Mercedes 35 hp: Difference between revisions

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{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|article|date=December 2011}}}}

{{cleanup-date|December 2005}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}{{Infobox car

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" width=300 cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px gray solid; font-size:95%; background:#f9f9f9"

|+ <big><big>'''name = Mercedes 35 HP'''</big></big>hp

| image = Mercedes 35hp by Wilhelm Maybach.jpg

|-

| production = 1901-1901

| style="background:#efefef" align="center" colspan=2 |

| model_years = 1901

[[Image:zz-Mercedes35hp-tinny.jpg|Mercedes 35 HP]]

| aka = Mercedes 35 CV <br /> Mercedes 35 PS

|-

| designer = [[Wilhelm Maybach]] <br /> [[Paul Daimler]]

!align=left|Wheelbase

| body_style = [[Phaeton body|Phaeton]]

|2.345 m

| chassis = [[Body-on-frame|Pressed Steel Ladder Chassis]]

|-

| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front Engine RWD]]

!align=left|Track

| engine = {{convert|5918|cc|cuin L|1}} [[Inline 4]] ({{convert|116x140|mm|in|2}})

|1.345 m

| powerout = {{convert|35|PS|bhp kW|1}} @ 950 rpm <br /> {{convert|57|lbft|Nm|1}} @ 400 rpm

|-

| transmission = 4-speed [[Manual transmission]] + 1 reverse

!align=left|Wheight

| wheelbase = {{convert|2345|mm|in|1}}

|1,200 kg

| length = {{convert|2766|mm|in|1}}

|-

| width = {{convert|1345|mm|in|1}}

!align=left|Cylinders

| height = {{convert|1300|mm|in|1}}

|4-in line

| weight = {{convert|1200|kg|lb|1}}

|-

| predecessor = [[Daimler Phoenix]]

!align=left|Ignition

| successor = [[Mercedes Simplex]]

|magneto (spark)

| manufacturer = [[Mercedes (car brand)|Mercedes]]

|-

}}The '''Mercedes {{nowrap|35 HP}}''' ({{langx|de|'''Mercedes {{nowrap|35 PS}}'''}}) was a radical early car model designed in 1901 by [[Wilhelm Maybach]] and [[Paul Daimler]], for [[Emil Jellinek]]. Produced in [[Stuttgart]], Germany, by [[Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft]] (DMG), it began the [[Mercedes (car)|Mercedes]] line of cars (since 1926 re-branded [[Mercedes-Benz]]). Its name is derived from the [[power (physics)|power]] of the engine, {{nowrap|35 [[Pferdestärke]]n}} {{nowrap|(26 kW}}, approximately {{nowrap|35 [[horsepower]]{{R|"Eckermann1"|page1=49}})}}.

!align=left|Displacement

|5918 cm3

|-

!align=left|Carburetor

|two w/spray-nozzle

|-

!align=left|Cooling

|honeycomb radiator

|-

!align=left|Top Speed

|75 km/h

|-

!align=left|Rated Output

|35 hp (950 rpm)

|-

!align=left|Transmission

|4-forward/1-reverse

|-

!align=left|Wheels

|not removables, wooden spokes and steel rims

|-

!align=left|Tires

|910x90 front, 1020x120 rear

|}

A significant advancement over the previous generation of automobiles, which were modified [[stagecoach]]es, the Mercedes {{nowrap|35 HP}} is regarded as the first modern car.{{R|"HowStuffWorks1"}} It was equipped with a powerful [[petrol engine]], it was both wider and larger with a tailored steel [[chassis]], and its [[center of mass]] was near the ground. Originally designed as a racing car, the Mercedes {{nowrap|35 HP}} was further developed for normal road use.

