Richard A. Clarke: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|American counter-terrorism expert}}

'''Richard A. Clarke''' (born c. [[1951]]), an internationally recognized expert on security, including [[homeland security]], national security, [[cyber security]], and [[counterterrorism]], served in the [[United States]] government from [[1973]] to [[2003]], with a specialization in the issues of intelligence and [[terrorism]]. He was the counter-terrorism adviser on the U.S. [[National Security Council]] when the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11 attacks]] occurred. He resigned in January of 2003 after serving in the White House under four presidents ([[Ronald Reagan]], [[George H.W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]] and [[George W. Bush]]).

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}

{{Infobox officeholder

| name = Richard A. Clarke

| image = Richard clarke.jpg

| office = 10th [[Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs]]

| president = [[George H. W. Bush]]

| term_start = August 8, 1989

| term_end = July 10, 1992

| predecessor = [[H. Allen Holmes]]

| successor = [[Robert Gallucci]]

| birth_name = Richard Alan Clarke

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|10|27}}

| birth_place = [[Dorchester, Massachusetts]], U.S.

| death_date =

| death_place =

| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]

| education = [[University of Pennsylvania]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}<br/>[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] {{small|([[Master of Science in Management|MSM]])}}

| website = {{URL|richardaclarke.net|Official website}}

}}

'''Richard Alan Clarke'''<ref name="obscure">{{cite news|last1=Dobbs |first1=Michael |title=An Obscure Chief in U.S. War on Terror|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/04/02/an-obscure-chief-in-us-war-on-terror/43e50e4f-37ab-4801-91a0-353752edc4d0/|access-date=August 20, 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 2, 2000}}</ref> (born October 27, 1950) is an American [[National security|national security expert]], [[novelist]], and former [[government official]]. He served as the [[Czar (political term)|Counterterrorism Czar]] for the [[Executive Office of the President of the United States|National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-Terrorism]] for the United States between 1998 and 2003.

== History ==

Clarke worked for the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] during the presidency of [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3559087.stm |title=Profile: Richard Clarke |publisher=BBC News |date=March 22, 2004 |access-date=January 9, 2009}}</ref> In 1992, President [[George H. W. Bush]] appointed him to chair the Counter-terrorism Security Group and to a seat on the [[United States National Security Council]]. President [[Bill Clinton]] retained Clarke and in 1998 promoted him to be the National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-terrorism, the chief counter-terrorism adviser on the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]]. Under President [[George W. Bush]], Clarke initially continued in the same position but no longer had Cabinet-level access. He was later appointed as Special Advisor to the President on cybersecurity. Clarke left the Bush administration in 2003.

Richard Clarke was born in [[1951]], the son of a [[Pennsylvania]] factory worker. He studied at the [[Boston Latin University]] and graduated from the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in [[1972]]. In [[1973]], he began work in the Federal Government as an employee in the [[Department of Defense]].

Clarke came to widespread public attention for his [[counter-terrorism]] role in March 2004: He published a memoir about his service in government, ''[[Against All Enemies]],'' appeared on the ''[[60 Minutes]]'' television news magazine, and testified before the [[9/11 Commission]]. In all three cases, Clarke sharply criticized the Bush administration's attitude toward counter-terrorism before the [[September 11 attacks]], and its decision afterward to wage war and invade [[Iraq War|Iraq]].

Starting in [[1985]], Clarke served in the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] Administration as Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence. During the presidential administration of [[George H.W. Bush]], he coordinated diplomatic efforts to support the 1990-1991 [[Gulf War]] and the subsequent security arrangements. His positions inside the government have included:

After leaving U.S. government, with U.S. government legal approvals, Clarke helped the [[United Arab Emirates]] to set up a [[DarkMatter (Emirati company)#Project Raven|cyber security unit]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-raven-whitehouse-specialreport-idUSKBN1YE1OB|title=Special Report: White House veterans helped Gulf monarchy build secret surveillance unit|date=2019-12-10|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-12-10|language=en}}</ref> intended to protect their nation. Years after Clarke left,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Made in America|url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-raven-whitehouse/|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> some components of the program were acquired by a sequence of firms, and it is reported they eventually surveilled women's rights activists, UN diplomats, and [[FIFA]] officials.<ref name=":1" />

* [[United States National Security Council]], 1992-2003

** Special Advisor 2001-2003

** National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-terrorism, 1998-2000

* [[United States Department of State]] 1985-1992

** Assistant Secretary of State for Politico-Military Affairs, 1989-1992

** Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence, 1985-1988

==Background==

Since leaving government, Clarke has been an on-air consultant for ABC News and Chairman of [[Good Harbor Consulting, LLC]].

Richard Clarke was born to a worker in a chocolate factory and a nurse in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], in 1950.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Richard Clarke Biography |url=http://www.notablebiographies.com/news/Ca-Ge/Clarke-Richard.html#b|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Biography|publisher=Advameg, Inc.|access-date=April 3, 2012}}</ref> He attended the [[Boston Latin School]], where he graduated in 1968. He attended college at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], where he received a [[bachelor's degree]] in 1972. He had been selected to serve in the [[Sphinx Senior Society]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Senior Society|first=Sphinx|title=Class of 1972|url=http://www.sphinxseniorsociety.com/sphinx_1970.html|publisher=Sphinx Senior Society|access-date=April 3, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327202623/http://www.sphinxseniorsociety.com/sphinx_1970.html|archive-date=March 27, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

After starting as a management intern at the [[U.S. Department of Defense]] and later working as an analyst on European security issues, Clarke went to graduate school. He earned a master's degree in management in 1978 from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref name=nndb>Bio.[http://www.nndb.com/people/690/000041567/ Richard Clarke], "NNDB.com"</ref>

== Book: ''Against All Enemies'' ==

==Government career==

In March [[2004]], The Free Press (a division of [[Simon & Schuster]]) published Clarke's book, ''Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror--What Really Happened'' (Free Press: ISBN 0743260244). Clarke got considerable press exposure, appearing on a special two-hour edition of "[[60 Minutes]]" on [[CBS]]. The show made no on-air mention of the fact that Viacom owns both it and Simon & Schuster, in contrast to the usual journalistic practice..

