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{{Short description|Political movement}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Neocon|Norethisterone{{!}}Necon|Paleoconservatism}}
{{confused|New conservatism}}
{{about|the political movement in the United States|other regions|Conservatism|and|Neoconservatism (disambiguation)|the furnishing trade fair known as NeoCon|Merchandise Mart#Trade fairs}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{conservatism US|schools}}
'''Neoconservatism''' (colloquially '''neocon''') is a [[political movement]] which began in the [[United States]] during the 1960s among [[liberal hawk]]s who became disenchanted with the increasingly pacifist [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] along with the growing [[New Left]] and [[counterculture of the 1960s]]. Neoconservatives typically advocate the [[Unilateralism|unilateral]] promotion of [[democracy]] and [[Interventionism (politics)|interventionism]] in [[international relations]] together with a [[Militarism|militaristic]] and [[Realism (international relations)|realist]] philosophy of "[[peace through strength]]". They are known for espousing [[Anti-communism|opposition]] to [[communism]] and [[radical politics]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/neoconservatism|title=Neoconservatism|last=Dagger|first=Richard|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531190807/https://www.britannica.com/topic/neoconservatism|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="merriam-webster">{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/neoconservative|title=Neoconservative|website=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|access-date=11 November 2012|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925214021/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/neoconservative|url-status=live}}</ref>
Many adherents of neoconservatism became politically influential during [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential administrations from the 1960s to the 2000s, peaking in influence during the [[presidency of George W. Bush]], when they played a major role in promoting and planning the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]. Prominent neoconservatives in the Bush administration included [[Paul Wolfowitz]], [[Elliott Abrams]], [[Richard Perle]], [[Paul Bremer]], and [[Douglas Feith]].
Although U.S. vice president [[Dick Cheney]] and Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]] had not self-identified as neoconservatives, they worked closely alongside neoconservative officials in designing key aspects of the [[Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration|Bush administration's foreign policy]]; especially in their support for [[Israel]], promotion of American influence in the [[Arab world]] and launching the [[war on terror]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Record, Jeffrey |title=Wanting War: Why the Bush Administration Invaded Iraq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7hOlgQUq7FYC&pg=PT47 |year=2010 |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |pages=47–50 |access-date=12 June 2016 |isbn=978-1-59797-590-2 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161642/https://books.google.com/books?id=7hOlgQUq7FYC&pg=PT47 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Bush administration's domestic and foreign policies were heavily influenced by major ideologues affiliated with neoconservatism, such as [[Bernard Lewis]], [[Lulu Schwartz]], [[Richard Pipes|Richard]] and [[Daniel Pipes]], [[David Horowitz]], and [[Robert Kagan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abrams |first=Nathan |title=Norman Podhoretz and Commentary Magazine: The Rise and Fall of the Neocons |publisher=The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4411-0968-2 |___location=New York |page=1 |chapter=Introduction |quote=}}</ref>
Critics of neoconservatism have used the term to describe foreign policy and [[war hawk]]s who support aggressive militarism or [[neocolonialism]]. Historically speaking, the term ''neoconservative'' refers to Americans who moved from the [[anti-Stalinist left]] to [[Conservatism in the United States|conservatism]] during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="Vaïsse">{{cite book| author=Vaïsse, Justin|title=Neoconservatism: The biography of a movement|publisher=Harvard University Press|date= 2010|pages= 6–11}}</ref> The movement had its intellectual roots in the magazine ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]'', edited by [[Norman Podhoretz]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Balint, Benjamin|title=Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine that Transformed the Jewish Left Into the Neoconservative Right|work=PublicAffairs|date= 2010}}</ref> They spoke out against the New Left, and in that way helped define the movement.<ref>{{cite news|author= Beckerman, Gal|title=The Neoconservatism Persuasion|work=The Forward|date= 6 January 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Friedman|first= Murray|title= The Neoconservative Revolution Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy|year= 2005|publisher= Cambridge University Press|___location=Cambridge, UK}}</ref>
== Terminology ==
<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Irving Kristol.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Irving Kristol]], who was called the "godfather" of neoconservatism]] -->
The term ''neoconservative'' was popularized in the United States during 1973 by the socialist leader [[Michael Harrington]], who used the term to define [[Daniel Bell]], [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]], and [[Irving Kristol]], whose ideologies differed from Harrington's.<ref name="harrington">{{Cite journal|first=Michael |last=Harrington |title=The Welfare State and Its Neoconservative Critics |journal=[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]] |date=Fall 1973 |volume=20}}
*Cited in: {{Cite book |title=The Other American: the life of Michael Harrington |first=Maurice |last=Isserman |___location=New York |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-891620-30-0 |year=2000 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/otheramericanlif0000isse |access-date=17 December 2019}}
*Reprinted as chapter 11 in Harrington's 1976 book ''The Twilight of Capitalism'', pp. 165–272.</ref> Earlier during 1973, he had described some of the same ideas in a brief contribution to a symposium on welfare sponsored by ''Commentary''.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Edward C. Banfield |author2=Nathan Glazer |author3=Michael Harrington |author4=Tom Kahn |author5=Christopher Lasch |url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/Nixon-the-Great-Society-and-the-Future-of-Social-PolicyA-Symposium-5214 |title=Nixon, the Great Society, and the Future of Social Policy—A Symposium |magazine=Commentary |date=May 1973 |page=39}}</ref>
The ''neoconservative'' label was adopted by Irving Kristol in his 1979 article "Confessions of a True, Self-Confessed 'Neoconservative{{'"}}.<ref name="goldberg">{{Cite journal|first=Jonah |last=Goldberg |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/206955/neoconservative-invention/jonah-goldberg |title=The Neoconservative Invention |journal=[[National Review]] |date=20 May 2003 |access-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114100459/http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/206955/neoconservative-invention/jonah-goldberg |archive-date=14 November 2012 }}</ref> His ideas have been influential since the 1950s, when he co-founded and edited the magazine ''[[Encounter (magazine)|Encounter]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Irving |last=Kristol |author-link=Irving Kristol |title=Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-56663-228-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/neoconservatisma00kris }}</ref>
Another source was [[Norman Podhoretz]], editor of the magazine ''[[Commentary Magazine|Commentary]]'', from 1960 to 1995. By 1982, Podhoretz was terming himself a neoconservative in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'' article titled "The Neoconservative Anguish over Reagan's Foreign Policy".<ref name="Gerson_PR">{{Cite journal|first=Mark |last=Gerson |url=http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3564402.html |title=Norman's Conquest |journal=[[Policy Review]] |date=Fall 1995 |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320065640/http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3564402.html |archive-date=20 March 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20810FB3D5C0C718CDDAC0894DA484D81 |first=Norman |last=Podhoretz |title=The Neoconservative Anguish over Reagan's Foreign Policy |work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |date=2 May 1982 |access-date=30 March 2008 |archive-date=9 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209034447/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20810FB3D5C0C718CDDAC0894DA484D81 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The term itself was the product of a rejection among formerly self-identified liberals of what they considered a growing leftward turn of the Democratic Party in the 1970s. Neoconservatives perceived in the new [[Social liberalism|left liberalism]] an ideological effort to distance the Democratic Party and American liberalism from [[Cold War liberal]]ism as it was espoused by former Presidents such as [[Harry S. Truman]], [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. After the Vietnam War, the anti-communist, internationalist and interventionist roots of this Cold War liberalism seemed increasingly brittle to the neoconservatives. As a consequence they migrated to the Republican Party and formed one pillar of the Reagan Coalition and of the conservative movement. Hence, they became Neo-conservatives.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kagan |first1=Robert |title=Neocon Nation: Neoconservatism, c. 1776 |journal=World Affairs Journal |date=29 May 2008 |volume=170 |issue=4 |pages=13–35 |doi=10.3200/WAFS.170.4.13-35 |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2008/05/neocon-nation-neoconservatism-c-1776?lang=en |access-date=30 July 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
== History ==
[[File:HenryJackson.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Senator [[Henry M. Jackson]], an inspiration for neoconservative foreign policy during the 1970s]]
According to James Nuechterlein, prior to the formation of the movement, all future neoconservatives endorsed the [[civil rights movement]], [[racial integration]], and [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9605/opinion/thistime.html |first=James |last=Nuechterlein |title=The End of Neoconservatism |journal=[[First Things]] |volume=63 |date=May 1996 |pages=14–15 |access-date=31 March 2008 |quote=Neoconservatives differed with traditional conservatives on a number of issues, of which the three most important, in my view, were the [[New Deal]], [[Civil rights movement|civil rights]], and the nature of the [[Communism|Communist]] threat ... On civil rights, all neocons were enthusiastic supporters of [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King, Jr.]] and the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|Civil Rights Acts of 1964]] and [[Civil Rights Act of 1965|1965]]." |archive-date=6 September 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906214342/http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9605/opinion/thistime.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Neoconservatism was initiated by liberals' repudiation of the [[Cold War]] and by the "New Politics" of the American [[New Left]], which [[Norman Podhoretz]] said was too sympathetic to the [[counterculture]] and too alienated from the majority of the population, and by the repudiation of "anti-[[Anti-communism|anticommunism]]" by liberals, which included substantial endorsement of [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] politics by the New Left during the late 1960s. Some neoconservatives were particularly alarmed by what they believed were the [[African American–Jewish relations|antisemitic]] sentiments of Black Power advocates.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cm6UEJCGNJsC&q=running+commentary,+book |title=Benjamin Balint, ''Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine That Transformed the Jewish Left Into the Neoconservative Right'' (2010), pp. 100–18 |date=1 June 2010 |access-date=12 June 2016 |isbn=978-1-58648-860-4 |last1=Balint |first1=Benjamin |publisher=PublicAffairs |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161644/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cm6UEJCGNJsC&q=running+commentary,+book |url-status=live }}</ref> Irving Kristol edited the journal ''[[The Public Interest]]'' (1965–2005), featuring economists and political scientists, which emphasized ways that government planning in the liberal state had produced unintended harmful consequences.<ref>Irving Kristol, "Forty good years", ''Public Interest'', Spring 2005, Issue 159, pp. 5–11 is Kristol's retrospective in the final issue.</ref> Some early neoconservative political figures were disillusioned Democratic politicians and intellectuals, such as [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]], who served in the [[Richard M. Nixon|Nixon]] and [[Gerald R. Ford|Ford]] administrations, and [[Jeane Kirkpatrick]], who served as [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]] in the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration. Some left-wing academics such as [[Frank Meyer (political philosopher)|Frank Meyer]] and [[James Burnham]] eventually became associated with the conservative movement at this time.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|date=15 July 2020|editor-last=Gottfried|editor-first=Paul|title=The Vanishing Tradition|doi=10.7591/cornell/9781501749858.001.0001|isbn=978-1-5017-4985-8|s2cid=242603258}}</ref>
A substantial number of neoconservatives were originally moderate socialists who were originally associated with the moderate wing of the Socialist Party of America (SP) and its successor party, the [[Social Democrats, USA]] (SDUSA). [[Max Shachtman]], a former Trotskyist theorist who developed strong feelings of antipathy towards the [[New Left]], had numerous devotees in the SDUSA with strong links to [[George Meany]]'s AFL-CIO. Following Shachtman and Meany, this faction led the SP to oppose immediate withdrawal from the Vietnam War and oppose George McGovern in the Democratic primary race and, to some extent, the general election. They also chose to cease their own party-building and concentrated on working within the Democratic Party, eventually influencing it through the [[Democratic Leadership Council]].<ref>Justin Vaïsse, Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement (Harvard University Press, 2010), pp. 214–19</ref> Thus the Socialist Party dissolved in 1972, and the SDUSA emerged that year. (Most of the left-wing of the party, led by Michael Harrington, immediately abandoned the SDUSA.)<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uru7tdlv3FgC&q=shachtman,+realignment&pg=PT84 |author= Martin Duberman |title= A Saving Remnant: The Radical Lives of Barbara Deming and David McReynolds |publisher= The New Press |date= 2013 |access-date= 12 June 2016 |isbn= 978-1-59558-697-1 |archive-date= 23 January 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161644/https://books.google.com/books?id=uru7tdlv3FgC&q=shachtman,+realignment&pg=PT84 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym-qm7i5WHYC&q=shachtman,+sdusa&pg=PA300 |author= Maurice Isserman |title= The Other American: The Life of Michael Harrington |date= 2001 |page= 300 of 290–304 |publisher= PublicAffairs |orig-date= 8 December 1972 |access-date= 12 June 2016 |isbn= 978-0-7867-5280-5 |archive-date= 23 January 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161645/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym-qm7i5WHYC&q=shachtman,+sdusa&pg=PA300 |url-status= live }}</ref> SDUSA leaders associated with neoconservatism include [[Carl Gershman]], [[Penn Kemble]], [[Joshua Muravchik]] and [[Bayard Rustin]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3b7syYOqskC&q=bayard |title=Justin Vaïsse, Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement (Harvard University Press, 2010), pp. 71–75 |access-date=12 June 2016 |isbn=978-0-674-05051-8 |last1=Vaïsse |first1=Justin |year=2010 |publisher=Harvard University Press |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161651/https://books.google.com/books?id=z3b7syYOqskC&q=bayard |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Jack Ross, The Socialist Party of America: A Complete History (University of Nebraska Press, 2015), the entire Chapter 17 entitled "[https://books.google.com/books?id=fud1BwAAQBAJ&q=social+democrats+usa Social Democrats USA and the Rise of Neoconservatism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161645/https://books.google.com/books?id=fud1BwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=jack+ross,+socialist&hl=en&sa=X&ei=E-tdVcnUFc61sQTR2IPoCQ&ved=0CCAQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=social%20democrats%20usa&f=false |date=23 January 2023 }}"</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Matthews |first=Dylan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/08/28/meet-the-gay-socialist-pacifist-who-planned-the-1963-march-on-washington/ |title=Dylan Matthews, "Meet Bayard Rustin" Washingtonpost.com, 28 August 2013 |work=Washingtonpost.com |date=28 August 2013 |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610130030/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/08/28/meet-the-gay-socialist-pacifist-who-planned-the-1963-march-on-washington/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://neoconservatism.vaisse.net/doku.php?id=start#tablethe_three_ages_of_neoconservatism |title="Table: The three ages of neoconservatism" Neoconservatism: Biography of Movement by Justin Vaisse-official website |publisher=Neoconservatism.vaisse.net |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320161743/http://neoconservatism.vaisse.net/doku.php?id=start#tablethe_three_ages_of_neoconservatism |archive-date=20 March 2016 }}</ref>
Norman Podhoretz's magazine ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]'', originally a journal of liberalism, became a major publication for neoconservatives during the 1970s. ''Commentary'' published an article by Jeane Kirkpatrick, an early and prototypical neoconservative. {{clear}}
=== Rejecting the American New Left and McGovern's New Politics ===
As the policies of the [[New Left]] made the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] increasingly leftist, these neoconservative intellectuals became disillusioned with President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s [[Great Society]] domestic programs. The influential 1970 bestseller ''[[The Real Majority]]'' by [[Ben Wattenberg]] expressed that the "real majority" of the electorate endorsed [[economic interventionism]] but also [[social conservatism]] and that it could be disastrous for Democrats to adopt [[Cultural liberalism|liberal]] positions on certain social and crime issues.<ref name="mason">{{Cite book|title=Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority|author=Mason, Robert|year=2004|publisher=[[UNC Press]]|isbn=978-0-8078-2905-9|pages=81–88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nlag8VcyEd4C|access-date=12 June 2016|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161648/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nlag8VcyEd4C|url-status=live}}</ref>
