Vatican divide the state into two dioceses, with the new diocese covering the lower half of Iowa. Hennessy suggested that the see of the new diocese be located in [[Des Moines, Iowa]], but the Vatican in 1881 chose [[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]] instead.
On July 24, 1900, [[Pope Leo XIII]] erected the new Diocese of Sioux City by separating 24 counties in northwestern Iowa from the Archdiocese of Dubuque. The Catholic population of the diocese was about 50,000.<ref name="Garrigan">Garrigan, Philip. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14016a.htm "Sioux City"]. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. retrieved 18 November 2017.</ref> The pope appointed Reverend [[Philip Joseph Garrigan|Philip Garrigan]], vice rector of the [[Catholic University of America]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], as the first bishop of the new diocese.<ref name="Garrigan" />
Garrigan designated the uncompleted St. Mary's Church in Sioux City as the cathedral for the diocese. He renamed it the [[Cathedral of the Epiphany (Sioux City, Iowa)|Cathedral of the Epiphany]]. During his tenure as bishop, Garrigan visited all the parishes of the diocese. He authored the article on the Diocese of Sioux City for the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]''.<ref name="ce">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924063262053 |title=The Catholic Encyclopedia and its makers |publisher=[[The Encyclopedia Press]] |year=1917 |___location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924063262053/page/n100 63]}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>
=== 1920 to 2000 ===
After Garrigan died in 1919, [[Pope Benedict XV]] named Auxiliary Bishop [[Edmond Heelan]] of Sioux City as his successor in 1920.<ref name="archsc">[https://scdiocese.org/history/ "History"], Diocese Of Sioux City</ref> During his term as bishop, Heelan greatly expanded Catholic education in the diocese. In 1929, Heelan donated land in Sioux City to the Sisters of St. Francis for the establishment of [[Briar Cliff University|Briar Cliff College]] for women.<ref>{{Cite book |last=on |first=Best Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ViVxbZuzXzcC&dq=bishop+edmond+Heelan&pg=PA310 |title=Iowa, a Guide to the Hawkeye State |date=1938 |publisher=Best Books on |isbn=978-1-62376-014-4 |language=en}}</ref> In 1947, [[Pope Pius XII]] named Reverend [[Joseph Maximilian Mueller|Joseph Mueller]] of the [[Diocese of Belleville]] as coadjutor bishop to assist Heelan. When Heelan died in 1948, Mueller automatically became bishop of Sioux City.
During his 22-year-long tenure, Mueller built several new schools, churches, and other parish facilities. After Mueller retired in 1970 [[Pope Paul VI]] appointed Auxiliary Bishop [[Frank Henry Greteman|Frank Greteman]] of Sioux City as its fourth bishop. The primary focus of his episcopate was Catholic education. Greteman retired in 1982. In 1983, [[Pope John Paul II]] appointed Reverend [[Lawrence Donald Soens|Lawrence D. Soens]] as the next bishop of Sioux City.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bishop Lawrence Donald Soens [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bsoens.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref> While Soens was bishop, he established the Ministry 2000 program, the Priests Retirement Fund, and some youth ministry programs. The diocese also mandated that the parishes establish pastoral and finance commissions.<ref>[http://www.scdiocese.org/DioceseInfo/History/tabid/55/Default.aspx Diocese of Sioux City History, www.scdiocese.org]{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
In 1997, John Paul II named Reverend [[Daniel DiNardo]] from the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh|Diocese of Pittsburgh]] as coadjutor bishop to assist Soens. When Soens retired in 1998, DiNardo automatically succeeded him as bishop.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Daniel Nicholas Cardinal DiNardo [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdinardo.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref>
=== 2000 to present ===
[[File:Briar Cliff University dedication, 1930.jpg|thumb|288x288px|Dedication of Briar Cliff College, Sioux City, Iowa (1930)]]
In 2004, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] appointed DiNardo as coadjutor archbishop of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston]].<ref name=":0" /> To replaced DiNardo in Sioux City, Benedict XVI appointed Monsignor [[R. Walker Nickless]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Denver|Archdiocese of Denver]] as the seventh bishop of the diocese.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bishop Ralph Walker Nickless [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bnick.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref>
In 2015, Nickless granted permission to the Ministry Institute of Christ the Servant to identify as a Catholic institute.<ref name="wix.com">[http://media.wix.com/ugd/0e8a8b_d40a6b99078944769f2e412cf19fe8e8.pdf Letter of Bishop Nickless to Brandon Harvey, November 23, 2015]</ref> The Ministry Institute is affiliated with [[Briar Cliff University]].