In 1973, Clarke began work in the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]] as a management intern<ref>[[Lawrence Wright]], ''[[The Looming Tower]]: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11'', New York: [[Alfred A. Knopf]], 2006, p.206.</ref> in the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]. He worked in numerous areas of defense while in headquarters.

From 1979 to 1985, he worked at the Department of State as a career analyst in the Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs. Beginning in 1985, Clarke was appointed by the [[Ronald Reagan]] administration as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence—his first political appointee position as a Republican Party member.

[[Martha Levin]], publisher of [[The Free Press]], said:

:"I can take responsibility for all of it but the hearings." [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/brief_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000473647]

During the administration of [[George H. W. Bush]], he was appointed as the Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs. He coordinated diplomatic efforts to support the 1990–1991 [[Gulf War]] and subsequent security arrangements.

The book was critical of past and present presidential administrations for the way they handled the [[war on terror]] both before and after September 11, particularly the Bush administration. Bush administration supporters contrasted Clarke's criticism of the administration with previous supportive statements that he had made while he was still a member of the administration himself. This apparent discrepancy was the source of much controversy and commentary surrounding the release of the book.

Democrat [[Bill Clinton]] kept Clarke on in his administration, appointing him in 1998 as National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-terrorism for the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]]. In this position, he had cabinet-level access to the president.

Clarke says that he made numerous urgent requests for a meeting on dealing terrorism, had CIA Director [[George Tenet]] include numerous details about Al-Qaeda in daily briefings, found an unprecedented level of terrorist "chatter" before September 11, but still Bush refused to go to high alert, as [[President Clinton]] had done in a similar situation. Had they gone to high alert, Clarke would likely have found that the [[FBI]] had photos of two of the hijackers. They could have tracked the two down, pumped them for information, and perhaps stopped the September 11 attacks.

Clarke continued as counter-terrorism coordinator at the NSC during the first year of the [[George W. Bush]] administration, but no longer had access, as the position's scope was reduced. His written recommendations and memos had to go through layers of political appointees above him. In 2001, he was appointed as Special Advisor to the President on cybersecurity and cyberterrorism. He resigned from the Bush administration in early 2003.

Soon after 9/11, he says that defense secretary [[Donald H. Rumsfeld]] wanted to bomb [[Iraq]], even though there was no evidence of their involvement, because they had more "good targets" than Afghanistan, which was actually involved.

Clarke's positions inside the government have included:

Clarke also says that on [[September 12]], [[2001]], President Bush "testily" asked him to try to find evidence that Saddam Hussein was connected to the terrorist attacks. (After an initial denial, the White House has since conceded that the meeting took place.) In response he wrote a report stating there was absolutely no evidence of Iraqi involvement and got it signed by all relevant agencies (the FBI, the CIA, etc.). The paper was quickly returned by a deputy with a note saying "Please update and resubmit," apparently unshown to the President.

* [[United States Department of State]] 1985–1992

** Assistant Secretary of State for Politico-Military Affairs, 1989–1992

** Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence, 1985–1988

* [[United States National Security Council]], 1992–2003

** Special Advisor, 2001–2003

** National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-terrorism, 1998–2001

** Chairman of the [[Counter-terrorism Security Group]], 1992–2003

===Clinton administration===

Clarke also recalls a meeting where Paul Wolfowitz expressed doubt that Osama bin Laden could have carried out the attacks on September 11 without state sponsorship -- a theory based on the writings of [[Laurie Mylroie]] that Clarke says has been exhaustively investigated and disproven.

During the [[Rwandan genocide]] of 1994, Clarke advised [[Madeleine Albright]], then–US Ambassador to the United Nations, to request the UN to withdraw all UN troops from the country. She refused, and permitted Lieutenant-General [[Roméo Dallaire]] to keep a few hundred UN troops; his forces saved tens of thousands from the genocide.

Later Clarke told [[Samantha Power]], "It wasn't in American's national interest. If we had to do the same thing today and I was advising the President, I would advise the same thing." He supervised the writing of [[Presidential Decision Directive 25|PDD-25]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd25.htm |title=Text of Presidential Decision Directive 25 |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |date=May 6, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2009}}</ref> a classified Executive Order that established criteria for future U.S. participation in U.N. peacekeeping operations. It also proposed a reduced military and economic role for the United States in Rwanda.

But perhaps most damagingly, Clarke claims that the administration has done "a terrible job" fighting terrorism, even since September 11. In particular, he feels the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] played right into [[Osama bin Laden]]'s hands. For years, bin Laden had been producing propaganda saying that the US wants to invade and occupy an oil-rich middle eastern country. So what did we do? Invade and occupy an oil-rich middle eastern country. As a result, it&#8217;s not surprising that Al-Qaeda and its offshoots are having incredible success recruiting new members

After Islamists took control in [[Sudan]] in a 1989 [[coup d'état]], the United States had adopted a policy of disengagement with the authoritarian regime throughout the 1990s. After the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks]], however, some critics charged that the U.S. should have moderated its policy toward Sudan earlier. The influence of Islamists there waned in the second half of the 1990s and Sudanese officials began to indicate an interest in accommodating US concerns related to [[Osama bin Laden]], who lived in Sudan until he was expelled in May 1996 (and was later revealed to be the planner of 9/11.)