The neoconservatives rejected the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|countercultural]] [[New Left]] and what they considered [[anti-Americanism]] in the [[non-interventionism]] of the activism against the [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|Vietnam War]]. After the anti-war faction took control of the party during 1972 and nominated [[George McGovern]], the Democrats among the neoconservatives endorsed Washington Senator [[Henry M. Jackson|Henry "Scoop" Jackson]] for his unsuccessful 1972 and 1976 campaigns for president. Among those who worked for Jackson were the incipient neoconservatives [[Paul Wolfowitz]], [[Doug Feith]], and [[Richard Perle]].<ref>Justin Vaïsse, ''Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement'' (2010) ch 3.</ref> During the late 1970s, neoconservatives tended to endorse [[Ronald Reagan]], the Republican who promised to confront Soviet expansionism. Neoconservatives organized in the [[American Enterprise Institute]] and [[The Heritage Foundation]] to counter the liberal establishment.<ref>Arin, Kubilay Yado: ''Think Tanks, the Brain Trusts of US Foreign Policy''. Wiesbaden: VS Springer 2013.</ref> Author Keith Preston named the successful effort on behalf of neoconservatives such as [[George Will]] and Irving Kristol to cancel Reagan's 1980 nomination of [[Mel Bradford]], a Southern [[Paleoconservatism|Paleoconservative]] academic whose regionalist focus and writings about [[Abraham Lincoln]] and [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]] alienated the more [[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] and progress-oriented neoconservatives, to the leadership of the [[National Endowment for the Humanities]] in favor of longtime Democrat [[William Bennett]] as emblematic of the neoconservative movement establishing hegemony over mainstream American conservatism.<ref name="auto"/>
{{clear}}<!-- For floated picture above vs. blockquote below. -->
In another (2004) article, [[Michael Lind]] also wrote:<ref name="lind">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/tragedy-errors |work=[[The Nation]] |title=A Tragedy of Errors |first=Michael |last=Lind |date=23 February 2004 |access-date=30 March 2008 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214134248/https://www.thenation.com/article/tragedy-errors/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{blockquote|Neoconservatism ... originated in the 1970s as a movement of anti-Soviet liberals and social democrats in the tradition of Truman, Kennedy, Johnson, Humphrey and Henry ('Scoop') Jackson, many of whom preferred to call themselves 'paleoliberals.' [After the end of the Cold War] ... many 'paleoliberals' drifted back to the Democratic center ... Today's neocons are a shrunken remnant of the original broad neocon coalition. Nevertheless, the origins of their ideology on the left are still apparent. The fact that most of the younger neocons were never on the left is irrelevant; they are the intellectual (and, in the case of William Kristol and John Podhoretz, the literal) heirs of older ex-leftists.}}
=== Leo Strauss and his students<!-- Straussian Wilsonianism, Straussian idealism and Straussian Idealism redirect here. --> ===
[[C. Bradley Thompson]], a professor at Clemson University, claims that most influential neoconservatives refer explicitly to the theoretical ideas in the philosophy of [[Leo Strauss]] (1899–1973),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cato-unbound.org/2011/03/07/c-bradley-thompson/neoconservatism-unmasked |title=Neoconservatism Unmasked |date=7 March 2011 |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006055910/https://www.cato-unbound.org/2011/03/07/c-bradley-thompson/neoconservatism-unmasked |url-status=live }}</ref> although there are several writers who claim that in doing so they may draw upon meaning that Strauss himself [[Leo Strauss#Response to criticism|did not endorse]]. Eugene Sheppard notes: "Much scholarship tends to understand Strauss as an inspirational founder of American neoconservatism".<ref>Eugene R. Sheppard, ''Leo Strauss and the politics of exile: the making of a political philosopher'' (2005), p. 1.</ref> Strauss was a refugee from Nazi Germany who taught at the [[New School for Social Research]] in New York (1938–1948) and the [[University of Chicago]] (1949–1969).<ref>Allan Bloom, "Leo Strauss: September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973", ''Political Theory'', November 1974, Vol. 2 Issue 4, pp. 372–92, an obituary and appreciation by one of his prominent students.</ref>
Strauss asserted that "the crisis of the West consists in the West's having become uncertain of its purpose". His solution was a restoration of the vital ideas and faith that in the past had sustained the moral purpose of the West. The [[Greek classics]] ([[classical republican]] and [[modern republican]]), [[political philosophy]] and the [[Judeo-Christian ethics|Judeo-Christian heritage]] are the essentials of the Great Tradition in Strauss's work.<ref>John P. East, "Leo Strauss and American Conservatism", [http://www.mmisi.org/ma/21_01/east.pdf ''Modern Age'', Winter 1977, Vol. 21 Issue 1, pp. 2–19 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111171310/http://www.mmisi.org/ma/21_01/east.pdf |date=11 January 2012 }}.</ref><ref>[http://www.aei.org/publication/leo-strausss-perspective-on-modern-politics/ "Leo Strauss's Perspective on Modern Politics"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627205541/https://www.aei.org/*/leo-strausss-perspective-on-modern-politics/ |date=27 June 2020 }} – [[American Enterprise Institute]]</ref> Strauss emphasized the spirit of the Greek classics and Thomas G. West (1991) argues that for Strauss the [[American Founding Fathers]] were correct in their understanding of the classics in their principles of justice.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=West|first=Thomas G.|date=1991|title=Leo Strauss and the American Founding|journal=The Review of Politics|volume=53|issue=1|pages=157–172|doi=10.1017/s0034670500050257|s2cid=144097678|issn=0034-6705}}</ref>
For Strauss, political community is defined by convictions about justice and happiness rather than by sovereignty and force. A classical liberal, he repudiated the philosophy of [[John Locke]] as a bridge to 20th-century historicism and nihilism and instead defended [[liberal democracy]] as closer to the spirit of the classics than other modern regimes.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth L. Deutsch|author2=John Albert Murley|title=Leo Strauss, the Straussians, and the American Regime|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AUpAMhf8OAC&pg=PA63|year=1999|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=63|access-date=12 June 2016|isbn=978-0-8476-8692-6|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161656/https://books.google.com/books?id=0AUpAMhf8OAC&pg=PA63|url-status=live}}</ref> For Strauss, the American awareness of ineradicable evil in human nature and hence the need for morality, was a beneficial outgrowth of the pre-modern Western tradition.<ref>Thomas G. West, "Leo Strauss and the American Founding", ''Review of Politics'', Winter 1991, Vol. 53 Issue 1, pp. 157–72.</ref> O'Neill (2009) notes that Strauss wrote little about American topics, but his students wrote a great deal and that Strauss's influence caused his students to reject [[historicism]] and [[positivism]] as [[Moral relativism|morally relativist]] positions.<ref name=ZZ4>[[Catherine H. Zuckert]], [[Michael P. Zuckert]], ''The Truth about Leo Strauss: Political Philosophy and American Democracy'', University of Chicago Press, 2008, p. 4ff.</ref> They instead promoted a so-called Aristotelian perspective on America that produced a qualified defense of its liberal constitutionalism.<ref>Johnathan O'Neill, "Straussian constitutional history and the Straussian political project", ''Rethinking History'', December 2009, Vol. 13 Issue 4, pp. 459–78.</ref> Strauss's emphasis on [[Moral realism|moral clarity]] led the Straussians to develop an approach to [[international relations]] that Catherine and Michael Zuckert (2008) call '''Straussian [[Wilsonianism]]'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> (or '''Straussian [[Idealism (international relations)|idealism]]'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA-->), the defense of liberal democracy in the face of its vulnerability.<ref name=ZZ4/><ref>[[Irving Kristol]], ''The Neo-conservative Persuasion: Selected Essays, 1942-2009'', Basic Books, 2011, p. 217.</ref>
Strauss influenced ''The Weekly Standard'' editor [[Bill Kristol]], [[William Bennett]], [[Newt Gingrich]], [[Antonin Scalia]] and [[Clarence Thomas]], as well as [[Paul Wolfowitz]].<ref>Barry F. Seidman and Neil J. Murphy, eds. ''Toward a new political humanism'' (2004), p. 197.</ref><ref>Sheppard, ''Leo Strauss and the politics of exile: the making of a political philosopher'' (2005), pp. 1–2.</ref>
=== Jeane Kirkpatrick ===
{{main|Jeane Kirkpatrick}}
[[File:Od jeane-kirkpatrick-official-portrait 1-255x301.jpg|thumb|[[Jeane Kirkpatrick]]]]
A theory of neoconservative foreign policy during the final years of the Cold War was articulated by [[Jeane Kirkpatrick]] in "[[Dictatorships and Double Standards]]",<ref>Jeane Kirkpatrick, J (November 1979). [http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/dictatorships--double-standards-6189 "Dictatorships and Double Standards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204172141/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/dictatorships--double-standards-6189 |date=4 February 2011 }}, ''Commentary Magazine'' 68, No. 5.</ref> published in ''[[Commentary Magazine]]'' during November 1979. Kirkpatrick criticized the foreign policy of [[Jimmy Carter]], which endorsed [[détente]] with the Soviet Union. She later served the Reagan Administration as Ambassador to the United Nations.<ref>Noah, T. (8 December 2006). [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/chatterbox/2006/12/jeane_kirkpatrick_realist.html Jeane Kirkpatrick, Realist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925182713/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/chatterbox/2006/12/jeane_kirkpatrick_realist.html |date=25 September 2018 }}. ''Slate Magazine''. Retrieved 8 July 2012.</ref>
==== Skepticism towards democracy promotion ====
{{see also|Authoritarian conservatism}}
In "Dictatorships and Double Standards", Kirkpatrick distinguished between [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] regimes and the [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] regimes such as the Soviet Union. She suggested that in some countries democracy was not tenable and the United States had a choice between endorsing authoritarian governments, which might evolve into democracies, or [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] regimes, which she argued had never been ended once they achieved totalitarian control. In such tragic circumstances, she argued that allying with authoritarian governments might be prudent. Kirkpatrick argued that by demanding rapid [[liberalization]] in traditionally [[Autocracy|autocratic]] countries, the Carter administration had delivered those countries to Marxist–Leninists that were even more repressive. She further accused the Carter administration of a "double standard" and of never having applied its rhetoric on the necessity of liberalization to [[Communist state|communist governments]]. The essay compares traditional autocracies and Communist regimes: {{blockquote|[Traditional autocrats] do not disturb the habitual rhythms of work and leisure, habitual places of residence, habitual patterns of family and personal relations. Because the miseries of traditional life are familiar, they are bearable to ordinary people who, growing up in the society, learn to cope.}}
{{blockquote|[Revolutionary Communist regimes] claim jurisdiction over the whole life of the society and make demands for change that so violate internalized values and habits that inhabitants flee by the tens of thousands.}}
Kirkpatrick concluded that while the United States should encourage liberalization and democracy in autocratic countries, it should not do so when the government risks violent overthrow and should expect gradual change rather than immediate transformation.<ref name="nprkirkpatrick">{{cite news |title=Jeane Kirkpatrick and the Cold War (audio) |publisher=NPR |date=8 December 2006 |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6599937 |access-date=16 August 2007 |archive-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406213955/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6599937 |url-status=live }}</ref> She wrote: "No idea holds greater sway in the mind of educated Americans than the belief that it is possible to democratize governments, anytime and anywhere, under any circumstances ... Decades, if not centuries, are normally required for people to acquire the necessary disciplines and habits. In Britain, the road [to democratic government] took seven centuries to traverse. ... The speed with which armies collapse, bureaucracies abdicate, and social structures dissolve once the autocrat is removed frequently surprises American policymakers".<ref name="econkirkpatrick">{{cite news|title=Jeane Kirkpatrick|newspaper=The Economist|date=19 December 2006|url=http://www.economist.com/obituary/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8447241|access-date=16 August 2007|archive-date=20 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120044855/http://www.economist.com/obituary/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8447241|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{anchor|Poland}}
=== 1990s ===
During the 1990s, neoconservatives were once again opposed to the foreign policy establishment, both during the Republican Administration of President [[George H. W. Bush]] and that of his Democratic successor, President [[Bill Clinton]]. Many critics charged that the neoconservatives lost their influence as a result of the end of the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Martin |last=Jaques |title=America faces a future of managing imperial decline |date=16 November 2006 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/story/0,,1948806,00.html |work=[[The Guardian]] |___location=London |access-date=31 January 2008 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608073333/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/story/0,,1948806,00.html/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
After the decision of George H. W. Bush to leave [[Saddam Hussein]] in power after the first [[Gulf War|Iraq War]] during 1991, many neoconservatives considered this policy and the decision not to endorse indigenous dissident groups such as the [[Kurds]] and [[Shiites]] in their [[1991 uprisings in Iraq|1991–1992 resistance]] to Hussein as a betrayal of democratic principles.<ref name="http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/174894">{{cite web|last=Schwarz|first=Jonathan|title=The Lost Kristol Tapes: What the New York Times Bought|url=http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/174894|work=Tom Dispatch|access-date=14 September 2013|date=14 February 2008|archive-date=10 January 2013|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130110220943/http%3A//www.tomdispatch.com/post/174894|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Tucker2009>{{cite book|title=U.S. Leadership in Wartime: Clashes, Controversy, and Compromise, Volume 1|year=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|___location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1-59884-173-2|page=947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEkFzIWjdn4C&pg=PA947|editor1=Tucker, Spencer|editor2=Pierpaoli, Paul G.|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161647/https://books.google.com/books?id=wEkFzIWjdn4C&pg=PA947|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Hirsh2004>{{cite journal|last=Hirsh |first=Michael |title=Bernard Lewis Revisited:What if Islam isn't an obstacle to democracy in the Middle East but the secret to achieving it? |journal=Washington Monthly |date=November 2004 |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.hirsh.html |access-date=14 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108162236/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.hirsh.html |archive-date=8 January 2014 }}</ref><ref name=Wing2012>{{cite web|last=Wing|first=Joel|title=What Role Did Neoconservatives Play In American Political Thought And The Invasion Of Iraq?|url=http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2012/04/what-role-did-neoconservatives-play-in.html|work=Musings on Iraq|access-date=14 September 2013|date=17 April 2012|archive-date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108221742/http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2012/04/what-role-did-neoconservatives-play-in.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Podhoretz2006>{{cite news|last=Podhoretz|first=Norman|title=Is the Bush Doctrine Dead?|url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/is-the-bush-doctrine-dead|access-date=14 September 2013|newspaper=Commentary|date=September 2006|archive-date=28 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728033536/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/is-the-bush-doctrine-dead/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Some of those same targets of criticism would later become fierce advocates of neoconservative policies. During 1992, referring to the first [[Gulf War|Iraq War]], then [[United States Secretary of Defense]] and future [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Dick Cheney|Richard Cheney]] said: {{blockquote|I would guess if we had gone in there, I would still have forces in Baghdad today. We'd be running the country. We would not have been able to get everybody out and bring everybody home.
And the question in my mind is how many additional American casualties is Saddam [Hussein] worth? And the answer is not that damned many. So, I think we got it right, both when we decided to expel him from Kuwait, but also when the president made the decision that we'd achieved our objectives and we were not going to go get bogged down in the problems of trying to take over and govern Iraq.<ref>{{Cite news|first= Charles|last= Pope|title= Cheney changed his view on Iraq|url= http://www.seattlepi.com/national/192908_cheney29.html|publisher= Seattle Post Intelligencer|date= 29 September 2008|access-date= 25 October 2008|archive-date= 16 November 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211116153124/http://www.seattlepi.com/national/192908_cheney29.html|url-status= live}}</ref>}}
A key neoconservative policy-forming document, ''[[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]'' (commonly known as the "Clean Break" report) was published in 1996 by a study group of American-Jewish neoconservative strategists led by [[Richard Perle]] on the behest of newly-elected Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. The report called for a new, more aggressive Middle East policy on the part of the United States in defense of the interests of Israel, including the removal of [[Saddam Hussein]] from power in [[Iraq]] and the containment of [[Syria]] through a series of [[proxy war]]s, the outright rejection of any solution to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] that would include a [[Palestinian state]], and an alliance between Israel, [[Turkey]] and [[Jordan]] against Iraq, Syria and [[Iran]]. Former [[United States Assistant Secretary of Defense]] and leading neoconservative [[Richard Perle]] was the "Study Group Leader", but the final report included ideas from fellow neoconservatives, pro-Israel right-wingers and affiliates of Netanyahu's [[Likud]] party, such as [[Douglas Feith]], James Colbert, Charles Fairbanks Jr., Jonathan Torop, [[David Wurmser]], [[Meyrav Wurmser]], and IASPS president Robert Loewenberg.<ref>"[http://www.iasps.org/strat1.htm ''A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125123844/http://www.iasps.org/strat1.htm |date=January 25, 2014 }}" text states, "The main substantive ideas in this paper emerge from a discussion in which prominent opinion makers, including Richard Perle, James Colbert, Charles Fairbanks, Jr., Douglas Feith, Robert Loewenberg, David Wurmser, and Meyrav Wurmser participated."</ref>
Within a few years of the Gulf War in [[Iraq]], many neoconservatives were endorsing the ousting of Saddam Hussein. On 19 February 1998, an open letter to President Clinton was published, signed by dozens of pundits, many identified with neoconservatism and later related groups such as the [[Project for the New American Century]], urging decisive action to remove Saddam from power.<ref>[[Stephen Solarz|Solarz, Stephen]], et al. "[http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/rumsfeld-openletter.htm Open Letter to the President] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040404193525/http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/rumsfeld-openletter.htm |date=4 April 2004 }}", 19 February 1998, online at IraqWatch.org. Retrieved 16 September 2006.</ref>
Neoconservatives were also members of the so-called "[[Blue Team (U.S. politics)|Blue Team]]", which argued for a confrontational policy toward the [[People's Republic of China]] (the communist government of mainland China) and for strong military and diplomatic endorsement of the [[Republic of China]] (also known as Taiwan), as they [[China threat theory|believed that China will be a threat to the United States in the future]].