The '''Mercedes 35 hp''' was a [[car]] model designed and produced in the year [[1900]] by the ''[[DaimlerChrysler|Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft]]'' (DMG), [[Wilhelm Maybach]] and [[Emil Jellinek]] in [[Stuttgart]], [[Germany]]. Technically recognized as the first "true car" because it pioneered features like a high [[engine]] performance and an increased stability (large, wide and with low center of

[[gravity]]).

==Historical background==

Dreamt in the 1900s as a [[Auto_racing|speed car]] for the Mercedes racing-team, it's name became [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes Benz]], the main brand of the [[Daimler-Chrysler]] and one of the most importants in the [[modern]] [[World]].

In the 19th century, [[Wilhelm Maybach]]'s career as an industrial designer had been with [[Gottlieb Daimler]] in their [[Cannstatt]] workshop (near [[Stuttgart]]), at which together they had pioneered the petrol engine production and were responsible for designing and making some of the world's first automobiles. By 1900, Maybach was the [[chief engineer]] within the ''Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft'' (DMG),{{#tag:ref|After the 1926 merger with the rival [[Benz & Cie.]], the company name was changed to [[Daimler-Benz]] AG. The brand of cars became ''Mercedes-Benz'' at this point. In 1998, Daimler-Benz AG merged with [[Chrysler]], becoming [[DaimlerChrysler]] AG until the disposal of Chrysler in 2007, when the company name was changed to Daimler AG.|group="Note"}} which had been an expansion of their previous company that originated from their small workshop. He never got along with the new capitalist board, and later left to join [[Ferdinand von Zeppelin]]. In 1900, Gottlieb Daimler died and his son [[Paul Daimler]] had taken his place beside Maybach.

===Origin of the name "Mercedes"===

[[Emil Jellinek]] was a wealthy Austrian businessman and Austro-Hungarian diplomat living in [[Nice]] on the [[French Riviera]]. His daughter [[Adriana Manuela Ramona Jellinek]], 10 years old at the car's construction, was given the nickname "Mercédès". Jellinek used to name his possessions after her, such as his mansions, the automobiles he sold, his racing car team, etc.. He himself was often known as ''Monsieur Mercedes''.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}

As an avid fan of the ''DMG'' brand, Jellinek had signed up two DMG-Phoenix cars for competing in the ''Nice-La Turbie'' race on 30 March 1900, introducing the ''Mercedes'' name for both his racing team and its cars. A tragedy ensued when Wilhelm Bauer, the chief mechanic of DMG, raced one of the cars and was killed after the first curve of the race. Consequently, DMG canceled all further involvement in [[motorsport]].

[[Image:zzzzzzus-1stMercedes.jpg|thumb|left|213px|First Mercedes]]

Nonetheless, Jellinek persuaded DMG to design a new model for competing again. He insisted that the powerful engine should be developed by both Maybach and Paul Daimler and be named ''Daimler-Mercedes'', after his daughter. This wish was granted because the ''Daimler'' brand of the DMG had been already conceded to the French ''[[Panhard]]'' carmaker for all France.

==HistoryDevelopment==

Jellinek specified revolutionary improvements. Unlike the previous generation of cars, unstable motorized coaches of narrow high bodies which were so prone to overturn, the novel ''Mercedes'' should be longer, wider, and of a lower center of gravity. Also it would have a light steel body and strong chassis, onto which the engine would be firmly fixed near the ground and lowering the car's center of gravity. 36 of these cars would be delivered, for the large sum of {{gaps|500|000 [[German gold mark|ℳ]]}}.

Over the following months of 1900 Jellinek oversaw the process closely, at first through daily [[telegram]]s, and subsequently, by traveling personally. Maybach tested the new car for the first time on 22 November and Jellinek received his first delivery on 22 December 1900.

===Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG)===

The DMG was a car company of [[Cannstatt]] (Sttutgart) founded in 1890, originally as an amplification of the domestic business of [[Gottlieb Daimler]] and Wilhelm Maybach who, for their part, revolutionized the World with their patented inventions for engines and automobiles.