Furthermore, he feels the war has taken resources from the more important fight: stopping Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and around the world. He points out that had his plan been followed when he first presented it, Al-Qaeda could have been essentially eliminated. But since his plan was not followed, and Osama was essentially ignored as we've invaded Iraq, Al-Qaeda has grown incredibly in strength and number, and is now going to be difficult to stop.

[[Timothy M. Carney]], U.S. ambassador to Sudan between September 1995 and November 1997, co-authored an [[op-ed]] in 2002 claiming that in 1997, Sudan offered to turn over its intelligence on bin Laden to the US, but that [[Susan Rice]], as National Security Council (NSC) Africa specialist, together with NSC terrorism specialist Richard A. Clarke, successfully lobbied for continuing to bar U.S. officials, including the CIA and FBI, from engaging with the Khartoum government.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mafhoum.com/press3/103P52.htm|title=Intelligence Failure? Let's Go Back to Sudan|last=Carney|first=Timothy|author2=Mansoor Ijaz|date=June 30, 2002|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=December 1, 2008}} Retrieved from www.mafhoum.com/ Jan. 2015.</ref> Similar allegations (that Susan Rice joined others in missing an opportunity to cooperate with Sudan on counter-terrorism) were made by David Rose, ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' contributing editor,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2002/01/osama200201?currentPage=1|title=The Osama Files|last=Rose|first=David|date=January 2002|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|access-date=December 1, 2008}}</ref> and [[Richard Miniter]], author of ''Losing Bin Laden''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.worldmag.com/articles/8206|title=Clinton did not have the will to respond|last=Belz|first=Mindy|date=November 1, 2003|work=[[World (magazine)|World]]|access-date=December 1, 2008}}</ref>

Clarke also described many of these events in his almost 20 hours of testimony under oath before the [[9-11 Commission]], a portion in its public hearings.

Clarke was involved in supervising the investigation of [[Ramzi Yousef]], one of the main perpetrators of the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]], who had traveled to the United States on an Iraqi passport. Yousef is the nephew of [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], a senior [[al-Qaeda]] member. Many in the Clinton administration and the intelligence community believed Yousef's ties were evidence linking al-Qaeda's activities and the government of Iraq.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/gunning/interviews/woolsey.html Interview with R. James Woolsey], PBS Frontline, <!-- date needed --></ref>

== Responses from the Bush administration ==

In February 1999, Clarke wrote the Deputy National Security Advisor that a reliable source reported Iraqi officials had met with Bin Laden and may have offered him asylum. Clarke advised against surveillance flights to track bin Laden in Afghanistan: he said that anticipating an attack, "old wily Usama will likely boogie to Baghdad," where he would be impossible to find.<ref name="commission134">[http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf The 9/11 Commission Report], p. 134.</ref> That year Clarke told the press in official statements that "Iraqi nerve gas experts" and [[al-Qaeda]] were linked to an alleged joint-chemical-weapons-development effort at the [[Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory]] in [[Sudan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.reasons-for-war-with-iraq.info/richard-clarke_1-23-1999.pdf |title= Embassy Attacks Thwarted, U.S. Says; Official Cites Gains Against Bin Laden; Clinton Seeks $10 Billion To Fight Terrorism |newspaper=The Washington Post |author=Vernon Loeb |date=January 23, 1999 |via=Reasons for War with Iraq |access-date=January 20, 2015}}</ref>

The Bush administration responded to Clarke's charges through both denying the factual claims as well as pointing out what they said were his own inconsistencies over time.

[[Michael Scheuer]] is the former chief of the [[Bin Laden Issue Station|bin Laden Unit]] at the [[Counterterrorist Center]] at the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]. [[Matthew Continetti]] wrote:

CNN reported that National security adviser [[Condoleeza Rice]] said that two months before the 9/11 attacks, she "personally ordered Clarke to alert domestic agencies that they needed to be on alert for the possibility of a terror strike". [http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/03/25/rice.rebuttal/].

<blockquote>Scheuer believes that Clarke's risk aversion and politicking negatively impacted the hunt for bin Laden prior to September 11, 2001. Scheuer stated that his unit, codename "Alec," had provided information that could have led to the capture and or killing of Osama bin Laden on ten occasions during the Clinton administration, only to have his recommendations for action turned down by senior intelligence officials, including Clarke.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/print/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/004/954cfheq.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109050545/http://www.weeklystandard.com/print/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/004/954cfheq.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 9, 2012 |title=Scheuer v. Clarke |author=Continetti, Matthew |work=[[Weekly Standard]] |date=November 22, 2004 |access-date=January 9, 2009}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Fox News Channel]] [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,115085,00.html released a transcript] from an [[August 2002]] briefing that Clarke gave to reporters while he was still working for the White House, as background (meaning not for attribution). In it Clarke says that "there was no plan on al Qaeda that was passed from the Clinton administration to the Bush administration," and otherwise puts the Bush administration in a more favorable light. Questioned about this apparent inconsistency, Clarke said the differences were "really a matter here of emphasis and tone. I mean, what you're suggesting, perhaps, is that as special assistant to the president of the United States when asked to give a press backgrounder I should spend my time in that press backgrounder criticizing him. I think that's somewhat of an unrealistic thing to expect." [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/24/politics/24CND-PTEX.html?pagewanted=print]

====Operation Orient Express====

On March 22, 2004, vice president [[Dick Cheney]] claimed that Clarke was "out of the loop" in the fight against terror. Critics pointed out that if Clarke, who was appointed to oversee counterterrorism efforts by Rice, was out of the loop then the administration had an embarrassingly small loop. [[Condoleezza Rice]] later contradicted this, claiming the opposite: Clarke was the loop, so any failure in terrorism-preparedness was his. Later, in a direct response to Cheney's statement, she said "I would not use the word 'out of the loop,'... He was in every meeting that was held on terrorism."