=== Early 2000s: Administration of George W. Bush and Bush Doctrine ===
{{see also|Rationale for the Iraq War|Prelude to the Iraq War}}
The Bush campaign and the early Bush administration did not exhibit strong endorsement of neoconservative principles. As a presidential candidate, Bush had argued for a restrained foreign policy, stating his opposition to the idea of [[nation-building]].<ref>{{Cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222053148/http://www.thebostonchannel.com/helenthomas/2117601/detail.html|url=http://www.thebostonchannel.com/helenthomas/2117601/detail.html |title=Bush Begins Nation Building |publisher=WCVB TV |archive-date=22 February 2012|date=16 April 2003}}</ref> Also early in the administration, some neoconservatives criticized Bush's administration as insufficiently supportive of [[Israel]] and suggested Bush's foreign policies were not substantially different from those of President Clinton.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/06/27/wbush27.xml |title=Bush accused of adopting Clinton policy on Israel |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=26 June 2001 |access-date=30 March 2008 | ___location=London | first1=Toby | last1=Harnden | first2=Alan | last2=Philps}} {{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
[[File:Hosni Mubarak with George W. Bush.jpg|thumb|left|During November 2010, former [[U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] (here with the former [[President of Egypt]] [[Hosni Mubarak]] at [[Camp David]] in 2002) wrote in his memoir ''[[Decision Points]]'' that Mubarak endorsed the administration's position that [[Iraq]] had WMDs before the war with the country, but kept it private for fear of "inciting the [[Arab street]]".<ref>[http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/11/12/arabs_leaders_and_arab_street "Bush: Mubarak wanted me to invade Iraq"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222051652/http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/11/12/arabs_leaders_and_arab_street |date=22 December 2011 }}, Mohammad Sagha. Foreign Policy. 12 November 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2011</ref>]]
Bush's policies changed dramatically immediately after the [[September 11 attacks|11 September 2001 attacks]].
During Bush's State of the Union speech of January 2002, he named Iraq, Iran and North Korea as states that "constitute an [[axis of evil]]" and "pose a grave and growing danger". Bush suggested the possibility of [[preemptive war]]: "I will not wait on events, while dangers gather. I will not stand by, as peril draws closer and closer. The United States of America will not permit the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons".<ref>"[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html The President's State of the Union Speech] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502151928/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html |date=2 May 2009 }}". White House press release, 29 January 2002.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20071116044957/http://www.observer.com/node/47005 Bush Speechwriter's Revealing Memoir Is Nerd's Revenge]". ''[[The New York Observer]]'', 19 January 2003</ref>
Some major defense and national-security persons have been quite critical of what they believed was a neoconservative influence in getting the United States to go to war against Iraq.<ref>[[Douglas Porch]], "Writing History in the 'End of History' Era – Reflections on Historians and the GWOT", '' Journal of Military History'', October 2006, Vol. 70 Issue 4, pp. 1065–79.</ref>
Former Nebraska Republican U.S. senator and Secretary of Defense, [[Chuck Hagel]], who has been critical of the Bush administration's adoption of neoconservative ideology, in his book ''America: Our Next Chapter'' wrote: {{blockquote|So why did we invade Iraq? I believe it was the triumph of the so-called neo-conservative ideology, as well as Bush administration arrogance and incompetence that took America into this war of choice. ... They obviously made a convincing case to a president with very limited national security and foreign policy experience, who keenly felt the burden of leading the nation in the wake of the deadliest terrorist attack ever on American soil.}}
[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 060814-D-2987S-023.jpg|thumb|230px|President Bush, VP Dick Cheney, and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice meet with Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and his staff at the Pentagon, 14 August 2006.]]
The [[Bush Doctrine]] of preemptive war was stated explicitly in the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] (NSC) text "National Security Strategy of the United States". published 20 September 2002: "We must deter and defend against the threat before it is unleashed ... even if uncertainty remains as to the time and place of the enemy's attack. ... The United States will, if necessary, act preemptively".<ref name="NSC">{{cite web |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss.html |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |title=National Security Strategy of the United States |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |date=20 September 2002 |access-date=1 March 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321154529/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The choice not to use the word "preventive" in the 2002 National Security Strategy and instead use the word "preemptive" was largely in anticipation of the widely perceived illegality of preventive attacks in international law via both Charter Law and Customary Law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-ir.info/2009/09/09/international-law-and-the-bush-doctrine/ |title=International Law and the Bush Doctrine |date=9 September 2009 |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-date=23 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723064529/http://www.e-ir.info/2009/09/09/international-law-and-the-bush-doctrine/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In this context, disputes over the [[non-aggression principle]] in domestic and foreign policy, especially given the [[Bush Doctrine|doctrine of preemption]], alternatively impede and facilitate studies of the impact of [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarian]] precepts on neo-conservatism.
Policy analysts noted that the Bush Doctrine as stated in the 2002 NSC document had a strong resemblance to recommendations presented originally in a controversial Defense Planning Guidance draft written during 1992 by [[Paul Wolfowitz]], during the first Bush administration.<ref>"[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/iraq/etc/cron.html The evolution of the Bush doctrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822204037/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/iraq/etc/cron.html |date=22 August 2017 }}", in "The war behind closed doors". ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'', [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]. 20 February 2003.</ref>
The Bush Doctrine was greeted with accolades by many neoconservatives. When asked whether he agreed with the Bush Doctrine, [[Max Boot]] said he did and that "I think [Bush is] exactly right to say we can't sit back and wait for the next terrorist strike on Manhattan. We have to go out and stop the terrorists overseas. We have to play the role of the global policeman. ... But I also argue that we ought to go further".<ref>"[https://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript1000.html The Bush Doctrine]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730160913/https://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript1000.html |date=30 July 2020 }}. ''[[Think Tank with Ben Wattenberg|Think Tank]]'', [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]. 11 July 2002.</ref> Discussing the significance of the Bush Doctrine, neoconservative writer [[Bill Kristol]] claimed: "The world is a mess. And, I think, it's very much to Bush's credit that he's gotten serious about dealing with it. ... The danger is not that we're going to do too much. The danger is that we're going to do too little".<ref>"[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/iraq/themes/assess.html Assessing the Bush Doctrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817202633/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/iraq/themes/assess.html |date=17 August 2020 }}", in "The war behind closed doors". ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'', [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]. 20 February 2003.</ref>
=== 2008 presidential election and aftermath ===
[[File:BushJohnOval.jpg|thumb|President [[George W. Bush]] and Senator [[John McCain]] at the White House, 5 March 2008, after McCain became the Republican presumptive presidential nominee]]
[[John McCain]], who was the Republican candidate for the [[2008 United States presidential election]], endorsed continuing the second [[Iraq War]], "the issue that is most clearly identified with the neoconservatives". ''The New York Times'' reported further that his foreign policy views combined elements of neoconservatism and the main competing conservative opinion, [[political realism|pragmatism]], also known as realism:<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10mccain.html?pagewanted=all|title=2 Camps Trying to Influence McCain on Foreign Policy|first=Elisabeth|last=Bumiller|author2=Larry Rohter|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 April 2008|access-date=16 April 2008|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126164707/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10mccain.html?pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref> {{blockquote|Among [McCain's advisers] are several prominent neoconservatives, including [[Robert Kagan]] ... [and] Max Boot...
'It may be too strong a term to say a fight is going on over John McCain's soul,' said Lawrence Eagleburger ... who is a member of the pragmatist camp, ... [but he] said, "there is no question that a lot of my far right friends have now decided that since you can't beat him, let's persuade him to slide over as best we can on these critical issues.}}
[[Barack Obama]] campaigned for the Democratic nomination during 2008 by attacking his opponents, especially [[Hillary Clinton]], for originally endorsing Bush's Iraq-war policies. Obama maintained a selection of prominent military officials from the Bush administration including [[Robert Gates]] (Bush's Defense Secretary) and [[David Petraeus]] (Bush's ranking general in Iraq). Neoconservative politician [[Victoria Nuland]], former [[U.S. Ambassador to NATO]] under Bush, was made [[United States Under Secretary of State]] by Obama.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/video/victoria-nuland-resigns-glenn-greenwald-eviscerates-leading-neocon-interview/9492860/|title=Victoria Nuland resigns, Glenn Greenwald eviscerates leading neocon: Interview|date=6 March 2024|website=The Hill}}</ref>
=== 2010s and early 2020s ===
By 2010, U.S. forces had switched from combat to a training role in Iraq and they left in 2011.<ref>Stephen McGlinchey, "Neoconservatism and American Foreign Policy", ''Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science'', Vol. 16, 1 (October 2010).</ref> The neocons had little influence in the Obama White House,<ref name="abstract">{{cite journal |last1=Homolar-Riechmann |first1=Alexandra |year=2009 |title=The moral purpose of US power: neoconservatism in the age of Obama | journal = Contemporary Politics |volume=15 |issue=2|pages=179–96 |doi=10.1080/13569770902858111|s2cid=154947602 }}</ref><ref name="Robert Singh 2014 pp 29-40">Robert Singh, "Neoconservatism in the age of Obama", in Inderjeet Parmar and Linda B. Miller, eds., ''Obama and the World: New Directions in US Foreign Policy'' (Routledge 2014), pp. 29–40</ref> and neo-conservatives have lost much influence in the Republican party since the rise of the [[Tea Party Movement]].
Several neoconservatives played a major role in the [[Stop Trump movement]] in 2016, in opposition to the Republican presidential candidacy of [[Donald Trump]], due to his criticism of interventionist foreign policies, as well as their perception of him as an "authoritarian" figure.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|title=Neocons for Hillary: why some conservatives think Trump threatens democracy itself|date=4 March 2016|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/3/4/11160618/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-neocons|access-date=14 April 2019|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108142431/http://www.vox.com/2016/3/4/11160618/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-neocons|url-status=live}}</ref> After Trump took office, some neoconservatives joined his administration, such as [[John Bolton]], [[Mike Pompeo]], [[Elliott Abrams]]<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Politico]]|title=Elliott Abrams, prominent D.C. neocon, named special envoy for Venezuela|date=25 January 2019|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/25/elliott-abrams-envoy-venezuela-1128562|access-date=14 April 2019|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204115156/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/25/elliott-abrams-envoy-venezuela-1128562|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Nadia Schadlow]]. Neoconservatives have supported the Trump administration's hawkish approach towards Iran<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The National Interest]]|date=17 October 2017|url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/after-the-neocons-finally-trump-22767|title=Are the Neocons Finally with Trump?|access-date=14 April 2019|archive-date=23 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223083858/https://nationalinterest.org/feature/after-the-neocons-finally-trump-22767|url-status=live}}</ref> and Venezuela,<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|url=https://www.dw.com/cda/en/neocon-led-us-venezuela-policy-rhetoric-trigger-deja-vu-effect/a-47359446|title=Neocon-led US Venezuela policy, rhetoric trigger deja vu effect|date=5 February 2019|access-date=14 April 2019|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804075318/https://www.dw.com/cda/en/neocon-led-us-venezuela-policy-rhetoric-trigger-deja-vu-effect/a-47359446|url-status=live}}</ref> while opposing the administration's withdrawal of troops from Syria<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|title=Trump's decision to withdraw from Syria and build a border wall instead marks a key moment for his 'America first' view|date=19 December 2019|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-syria-withdrawal-20181219-story.html|access-date=14 April 2019|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119184043/https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-syria-withdrawal-20181219-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and diplomatic outreach to North Korea.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]|title=The North Korea Summit Through the Looking Glass|date=13 June 2018|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2018/06/singapore-summit-korea-kim-trump-moon|access-date=14 April 2019|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025928/https://jacobinmag.com/2018/06/singapore-summit-korea-kim-trump-moon/|url-status=live}}</ref> Although neoconservatives have served in the Trump administration, they have been observed to have been slowly overtaken by the nascent [[Populism in the United States|populist]] and [[National conservatism|national conservative]] movements, and to have struggled to adapt to a changing geopolitical atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Elghossain|first=Anthony|date=3 April 2019|title=The Enduring Power of Neoconservatism|magazine=The New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/153450/enduring-power-neoconservatism|access-date=9 July 2021|issn=0028-6583|archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704114919/https://newrepublic.com/article/153450/enduring-power-neoconservatism|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Bill Kristol Wanders the Wilderness of Trump World|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/persons-of-interest/bill-kristol-wanders-the-wilderness-of-trump-world|access-date=9 July 2021|magazine=The New Yorker|date=2 February 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507025444/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/persons-of-interest/bill-kristol-wanders-the-wilderness-of-trump-world|url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Lincoln Project]], a political action committee consisting of current and former Republicans with the purpose of defeating Trump in the [[2020 United States presidential election]] and Republican Senate candidates in the [[2020 United States Senate elections]], has been described as being primarily made of neoconservative activists seeking to return the Republican party to Bush-era ideology.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neoconservative Wolves Dressed in Never-Trumper Clothing|url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/neocon-wolves-dressed-in-never-trumper-clothing/|access-date=9 July 2021|website=The American Conservative|date=10 August 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019152352/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/neocon-wolves-dressed-in-never-trumper-clothing/|url-status=live}}</ref> Although Trump was not reelected and the Republicans failed to retain a majority in the Senate, surprising success in the [[2020 United States House of Representatives elections]] and internal conflicts led to renewed questions about the strength of neoconservatism.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2021|title=How a leading anti-Trump group ignored a crisis in its ranks|url=https://apnews.com/article/john-weaver-lincoln-project-crisis-b14be5f06588b8f1d78125d4141394cb|access-date=9 July 2021|website=AP NEWS|language=en|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161652/https://apnews.com/article/john-weaver-lincoln-project-crisis-b14be5f06588b8f1d78125d4141394cb|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the [[Biden administration]], neoconservative [[Victoria Nuland]] retained the portfolio of Under Secretary of State she had held under Obama. President [[Joe Biden]]'s top diplomat for Afghanistan, [[Zalmay Khalilzad]], was also a neocon and a former Bush administration official.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://harpers.org/2014/06/the-long-shadow-of-a-neocon/|title=The Long Shadow of a Neocon: How Big Tech is losing the wars of the future|first=Andrew|last=Cockburn|magazine=Harper's Magazine |date=12 June 2014|via=harpers.org}}</ref> In the [[2024 U.S. presidential election]], neoconservatives including the Cheney family (Dick & Liz) and [[Adam Kinzinger]] supported Vice President [[Kamala Harris]]' campaign. After losing the election, [[Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign|Harris' campaign]] team was criticized by those within the Democratic camp for allying with neoconservatives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Dick Cheney, Neocons Endorsed Kamala Harris |date=14 September 2024 |url=https://theintercept.com/2024/09/14/dick-cheney-kamala-harris-neocons/ |publisher=[[The Intercept]] |access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=John |first1=Nichols |title=Liz Cheney Was an Electoral Fiasco for Kamala Harris |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/liz-cheney-electoral-fiasco-kamala-harris/tnamp/ |publisher=[[The Nation]] |access-date=2024-12-12}}</ref>
=== War on cartels ===
From the 2020s onward, several U.S. neoconservatives, such as [[Marco Rubio]], Mike Pompeo,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pompeo|first=Mike|date=2022|title=Never Give an Inch: Fighting for the America I Love}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=June 2025}} and [[Nikki Haley]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sexton|first=Adam|date=2023|url=https://www.wmur.com/article/nikki-haley-military-drug-cartels-72623/44655009|title=Haley says she would send military to attack drug cartels}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Correa-Cabrera|first=Guadalupe|date=2024|url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2024/11/23/the-dangerous-narrative-of-the-war-on-cartels/|title=The Dangerous Narrative of the “War on Cartels”}}</ref> among others, have supported highly punitive and militaristic measures in the context of the [[War on drugs|war on cartels]]. In the 2020s, the escalating opioid crisis, particularly due to fentanyl, has intensified the debate over these measures. The designation of cartels as [[Foreign Terrorist Organization|Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)]] has been a key step, paving the way for [[counterterrorism]] measures. Marco Rubio, a Florida senator and nominee for Secretary of State in 2025, has shown strong support for punitive actions against cartels. During his confirmation hearing, Rubio emphasized that cartels have "operational control" over large areas of the border and advocated for designating them as terrorist organizations, a move that was officially implemented, potentially enabling military actions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Designation of International Cartels|url=https://www.state.gov/designation-of-international-cartels/|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>
== Evolution of opinions ==
=== Usage and general views ===
During the early 1970s, socialist [[Michael Harrington]] was one of the first to use "neoconservative" in its modern meaning. He characterized neoconservatives as former leftists{{spaced ndash}}whom he derided as "socialists for [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]]"{{spaced ndash}}who had become more conservative.<ref name="harrington"/> These people tended to remain endorsers of [[social democracy]], but distinguished themselves by allying with the Nixon administration with respect to foreign policy, especially by their endorsement of the Vietnam War and opposition to the Soviet Union. They still endorsed the [[welfare state]], but not necessarily in its contemporary form.