In 2016, the diocese announced plans to consolidate 41 parishes due a shortage of priests and decreased mass attendance. The consolidate parishes became [[Oratory (worship)|oratories]], sites for prayer services, funerals, and weddings, but no weekly masses. Most of the affected parishes were in rural areas of the diocese.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gstalter |first=Morgan |title=Catholic Diocese of Sioux City to close 41 parishes |url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2016/02/28/catholic-diocese-sioux-city-reduce-parishes/81055490/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=The Des Moines Register |language=en-US}}</ref>
After Nickless retired in 2025, [[Pope Francis]] named Reverend [[John Edward Keehner|John Keehner Jr.]] from the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown|Diocese of Youngstown]] as bishop of Sioux Falls on February 12, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pope Francis Accepts Resignation of Bishop Walker Nickless of the Diocese of Sioux City; Appoints Rev. John Keehner as Successor {{!}} USCCB |url=https://www.usccb.org/news/2025/pope-francis-accepts-resignation-bishop-walker-nickless-diocese-sioux-city-appoints-rev |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=www.usccb.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Father John Edward Keehner, Jr. [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkeehner.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref>
=== Sexual abuse ===
In 1992, after receiving multiple sexual abuse allegations, the Diocese of Sioux City forced Reverend George McFadden to undergo treatment and retire from his pastoral position. However, after finishing treatment, the diocese assigned him to hear confessions and celebrate mass at the cathedral. McFadden was finally suspended from all ministerial functions in 2002. At that time, Bishop DiNardo said it had been a mistake in 1992 to allow McFadden to continue in ministry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bishop Accountability |url=https://www.bishop-accountability.org/news/2002_06_23_Rood_ChurchSecrecy.htm#career |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=www.bishop-accountability.org}}</ref> By August 2004, the diocese had been served with 20 lawsuits alleging abuse by McFadden.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diocese Faces 20th Sex Abuse Lawsuit |url=https://www.bishop-accountability.org/news2004_07_12/2004_08_17_Hyrtek_DioceseFaces.htm |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=www.bishop-accountability.org}}</ref> The diocese had settled 16 of these lawsuits by March 2005; by July 2005, the number of lawsuits had reached 26.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Several More Settlements Made in Diocese Sexual Abuse Cases, by Nick Hytrek, Sioux City Journal, March 31, 2005 |url=https://www.bishop-accountability.org/news13/2005_03_31_Hytrek_SeveralMore_Apt_AND_McFadden_1.htm |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=www.bishop-accountability.org}}</ref>
In June 2005, the diocese was sued by a man who accused Bishop Soens of fondling him, starting in 1963 when Soens was director at Regina Catholic High School in Iowa City.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Sioux City Bishop Named in Sexual Abuse Lawsuit |url=https://www.bishop-accountability.org/news2005_01_06/2005_06_08_AP_FormerSioux.htm |access-date=2021-11-10 |website=www.bishop-accountability.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Retired bishop abused minors. - Free Online Library |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Retired+bishop+abused+minors.%28U.S.+BRIEFS%29%28retired+Bishop+Lawrence+D....-a0189872275}}</ref> In November 2008, the diocesan review board for the diocese reported that there were several credible accusations that Soens had sexually abused minors. Thirty-one men had accused him of abusing them between 1950 and 1983. His case was referred to the Vatican for further action, which never happened.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-06 |title=Diocesan board finds retired Iowa bishop abused minors |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/diocesan-board-finds-retired-iowa-bishop-abused-minors |access-date=2021-11-10 |website=National Catholic Reporter |language=en}}</ref>