{{Main|1996 United Nations Secretary-General selection}}

In 1996, Clarke entered into a secret pact with [[Madeleine Albright]], then U.S. ambassador to the UN, [[Michael A. Sheehan|Michael Sheehan]], and [[James Rubin]], to overthrow U.N. Secretary-General [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]], who was running unopposed for a second term in the [[United Nations Secretary-General selection, 1996|1996 selection]]. They dubbed the pact "Operation Orient Express" to reflect their hope "that many nations would join us in doing in the UN head." However, every other member of the Security Council voted for Boutros-Ghali. Despite severe criticism, Clarke and Sheehan prevailed upon President Clinton to resist international pressure and continue the US's solo veto.<ref name="Against All Enemies" /> After four deadlocked meetings of the Security Council, Boutros-Ghali suspended his candidacy. He is the only U.N. Secretary-General ever to be denied a second term by a Security Council member veto.

Press Secretary [[Scott McClellan]] claimed that Clarke timed the publication of his book in order to have an impact on the upcoming election. Clarke pointed out that his book had been finished since last year, it was only released now because the White House took months to review it for classified information.

The United States fought a four-round veto duel with France, forcing it to back down and accept the selection of US-educated [[Kofi Annan]] as the next Secretary-General. In his memoirs, Clarke said that "the entire operation had strengthened Albright's hand in the competition to be Secretary of State in the second Clinton administration."<ref name="Against All Enemies">{{cite book |last=Clarke |first=Richard |title=[[Against All Enemies]]: Inside America's War on Terror |___location=New York |publisher=Free Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-7432-6024-4 }}</ref>{{rp|page=201}}

The White House initially claimed that Bush never set foot in the Situation Room on [[September 12]], and so could not have told Clarke to find evidence of Iraq's involvement. But after additional witnesses confirmed the story and critics pointed out that it was rather embarrassing for the President to have never entered the Situation Room on such an important day, the White House retracted this claim.

===Bush administration===

In defense of Clarke's testimony and in response to his critics, the Progress Report began a contest in which a prize will be awarded to anyone who can find an example of Rice, Cheney, or Bush saying "al Qaeda" or "bin Laden" in public between the inauguration and 9/11. [http://www.americanprogress.org/site/pp.asp?c=biJRJ8OVF&b=39854#1] It remains unclaimed.

On April 8, 2004, [[Condoleezza Rice]] was publicly interviewed by the 9/11 investigatory commission. She discussed Clarke and his communications with the Bush administration regarding bin Laden and associated terrorist plots targeting the United States. Clarke had written a memo dated January 25, 2001, to Rice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/|title=National Security Archive - 30+ Years of Freedom of Information Action|website=Nsarchive.gwu.edu|access-date=February 12, 2019}}</ref> He urgently requested a meeting of the NSC's Principals Committee to discuss the growing [[al-Qaeda]] threat in the greater Middle East, and suggested strategies for combating al-Qaeda that might be adopted by the new Bush administration.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB147/index.htm |title=Bush Administration's First Memo on al-Qaeda Declassified |publisher=Gwu.edu |date=January 25, 2001 |access-date=January 9, 2009}}</ref><!-- This looks like Original Research, as it does not come from secondary sources -->

In his memoir, ''Against All Enemies'', Clarke wrote that Condoleezza Rice decided that the position of National Coordinator for Counterterrorism should be downgraded. By demoting the office, he believed that the Administration sent a signal to the national security bureaucracy that reduced the salience of terrorism. No longer would Clarke's memos go to the President; instead they had to pass through a chain of command of National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice and her deputy [[Stephen Hadley]], who bounced every one of them back.

== Affiliations ==

<blockquote>Within a week of the inauguration, I wrote to Rice and Hadley asking 'urgently' for a Principals, or Cabinet-level, meeting to review the imminent Al-Qaeda threat. Rice told me that the Principals Committee, which had been the first venue for terrorism policy discussions in the Clinton administration, would not address the issue until it had been 'framed' by the Deputies.<ref name="Against All Enemies" /></blockquote>

* Advisory Board Member, [[Civitas Group, LLC]] [http://www.civitasgroup.com/news/release1.htm]

The [[9/11 Commission]] reported, in its eighth public hearing:

<blockquote>Clarke asked on several occasions for early principals meetings on these issues and was frustrated that no early meeting was scheduled.