{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage= | video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?67045-1/neoconservatism ''Booknotes'' interview with Irving Kristol on ''Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea'', 1995], [[C-SPAN]]}} [[Irving Kristol]] remarked that a neoconservative is a "{{Visible anchor|liberal mugged by reality}}", one who became more conservative after seeing the results of liberal policies. Kristol also distinguished three specific aspects of neoconservatism from previous types of conservatism: neo-conservatives had a forward-looking attitude from their liberal heritage, rather than the reactionary and dour attitude of previous conservatives; they had a meliorative attitude, proposing alternate reforms rather than simply attacking social liberal reforms; and they took philosophical ideas and ideologies very seriously.<ref>Kristol, Irving. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0377/is_n121/ai_17489596/pg_5 American conservatism 1945–1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416185404/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0377/is_n121/ai_17489596/pg_5/ |date=16 April 2015 }}". ''[[Public Interest]]'', Fall 1995.</ref>
During January 2009, at the end of President George W. Bush's second term in office, Jonathan Clarke, a senior fellow at the [[Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs]] and prominent critic of Neoconservatism, proposed the following as the "main characteristics of neoconservatism": "a tendency to see the world in binary good/evil terms", a "low tolerance for diplomacy", a "readiness to use military force", an "emphasis on US unilateral action", a "disdain for multilateral organizations" and a "focus on the Middle East".<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7825039.stm "Viewpoint: The end of the neocons?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212012248/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7825039.stm |date=12 February 2021 }}, Jonathan Clarke, [[British Broadcasting Corporation]], 13 January 2009.</ref>
=== Opinions concerning foreign policy ===
{{international relations theory sidebar}}
In foreign policy, the neoconservatives' main concern is to prevent the development of a new rival. [[Defense Planning Guidance]], a document prepared during 1992 by Under Secretary for Defense for Policy Paul Wolfowitz, is regarded by Distinguished Professor of the Humanities [[John McGowan (professor)|John McGowan]] at the [[University of North Carolina]] as the "quintessential statement of neoconservative thought". The report says:<ref name="McGowan"/> <blockquote>Our first objective is to prevent the re-emergence of a new rival, either on the territory of the former Soviet Union or elsewhere, that poses a threat on the order of that posed formerly by the Soviet Union. This is a dominant consideration underlying the new regional defense strategy and requires that we endeavor to prevent any hostile power from dominating a region whose resources would, under consolidated control, be sufficient to generate global power.</blockquote>
According to Lead Editor of [[e-International Relations]] Stephen McGlinchey: "Neo-conservatism is something of a chimera in modern politics. For its opponents it is a distinct political ideology that emphasizes the blending of military power with Wilsonian idealism, yet for its supporters it is more of a 'persuasion' that individuals of many types drift into and out of. Regardless of which is more correct, it is now widely accepted that the neo-conservative impulse has been visible in modern American foreign policy and that it has left a distinct impact".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-ir.info/2009/06/01/neo-conservatism-and-american-foreign-policy/ |title=Neoconservatism and American Foreign Policy |date=June 2009 |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-date=17 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417152855/http://www.e-ir.info/2009/06/01/neo-conservatism-and-american-foreign-policy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Neoconservatism first developed during the late 1960s as an effort to oppose the radical cultural changes occurring within the United States. Irving Kristol wrote: "If there is any one thing that neoconservatives are unanimous about, it is their dislike of the [[counterculture]]".<ref>Kristol, ''What Is a Neoconservative?'' p. 87.</ref> Norman Podhoretz agreed: "Revulsion against the counterculture accounted for more converts to neoconservatism than any other single factor".<ref>Podhoretz, p. 275.</ref> Neoconservatives began to emphasize foreign issues during the mid-1970s.<ref>Vaisse, ''Neoconservatism'' (2010), p. 110.</ref>
[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 051024-F-5586B-016.jpg|thumb|[[Donald Rumsfeld]] and [[Victoria Nuland]] at the NATO–Ukraine consultations in Vilnius, Lithuania, 24 October 2005]]
In 1979, an early study by liberal [[Peter Steinfels]] concentrated on the ideas of [[Irving Kristol]], [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]] and [[Daniel Bell]]. He noted that the stress on foreign affairs "emerged after the New Left and the counterculture had dissolved as convincing foils for neoconservatism ... The essential source of their anxiety is not military or geopolitical or to be found overseas at all; it is domestic and cultural and ideological".<ref>Steinfels, p. 69.</ref>
Neoconservative foreign policy is a descendant of so-called [[Idealism (international relations)|Wilsonian idealism]]. Neoconservatives endorse [[democracy promotion]] by the U.S. and other democracies, based on the conviction that [[Natural rights and legal rights|natural rights]] are both universal and transcendent in nature. They criticized the [[United Nations]] and [[détente]] with the [[Soviet Union]]. On [[domestic policy]], they endorse reductions in the [[welfare state]], like European and [[Conservatism in Canada|Canadian conservatives]]. According to [[Norman Podhoretz]], "'the neo-conservatives dissociated themselves from the wholesale opposition to the welfare state which had marked American conservatism since the days of the New Deal' and ... while neoconservatives supported 'setting certain limits' to the welfare state, those limits did not involve 'issues of principle, such as the legitimate size and role of the central government in the American constitutional order' but were to be 'determined by practical considerations'".<ref>[[Samuel T. Francis|Francis, Samuel]] (7 June 2004) [http://www.amconmag.com/article/2004/jun/07/00036/ Idol With Clay Feet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628183230/http://www.amconmag.com/article/2004/jun/07/00036/|date=28 June 2010}}, ''[[The American Conservative]]''.</ref>
In April 2006, [[Robert Kagan]] wrote in ''The Washington Post'' that [[Russia]] and [[China]] may be the greatest "challenge liberalism faces today": {{blockquote|The main protagonists on the side of autocracy will not be the petty dictatorships of the Middle East theoretically targeted by the Bush doctrine. They will be the two great autocratic powers, China and Russia, which pose an old challenge not envisioned within the new 'war on terror' paradigm. ... Their reactions to the 'color revolutions' in Ukraine, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan were hostile and suspicious, and understandably so. ... Might not the successful liberalization of Ukraine, urged and supported by the Western democracies, be but the prelude to the incorporation of that nation into NATO and the European Union – in short, the expansion of Western liberal hegemony?<ref>"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/28/AR2006042801987.html League of Dictators?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212184513/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/28/AR2006042801987.html |date=12 December 2020 }}". ''[[The Washington Post]]''. 30 April 2006.</ref><ref>"[http://www.ipsnews.net/2006/05/politics-us-hawks-looking-for-new-and-bigger-enemies/ US: Hawks Looking for New and Bigger Enemies?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205093531/http://www.ipsnews.net/2006/05/politics-us-hawks-looking-for-new-and-bigger-enemies/ |date=5 February 2021 }}". [[Inter Press Service|IPS]]. 5 May 2006.</ref>}}
Trying to describe the evolution within the neoconservative school of thought is bedeviled by the fact that a coherent version of Neoconservatism is difficult to distill from the various diverging voices who are nevertheless considered to be neoconservative. On the one hand were individuals such as former Ambassador [[Jeane Kirkpatrick]]
who embodied views that were hawkish yet still fundamentally in line with [[Realpolitik]]. The more institutionalized neoconservatism that exerted influence through think tanks, the media and government officials, rejected Realpolitik and thus the [[Kirkpatrick Doctrine]]. This rejection became an impetus to push for active US support for democratic transitions in various autocratic nations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pee |first1=Robert |last2=Lucas |first2=Scott |title=Reevaluating Democracy Promotion: The Reagan Administration, Allied Authoritarian States, and Regime Change |journal=Journal of Cold War Studies |date=2 September 2022 |volume=24 |issue=3 |doi=10.1162/jcws_a_01090 |s2cid=252014598 |url=https://direct.mit.edu/jcws/article-abstract/24/3/151/112895/Reevaluating-Democracy-PromotionThe-Reagan?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=6 July 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
In the 1990s leading thinkers of this modern strand of the neoconservative school of thought, Robert Kagan and Bill Kristol, published an essay in which they lay out the basic tenets of what they call a Neo-Reaganite foreign policy. In it they reject a "return to normalcy" after the end of the [[Cold War]] and argue that the United States should instead double down on defending and extending the [[Liberal international order|liberal International order]]. They trace the origin of their approach to foreign policy back to the foundation of the United States as a revolutionary, liberal capitalist republic. As opposed to advocates of Realpolitik, they argue that domestic politics and foreign policies are inextricably linked making it natural for any nation to be influenced by ideology, ideals and concepts of morality in their respective international conduct. Hence, this archetypical neoconservative position attempts to overcome the dichotomy of [[pragmatism]] and [[Idealism in international relations|idealism]] emphasizing instead that a values-driven foreign policy is not just consistent with American historical tradition but that it is in the [[enlightened self-interest]] of the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kagan |first1=Robert |last2=Kristol |first2=Bill |title=Toward a Neo-Reaganite Foreign Policy |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=1 July 1996 |volume=75 |issue=July/August 1996 |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1996-07-01/toward-neo-reaganite-foreign-policy |access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref>
=== Views on economics ===
While neoconservatism is concerned primarily with foreign policy, there is also some discussion of internal economic policies. Neoconservatism generally endorses [[free market]]s and [[capitalism]], favoring [[supply-side economics]], but it has several disagreements with [[classical liberalism]] and [[fiscal conservatism]]. Irving Kristol states that neocons are more relaxed about budget deficits and tend to reject the [[Friedrich Hayek|Hayekian]] notion that the growth of government influence on society and public welfare is "[[the road to serfdom]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/003/000tzmlw.asp?page=2 |author=Irving Kristol |title=The Neoconservative Persuasion |publisher=Weekly Standard |date=25 August 2003 |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-date=9 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909225210/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/003/000tzmlw.asp?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Indeed, to safeguard democracy, government intervention and budget deficits may sometimes be necessary, Kristol argues. After the so-called "reconciliation with capitalism", self-identified "neoconservatives" frequently favored a reduced welfare state, but not its elimination.
Neoconservative ideology stresses that while free markets do provide material goods in an efficient way, they lack the moral guidance human beings need to fulfill their needs. They say that morality can be found only in tradition and that markets do pose questions that cannot be solved solely by economics, arguing: "So, as the economy only makes up part of our lives, it must not be allowed to take over and entirely dictate to our society".<ref>Murray, p. 40.</ref> Critics consider neoconservatism a bellicose and "heroic" ideology opposed to "mercantile" and "bourgeois" virtues and therefore "a variant of anti-economic thought".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk/blog/archives/000553.php |publisher=Social Affairs Unit |author=William Coleman |title=Heroes or Heroics? Neoconservatism, Capitalism, and Bourgeois Ethics |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730161848/http://www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk/blog/archives/000553.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Political scientist [[Zeev Sternhell]] states: "Neoconservatism has succeeded in convincing the great majority of Americans that the main questions that concern a society are not economic, and that social questions are really moral questions".<ref>{{cite book | last1=Sternhell | first1=Zeev | last2=Maisel | first2=David | title=The anti-enlightenment tradition |___location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press | date=2010 | isbn=978-0-300-15633-1 | oclc=667065029}} p. 436.</ref>
=== Friction with other conservatives ===
Many conservatives oppose neoconservative policies and have critical views on it. Disputes over the [[non-aggression principle]] in domestic and foreign policy, especially given the [[Preemptive war|doctrine of preemption]], can impede (and facilitate) studies of the impact of [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarian]] precepts on neo-conservatism, but that of course didn't, and still doesn't, stop pundits from publishing appraisals. For example, [[Stefan Halper]] and Jonathan Clarke (a libertarian based at Cato), in their 2004 book on neoconservatism, ''America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order'',<ref name="America Alone">say that neocons "propose an untenable model for our nation's future" (p. 8) and then outline what they think is the inner logic of the movement:{{cite book|last1=Halper|first1=Stefan|last2=Clarke|first2=Johnathan|title=America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|___location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-521-83834-4|url=https://archive.org/details/americaaloneneoc00halp}}</ref> characterized the neoconservatives at that time as uniting around three common themes:{{blockquote|
# A belief deriving from religious conviction that the human condition is defined as a choice between good and evil and that the true measure of political character is to be found in the willingness by the former (themselves) to confront the latter.
# An assertion that the fundamental determinant of the relationship between states rests on military power and the willingness to use it.
# A primary focus on the Middle East and global Islam as the principal theater for American overseas interests.
In putting these themes into practice, neo-conservatives:
# Analyze international issues in [[Dualistic cosmology#Moral dualism|black-and-white, absolute moral]] categories. They are fortified by a conviction that they alone hold the moral high ground and argue that disagreement is tantamount to defeatism.
# Focus on the "unipolar" power of the United States, seeing the use of military force as the first, not the last, option of foreign policy. They repudiate the "lessons of Vietnam", which they interpret as undermining American will toward the use of force, and embrace the "[[lessons of Munich]]", interpreted as establishing the virtues of preemptive military action.
# Disdain conventional diplomatic agencies such as the State Department and conventional country-specific, realist, and pragmatic, analysis (see [[Wikt:shoot first and ask questions later|shoot first and ask questions later]]). They are hostile toward nonmilitary multilateral institutions and instinctively antagonistic toward international treaties and agreements. "Global unilateralism" is their watchword. They are fortified by international criticism, believing that it confirms American virtue.