In January 1901, Emil Jellinek's Mercedes team tested six of the new Mercedes {{nowrap|35 HP}} in the ''[[Pau Grand Prix]]'', but the racecar was of a disappointing performance by multiple technical complications and enduring just for few laps. However, in the ''Nice-La Turbie'' event of March 1901, it was much different. Jellinek participated through five Mercedes {{nowrap|35 HP}} and the German driver Wilhelm Werner. The cars dominated the race from start to finish with a record average speed of {{nowrap|51.4&nbsp;km/h}} {{nowrap|(31.9 mi/h}}), beating the previous {{nowrap|31.3&nbsp;km/h}} {{nowrap|(19.4 mi/h}}) and reaching top speeds of {{nowrap|86 km/h}} {{nowrap|(53 mi/h}}). Those results easily outclassed all other competing cars in any capacity. The automotive world was so astonished that [[Paul Meyan]], director of the French Automobile Club, stated: "We have entered the Mercedes era".{{R|"Eckermann1"|page1=50}}{{#tag:ref|F. Schildberger reported in 1968 that the original French quotation was {{lang|fr|{{nowrap|« [n]ous}} sommes entrés dans l'ère Mercédès{{nowrap| »}}}}.{{R|"Eckermann1"|page1=50}}|group="Note"}} Eventually, the road car achieved typical speeds of {{nowrap|70–75 km/h}} {{nowrap|(43–47 mi/h}}). The racing version could exceed {{nowrap|85 km/h}} {{nowrap|(53 mi/h)}}.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}

But this commercial amplification also meant the entrance of some capitalists ([[Max von Duttenhofer]] and [[William Lorenz]]) who had greedy (and even cruel) plans against the original founders. Hence Daimler and Maybach were openly excluded but the DMG kept exploiting all their inventions.

In Stuttgart, DMG mounted two additional back seats on the Mercedes {{nowrap|35 HP}}, transforming it for a family car. Between March and August 1901, it manufactured two more Mercedes models, the {{nowrap|12/16 HP}} and the {{nowrap|8/11 HP}}. The Mercedes was so successful that the production lines of the DMG ran at full capacity. The Mercedes trademark was used on DMG production automobiles from 23 June 1902. It was formally registered on 26 September 1902.

In commercial terms, the company marketed basically cars with the Daimler/Maybach's [[Phoenix]] engine of 1894, very successful also in the primitive races disputed in [[Europe]].

In June 1903, Emil Jellinek changed his own name to Jellinek-Mercedes, stating: "This is probably the first time that a father has taken his daughter's name".{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}

==Technical description==

===Wilhelm Maybach===

[[File:Mercedes 35hp 01.jpg|thumb|Mercedes 35hp with gas flame [[headlamp]]]]

In the [[19th century]] he developed all his [[Industrial design|industrial-designer]] career next to Daimler. Together they pioneered the construction and commercialization of [[Engine|petrol-engines]], and also massively developed these for cars. Which earnings were invested in many commercial enterprises, the last of which was the DMG. Although the new investors quickly scorned them, and Maybach had to work isolated in his own house and later even exiled in [[Italy]].

===Dimensions===

The Mercedes {{nowrap|35 HP}} had a [[wheelbase]] of {{nowrap|2.345 m}} and a [[Track (automobile)|track]] of {{nowrap|1.400 m}}. The total weight was also dramatically reduced{{Clarify|reason=From what?|date=December 2011}} to {{gaps|1|200 kg}} by making the main [[chassis]] [[Frame (vehicle)|frame]] of pressed steel of carefully designed U-shaped cross section.

The relatively light engine {{nowrap|(230 kg,}} with {{nowrap|6.6&nbsp;kg/hp)}} was mounted over the front [[axle]] without any extra subframes, so its center of gravity was close to the ground.