No Principals Committee meetings on [[al-Qaeda]] were held until September 4th, 2001.<ref>{{cite web |website=9/11 Commission|title=Eighth Public Hearing |date=March 24, 2004 |url=https://9-11commission.gov/archive/hearing8/9-11Commission_Hearing_2004-03-24.htm}}</ref></blockquote>

At the first [[National Security Council Deputies Committee|Deputies Committee]] meeting on terrorism, held in April 2001, Clarke strongly suggested that the U.S. put pressure on both the [[Taliban]] and al-Qaeda by arming the [[Northern Alliance]] and other groups in [[Afghanistan]]. Simultaneously, he said that the US should target bin Laden and his leadership by restoring flights of the [[MQ-1 Predator]]s. Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Paul Wolfowitz]] responded, "Well, I just don't understand why we are beginning by talking about this one man bin Laden." Clarke replied that he was talking about bin Laden and his network because it posed "an immediate and serious threat to the United States." According to Clarke, Wolfowitz turned to him and said, "You give bin Laden too much credit. He could not do all these things like the 1993 attack on New York, not without a state sponsor. Just because the FBI and CIA have failed to find the linkages does not mean they don't exist."<ref name="Against All Enemies" />

Clarke wrote in ''Against All Enemies'' that in the summer of 2001, the intelligence community was convinced of an imminent attack by al-Qaeda, but could not get the attention of the highest levels of the Bush administration.<ref>For supporting documentation, see [[Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US]] (concerning the President's Daily Brief of August 6, 2001, and earlier warnings).</ref>

At a July 5, 2001, White House gathering of the FAA, the Coast Guard, the FBI, Secret Service and INS, Clarke said that "something really spectacular is going to happen here, and it's going to happen soon."<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/05/17/before-sept-11-unshared-clues-and-unshaped-policy/2bbbf7f0-ece7-4b48-a3a2-26ae27670e97/ "Before Sept 11, Unshared Clues and Unshaped Policy"], ''Washington Post'', 17 May 2002</ref>

===Cyberterrorism and cybersecurity===

Appointed in 2001 as Special Advisor to the President on Cybersecurity, Clarke spent his last year in the Bush administration focusing on cybersecurity and the threat of terrorism against the critical infrastructure of the United States. At a security conference in 2002, after citing statistics that indicated that less than 0.0025 percent of corporate revenue on average is spent on information-technology security, Clarke was heard to say, "If you spend more on [[coffee]] than on IT security, then you will be [[Hacker (computer security)|hacked]]. What's more, you deserve to be hacked."<ref>Lemos, Robert (February 20, 2002). [https://www.zdnet.com/article/security-guru-lets-secure-the-net/ "Security Guru: Let's Secure the Net"], ZDNet</ref>

==9/11 Commission==

On March 24, 2004, Clarke testified at the public 9/11 Commission hearings.<ref name="washingtonpost1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A20349-2004Mar24.html |title=Transcript: Wednesday's 9/11 Commission Hearings |newspaper=Washington Post |date=March 24, 2004 |access-date=January 9, 2009}}</ref> He initially offered an apology to the families of 9/11 victims and said: "...your government failed you. Those entrusted with protecting you failed you. And I failed you. We tried hard, but that doesn't matter because we failed. And for that failure, I would ask, once all the facts are out, for your understanding and for your forgiveness."<ref name="washingtonpost1"/>

Clarke's testimony during the hearings was consistent with his account in his memoir. Clarke said that before and during the 9/11 crisis, many in the administration were distracted from taking action against Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda organization because of an existing pre-occupation with [[Iraq]] and [[Saddam Hussein]]. Clarke wrote that, on September 12, 2001, President Bush "testily" asked him and his aides to try to find evidence that Saddam was connected to the [[September 11 attacks]]. In response, Clarke wrote a report stating there was no evidence of Iraqi involvement: all relevant agencies, including the FBI and the CIA, signed off on this conclusion. The paper was quickly returned by a deputy with a note saying, "Please update and resubmit."<ref name="Against All Enemies"/><ref>Vicky Ward, [https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2004/07/richard-clarke-200407 "Clarke's Challenge"], [[Vanity Fair (magazine)|''Vanity Fair'']], May 11, 2011.</ref> In April 2004, the White House at first denied Clarke's account of meeting with Bush but reversed its denial when others who had been present backed Clarke's version of the events.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dean, John W |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/04/09/dean.clarke/index.html |title=Bush's attack on Richard Clarke |publisher=CNN |date=April 9, 2004 |access-date=January 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/archives/002772.php |title=Talking Points Memo |author=Marshall, Josh |publisher=Talking Points Memo |date=September 11, 2001 |access-date=January 9, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040402114931/http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/archives/002772.php |archive-date=April 2, 2004 }}</ref>

Supporting Clarke's claim that intelligence forewarning of attacks had been delivered to the president prior to 9/11, former Deputy Attorney General [[Jamie Gorelick]], the sole member of the 9/11 Commission permitted (under an agreement with the Bush administration) to read the President's Daily Brief, said that these had contained "an extraordinary spike" in intelligence warnings of al-Qaeda attacks that had "plateaued at a spike level for months" before 9/11.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper = The New York Times | title=Threats and Responses: The Overview – Bush and Clinton Aides Grilled by Panel | first1 = Philip | last1 = Shenon | first2 = Eric | last2 = Schmitt | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/24/us/threats-and-responses-the-overview-bush-and-clinton-aides-grilled-by-panel.html | pages = A1, A14 | date = March 24, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | website=Salon.com | title=Bush's war — against Richard Clarke | last=Blumenthal | first=Sydney | date=March 25, 2004 | url=http://www.salon.com/2004/03/25/clarke_7/ |access-date = 2017-07-11}}</ref>

===Criticism===

Before and after Clarke appeared before the 9/11 Commission, some critics tried to attack his credibility. They impugned his motives, claiming he was a disappointed job-hunter, that he sought publicity, and that he was a political partisan. They charged that he exaggerated perceived failures in the Bush administration's counterterrorism policies while exculpating the former Clinton administration from its perceived shortcomings.<ref name="article1">{{Cite magazine|last=Ratnesar |first=Romesh |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,604598,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040402095350/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,604598,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 2, 2004 |title=Richard Clarke, at War With Himself |magazine=Time |date=March 25, 2004 |access-date=January 9, 2009}}</ref>