# Look to the Reagan administration as the [[Political positions of Ronald Reagan|exemplar of all these virtues]] and seek to establish their version of Reagan's legacy as the Republican and national orthodoxy.<ref name="America Alone"/>{{rp|10–11}}}}
Responding to a question about neoconservatives in 2004, [[William F. Buckley Jr.]] said: "I think those I know, which is most of them, are bright, informed and idealistic, but that they simply overrate the reach of U.S. power and influence".<ref name=nytmds>Sanger, Deborah, [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/11/magazine/11QUESTIONS.html?ei=5070&en=a78be4479c624bcf&ex=1204952400 "Questions for William F. Buckley: Conservatively Speaking"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118191236/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/11/magazine/way-we-live-now-7-11-04-questions-for-william-f-buckley-conservatively-speaking.html |date=18 November 2020 }}, interview in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'', 11 July 2004. Retrieved 6 March 2008</ref>
=== Friction with paleoconservatism ===
{{main|Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism}}
Starting during the 1980s, disputes concerning Israel and public policy contributed to a conflict with [[paleoconservatives]]. [[Pat Buchanan]] terms neoconservatism "a [[Globalism|globalist]], [[Interventionism (politics)|interventionist]], [[Free migration|open borders ideology]]".<ref>Tolson 2003.</ref> [[Paul Gottfried]] has written that the neocons' call for "[[permanent revolution]]" exists independently of their beliefs about Israel,<ref name="gottfried48">"[http://archive.lewrockwell.com/gottfried/gottfried48.html Fatuous and Malicious] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224055128/https://www.lewrockwell.com/1970/01/paul-gottfried/fatuous-and-malicious/ |date=24 February 2021 }}" by Paul Gottfried. ''LewRockwell.com'', 28 March 2003.</ref> characterizing the neoconservatives as "ranters out of a Dostoyevskian novel, who are out to practice permanent revolution courtesy of the U.S. government" and questioning how anyone could mistake them for conservatives.<ref name="Goldberg Is Not the Worst">[http://archive.lewrockwell.com/gottfried/gottfried47.html "Goldberg Is Not the Worst"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150210064700/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/gottfried/gottfried47.html |date=10 February 2015 }} by Paul Gottfried. ''LewRockwell.com'', 20 March 2003.</ref> <blockquote>What make neocons most dangerous are not their isolated ghetto hang-ups, like hating Germans and Southern whites and calling everyone and his cousin an anti-Semite, but the leftist revolutionary fury they express.<ref name="Goldberg Is Not the Worst"/></blockquote>He has also argued that domestic equality and the exportability of democracy are points of contention between them.<ref>Paul Gottfried's ''Paleoconservatism'' article in "American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia" (ISI:2006)</ref>
[[Paul Craig Roberts]], United States [[Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy]] during the Reagan administration and associated with paleoconservatism stated in 2003 that "there is nothing conservative about neoconservatives. Neocons hide behind 'conservative' but they are in fact [[Jacobin]]s. Jacobins were the 18th century French revolutionaries whose intention to remake Europe in revolutionary France's image launched the [[Napoleonic Wars]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neo-Jacobins Push For World War IV|url=https://www.lewrockwell.com/2003/09/paul-craig-roberts/neo-jacobins-push-for-world-war-iv/|access-date=9 July 2021|website=LewRockwell|language=en|archive-date=14 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914214809/https://www.lewrockwell.com/2003/09/paul-craig-roberts/neo-jacobins-push-for-world-war-iv/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Trotskyism allegation ====
Critics have argued that since the founders of neo-conservatism included ex-[[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]], Trotskyist traits continue to characterize neo-conservative ideologies and practices.<ref name="FA">{{cite news|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/review-essay/1995-07-01/trotskyism-anachronism-neoconservative-revolution|title=Trotskyism to Anachronism: The Neoconservative Revolution|last=Judis|first=John B.|newspaper=Foreign Affairs|date=August 1995|access-date=22 January 2020|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111070452/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/review-essay/1995-07-01/trotskyism-anachronism-neoconservative-revolution|url-status=live}}</ref> During the Reagan administration, the charge was made that the [[Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration|foreign policy of the Reagan administration]] was being managed by ex-Trotskyists. This claim was cited by {{harvtxt|Lipset|1988|p=34}}, who was a neoconservative and former Trotskyist himself.<ref name="Lip34">"A 1987 article in ''The New Republic'' described these developments as a Trotskyist takeover of the Reagan administration", wrote {{harvtxt|Lipset|1988|p=34}}.</ref> This "Trotskyist" charge was repeated and widened by journalist [[Michael Lind]] during 2003 to assert a takeover of the [[foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration]] by former Trotskyists;<ref>{{cite journal|title=The weird men behind George W. Bush's war |first=Michael |last=Lind |journal=New Statesman |___location=London |date=7 April 2003 |url=http://www.oss.net/dynamaster/file_archive/030408/d431cc57ce9014da63b65ea39c1fd657/8%20Apr%2003%20The%20weird%20men%20behind%20George%20W%20Bush.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131121/http://www.oss.net/dynamaster/file_archive/030408/d431cc57ce9014da63b65ea39c1fd657/8%20Apr%2003%20The%20weird%20men%20behind%20George%20W%20Bush.doc |archive-date=27 September 2011 }}</ref> Lind's "amalgamation of the defense intellectuals with the traditions and theories of 'the largely Jewish-American Trotskyist movement' [in Lind's words]" was criticized during 2003 by University of Michigan professor Alan M. Wald,<ref name="harv27June2003">{{cite journal|date=27 June 2003|title=Are Trotskyites Running the Pentagon?|first=Alan|last=Wald|author-link=Alan M. Wald|journal=History News Network|url=http://hnn.us/articles/1514.html|access-date=27 September 2011|archive-date=18 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818163043/http://hnn.us/articles/1514.html|url-status=live}}</ref> who had discussed Trotskyism <!-- and neoconservatism --> in his history of "[[The New York Intellectuals]]"<!-- annotation by editor of journal, so not OR -->.<ref name="Wald">{{cite book|last=Wald|first=Alan M.|title=The New York intellectuals: The rise and decline of the anti-Stalinist left from the 1930s to the 1980s'|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0-8078-4169-3}}</ref><ref name="tandfonline">{{cite journal|last=King|first=William|title=Neoconservatives and 'Trotskyism'|journal=American Communist History|volume=3|pages=247–66|year=2004|doi=10.1080/1474389042000309817|issn=1474-3892|issue=2|s2cid=162356558}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=King|first=Bill|title=Neoconservatives and Trotskyism|journal=[[Enter Stage Right|Enter Stage Right: Politics, Culture, Economics]]|pages=1–2|url=http://www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/0304/0304neocontrotp1.htm|issn=1488-1756|date=22 March 2004|issue=3|access-date=29 July 2005|archive-date=5 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605072632/http://www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/0304/0304neocontrotp1.htm|url-status=live}} The question of 'Shachtmanism'</ref>
The charge that neoconservativism is related to [[Leninism]] has also been made by [[Francis Fukuyama]]. He argued that both believe in the "existence of a long-term process of social evolution", though neoconservatives seek to establish [[liberal democracy]] instead of [[communism]].<ref name="Fukuyama">Fukuyama, F. (19 February 2006). [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/magazine/neo.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1 After Neoconservatism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101152315/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/magazine/neo.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1 |date=1 November 2012 }}. ''The New York Times Magazine.'' Retrieved 1 December 2008.</ref> He wrote that neoconservatives "believed that history can be pushed along with the right application of power and will. Leninism was a tragedy in its [[Bolshevik]] version, and it has returned as farce when practiced by the United States. Neoconservatism, as both a political symbol and a body of thought, has evolved into something I can no longer support".<ref name="Fukuyama"/> However, these comparisons ignore anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist positions central to Leninism, which run contradictory to core neoconservative beliefs.<ref>"Imperialism", ''The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations'' (1998), by Graham Evans and Jeffrey Newnham. p. 244.</ref>
== Criticism ==
Critics of neoconservatism take issue with neoconservatives' support for interventionistic foreign policy. Critics from the [[Left-wing politics|left]] take issue with what they characterize as [[unilateralism]] and lack of concern with international consensus through organizations such as the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kinsley |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Kinsley |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A57779-2005Apr15.html |title=The Neocons' Unabashed Reversal |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=17 April 2005 |page=B07 |access-date=25 December 2006 |archive-date=3 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003093419/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A57779-2005Apr15.html |url-status=live }} Kinsley quotes [[Rich Lowry]], whom he describes as "a conservative of the non-neo variety", as criticizing the neoconservatives "messianic vision" and "excessive optimism"; Kinsley contrasts the present-day neoconservative foreign policy to earlier neoconservative Jeane Kirkpatrick's "tough-minded pragmatism".</ref><ref>Martin Jacques, "[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,9115,1448960,00.html The neocon revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516034405/http://politics.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,9115,1448960,00.html |date=16 May 2008 }}", ''[[The Guardian]]'', 31 March 2005. Retrieved 25 December 2006. (Cited for "unilateralism".)</ref><ref>Rodrigue Tremblay, "[http://www.mlq.qc.ca/7_pub/cl/tremblay_en.html The Neo-Conservative Agenda: Humanism vs. Imperialism] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103040206/http://www.mlq.qc.ca/7_pub/cl/tremblay_en.html |date=3 January 2007 }}", presented at the Conference at the American Humanist Association annual meeting Las Vegas, 9 May 2004. Retrieved 25 December 2006 on the site of the Mouvement laïque québécois.</ref>
Critics from both the left and right have assailed neoconservatives for the role [[Israel]] plays in their policies on the Middle East.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=79552&page=1&singlePage=true] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926225705/https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=79552&page=1&singlePage=true|date=26 September 2020}} Dual Loyalty?, By Rebecca Phillips, ABC News, 15 March 2003</ref><ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2008/07/joe-klein-on-neoconservatives-and-iran/8614/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123184807/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2008/07/joe-klein-on-neoconservatives-and-iran/8614/|date=23 November 2020}} Joe Klein on Neoconservatives and Iran, Jeffrey Goldberg, The Atlantic, 29 July 2008</ref>
Neoconservatives respond by describing their shared opinion as a [[belief]] that national security is best attained by actively promoting freedom and democracy abroad as in the [[democratic peace theory]] through the endorsement of democracy, foreign aid and in certain cases [[foreign interventionism|military intervention]]. This is different from the traditional conservative tendency to endorse friendly regimes in matters of trade and anti-communism even at the expense of undermining existing democratic systems.
In a column on ''[[The New York Times]]'' named "Years of Shame" commemorating the tenth anniversary of 9/11, [[Paul Krugman]] criticized them for causing a supposedly entirely unrelated war.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krugman |first=Paul |date=12 September 2011 |title=More About the 9/11 Anniversary |url=https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/12/more-about-the-911-anniversary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315214341/https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/12/more-about-the-911-anniversary/ |archive-date=15 March 2021 |website=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sargent |first=Greg |date=12 September 2011 |title=Paul Krugman's allegation of 9/11 shame — is he right? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/post/about-that-paul-krugman-allegation-of-911-shame/2011/03/03/gIQAdwBMNK_blog.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205121442/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/post/about-that-paul-krugman-allegation-of-911-shame/2011/03/03/gIQAdwBMNK_blog.html |archive-date=5 February 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=}}</ref>
=== Adherence to conservatism ===
Former [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Congressman [[Ron Paul]] (now a [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]] politician) has been a longtime critic of neoconservativism as an attack on freedom and the Constitution, including an extensive speech on the House floor addressing neoconservative beginnings and how neoconservatism is neither new nor conservative.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/OSY296oTHyw Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120508160536/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSY296oTHyw&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=OSY296oTHyw|title = Ron Paul - Neo-CONNED!|website = [[YouTube]]| date=20 April 2011 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
=== Imperialism and secrecy ===
{{see also|Criticism of United States foreign policy}}
[[John McGowan (professor)|John McGowan]], professor of humanities at the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|University of North Carolina]], states after an extensive review of neoconservative literature and theory that neoconservatives are attempting to build an [[American imperialism|American Empire]], seen as successor to the [[British Empire]], its goal being to perpetuate a "[[Pax Americana]]". As imperialism is largely considered unacceptable by the American media, neoconservatives do not articulate their ideas and goals in a frank manner in public discourse. McGowan states:<ref name="McGowan">{{Cite book |last=McGowan |first=J. |year=2007 |chapter=Neoconservatism |pages=[https://archive.org/details/americanliberali00mcgo_0/page/124 124–33] |title=American Liberalism: An Interpretation for Our Time |___location=Chapel Hill |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-3171-7 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/americanliberali00mcgo_0/page/124 }}</ref> {{blockquote|Frank neoconservatives like Robert Kaplan and Niall Ferguson recognize that they are proposing imperialism as the alternative to liberal internationalism. Yet both Kaplan and Ferguson also understand that imperialism runs so counter to American's liberal tradition that it must ... remain a foreign policy that dare not speak its name ... While Ferguson, the Brit, laments that Americans cannot just openly shoulder the white man's burden, Kaplan the American, tells us that "only through stealth and anxious foresight" can the United States continue to pursue the "imperial reality [that] already dominates our foreign policy", but must be disavowed in light of "our anti-imperial traditions, and ... the fact that imperialism is delegitimized in public discourse"... The Bush administration, justifying all of its actions by an appeal to "national security", has kept as many of those actions as it can secret and has scorned all limitations to executive power by other branches of government or international law.}}
== Notable people associated with neoconservatism ==
The list includes public people identified as personally neoconservative at an important time or a high official with numerous neoconservative advisers, such as George W. Bush and Dick Cheney.
[[Marco Rubio]] – [[List of secretaries of state of the United States|current]] [[United States Secretary of State|United States secretary of state]], former U.S. Senator from Florida, and 2016 Republican presidential candidate, he had been described as neoconservative during his 2016 campaign,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Preble |first=Christopher A. |date=2016-03-08 |title=Marco Rubio: The Neocons' Last Stand? |url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/marco-rubio-neocons-last-stand |access-date=2024-09-16 |publisher=[[Cato Institute]]}}</ref> but then shifted to a more “America First” foreign policy and became the 72nd United States secretary of state in Trump's second term.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marco Rubio, set to be Trump's top diplomat, vows 'America First' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/15/rubio-pro-israel-hawk-set-to-be-trumps-top-diplomat-vows-america-first |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> He was promoted for faithfully implementing Trump's MAGA agenda and also served as [[National Security Advisor (United States)|national security adviser]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Axelrod |first=Tal |date=2025-06-12 |title=The MAGA assimilation test: Why Rubio passed and Graham failed |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/06/12/marco-rubio-lindsey-graham-maga |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Crowley |first=Michael |last2=Barnes |first2=Julian E. |date=2025-07-18 |title=Rubio Restricts U.S. Criticism of Tainted Foreign Elections |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/18/us/politics/rubio-foreign-elections-cable.html |access-date=2025-07-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
=== Politicians ===
[[File:Bush War Budget 2003-crop.jpg|thumb|[[George W. Bush]] announces his $74.7 billion wartime supplemental budget request as [[Donald Rumsfeld]] and [[Paul Wolfowitz]] look on.]]