In October 2018, the diocese admitted that for several decades it had concealed sexual abuse committed by Reverend Jerome Coyle. It stated that Coyle had abused at least 50 boys during his time as priest. Coyle confessed his criminal history to Soens in 1986, who placed him on a six-month medical leave, but did not report the admission to police or suspend him. The diocese eventually forbid Coyle from publicly functioning as a priest. However, he still remained a priest and continued to collect financial assistance from the diocese while living in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]. The diocese did not notify anyone of his admission nor of allegations against Coyle, and it did not take any further action against him.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2018/10/31/catholic-priest-abuse-sioux-city-iowa-diocese-jerome-coyle/1833317002/ |title=Catholic diocese in Iowa covered up priest's abuse of 50 boys |last=Foley |first=Ryan J. |date=October 31, 2018 |newspaper=The Des Moines Register |access-date=October 31, 2018}}</ref>
In October 2019, Samuel Heinrichs sued the diocese, claiming that he had been physically and sexually abused when he was ten years old by Reverend Dale Koster. The abuse occurred during the 1960's at the school and rectory of Our Lady of Mount Carmel Parish in [[Carroll, Iowa|Carroll]]. The stress caused Heinrichs to develop an ulcer when he was in the fifth grade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahoney |first=Mark |date=2019-10-19 |title=Ex-N'West Iowa priest accused of sex abuse |url=https://www.nwestiowa.com/news/ex-n-west-iowa-priest-accused-of-sex-abuse/article_73b7ca5e-f23c-11e9-a203-9beb5cf60c4f.html |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The N'West Iowa REVIEW |language=en}}</ref> The diocese and Heinrichs settled the lawsuit in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKiernan |first=Terry |date=2021-02-23 |title=Sioux City diocese settles sexual abuse lawsuit - BishopAccountability.org |url=https://www.bishop-accountability.org/2021/02/sioux-city-diocese-settles-sexual-abuse-lawsuit/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Bishops==
[[File:Daniel DiNardo (142360355).jpg|thumb|Archbishop DiNardo (2006)]]
===Bishops of Sioux City===
# [[Philip Joseph Garrigan]] (1902–1919)
# [[Edmond Heelan]] (1920–1948) <br> - [[Thomas Lawrence Noa]] (Coadjutor 1946–1947), appointed [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Marquette|Bishop of Marquette]] before succession
# [[Joseph Maximilian Mueller]] (1948–1970; Coadjutor 1947–1948)
# [[Frank Henry Greteman]] (1970–1983)
# [[Lawrence Donald Soens]] (1983–1998)
# [[Daniel N. DiNardo]] (1998–2004), appointed Coadjutor Bishop and later Coadjutor Archbishop and [[Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston|Archbishop of Galveston-Houston]] (elevated to [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] in 2007)
# [[R. Walker Nickless]] (2005–2025)
# [[John Edward Keehner]] (2025-present)
===Auxiliary bishops===
* Edmond Heelan (1918–1920), appointed Bishop of Sioux City
* Frank Henry Greteman (1965–1970), appointed Bishop of Sioux City
===Other diocesan priest who became bishop===
[[Dennis Marion Schnurr]], appointed [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Duluth|Bishop of Duluth]] in 2001 and later [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati|Archbishop of Cincinnati]]
== Education ==
=== High schools ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! School
! Location
! Mascot
|-
| [[Bishop Garrigan High School]]
| [[Algona, Iowa|Algona]]
| Golden Bears
|-
| [[Bishop Heelan Catholic High School]]
| [[Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City]]
| Crusaders
|-
| [[Gehlen Catholic High School]]
| [[Le Mars, Iowa|Le Mars]]
| Jays
|-
| [[Kuemper Catholic High School]]
| [[Carroll, Iowa|Carroll]]
| Knights
|-
| [[St. Edmond High School (Fort Dodge, Iowa)|St. Edmond High School]]
| [[Fort Dodge, Iowa|Fort Dodge]]
| Gaels
|-
| [[St. Mary's High School (Remsen, Iowa)|St. Mary's High School]]
| [[Remsen, Iowa|Remsen]]
| Hawks
|-
| [[St. Mary's High School (Storm Lake, Iowa)|St. Mary's High School]]
| [[Storm Lake, Iowa|Storm Lake]]
| Panthers
|}
===Closed schools===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! School
! Location
! Mascot
! Fate
|-
| Corpus Christi
| Fort Dodge
| Celts
| Consolidated with Sacred Heart High School, Fort Dodge, to form [[St. Edmond High School (Fort Dodge, Iowa)|St. Edmond's, Fort Dodge]], in 1955
|-
| Holy Family
| [[Lidderdale, Iowa|Lidderdale]]
| Unknown