According to some reports, the White House tried to discredit Clarke in a move described as "shooting the messenger."<ref name="commondreams1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0322-10.htm |title=White House Tries to Discredit Counterterrorism Coordinator |work=[[Common Dreams]] |date=March 22, 2004 |access-date=January 9, 2009}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' economics columnist [[Paul Krugman]] was more blunt, calling the attacks on Clarke "a campaign of character assassination."<ref name="comments1">{{Cite web|url=http://hnn.us/roundup/comments/4371.html |title=Smearing Richard Clarke |work=[[History News Network]] |author=Krugman, Paul |author-link=Paul Krugman |date=March 30, 2004 |access-date=January 9, 2009}}</ref>

Some Republicans inside and outside the Bush administration questioned both Clarke's testimony and his tenure during the hearings. Senate Republican Majority Leader [[Bill Frist]] took to the Senate floor to make a speech alleging Clarke told "two entirely different stories under oath", pointing to congressional hearing testimony Clarke gave in 2002 and his 9/11 Commission testimony. Frist later speculated to reporters Clarke was trading on his former service as a government insider with access to the nation's most valuable intelligence to sell a book.<ref name="TPM">{{Cite web|url=http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/archives/002772.php |title=Talking Points Memo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040402114931/http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/archives/002772.php |archive-date=April 2, 2004 }} Retrieved from Internet Archive Wayback Machine, 20 January 2015.</ref>

Clarke was criticized for his suggestions in 1999 of intelligence indicating a link between [[Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda]], despite the fact Clarke and others concluded after investigations by 2001 that no link had been established. In ''Against All Enemies'' Clarke writes, "It is certainly possible that Iraqi agents dangled the possibility of [[Right of asylum|asylum]] in Iraq before bin Laden at some point when everyone knew that the U.S. was pressuring the [[Taliban]] to arrest him. If that dangle happened, bin Laden's accepting asylum clearly did not," (p.&nbsp;270). In an interview on March 21, 2004, Clarke claimed that "there's absolutely no evidence that Iraq was supporting al-Qaeda, ever."<ref>CBS: [http://www.cbsnews.com/news/clarkes-take-on-terror/ Clarke's Take On Terror.] March 19, 2004.</ref> Clarke claimed in his book that this conclusion was understood by the intelligence community at the time of 9/11 and the ensuing months, but top Bush administration officials were preoccupied with finding a link between Iraq and 9/11 in the months that followed the attack, and thus, Clarke argued, the Iraq war distracted attention and resources from the war in Afghanistan and hunt for [[Osama bin Laden]].

[[Fox News]], allegedly with the Administration's consent, identified and released a background briefing that Clarke gave in August 2002, at the Administration's request, to minimize the fallout from a ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine story about the President's failure to take certain actions before 9/11.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2097750/ |title= Richard Clarke KOs the Bushies | first=Fred |last=Kaplan |work=Slate Magazine |date=March 24, 2004 |access-date=January 9, 2009}}</ref> In that briefing on behalf of the White House, Clarke stated "there was no plan on Al-Qaeda that was passed from the [[Clinton administration]] to the Bush administration," and that after taking office [[George W. Bush|President Bush]] decided to "add to the existing Clinton strategy and to increase [[CIA]] resources, for example, for covert action, fivefold, to go after Al-Qaeda."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/transcript-clarke-praises-bush-team-in-02 |title=Transcript: Clarke Praises Bush Team in '02 |work=[[Fox News Channel|FoxNews.com]] |date=March 24, 2004 |access-date=January 9, 2009}}</ref> At the next day's hearing, 9/11 Commission member [[James R. Thompson|James Thompson]] challenged Clarke with the 2002 account, and Clarke explained: "I was asked to make that case to the press. I was a special assistant to the President, and I made the case I was asked to make... I was asked to highlight the positive aspects of what the Administration had done and to minimize the negative aspects of what the Administration had done. And as a special assistant to the President, one is frequently asked to do that kind of thing. I've done it for several Presidents."<ref name="washingtonpost1"/>

Another point of attack was Clarke's role in allowing members of the [[bin Laden family]] to fly to Saudi Arabia on September 20, 2001. According to Clarke's statements to the 9/11 Commission, a request was relayed to Clarke from the Saudi embassy to allow the members of the bin Laden family living in the U.S. to fly home. Clarke testified to the commission that he passed this decision in turn to the FBI via [[Dale Watson (FBI)|Dale Watson]], and that the FBI at length sent its approval of the flight to the Interagency Crisis Management Group.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0403/24/bn.00.html |title=Richard Clarke Testifies Before 9/11 Commission |publisher=CNN Transcripts |date=March 24, 2004 |access-date=January 9, 2009}}</ref> However, FBI spokesman John Iannarelli denied that the FBI had a role in approving the flight: "I can say unequivocally that the FBI had no role in facilitating these flights."<ref>Craig Unger: [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/30/opinion/l30saudis.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print&position= Letter To the Editor] ''NYT'' March 30, 2005</ref>