* [[George W. Bush]] – 43rd [[President of the United States|U.S. President]], 46th U.S. [[Governor of Texas]]<ref name="Neoconservativeconvergence">{{cite news|url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/charles-krauthammer/the-neoconservative-convergence/|title=The Neoconservative Convergence|last=Krauthammer|first=Charles|date=1 July 2005|work=Commentary Magazine|access-date=6 April 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109021819/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/charles-krauthammer/the-neoconservative-convergence/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Jeb Bush]] – 43rd U.S. [[Governor of Florida]], 2016 Republican presidential candidate<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/jeb-bush-neoconservative |title=Jeb Bush, neoconservative |publisher=Fox News |date=18 February 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142127/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/02/18/jeb-bush-neoconservative.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Dick Cheney]] – 46th [[Vice President of the United States|U.S. Vice President]]<ref name="Neoconservativeconvergence"/>
* [[Donald Rumsfeld]] – former [[United States Secretary of Defense|U.S. Secretary of Defense]]<ref name="Neoconservativeconvergence"/>
* [[Henry M. Jackson|Henry "Scoop" Jackson]] – former U.S. Senator from Washington<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kirsch |first1=Adam |title=Muscular Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/muscular-movement |access-date=17 July 2023 |publisher=Tablet |date=1 June 2010}}</ref>
* [[Joe Lieberman]] – former U.S. Senator from Connecticut, 2000 Democratic vice-presidential nominee<ref>{{cite news |last1=Byron |first1=Tau |title=Lieberman to join conservative group |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/03/joe-lieberman-to-join-conservative-think-tank-088697 |access-date=12 July 2023 |publisher=Politico |date=3 November 2013}}</ref>
* [[John McCain]] – former U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from Arizona, 2000 Republican presidential candidate, 2008 Republican presidential nominee<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/john-mccain-neocon_b_82530|title=John McCain, Neocon|date=21 January 2008|work=HuffPost|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123172906/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/john-mccain-neocon_b_82530|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/jacob-heilbrunn/john-mccains-neocon-manifesto-7404|title=John McCain's Neocon Manifesto|publisher=National Interest|date=29 August 2012|access-date=12 June 2016|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224235031/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/jacob-heilbrunn/john-mccains-neocon-manifesto-7404|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2008/05/when-it-comes-to-foreign-policy-john-mccain-is-more-of-a-neocon-than-president-bush.html|title=Worse Than Bush|date=28 May 2008|work=Slate|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207054044/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2008/05/when-it-comes-to-foreign-policy-john-mccain-is-more-of-a-neocon-than-president-bush.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Lindsey Graham]] – U.S. Senator from South Carolina, 2016 Republican presidential candidate<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jack |first1=Hunter |title=Neocon Lindsey Graham |url=https://charlestoncitypaper.com/2009/05/29/neocon-lindsey-graham/ |website=Charleston City Paper |date=29 May 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rand Paul digs at 'neocon' foreign policy of fellow GOP Sen. Lindsey Graham |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/2095314/rand-paul-digs-at-neocon-foreign-policy-of-fellow-gop-sen-lindsey-graham/ |website=The Washington Examiner |date=31 March 2022 |access-date=March 31, 2022}}</ref>
* [[Mitch McConnell]] – U.S. Senator from Kentucky and Chair of the Senate Rules Committee<ref>{{cite web |last1=W. James Antle |first1=III |title=Mitch McConnell's Fight Against Phantom Isolationists |date=3 April 2024 |url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/mcconnells-fight-against-phantom-isolationists/ |publisher=The American Conservative |access-date=2024-04-03}}</ref>
* [[Michael McCaul]] – U.S. Representative from Texas<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mike |first1=Johnson |title=House Republican Floats Bill to Authorize US Military Action in Iran as Fears of Broader War Grow |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/republican-military-action-iran |publisher=Common Dreams |access-date=2023-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NeoCon Deep State Congressman Michael McCaul Must Be Defeated |date=31 January 2024 |url=https://publiusnationalpost.substack.com/p/neocon-deep-state-congressman-michael |publisher=Substack |access-date=2024-01-31}}</ref>
* [[Mike Gallagher (American politician)|Mike Gallagher]] – former U.S. Representative from Wisconsin and Chair of the House Committee on the Chinese Communist Party<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/10/top-house-china-hawk-to-retire-opening-seat-in-battleground-wisconsin.html | title=Top House China hawk to retire, opening seat in battleground Wisconsin | website=[[CNBC]] | date=10 February 2024 }}</ref>
* [[Mike Pompeo]] – former Director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) and [[List of secretaries of state of the United States|70th]] [[United States Secretary of State|United States secretary of state]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/pompeo-goes-full-neocon-97432|title=Pompeo Goes Full Neocon|first=Matthew|last=Petti|date=18 November 2019|website=The National Interest}}</ref>
* [[Asa Hutchinson]] – 46th U.S. [[Governor of Arkansas]], 2024 Republican presidential candidate<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/410517/who-is-republican-2024-candidate-asa-hutchinson/|title=Who is Republican 2024 candidate Asa Hutchinson?|first=Brady|last=Knox|date=2 April 2023|website=Washington Examiner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/12/us/politics/asa-hutchinson-iowa.html|title=Asa Hutchinson Is Selling Bush-Era Republicanism. Buyers Are Scarce.|first1=Jonathan|last1=Weisman|first2=Ann Hinga|last2=Klein|date=12 July 2023|website=The New York Times}}</ref>
* [[Nikki Haley]] – 29th [[List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations|U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations]], 116th U.S. [[Governor of South Carolina]], 2024 Republican presidential candidate<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devlin |first1=Bradley |title=Tuberville: Nikki Haley is a 'Neocon' |url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/tuberville-nikki-haley-is-a-neocon/ |access-date=14 January 2024 |publisher=The American Conservative |date=5 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ecarma |first1=Caleb |title=Nikki Haley's Long Shot Bid Might Be the GOP's Best Shot at Dumping Trump |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/10/nikki-haley-long-shot-bid-gop-dumping-trump |access-date=14 January 2024 |publisher=Vanity Fair |date=13 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/11/09/opinion/republican-debate-winners-losers.html|title='She Certainly Beat All the Boys': Winners and Losers of the Third G.O.P. Debate|date=9 November 2023|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115020202/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/11/09/opinion/republican-debate-winners-losers.html}}</ref>
* [[Mike Turner]] – U.S. Representative from Ohio<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/07/house-intel-mike-turner-trump-526697|title=House Intel's next top Republican prepares a sharp turn from the Trump years|date=7 January 2022|website=POLITICO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://turner.house.gov/war-in-ukraine|title=War in Ukraine|website=Congressman Michael Turner}}</ref>
* [[Tom Cotton]] – U.S. Senator and former Representative from Arkansas<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vox.com/2014/11/5/7154855/tom-cotton-rand-paul | title=Meet Tom Cotton: Arkansas's next Senator and Rand Paul's worst nightmare | date=5 November 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Don Bacon]] – U.S. Representative from Nebraska and former U.S. Air Force General<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/2025/03/31/trump-putin-russia-ukraine-war-don-bacon|title=House Republican scolds Trump's "velvet gloves" approach with Putin|first=Avery|last=Lotz|date=31 March 2025|website=Axios}}</ref>
=== Government officials ===
[[File:William Kristol (33193185016).jpg|thumb|[[Bill Kristol]] orating at [[Arizona State University]] in March 2017]]
* [[John P. Walters]] – former U.S. government official, current President and Chief Executive Officer of [[Hudson Institute]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Walters|url=https://militarist-monitor.org/profile/john-walters/|website=Militarist Monitor}}</ref>
* [[Nadia Schadlow]] – academic and defense-related government officer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://responsiblestatecraft.org/2022/11/11/the-battle-for-who-owns-conservative-statecraft/|title=The battle for who owns 'conservative statecraft'|last1=Larison|first1=Daniel|date=11 November 2022|website=Responsible Statecraft}}</ref>
* [[Elliot Abrams]] – foreign policy advisor<ref name="Bernstein">{{cite web|author=Adam Bernstein|title=Irving Kristol dies at 89; godfather of neoconservatism|date=18 September 2009|quote=many neoconservatives, such as Paul Wolfowitz, William Bennett, Richard Perle and Elliott Abrams|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/la-me-irving-kristol19-2009sep19-story.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225044837/https://www.latimes.com/news/la-me-irving-kristol19-2009sep19-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/02/trumps-neocon-elliott-abrams/515784/|title=Elliott Abrams: Trump's Neocon?|date=6 February 2017|work=The Atlantic|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217120312/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/02/trumps-neocon-elliott-abrams/515784/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/25/elliott-abrams-envoy-venezuela-1128562|title=Elliott Abrams, prominent D.C. neocon, named special envoy for Venezuela|date=25 January 2019|work=Politico|access-date=14 April 2019|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204115156/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/25/elliott-abrams-envoy-venezuela-1128562|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="How Neoconservatives Conquered Washington – and Launched a War">{{cite web|url=http://www.antiwar.com/orig/lind1.html|title=How Neoconservatives Conquered Washington – and Launched a War|date=10 April 2003|work=Antiwar.com|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126094224/http://www.antiwar.com/orig/lind1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Chechen Terrorists and the Neocons">{{cite web|url=https://consortiumnews.com/2013/04/19/chechen-terrorists-and-the-neocons/|title=Chechen Terrorists and the Neocons|date=19 April 2013|work=Consortium News|access-date=16 June 2019|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207000130/https://consortiumnews.com/2013/04/19/chechen-terrorists-and-the-neocons/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Richard Perle]] – former Assistant Secretary of Defense and lobbyist<ref name="Bernstein"/><ref name="Chechen Terrorists and the Neocons"/>
* [[John R. Bolton]] – former [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] and 25th U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Jentleson|first1=Bruce W.|last2=Whytock|first2=Christopher A.|s2cid=57572461|date=March 30, 2006|title=Who 'Won' Libya? The Force-Diplomacy Debate and Its Implications for Theory and Policy|journal=International Security|volume=30|issue=3|pages=47–86|doi=10.1162/isec.2005.30.3.47|url=https://scholarship.law.uci.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1752&context=faculty_scholarship|access-date=10 July 2024|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426205246/https://scholarship.law.uci.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1752&context=faculty_scholarship|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* [[Kenneth Adelman]] – former Director of Arms Control and Disarmament Agency<ref name="Chechen Terrorists and the Neocons"/>
* [[William Bennett]] – former chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, former Director of the National Drug Control Policy and former U.S. Secretary of Education<ref name="Bernstein"/><ref>Edward B. Fiske, [https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/22/magazine/reagan-s-man-for-education.html?pagewanted=all Reagan's Man for Education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117041217/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/22/magazine/reagan-s-man-for-education.html?pagewanted=all |date=17 November 2020 }}, ''The New York Times'' (22 December 1985): "Bennett's scholarly production has consisted primarily of articles in neo-conservative journals like Commentary, Policy Review and The Public Interest."</ref>
* [[Eliot A. Cohen]] – former State Department Counselor, now Robert E. Osgood Professor of Strategic Studies at the [[Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies]] at the Johns Hopkins University<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/Cohen_Eliot/|title=Cohen, Eliot|work=Right Web|publisher=Institute for Policy Studies|date=30 January 2017|quote=Eliot Cohen, a professor of strategic studies at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), has been an important supporter of neoconservative-led foreign policy campaigns. Sometimes touted as 'the most influential neocon in academe,' Cohen had multiple roles in the George W. Bush administration ...|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-date=19 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019190817/https://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/cohen_eliot/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Return of the Neocons: Trump's Surprising Cabinet Candidates">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/2016/11/17/Return-Neocons-Trump-s-Surprising-Cabinet-Candidates|title=Return of the Neocons: Trump's Surprising Cabinet Candidates|date=17 November 2016|work=The Fiscal Times|access-date=16 June 2019|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810195109/http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/2016/11/17/Return-Neocons-Trump-s-Surprising-Cabinet-Candidates|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Eric S. Edelman]] – former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edelman |first1=Eric |title=Eric Edelman Oral History |url=https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-oral-histories/eric-edelman-oral-history |website=Miller Center |access-date=6 July 2023 |date=2 June 2017}}</ref>
* [[Evelyn Farkas]] – Executive Director of the McCain Institute, former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Russia, Ukraine and Eurasia<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farkas |first1=Evelyn |title=The US Must Prepare for War Against Russia Over Ukraine |url=https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2022/01/us-must-prepare-war-against-russia-over-ukraine/360639/ |access-date=7 July 2023 |publisher=Defense One |date=11 January 2022}}</ref>
* [[Douglas J. Feith]] – former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy<ref name="How Neoconservatives Conquered Washington – and Launched a War"/>
* [[Jeane Kirkpatrick]] – former Ambassador to the United Nations under Ronald Reagan, influenced by traditional realist thinking<ref>{{cite web|author=Joe Holley|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/09/AR2007020901129.html|title=Jeane J. Kirkpatrick; U.N. Ambassador Upheld Reagan Doctrine|newspaper=Washington Post|date=9 December 2006|quote=Kirkpatrick became a neoconservative in the 1970s and then a Republican Party stalwart.|access-date=6 September 2017|archive-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119014244/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/09/AR2007020901129.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[David J. Kramer]] – Executive Director of the George W. Bush Institute, former Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor<ref>{{cite web |title=David Kramer |url=http://www.allgov.com/officials/kramer-david?officialid=28464 |website=AllGov |access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[Bill Kristol]] – former [[Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States]], co-founder and former editor of ''[[The Weekly Standard]]'', professor of political philosophy and American politics and political adviser<ref>{{cite web|url=https://townhall.com/columnists/jackkerwick/2016/05/26/bill-kristol-a-neoconservative-not-a-conservative-n2168923|title=Bill Kristol: A Neoconservative, Not a Conservative|date=26 May 2016|work=Townhall|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117053812/https://townhall.com/columnists/jackkerwick/2016/05/26/bill-kristol-a-neoconservative-not-a-conservative-n2168923|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Drezner">Daniel W. Drezner, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/12/12/who-belongs-in-the-anti-trump-coalition/ Who belongs in the anti-Trump coalition?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328204846/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/12/12/who-belongs-in-the-anti-trump-coalition/ |date=28 March 2019 }}, ''Washington Post'' (12 December 2017): "[Kristol] is hardly the only neoconservative to fall into this category; see, for example, Peter Wehner or Jennifer Rubin."</ref>
* [[Scooter Libby]] – former Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States<ref>{{cite web|last=Dickerson|first=John|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2005/10/who_is_scooter_libby.html|title=Who is Scooter Libby?|work=Slate|date=21 October 2005|quote=Libby is a neocon's neocon. He studied political science at Yale under former Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz and began working with his former teacher under Cheney at the Defense Department during the George H.W. Bush administration ...|access-date=22 March 2016|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211003935/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2005/10/who-is-scooter-libby.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="How Neoconservatives Conquered Washington – and Launched a War"/>
* [[Victoria Nuland]] – former [[Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Samuel Moyn|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/world/war-ukraine-russia-putin-military|title=The War Party Is Back|magazine=The Nation|date=7 September 2023|access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref>
* [[Condoleezza Rice]] – former [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] and 66th [[United States Secretary of State]]<ref name="Neoconservativeconvergence" />
* [[Randy Scheunemann]] – foreign policy advisor and lobbyist<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Ben |title=Scheunemann advising Palin for 'wide-ranging' Hong Kong talk |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/ben-smith/2009/09/scheunemann-advising-palin-for-wide-ranging-hong-kong-talk-021611 |access-date=17 April 2022 |website=POLITICO |date=22 September 2009 |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313000316/https://www.politico.com/blogs/ben-smith/2009/09/scheunemann-advising-palin-for-wide-ranging-hong-kong-talk-021611 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Kurt Volker]] – former U.S. Permanent Representative to NATO<ref>{{cite web |last1=Volker |first1=Kurt |title=Grey Zones are Green Lights – Bring Ukraine Into NATO |url=https://cepa.org/article/grey-zones-are-green-lights-bring-ukraine-into-nato/ |website=CEPA |access-date=7 July 2023 |date=20 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[Paul Wolfowitz]] – former State and Defense Department official<ref name="Bernstein"/><ref>{{cite web |author=David Corn |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/05/jeb-bush-adviser-paul-wolfowitz |title=The Jeb Bush Adviser Who Should Scare You |publisher=Mother Jones |date=13 May 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125213232/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/05/jeb-bush-adviser-paul-wolfowitz/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/paul-wolfowitz-neocon-blueprint-us-strategic-action/|title=Paul Wolfowitz's Neocon Blueprint for US Strategic Action|date=21 May 2019|work=Asia Sentinel|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803232245/https://www.asiasentinel.com/p/paul-wolfowitz-neocon-blueprint-us-strategic-action|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="How Neoconservatives Conquered Washington – and Launched a War"/>
* [[R. James Woolsey Jr.]] – former Undersecretary of the Navy, former Director of Central Intelligence, green energy lobbyist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/woolsey_james/|title=Woolsey, James|publisher=Institute for Policy Studies|work=Right Web|date=5 January 2017|quote=Woolsey blends Democratic Party domestic politics with advocacy for neoconservative foreign policy causes ... Like other neoconservatives, Woolsey is a staunch backer of Middle East policies similar to those of Israel's right-wing Likud Party|access-date=4 April 2016|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224195956/https://militarist-monitor.org/profile/james-woolsey|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="How Neoconservatives Conquered Washington – and Launched a War"/><ref name="Return of the Neocons: Trump's Surprising Cabinet Candidates"/><ref name="Chechen Terrorists and the Neocons"/><ref name="As Green as a Neocon">{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2005/01/neocons-who-drive-priuses.html|title=As Green as a Neocon|date=25 January 2005|work=Slate|access-date=16 June 2019|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207104801/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2005/01/neocons-who-drive-priuses.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Public figures ===
[[File:Robert Kagan Fot Mariusz Kubik 02.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Kagan]]]]
[[File:David Frum, Senior Editor, The Atlantic, and author, Why Romney Lost speaking at Policy Exchange (14174385791).jpg|thumb|[[David Frum]] speaking to Policy Exchange in 2013]]
* [[Fred Barnes (journalist)|Fred Barnes]] – co-founder and former executive editor of ''[[The Weekly Standard]]''<ref>[[Paul Starr]], [https://prospect.org/article/%E2%80%98weekly-standard%E2%80%99-and-eclipse-center-right The 'Weekly Standard' and the Eclipse of the Center-Right] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328214905/https://prospect.org/article/%E2%80%98weekly-standard%E2%80%99-and-eclipse-center-right |date=28 March 2019 }}, ''The American Prospect'' (5 December 2018): "Founded in 1995 by the neoconservatives Bill Kristol and Fred Barnes..."</ref>
* [[Max Boot]] – author, consultant, editorialist, lecturer, and military historian;<ref name="nyt"/> formerly, publicly distanced himself and renounced Neoconservatism <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boot |first1=Max |title=What the Neocons Got Wrong |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=10 March 2023 |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/iraq/what-neocons-got-wrong |access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[David Brooks (commentator)|David Brooks]] – columnist <ref>{{cite news|work=Lobelog|title=Yes, Virginia, David Brooks is a Neo-Con|url=https://lobelog.com/yes-virginia-david-brooks-is-a-neo-con/|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805051726/https://lobelog.com/yes-virginia-david-brooks-is-a-neo-con/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Center for American Progress|title=Neoconservatism on the Decline|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/general/news/2013/08/15/72338/neoconservatism-on-the-decline/|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111212548/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/general/news/2013/08/15/72338/neoconservatism-on-the-decline/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Foreign Policy|title=When Zombie Neoconservatives Attack|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/06/17/when-zombie-neoconservatives-attack/|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126051631/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/06/17/when-zombie-neoconservatives-attack/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Midge Decter]] – journalist, author † <ref name="Chechen Terrorists and the Neocons"/>
[[File:Stephen Suleyman Schwartz, San Francisco, 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Lulu Schwartz]]]]