===Emil Jellinek===

Emil Jellinek was a reputed [[Austria|Austrian]] merchant residing in [[Nice]] and [[Viena]], that was already known as "Monsieur Mercedes" in the [[French Riviera|Cote D'Azur]] where he successfully pioneered the expensive automobile commercialization to the local ''[[Upper_class|aristocracy]]''. In the year 1900, his sales (28 units) represented a third of the total output of the DMG.

===Running gear===

He was so much enthusiast of the Daimler's Phoenix of 28 hp (the first of which he acquired personally in Cannstat, 1897) that he inscribed two of this cars in the [[competition Nice-La Turbie]] [[Hillclimbing|Hill Climb]] (March 30 1990) and baptized his team Mercedes ([[Spanish]] girls' name meaning grace) because that was his daugher's (of 10 years) name. For the occasion the DMG commissioned [[Wilhelm Bauer]], a mechanic deep connoisseur of the Phoenix who also unexpectedly decided to compete with one of the Jellinek's cars.

The wooden wheels of the Mercedes {{nowrap|35 HP}} were non-removable, featuring 12 [[spoke]]s, steel covers and pneumatic [[tire]]s: {{nowrap|910 mm}} tall, {{nowrap|90 mm}} wide in front, and {{gaps|1|020 mm}} tall, {{nowrap|120 mm}} wide in the rear.

There were two braking systems, one hand operated and the other by foot. The main brake was the [[hand brake]] which acted on the rear wheels which had {{nowrap|30 cm}} [[drum brakes|drums]]. The secondary, [[left-foot braking|foot brake]], acted on the chain drive's intermediate shaft and was [[water cooling|water-cooled]].

The adventure finished in tragedy when Bauer died in the first curve, crashing out of the [[racing track]]. As consequence DMG canceled all [[motorsport]] investment. Despite of what Jellinek rushed to press personally the company, finally signing a juicy agreement for which a new DMG car model would be designed to compete in the following racing season in Nice (1901). In exchange, Emil Jellinek acquired beforehand 36 of this new vehicles (to be delivered in October 15 1900) by the astounding sum of 500,000 [[gold_mark|goldmarks]]. The model should be baptized Mercedes, thing that DMG conceded because the brand-name Daimler was already conceced to the [[Panhard Et Levasor]] for all [[France]].

Both axles were rigid, equipped with semi-elliptic [[spring (device)|springs]]. The steering-axles were designed to minimise transmission of road shocks to the driver. The [[steering column]] was inclined backwards unlike the vertical shaft on many of its contemporaries.

Then, Jellinek went personally to Maybach's design office and ordered the implementation of some revolutionary enhances (aside faster speed) in the Mercedes: longer wheel base and lower center of gravity. During the next months Jellinek followed closely the workings progress first through [[Telegraphy|telegrams]] but later also personally.

The engine of the Mercedes {{nowrap|35 HP}} was at the front of the car driving the rear wheels through a large [[roller chain]]. The [[Manual transmission|gearshift]] was at the driver's right side, featuring a gate change system with four forward speeds and a reverse gear. The drum like compact [[clutch]] system was attached to the [[flywheel]]. The flywheel consisted of a self-adjustable coil spring made up of wound spring steel. The tension at which the clutch operated was regulated by a conical cam.

Maybach tested the new car for first time in November 22 and Jellinek his first unit in December 22.

===Aftermaths of 1990Engine===

The main bearings were made of [[magnalium]], an [[aluminium alloy]] with 5% [[magnesium]]. The [[crankcase]] was also made of aluminium.{{R|"Eckermann1"|page1=49}} The four cylinders, cast in grey iron with fixed heads, gave a total [[Engine displacement|displacement]] of {{nowrap|5.918 L}} ({{nowrap|116 mm}} bore, {{nowrap|140 mm}} stroke), and were arranged in pairs each pair with a single spray-nozzle [[carburetor]]. The intake and exhaust valves were no longer opened by cylinder pressure but by two camshafts on the sides of the engine, driven by gears from the flywheel. There were two carburetors, one for each cylinder-pair.