Clarke has also exchanged criticism with Michael Scheuer, former chief of the Bin Laden Issue Station at the [[CIA]]. When asked to respond to Clarke's claim that Scheuer was "a hothead, a middle manager who really didn't go to any of the cabinet meetings," Scheuer returned the criticism as follows: "I certainly agree with the fact that I didn't go to the cabinet meetings. But I'm certainly also aware that I'm much better informed than Mr. Clarke ever was about the nature of the intelligence that was available against Osama bin Laden and which was consistently denigrated by himself and [[George Tenet|Mr. Tenet]]."<ref>{{Cite news|author=Leung, Rebecca |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/11/12/60minutes/main655407.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041113002240/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/11/12/60minutes/main655407.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 13, 2004 |title=Bin Laden Expert Steps Forward, Ex-CIA Agent Assesses Terror War In 60 Minutes Interview |work=60 Minutes |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=November 12, 2004 |access-date=January 9, 2009}}</ref>

On March 28, 2004, at the height of the controversy during the [[9/11 Commission]] Hearings, Clarke went on NBC's Sunday morning news show ''[[Meet the Press]]'' and was interviewed by journalist [[Tim Russert]]. In responding to and rebutting the criticism, Clarke challenged the Bush administration to declassify the whole record, including closed testimony by Bush administration officials before the commission.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4619346 |title= Clarke Would Welcome Open Testimony | work=NBC News |date=March 28, 2004 |access-date=February 16, 2010}}</ref>

==Post government career==

Clarke is currently Chairman of Good Harbor Consulting and Good Harbour International, two strategic planning and corporate risk management firms; an on-air consultant for ABC News, and a contributor to the Good Harbor Report, an online community discussing homeland security, defense, and politics. He is an adjunct lecturer at the [[Harvard Kennedy School]] and a faculty affiliate of its [[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/experts/1621/richard_clarke.html |title=Richard Clarke's bio at Harvard Kennedy School |publisher=Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs |date=May 29, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2009}}</ref> He has also published two novels: ''[[Scorpion's Gate (novel)|The Scorpion's Gate]]'' (2005) and, ''[[Breakpoint (novel)|Breakpoint]]'' (2007).

Clarke wrote an [[op-ed]] for ''[[The Washington Post]]'', titled "The Trauma of 9/11 Is No Excuse" (May 31, 2009) harshly critical of other Bush administration officials.<ref name=WashingtonPost2009-05-31>{{Cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/29/AR2009052901560.html| title=The Trauma of 9/11 Is No Excuse| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505011603/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/29/AR2009052901560.html| archive-date=May 5, 2012| url-status=dead| date=May 31, 2009| author=Clarke, Richard A. |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Clarke wrote that he had little sympathy for his fellow officials who seemed to want to use the excuse of being traumatized and were caught unaware by [[Al-Qaeda]]'s attacks on the USA because their being caught unaware was due to their ignoring clear reports a major attack on U.S. soil was imminent. Clarke particularly singled out former Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] and former Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice]].

In April 2010, Clarke released his book on ''Cyber War''. In April 2012, he wrote a ''New York Times'' op-ed addressing [[cyber attack]]s. In stemming cyber attacks carried out by foreign governments and foreign [[Hacker (computer security)|hackers]], particularly from China, Clarke opined that the U.S. government should be authorized to "create a major program to grab stolen data leaving the country" in a fashion similar to how the U.S. Department of Homeland Security currently searches for [[child pornography]] that crosses America's "virtual borders." Moreover, he suggested that the US president could authorize agencies to scan Internet traffic outside the US and seize sensitive files stolen from within the United States. Clarke then stated that such a policy would not endanger [[privacy rights]] through the institution of a privacy advocate, who could stop abuses or any activity that went beyond halting the theft of important files. The op-ed did not offer evidence that finding and blocking files while they are being transmitted is technically feasible.<ref name="Clarke">{{cite news|last=Clarke|first=Richard A.|title=How China Steals Our Secrets|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/opinion/how-china-steals-our-secrets.html |access-date=April 3, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 3, 2012}}</ref>

In September 2012, Clarke stated that Middle Eastern governments were likely behind hacking incidents against several banks.<ref name="Banking">{{cite news|title=Rhode Islanders react to cyber attacks on banking websites|url=http://www.abc6.com/story/19661963/cyber-attacks-hit-maor-banking-websites|access-date=September 27, 2012|newspaper=ABC6 Rhode Island|date=October 1, 2012}}</ref> During the same year, he endorsed [[Barack Obama]]'s reelection for [[President of the United States]].

Following the 2013 high-speed fatal car crash of journalist [[Michael Hastings (journalist)|Michael Hastings]], a vocal critic of the [[surveillance state]] and restrictions on the press freedom under the Obama Administration tenure, Clarke was quoted as saying, "There is reason to believe that intelligence agencies for major powers—including the United States—know how to remotely seize control of a car. So if there were a cyber attack on the car—and I'm not saying there was, I think whoever did it would probably get away with it."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/24/michael-hastings-car-hacked_n_3492339.html | work=Huffington Post | first=Michael | last=Hogan | title=Was Hastings' Car Hacked? | date=June 24, 2013}}</ref>

In 2013, Clarke served on an advisory group for the Obama administration, as it sought to reform [[NSA]] spying programs following the [[Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)|revelations of documents released by Edward Snowden]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2013-12-12_rg_final_report.pdf|author=The President’s Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies|title=Liberty and Security in a Changing World - Report and Recommendations of The President's Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies|date=12 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124173532/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2013-12-12_rg_final_report.pdf|archive-date=January 24, 2017|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The report mentioned in 'Recommendation 30' on page 37, "...that the National Security Council staff should manage an interagency process to review on a regular basis the activities of the US Government regarding attacks, that exploit a ''previously unknown vulnerability in a computer application''." Clarke told Reuters on 11 April 2014 that the NSA had not known of [[Heartbleed]].<ref name=reuters>{{cite news|title=White House, spy agencies deny NSA exploited 'Heartbleed' bug|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cybersecurity-internet-bug-nsa-idUSBREA3A1XD20140411|access-date=16 April 2014|newspaper=Reuters|date=11 April 2014|author=Mark Hosenball|author2=Will Dunham}}</ref>