* [[Lulu Schwartz]] - American journalist, author and columnist who held a senior policy analyst role at [[Foundation for Defense of Democracies]] (FDD), a neo-conservative think tank based in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Janiskee |editor-first1=Brian P. |editor-last2=Masugi |editor-first2=Ken |title=The California Republic: Institutions, Statesmanship, and Policies |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=0-7425-3250-X |___location=Lanham, Maryland |page=368}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Abrams |first=Nathan |title=Norman Podhoretz and Commentary Magazine: The Rise and Fall of the Neocons |publisher=The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4411-0968-2 |___location=New York, NY |page=1 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref>
* [[Niall Ferguson]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/feb/20/niall-ferguson-interview-civilization | title=Niall Ferguson: 'Westerners don't understand how vulnerable freedom is' | newspaper=The Observer | date=20 February 2011 | last1=Skidelsky | first1=William }}</ref>
* [[Steve Forbes]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2016/08/neocons-outcast-trump.html | title=The Neocons Have Gone from GOP Thought-Leaders to Outcasts | date=21 August 2016 }}</ref>
* [[David Frum]] – journalist, Republican speechwriter and columnist<ref>{{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |author-link=James Mann (writer) |title=Rise of the Vulcans |publisher=Penguin Books |edition=1st paperback |date=September 2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/riseofvulcanshis00mann/page/318 318] |isbn=978-0-14-303489-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/riseofvulcanshis00mann/page/318 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://original.antiwar.com/justin/2012/08/16/the-reinvention-of-david-frum/|title=The Reinvention of David Frum|date=17 August 2012|work=Antiwar.com|access-date=16 June 2019|archive-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217152205/https://original.antiwar.com/justin/2012/08/16/the-reinvention-of-david-frum/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lewrockwell.com/2018/01/no_author/neocon-war-criminal-tells-cnn-viewers-to-trust-media-because-it-lies/|title=Neocon War Criminal Tells CNN Viewers to Trust Media Because It Lies|date=2 January 2018|work=LewRockwell.com|access-date=16 June 2019|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202211310/https://www.lewrockwell.com/2018/01/no_author/neocon-war-criminal-tells-cnn-viewers-to-trust-media-because-it-lies/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Reuel Marc Gerecht]] – writer, political analyst and senior fellow at the [[Foundation for Defense of Democracies]]<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Politico]]|title=GOP foreign policy elites flock to Clinton|date=6 July 2016|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/07/national-security-clinton-trump-225137|access-date=18 June 2019|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107062002/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/07/national-security-clinton-trump-225137|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Jonah Goldberg]] – founding editor of ''[[The Dispatch]]''
* [[David Horowitz]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/may/30/socialsciences.highereducation|title=Interview: neo-conservative, David Horowitz|last=Campbell|first=Duncan|date=2001-05-30|work=The Guardian|access-date=2018-12-07|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* [[Bruce P. Jackson]] – activist, former U.S. military intelligence officer<ref name="Chechen Terrorists and the Neocons"/>
* [[Donald Kagan]] – Sterling Professor of Classics and History at Yale University †.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2019|title=Up from Brownsville: A Podcast with Donald Kagan|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/brownsville-and-beyond/|access-date=23 September 2021|website=National Review|language=en-US|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107234755/https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/brownsville-and-beyond/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Italie|first=Hillel|title=Donald Kagan, leading neo-conservative historian, dead at 89|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/donald-kagan-leading-neo-conservative-historian-dead-at-89/|access-date=23 September 2021|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817213255/https://www.timesofisrael.com/donald-kagan-leading-neo-conservative-historian-dead-at-89/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Frederick Kagan]] – historian, resident scholar at the [[American Enterprise Institute]]<ref>Jeanne Morefield, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QdDQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73 Empires Without Imperialism: Anglo-American Decline and the Politics of Deflection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161642/https://books.google.com/books?id=QdDQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73&hl=en |date=23 January 2023 }}'', Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 73</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WCtpaW6UaGEC&pg=PT41|title=The Culture of Immodesty in American Life and Politics: The Modest Republic|editor=Michael P. Federici|editor2=Mark T. Mitchell|editor3=Richard M. Gamble|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|date=2013|isbn=978-1-137-09341-7|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161649/https://books.google.com/books?id=WCtpaW6UaGEC&pg=PT41|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSy1COVFdakC&pg=PA154 |title=The Strange Death of Republican America: Chronicles of a Collapsing Party, Sydney Blumenthal, Union Square Press, 2008 |access-date=12 June 2016 |isbn=978-1-4027-5789-1 |last1=Blumenthal |first1=Sidney |year=2008 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161643/https://books.google.com/books?id=OSy1COVFdakC&pg=PA154 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Robert Kagan]] – senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, scholar of U.S. foreign policy, founder of the ''[[The Politic|Yale Political Monthly]]'', adviser to Republican political campaigns and one of 25 members of an advisory board to [[Hillary Clinton]] at the State Department (Kagan calls himself a "liberal interventionist" rather than "neoconservative")<ref name=nytimes-kagan>{{citation |title=Events in Iraq Open Door for Interventionist Revival, Historian Says |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 June 2014 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/16/us/politics/historians-critique-of-obama-foreign-policy-is-brought-alive-by-events-in-iraq.html |access-date=7 February 2017 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204055432/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/16/us/politics/historians-critique-of-obama-foreign-policy-is-brought-alive-by-events-in-iraq.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/27/usa |title=A neocon by any other name |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |date=26 April 2008 |work=The Guardian |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213124735/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/27/usa |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Charles Krauthammer]] – Pulitzer Prize winner, columnist and psychiatrist † <ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/charles-krauthammer-pulitzer-prize-winning-columnist-and-intellectual-provocateur-dies-at-68/2018/06/21/b71ee41a-759e-11e8-b4b7-308400242c2e_story.html Charles Krauthammer, Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist and intellectual provocateur, dies at 68] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622063517/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/charles-krauthammer-pulitzer-prize-winning-columnist-and-intellectual-provocateur-dies-at-68/2018/06/21/b71ee41a-759e-11e8-b4b7-308400242c2e_story.html |date=22 June 2018 }}, ''Washington Post'' (21 June 2018): "championed the muscular foreign policy of neoconservatism..."</ref>
* [[Irving Kristol]] – publisher, journalist and columnist † <ref>{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/09/23/was-irving-kristol-a-neoconservative/ |title=Was Irving Kristol a Neoconservative? |publisher=Foreign Policy |date=23 September 2009 |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031334/https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/09/23/was-irving-kristol-a-neoconservative/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Eli Lake]] – journalist and columnist<ref name="ntrump">{{cite news|work=[[The National Interest]]|title=Are the Neocons Finally with Trump?|date=17 October 2017|url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/after-the-neocons-finally-trump-22767|access-date=14 April 2019|archive-date=23 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223083858/https://nationalinterest.org/feature/after-the-neocons-finally-trump-22767|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Michael Ledeen]] – historian, foreign policy analyst, scholar at the [[American Enterprise Institute]]<ref name="Chechen Terrorists and the Neocons"/>
* [[Clifford May]] – founder and president of the [[Foundation for Defense of Democracies]]<ref>{{cite news|title=The most influential US conservatives: 81–100|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1435460/The-most-influential-US-conservatives-81-100.html|date=29 October 2007|access-date=21 July 2009|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128095311/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1435460/The-most-influential-US-conservatives-81-100.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Joshua Muravchik]] - political scholar<ref>{{cite news |last1=Muravchik |first1=Joshua |title=The Future is Neocon |url=https://nationalinterest.org/greatdebate/neocons-realists/future-neocon-3803?nopaging=1 |access-date=17 July 2023 |date=1 September 2008}}</ref>
* [[Douglas Murray (author)|Douglas Murray]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Taheri |first1=Amir|author-link=Amir Taheri|title=Neoconservatism: Why We Need It |date=20 January 2006 |url=https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/amir-taheri/interviews/neoconservatism-why-we-need-it|newspaper=[[Asharq Al-Awsat]]|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref>
* [[Michael Pillsbury]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/11/30/trump-china-xi-jinping-g20-michael-pillsbury-1034610 | title=The China hawk who captured Trump's 'very, very large brain' | website=[[Politico]] | date=30 November 2018 }}</ref>
* [[Daniel Pipes]]<ref>{{cite news |url =http://www.abc.net.au/cgi-bin/common/printfriendly.pl?/pm/content/2006/s1603043.htm |title =US led coalition no longer responsible for Iraq: Daniel Pipes |publisher =[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |last =Colvin |first =Mark |date =March 28, 2006 |access-date =2018-12-03 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025700/http://www.abc.net.au/cgi-bin/common/printfriendly.pl?%2Fpm%2Fcontent%2F2006%2Fs1603043.htm |archive-date =2016-03-04 |url-status =dead }}</ref>
* [[Richard Pipes]]<ref>{{cite magazine|first = Eyal|last = Press|title = Neocon man: Daniel Pipes has made his name inveighing against an academy overrun by political extremists but he is nothing if not extreme in his own views.|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb1367/is_200405/ai_n6382769|magazine = The Nation|date = May 2004|access-date =August 17, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071113071644/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb1367/is_200405/ai_n6382769 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = November 13, 2007}}</ref>
* [[Danielle Pletka]] – American Enterprise Institute vice president<ref>Jacob Heilbrunn, ''They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons'' (Anchor Books, 2009), pp. 224-25: "Danielle Pletka ... a leading neocon"</ref>
* [[John Podhoretz]] – editor of ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Podhoretz – Commentary Magazine |url=https://www.commentary.org/author/john-podhoretz/ |access-date=2024-03-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Norman Podhoretz]] – editor-in-chief of ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]''<ref>Nathan Abrams, ''Norman Podhoretz and Commentary Magazine: The Rise and Fall of the Neocons'' (Bloomsbury, 2011).</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/nyregion/norman-podhoretz-still-picks-fights-and-drops-names.html Norman Podhoretz Still Picks Fights and Drops Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205213846/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/nyregion/norman-podhoretz-still-picks-fights-and-drops-names.html |date=5 December 2020 }}, ''New York Times'' (17 March 2017): "became a shaper of the neoconservative movement".</ref>
*[[Yuval Levin]] – founding editor of ''[[National Affairs]]'' (2009–present) and director of Social, Cultural, and Constitutional Studies at the [[American Enterprise Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yuval Levin|url=https://www.aei.org/profile/yuval-levin/|access-date=23 September 2021|website=American Enterprise Institute - AEI|language=en-US|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111064354/https://www.aei.org/profile/yuval-levin/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Michael Rubin (historian)|Michael Rubin]] – resident scholar at the [[American Enterprise Institute]]<ref>Michael Rubin, [http://www.aei.org/publication/why-neoconservatism-was-and-is-right/ Why Neoconservatism Was and Is Right] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208071407/https://www.aei.org/publication/why-neoconservatism-was-and-is-right/ |date=8 February 2022 }} (Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 2010).</ref>
* [[Gary Schmitt]] – resident scholar at the [[American Enterprise Institute]]<ref>John Davis, ''Presidential Policies and the Road to the Second Iraq War: From Forty One to Forty Three'' (Ashgate, 2006), p. 1: "neoconservative Gary Schmitt"</ref><ref>[https://www.economist.com/united-states/2007/04/19/sidelined-by-reality Sidelined by reality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218170709/https://www.economist.com/united-states/2007/04/19/sidelined-by-reality |date=18 December 2020 }}, ''The Economist'' (19 April 2007): " Gary Schmitt, a fellow neocon, complained of Mr Feith..."</ref>
[[File:Ben Shapiro (27944654676).jpg|thumb|[[Ben Shapiro]] speaking at the 2016 [[Politicon]] at the [[Pasadena Convention Center]] in [[Pasadena]], [[California]]]]
* [[Ben Shapiro]] – political commentator, public speaker, author, lawyer, founder and editor emeritus of [[The Daily Wire]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Aaron|last1=Hyzen|first2=Hilde Van den|last2=Bulck|title=Conspiracies, Ideological Entrepreneurs, and Digital Popular Culture|url=https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/4092|journal=Media and Communication|date=13 September 2021|issn=2183-2439|pages=179–188|volume=9|issue=3|doi=10.17645/mac.v9i3.4092 |doi-access=free |hdl=10067/1809590151162165141|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Boyd D.|last1=Cathey|title=The Vanishing Tradition |chapter=9. The Unwanted Southern Conservatives|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781501749872-011/html|publisher=Cornell University Press|date=7 September 2020|pages=122–133 |isbn=978-1-5017-4987-2|via=www.degruyter.com|doi=10.1515/9781501749872-011|s2cid=242919831 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Paul|last1=Gottfried|title=Revisions and Dissents |chapter=9. The European Union Elections, 2014|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781501757495-011/html|publisher=Cornell University Press|date=11 February 2021|pages=95–100 |isbn=978-1-5017-5749-5|via=www.degruyter.com|doi=10.1515/9781501757495-011}}</ref>
* [[Bret Stephens]] – journalist and columnist for ''[[The New York Times]]''<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Politico]]|date=30 April 2017|title=Who's Afraid of Bret Stephens?|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/04/30/whos-afraid-of-bret-stephens-215085/|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-date=12 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212091245/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/04/30/whos-afraid-of-bret-stephens-215085|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Irwin Stelzer]] – economist and writer<ref>C. Bradley Thompson with Yaron Brook, ''Neoconservatism, An Obituary for an Idea'' (Taylor & Francis, 2010: Routledge 2016 ed.): "neoconservative economist Irwin Stelzer"</ref>
* [[Ruth Wisse]]<ref>{{cite news|first1=Michael|last1=Lerner|accessdate=2019-11-01|title=THE CONSCIENCE OF A NEOCONSERVATIVE|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1993/01/03/the-conscience-of-a-neoconservative/f72e260b-8275-49d9-8da5-4d2af29a748b/|newspaper=Washington Post|date=3 January 1993|issn=0190-8286|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Benjamin|last1=Schreier|title=New York Intellectual/Neocon/Jewish; or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Ignore Ruth Wisse|journal=Studies in American Jewish Literature|date= n.d. |issn=0271-9274|pages=97–108|volume=31|issue=1|doi=10.5325/studamerjewilite.31.1.0097|jstor=10.5325/studamerjewilite.31.1.0097|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Rabbi Levi|last1=Welton|accessdate=2019-11-01|title=The Road From Yiddish To Politics|date=June 24, 2019 |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/interviews-and-profiles/the-road-from-yiddish-to-politics/2019/06/24/}}</ref>
== Related publications and institutions ==
=== Institutions ===
* [[American Enterprise Institute]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Matthew Christopher Rhoades|title=Neoconservatism: Beliefs, the Bush Administration, and the Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnlVbs5HSicC&pg=PA110|year=2008|page=110|isbn=978-0-549-62046-4|access-date=12 June 2016}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Committee for the Free World]]<ref name="ehrman">John Ehrman, ''The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectuals and Foreign Affairs, 1945-1994'', [[Yale University Press]], 1996, pp. 139-141 [https://books.google.com/books?id=_JX04sBnEWUC&dq=%22Committee+for+a+Free+World%22&pg=PA140]</ref>
* [[Foundation for Defense of Democracies]]<ref>{{cite book|author=John Feffer|title=Power Trip: Unilateralism and Global Strategy After September 11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8PQgoFju7UC&pg=PA231|year=2003|publisher=Seven Stories Press|page=231|isbn=978-1-60980-025-3|access-date=12 June 2016|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161644/https://books.google.com/books?id=t8PQgoFju7UC&pg=PA231|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Foster|first=Peter|title=Obama's new head boy|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/9891755/Obamas-new-head-boy.html|access-date=12 March 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph (UK)|date=24 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228034030/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/9891755/Obamas-new-head-boy.html|archive-date=28 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=csmonitor>{{cite news|last=Jonsson|first=Patrik|title=Shooting of two soldiers in Little Rock puts focus on 'lone wolf' Islamic extremists|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2009/0611/p02s01-usju.html|access-date=13 March 2013|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|date=11 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406031548/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2009/0611/p02s01-usju.html|archive-date=6 April 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Henry Jackson Society]]<ref>K. Dodds, K. and S. Elden, "Thinking Ahead: David Cameron, the Henry Jackson Society and BritishNeoConservatism", ''British Journal of Politics and International Relations'' (2008), 10(3): 347–63.</ref>
* [[Hudson Institute]]<ref name="Danny Cooper 2011 45">{{cite book|author=Danny Cooper|title=Neoconservatism and American Foreign Policy: A Critical Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNyZILpcSgkC&pg=PA45|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=45|isbn=978-0-203-84052-8|access-date=12 June 2016|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161657/https://books.google.com/books?id=CNyZILpcSgkC&pg=PA45|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Jewish Institute for National Security of America]]<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last1=Halper|first1=Stefan|last2=Clarke|first2=Johnathan|title=America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|___location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-521-83834-4}}</ref>
* [[Project for the New American Century]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Matthew Christopher Rhoades|title=Neoconservatism: Beliefs, the Bush Administration, and the Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnlVbs5HSicC&pg=PA14|year=2008|page=14|isbn=978-0-549-62046-4|access-date=12 June 2016}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]]<ref name="auto1"/>
* [[United Against Nuclear Iran]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2008/11/united-against-iran.html | title=United Against Iran | website=[[PBS]] }}</ref>
=== Publications ===
* ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]''
* ''[[National Review]]'' (neoconservative opinion pieces)
* ''[[The Washington Free Beacon]]''
* ''[[The Bulwark (website)|The Bulwark]]''
=== Defunct publications ===
* ''[[The Public Interest]]'' (1965–2005)
* ''[[The Weekly Standard]]'' (1995–2018)
== See also ==
{{Portal|Conservatism}}
{{cols|colwidth=14kmem}}
* [[Anti-Germans (political current)]]
* [[
* [[
* [[Democratic peace theory]]
* [[Factions in the Republican Party (United States)]]
* [[Globalization]]
* [[Intellectual dark web]]
* [[Interventionism (politics)]]
* [[Jewish conservatism]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/books/review/Noah-t.html | title=Fathers and Sons | work=The New York Times | date=13 January 2008 | last1=Noah | first1=Timothy }}</ref>
* [[Liberal conservatism]]<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Oleksii Stus |editor2=Dmytro Finberg |editor3=Leonid Sinchenko |title=Ukrainian Dissidents: An Anthology of Texts |quote= The tendency of neoconservatism (liberal conservatism) is most clearly represented by the literary ...|date=2021 |page=346 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-3-8382-1551-8 }}</ref>
* [[Liberal hawk]]
* [[Liberal internationalism]]
* [[Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism]]
* [[Neoconservatism in Japan]]
* [[Neoconservatism in the Czech Republic]]
* [[Neoliberalism]]
* [[Neo-libertarianism]]
* [[New Right#United States|New Right in the United States]]
* [[Paleoconservatism]]
* [[Team B]]
* [[Tory socialism]]
* [[Trotskyism]]
* [[United States militarism]]
* [[Views on military action against Iran]]
{{colend}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== References ==
<!-- The entire list (all sections) need to be reformatted--last name first, alphabetized (by last names of authors or, if anonymous, by title). Periods follow author's/authors' name. Periods separate publishing info. See [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]. -->
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Albanese, Matteo. ''The Concept of War in Neoconservative Thinking'', IPOC, Milan, 2012. Translated by Nicolas Lewkowicz. {{ISBN|978-88-6772-000-2}}
* {{Cite book| title = A New Pathway to World Peace: From American Empire to First Global Nation
| last1 = Becker | first1 = Ted
| last2 = Polkinghorn | first2 = Brian
| year = 2017
| publisher = [[Wipf and Stock]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tRM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150
| isbn = 978-1-532-61819-2
}}
* [[Patrick J. Buchanan|Buchanan, Patrick J.]] "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090105221904/http://amconmag.com/03_24_03/cover.html Whose War]", ''The American Conservative'', 24 March 2003. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* Bush, George W., Gerhard Schroeder, et al., "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111103104411/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A46687-2005Feb23?language=printer Transcript: Bush, Schroeder Roundtable With German Professionals]", ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 23 February 2005. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* Critchlow, Donald T. ''The conservative ascendancy: how the GOP right made political history'' (2nd ed., 2011)
* [[John Dean|Dean, John]]. ''[[Worse Than Watergate: The Secret Presidency of George W. Bush]]'', Little, Brown, 2004. {{ISBN|0-316-00023-X}} (hardback). Critical account of neo-conservatism in the administration of George W. Bush.