In March 1901 took place the Nice-La Turbie race. And Emil Jellinek looked for revenge incorporating 5 units into his Mercedes team, and with the pilot Wilhelm Werner. The cars unreachably led the race from start to finish with a record average speed of 51.4 [[km/h]] (beating the previous 31.3 km/h) and reaching 86 km/h.

The engine was started by a hand crank aided by the presence of a [[decompressor]]. The engine also incorporated a low-voltage [[ignition magneto|magneto]] with make-and-break spark ignition. This was fitted at Jellinek's demand, replacing the antiquated [[Hot-tube ignitor|hot tube]] system.

The automobile society was astonished to the point that [[Paul Meyan]] (director of the [[French Automobile Club]]) declared: "We have entered the Mercedes era".

Cooling was provided by a pumped water system. Maybach's tubular radiator, patented in 1897, known as a honeycomb radiator, was similar to {{As of|2011|alt=present-day}} ones. Its rectangular [[Grille (car)|grille]] had {{gaps|8|070}} pipes with a square cross section of {{nowrap|6 mm}} × {{nowrap|6 mm}} to improve airflow, and held {{nowrap|9 L}} of water. The airflow was assisted by a fan located behind the radiator.

Inbetween March and August of that year DMG added other two new sibling models (12/16 hp and 8/11 hp) of the new car, most of them made familiar with the addition of two back seats. The commercialization was so successful to put the factory at full capacity work. While the name Mercedes was made official in June 23 1902, and registered in September 26.

The Mercedes {{nowrap|35 HP}} engine ran between {{nowrap|300 rev/min}} and {{gaps|1|000 rev/min}}, its speed controlled by the driver using a lever on the steering wheel. Its peak output was {{nowrap|35 HP}} at {{nowrap|950 rev/min.}}

In June 1903, a fanaticized Emil Jellinek switched his own real name to Jellinek-Mercedes, commenting: "This is probably the first time that a father has taken his daughter's name."

==See also==

*[[Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft]]

==Revolutionary sizes==

*[[Emil Jellinek]]

*[[Timeline of most powerful production cars]]

*[[Mercedes Simplex]]

*[[List of Mercedes-Benz vehicles]]

==Notes==

The overall [[handling]] of the automobile was stabilized in comparison with the classic coaches moved by horses, that were narrow and high, and suffered the risk of overturn at high speeds. Designs still not updated in the World of the automobile.

{{reflist|group="Note"}}

==References==

The Mercedes was 2,345 [[m]] long ([[Wheelbase]]) and 1,400 m width ([[Track]]). And its wooden [[wheels]] were all of the same height.

{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="HowStuffWorks1">[http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1901-mercedes-35-hp.htm 1901 Mercedes 35 HP] at [[howstuffworks.com]]</ref>

<ref name="Eckermann1">{{citation

The total weight was also dramatically reduced to 1200 [[kg]], because the main chassis frames were of pressed [[steel]] made from carefully designed U-shaped sections.

|first1=Erik

|last1=Eckermann

|title=World History of the Automobile

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLZeQwqNmdgC

|year=2001

|publisher=[[Society of Automotive Engineers]]

|___location=[[Warrendale, PA]], U.S.A

|isbn=978-0-7680-0800-5

|oclc=46918182

|pages=49–50

}}</ref>

}}

* {{Wirth-MBS}}

While the engine was also unloaded to 6 [[kg]]/[[hp]] and mounted onto the front [[axle]] without any improvised (for decoration) extra frames around. With the engine crudely welded in the steel sheet, the Mercedes was not just narrowed but also with a lower center of gravity.

* [https://seriouswheels.com/mercedes-35-hp.htm Mercedes 35 HP], at ''seriouswheels.com''.

==External links==

The average speed was of 70-75 km/h, though in the races the Mercedes reached 85 km/h records.