In a 2017 interview, Clarke described Russia's recent cyberattack against Ukraine that spread worldwide, via the exPetr virus that posed as ransomware. He warned confidently that Russia would be back to interfere with the 2018 and 2020 U.S. elections as the vulnerabilities demonstrated in the 2016 election still exist.<ref>{{youTube|id=OCBJSmWY6nE|title=Richard A. Clarke: Warnings {{!}} Real Time with Bill Maher (HBO), June 30, 2017}}</ref>

As of August 2017, Clarke had been obtaining large amounts of funds, notably $20 million for the [[Middle East Institute]] via the [[Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research]] (ECSSR), an [[Abu Dhabi]]-based think tank. The Middle East Institute had been propagating Emirati agendas in Washington and was mentioned in mail leaks of [[Yousef Al Otaiba]], the Emirati ambassador to the US. ''[[The Intercept]]'' reported that Saif Mohamed Al Hajeri, CEO of Tawazun Holding L.L.C., had been sanctioning the money, larger than the annual budget of the Middle East Institute, on orders of Otaiba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theintercept.com/2017/08/09/gulf-government-gave-secret-20-million-gift-to-d-c-think-tank/ |title= Gulf Government Gave Secret $20 Million Gift to D.C. Think Tank | work=The Intercept |date=August 10, 2017 |access-date=August 10, 2017}}</ref>

In August 2021, Clarke was named as a member of American [[Facial recognition system|facial recognition]] company [[Clearview AI]]'s [[advisory board]].<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Clearview AI Announces Formation of Advisory Board |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210818005288/en/ |___location=New York |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |agency=The LAKPR Group Inc. |date=2021-08-18 |access-date=2021-08-26}}</ref>

==Written works==

* ''[[Against All Enemies|Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror—What Really Happened]]'' (2004). {{ISBN|0-7432-6024-4}}. Non-fiction book critical of past and present administrations for the way they handled the [[war on terror]] both before and after September 11, 2001. The book focuses much of its criticism on Bush for failing to take sufficient action to protect the country in the elevated-threat period before the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]]. Clarke also feels that the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] greatly hampered the war on terror and was a distraction from the real terrorists.

*''Defeating the Jihadists: A Blueprint for Action'' (2004). {{ISBN|0-87078-491-9}}. Non-fiction book in which Clarke outlines his idea of a more effective U.S. counterterrorism policy.

*''[[Scorpion's Gate (novel)|The Scorpion's Gate]]'' (2005) {{ISBN|0-399-15294-6}}. Novel

*''[[Breakpoint (novel)|Breakpoint]]'' (2007) {{ISBN|0-399-15378-0}}. Novel

*''Your Government Failed You: Breaking the Cycle of National Security Disasters'' (2008). {{ISBN|9780061474620}}. Non-fiction book

*''Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It'' (2010), with Robert K. Knake. {{ISBN|9780061962233}}. Non-fiction book

*"How China Steals Our Secrets" (2012) ''[[The New York Times]]''. Op-ed.<ref name="Clarke"/>

*''Sting of the Drone'' (2014). [[Thomas Dunne Books]]. {{ISBN|9781250047977}}. Novel

*''Pinnacle Event'' (2015). Thomas Dunne Books. {{ISBN|9781250047984}}. Novel

*''[[Warnings (book)|Warnings: Finding Cassandras to Stop Catastrophes]]'' (2017), with R. P. Eddy. [[HarperCollins]]. {{ISBN|9780062488022}}. Non-fiction book

*''The Fifth Domain: Defending Our Country, Our Companies, and Ourselves in the Age of Cyber Threats'' (2019), with Robert K. Knake. {{ISBN|9780525561965}}. Non-fiction book

*''[https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/hostile-state-disinformation-internet-age Hostile State Disinformation in the Internet Age]'' (2024). ''[[Daedalus (journal)|Daedalus]].'' Essay.

==See also==

*[[Blue sky memo]]

*[[Ramzi Yousef]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Commons category}}

*{{C-SPAN|57266}}

{{s-start}}

* "''Profile: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3559087.stm Richard Clarke]''". [[BBC]].

{{s-off}}

* Field, Chris, "''[http://www.humaneventsonline.com/article.php?id=3335 On Richard Clarke]''". March 22, 2004

{{s-bef|before=[[H. Allen Holmes]]}}

* [http://www.npr.org/features/feature.php?wfId=1783752 NPR : Richard Clarke Book Reaction]

{{s-ttl|title=[[Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs]]|years=1989–1992}}

* [http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,604598,00.html Richard Clarke, at War With Himself] from [[Time magazine]]

{{s-aft|after=[[Robert Gallucci]]}}

*[http://www.townhall.com/columnists/charleskrauthammer/ck20040326.shtml Charles Krauthammer Partisan Clarke]

{{s-end}}

*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/knew/interviews/clarke.html frontline the man who knew interviews richard a. clarke PBS]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clarke, Richard A.}}

'''Note:''' A [http://www.disinfopedia.org/wiki.phtml?title=Richard_A._Clarke version of this article] also appears in the Disinfopedia.

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