* [[David Frum|Frum, David]]. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20100108140516/http://www.nationalreview.com/frum/frum031903.asp Unpatriotic Conservatives]", ''[[National Review]]'', 7 April 2003. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* Gerson, Mark, ed. ''The Essential Neo-Conservative Reader'', Perseus, 1997. {{ISBN|0-201-15488-9}} (paperback), {{ISBN|0-201-47968-0}} (hardback).
* Gerson, Mark. "[http://www.policyreview.org/fall95/thgers.html Norman's Conquest: A Commentary on the Podhoretz Legacy]", ''Policy Review'', Fall 1995, Number 74. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* [[John N. Gray|Gray, John]]. ''Black Mass'', Allen Lane, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-7139-9915-0}}.
* Hanson, Jim ''The Decline of the American Empire'', Praeger, 1993. {{ISBN|0-275-94480-8}}.
* Halper, Stefan and Jonathan Clarke. ''America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order'', Cambridge University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-521-83834-7}}.
* [[Robert Kagan|Kagan, Robert]], et al., ''Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy''. Encounter Books, 2000. {{ISBN|1-893554-16-3}}.
* [[Irving Kristol|Kristol, Irving]]. ''Neo-Conservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea: Selected Essays 1949-1995'', New York: The Free Press, 1995. {{ISBN|0-02-874021-1}} (10). {{ISBN|978-0-02-874021-8}} (13). (Hardcover ed.) Reprinted as ''Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea'', New York: Ivan R. Dee, 1999. {{ISBN|1-56663-228-5}} (10). (Paperback ed.)
* [[Irving Kristol|Kristol, Irving]]. "What Is a Neoconservative?", ''[[Newsweek]]'', 19 January 1976.
* [[Joan Lara Amat y León|Lara Amat y León, Joan]] y Antón Mellón, Joan, "Las persuasiones neoconservadoras: F. Fukuyama, S. P. Huntington, W. Kristol y R. Kagan", en Máiz, Ramón (comp.), ''Teorías políticas contemporáneas'', (2ªed.rev. y ampl.) Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, 2009. {{ISBN|978-84-9876-463-5}}. [http://www.tirant.com/detalle?articulo=8498764637&titulo=Teor%EDas%20Pol%EDticas%20Contempor%E1neas Ficha del libro]
* [[Joan Lara Amat y León|Lara Amat y León, Joan]], "Cosmopolitismo y anticosmoplitismo en el neoconservadurismo: Fukuyama y Huntington", en Nuñez, Paloma y Espinosa, Javier (eds.), ''Filosofía y política en el siglo XXI. Europa y el nuevo orden cosmopolita'', Akal, Madrid, 2009. {{ISBN|978-84-460-2875-8}}. [http://www.akal.com/libros/FilosofIa-y-PolItica-en-el-siglo-XXI/9788446028758 Ficha del libro]
* Lasn, Kalle. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090614072646/http://canadiancoalition.com/adbusters01/ Why won't anyone say they are Jewish?]", ''Adbusters'', March/April 2004. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* Lewkowicz, Nicolas. "[http://www.democracychronicles.com/neoconservatism-and-the-propagation-of-democracy/ Neoconservatism and the Propagation of Democracy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508022438/https://democracychronicles.com/neoconservatism-and-the-propagation-of-democracy/ |date=8 May 2016 }}", ''Democracy Chronicles'', 11 February 2013.
* {{cite journal|last=Lipset|first=Seymour|author-link=Seymour Martin Lipset|title=Neoconservatism: Myth and reality|journal=Society|date=4 July 1988|issn=0147-2011|pages=29–37|volume=25|doi=10.1007/BF02695739|issue=5|s2cid=144110677|url=https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/18451}}
* Mann, James. ''Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet'', Viking, 2004. {{ISBN|0-670-03299-9}} (cloth).
* {{cite magazine|title=Trotsky's orphans: From Bolshevism to Reaganism|last=Massing|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Massing|magazine=The New Republic|pages=18–22|year=1987}}
* Mascolo, Georg. [http://service.spiegel.de/cache/international/spiegel/0,1518,388857,00.html "A Leaderless, Directionless Superpower: interview with Ex-Powell aide Wilkerson"]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Spiegel Online, 6 December 2005. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* Muravchik, Joshua. "Renegades", ''Commentary'', 1 October 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050727161903/http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.14335%2Cfilter.all/pub_detail.asp Bibliographical information] is available online, the article itself is not.
* Muravchik, Joshua. "The Neoconservative Cabal", ''Commentary'', September 2003. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050729034016/http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.19107%2Cfilter.all/pub_detail.asp Bibliographical information] is available online, the article itself is not.
* Prueher, Joseph. [http://www.sinomania.com/CHINANEWS/usa_china_apology.htm U.S. apology to China over spy plane incident], 11 April 2001. Reproduced on sinomania.com. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* [[Norman Podhoretz|Podoretz, Norman]]. ''The Norman Podhoretz Reader''. New York: Free Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-7432-3661-0}}.
* [[Yves Roucaute|Roucaute Yves]]. ''Le Neoconservatisme est un humanisme''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2005.{{ISBN|2-13-055016-9}}.
* [[Yves Roucaute|Roucaute Yves]]. ''La Puissance de la Liberté''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2004.{{ISBN|2-13-054293-X}}.
* Ruppert, Michael C.. ''Crossing the Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil'', New Society, 2004. {{ISBN|0-86571-540-8}}.
* [[Claes G. Ryn|Ryn, Claes G.]], ''America the Virtuous: The Crisis of Democracy and the Quest for Empire'', Transaction, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7658-0219-8}} (cloth).
* [[Irwin Stelzer|Stelzer, Irwin]], ed. ''Neoconservatism'', Atlantic Books, 2004.
* Smith, Grant F. ''Deadly Dogma: How Neoconservatives Broke the Law to Deceive America''. {{ISBN|0-9764437-4-0}}.
* [[Stephen Solarz|Solarz, Stephen]], et al. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20040404193525/http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/rumsfeld-openletter.htm Open Letter to the President]", 19 February 1998, online at IraqWatch.org. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* {{cite book|last=Steinfels|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Steinfels|title=The neoconservatives: The men who are changing America's politics|url=https://archive.org/details/neoconservatives00stei|url-access=registration|___location=New York|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1979|isbn=978-0-671-22665-7}}
* [[Leo Strauss|Strauss, Leo]]. ''Natural Right and History'', University of Chicago Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-226-77694-8}}.
* Strauss, Leo. ''The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism'', University of Chicago Press, 1989. {{ISBN|0-226-77715-4}}.
* Tolson, Jay. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070810093311/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/030113/13empire.htm The New American Empire?]", ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'', 13 January 2003. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* [[Joseph C. Wilson|Wilson, Joseph]]. ''The Politics of Truth''. Carroll & Graf, 2004. {{ISBN|0-7867-1378-X}}.
* [[Bob Woodward|Woodward, Bob]]. ''Plan of Attack'', Simon and Schuster, 2004. {{ISBN|0-7432-5547-X}}.
{{Refend}}
== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Arin, Kubilay Yado: ''Think Tanks: The Brain Trusts of US Foreign Policy''. Wiesbaden: VS Springer 2013.
* Balint, Benjamin V. ''Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine that Transformed the Jewish Left into the Neoconservative Right'' (2010).
* Dorrien, Gary. ''The Neoconservative Mind''. {{ISBN|1-56639-019-2}}, n attack from the Left.
* Ehrman, John. ''The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectual and Foreign Affairs 1945 – 1994'', Yale University Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-300-06870-0}}.
* Eisendrath, Craig R. and Melvin A. Goodman. ''Bush League Diplomacy: How the Neoconservatives are Putting The World at Risk'' (Prometheus Books, 2004), {{ISBN|1-59102-176-6}}.
* Franczak, Michael. 2019. "[https://academic.oup.com/dh/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/dh/dhz043/5569521?redirectedFrom=fulltext Losing the Battle, Winning the War: Neoconservatives versus the New International Economic Order, 1974–82]."''Diplomatic History''
* Friedman, Murray. ''The Neoconservative Revolution: Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy''. Cambridge University Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-521-54501-3}}.
* [[Greg Grandin|Grandin, Greg]]."Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism." Metropolitan Books Henry Holt & Company, 2006.{{ISBN|978-0-8050-8323-1}}.
* Heilbrunn, Jacob. ''They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons'', Doubleday (2008) {{ISBN|0-385-51181-7}}.
** Heilbrunn, Jacob. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/05/AR2008020502852_pf.html "5 Myths About Those Nefarious Neocons"], ''The Washington Post'', 10 February 2008.
* Kristol, Irving. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180513234617/https://www.weeklystandard.com/irving-kristol/the-neoconservative-persuasion "The Neoconservative Persuasion"].
* [[Michael Lind|Lind, Michael]]. [http://www.salon.com/2003/04/09/neocons_4/ "How Neoconservatives Conquered Washington"], ''[[Salon.com|Salon]]'', 9 April 2003.
* MacDonald, Kevin. [http://www.kevinmacdonald.net/HeilbrunnReview-final.pdf "The Neoconservative Mind"], review of ''They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons'' by Jacob Heilbrunn.
* Vaïsse, Justin. ''Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement'' (Harvard U.P. 2010), translated from the French.
* McClelland, Mark, The unbridling of virtue: neoconservatism between the Cold War and the Iraq War.
* Shavit, Ari, [https://web.archive.org/web/20151218152051/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/white-man-s-burden-1.14110 "White Man's Burden"], Haaretz, 3 April 2003.
* Singh, Robert. "Neoconservatism in the age of Obama." in Inderjeet Parmar, ed., ''Obama and the World'' (Routledge, 2014). 51–62. [http://www.kropfpolisci.com/obama.foreign.policy.singh.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620042036/http://www.kropfpolisci.com/obama.foreign.policy.singh.pdf |date=20 June 2019 }}
{{Refend}}
==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040606171855/https://www.csmonitor.com/specials/neocon/neocon101.html "Neocon 101: What do neoconservatives believe?"], ''Christian Science Monitor'', 2003
* Rose, David, [https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2006/12/neocons200612 "Neo Culpa"], ''Vanity Fair'', 2006
* Steigerwald, Bill. [http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0604/steigerwald060104.asp "So, what is a 'Neocon'?"].
* Lind, Michael, [https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/tragedy-errors/tnamp/ "A Tragedy of Errors"].
=== Critiques ===
* Fukuyama, Francis. [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/magazine/after-neoconservatism.html "After Neoconservatism"], ''The New York Times'', 2006.
* Thompson, Bradley C. (with Yaron Brook). ''Neoconservatism. An Obituary for an Idea''. Boulder/London: Paradigm Publishers, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-59451-831-7}}.
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Britannica|1075556}}
*[[Adam Curtis]], ''[[The Power of Nightmares]]'', [[BBC]]. [https://archive.org/details/ThePowerOfNightmares Archive].
*[https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/05_neoconservatism_vaisse.pdf "Why Neoconservatism Still Matters"] by Justin Vaïsse
*[https://lobelog.com/neoconservativism-in-a-nutshell/ "Neoconservativism in a Nutshell"] by Jim Lobe
*[http://www.asjournal.org/65-2018/the-rise-and-demise-of-american-unipolarism-neoconservatism-and-us-foreign-policy-1989-2009/ The Rise and Demise of American Unipolarism: Neoconservatism and U.S. Foreign Policy 1989–2009] by Maria Ryan
*[https://americanprestige.substack.com/p/unlocked-special-rescue-911-w-jim Interview with Jim Lobe on Neoconservatism]
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