*[http://www.mercedes-benz.com Mercedes Benz enterprise]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021203210927/http://www.mbusa.com/brand/container.jsp?/heritage/history.jsp&menu=2_2&sub=3 Jellinek's biography]

*[http://www.tachka.ru/info.php?idt=50 History of Mercedes Benz ''RUS'']

{{DMG}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mercedes 35 HP}}

[[Category:Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft]]

[[Category:Mercedes-Benz vehicles|35hp]]

[[Category:Cars introduced in 1901]]

==The axles==

[[Category:Veteran vehicles]]

[[Category:1900s cars]]

The wide axles held unremovable wooden wheels of 12 [[spokes]], with a steel cover and nearly similar [[tyres]] of 910x90 (front) and 1020x120 (rear).

[[Category:Cars discontinued in 1901]]

Seized to these were the two (necessarily) powerful [[brake]] systems: one manual and the other at foot. The main [[hand-brake]] acted on the rear wheels with [[drum]] brakes of 30 [[cm]] width. The secondary device consisted of water-cooled [[Universal_joint|cardan shafts]].

Both axles were rigid, equipped with semi-elliptic [[Spring_(device)|springs]] in the extremes. Near of which were the [[Steering|steering-axles]], and located there decreased this way the transmission of the [[road]] roughness over the driver's hands.

Also the [[steering wheel]] was made lighter, taken backwards and comfortably inclined.

==Drive system==

While the engine was at the front of the car, the rear wheels rotated by a large [[roller chain]].

At driver's right hand was the [[Manual_transmission|gearshift]], a gate-change system that granted a transmission with 4-speeds forward and also a one in reverse. The drum-like compact [[clutch]] system was attached to the [[flywheel]] ahead into this drive unit. Consisting of an automatically adjusting [[Spring (device)|coil spring]] (of wound spring steel), with the tension at declutching regulated by a conical [[cam]].

==Engine==

The Mercedes' main bearings was built with [[magnalium]], an [[aluminium]] [[alloy]] with 5% of [[magnesium]]. And pioneered a [[crankcase]] made of aluminium.

With 4 cylinders (disposed in pairs) casted in [[grey]] [[iron]] without removable heads, that had a [[displacement]] of 5,918 [[cc]] each (bore/stroke: 116x140 mm). And each pair had it's own [[spray-nozzle]] [[carburetor]].

The [[valves]] (intake and exhaust) no more opened snifting accordingly with the pressures in the [[cylinders]]. Instead, a gearset in the flywheel operated camshafts, down at both sides of the engine, in charge of driving all the 4 valves and also the low-[[voltage]] [[magneto]] make-and-break [[spark]] [[ignition]] (center [[gear]] set), the pumping of the [[water]]-[[cooling]] system (center gear set) and the [[radiator]] [[fan]] behind the radiator (gear set at the front of the engine).

The engine started by a starting-[[crank]] with decompressor.

Maybach's cooling tubular radiator, known as the honeycomb radiator and patented in 1897, is similar to the used in contemporary cars. With a rectangular [[grill]] of 8,070 [[pipes]] of 6x6 [[mm]] with squared shape (improving [[airflow]]), through which circulated 9 [[litres]] of water got cold by car's goings or by a small back-fan at lower speeds.

The Mercedes' engine rendered an engine speed from 300 to 1000 [[rpm]], something controled by the driver with a lever on the steering wheel. Achieving 35 hp at 950 rpm.

== See also ==

# [[Wilhelm Maybach]]

== External links ==

[http://www.mercedes-benz.com Mercedes Benz]

[http://www.mbusa.com/brand/container.jsp?/heritage/history.jsp&menu=2_2&sub=3 Jellinek´s Biography]

[http://www.fastgasremotecontrolcars.com/WilhelmMaybach.html Maybach´s Biography]

[[Category:Vehicles]]

[[Category:DaimlerChrysler]]

[[Category:Mercedes-Benz]]