| Absorbed by [[Kuemper Catholic High School|Kuemper Catholic, Carroll]], in 1955
|-
| Holy Name
| [[Marcus, Iowa|Marcus]]
| Wildcats
| Closed in 1964
|-
| Immaculate Conception
| [[Cherokee, Iowa|Cherokee]]
| Irish
| Closed in 1969
|-
| Messenger Ryan
| [[Boone, Iowa|Boone]]
| Raiders
| Closed in 1970, succeeded Sacred Heart, Boone
|-
| Our Lady of Good Counsel
| [[Fonda, Iowa|Fonda]]
| Irish
| Closed in 1975
|-
| Our Lady of Mount Carmel
| Mount Carmel
| Cougars
| Absorbed by Kuemper Catholic in 1958
|-
| Presentation Academy
| [[Whittemore, Iowa|Whittemore]]
| Crusaders
| Consolidated with St. Cecilia, Algona to form [[Bishop Garrigan High School|Bishop Garrigan, Algona]], in 1959
|-
| Sacred Heart
| [[Boone, Iowa|Boone]]
| Spartans
| Closed in 1967, succeeded by Messenger Ryan, Boone
|-
| Sacred Heart
| [[Early, Iowa|Early]]
| Sabers
| Absorbed by [[St. Mary's High School (Storm Lake, Iowa)|St. Mary's, Storm Lake]], in 1967
|-
| Sacred Heart
| Fort Dodge
| Irish
| Consolidated with Corpus Christi Catholic, Fort Dodge, to form [[St. Edmond High School (Fort Dodge, Iowa)|St. Edmond's, Fort Dodge]], in 1955
|-
| Sacred Heart
| [[Pocahontas, Iowa|Pocahontas]]
| Eagles
| Closed in 1970
|-
| Sacred Heart
| [[Templeton, Iowa|Templeton]]
| Aces
| Absorbed by Kuemper Catholic in 1959
|-
| St. Ann's
| [[Vail, Iowa|Vail]]
| Eagles
| Absorbed by Kuemper Catholic in 1960
|-
| St. Bernard's
| [[Breda, Iowa|Breda]]
| Bobcats
| Absorbed by Kuemper Catholic in 1979
|-
| St. Cecilia's
| [[Algona, Iowa|Algona]]
| Blue Knights
| Consolidated with St. Cecilia, Algona to form Bishop Garrigan in 1959
|-
| St. Columbkille's
| [[Varina, Iowa|Varina]]
| Black Hawks
| Closed in 1961
|-
| St. John's
| [[Arcadia, Iowa|Arcadia]]
| Bears
| Absorbed by Kuemper Catholic in 1995
|-
| St. John's
| [[Bancroft, Iowa|Bancroft]]
| Johnnies
| Absorbed by Bishop Garriganin 1989
|-
| St. Joseph's
| [[Ashton, Iowa|Ashton]]
| Ramblers
| Closed in 1967
|-
| St. Joseph's
| [[Bode, Iowa|Bode]]
| Trojans
| Absorbed by Bishop Garrigan in 1970
|-
| St. Joseph's
| [[Granville, Iowa|Granville]]
| Cardinals
| Consolidated with St. Mary's, Alton to form [[Spalding Catholic High School|Spalding Catholic, Granville]], in 1962
|-
| St. Joseph's
| [[Le Mars, Iowa|Le Mars]]
| Joe Hawks
| Merged with St. James School, Le Mars (no high school) to form [[Gehlen Catholic High School|Gehlen Catholic, Le Mars]], in 1952
|-
| St. Joseph's
| [[Salix, Iowa|Salix]]
| Wildcats
| Absorbed by [[Bishop Heelan Catholic High School|Bishop Heelan, Sioux City]], in 1960
|-
| St. Mary's
| [[Alton, Iowa|Alton]]
| Blue Jax
| Consolidated with St. Joseph's, Granville to form Spalding Catholic in 1962
|-
| St. Mary's
| [[Emmetsburg, Iowa|Emmetsburg]]
| Irish
| Closed in 1968
|-
| St. Mary's
| [[Larchwood, Iowa|Larchwood]]
| Traveliers
| Closed in 1968
|-
| St. Matthew's
| [[Clare, Iowa|Clare]]
| Irish
| Absorbed by [[St. Edmond High School (Fort Dodge, Iowa)|St. Edmond's, Fort Dodge]], in 1961
|-
| St. Patrick's
| [[Danbury, Iowa|Danbury]]
| Bluejays
| Closed in 1968
|-
| [[Spalding Catholic High School|Spalding Catholic]]
| [[Granville, Iowa|Granville]]
| Spartans
| Absorbed by Gehlen Catholic in 2013
|-
| Trinity Catholic
| Sioux City
| Crusaders
| Became Bishop Heelan in 1949
|}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{catholic|wstitle=Sioux City}}
==External links==
{{Wikisource1913CatholicEnc|Sioux City}}
* {{Official website|http://www.scdiocese.org/ }}
* [http://www.catholicministryinstitute.org The Ministry Institute of Christ the Servant] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175350/https://www.catholicministryinstitute.org/ |date=2018-12-25 }}
{{Geographic Location
|Centre = Diocese of Sioux City
|North = [[Diocese of Winona-Rochester]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Archdiocese of Dubuque]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Diocese of Des Moines]]
|Southwest = [[Archdiocese of Omaha]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Diocese of Sioux Falls]]
}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City}}
{{Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Dubuque}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sioux City}}
[[
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in the United States]]
[[Category:Sioux City, Iowa|Roman Catholic]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1902|Roman Catholic]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:1902 establishments in Iowa]]
| |||