Dhyana: Difference between revisions

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{{wiktionary|dhyana}}

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! colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC | '''Dhyana'''

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! colspan=2 align=center | '''[[Sanskrit]] Name'''

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| [[Romanization]]

| dhyāna

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| [[Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB]]

| ध्यान

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! colspan=2 align=center | '''[[Pali]] Name'''

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| [[Romanization]]

| jhāna

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| width=150 | [[Hanyu Pinyin]]

| width=150 | [[Chan|Chán]]

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| width=150 | [[Wade-Giles]]

| width=150 | Ch'an

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| width=150 | [[Cantonese language|Cantones]][[International Phonetic Alphabet|e IPA]]

| width=150 | <font size=2 face="arial unicode ms, lucida sans unicode">s&#618;m4</font>

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| width=150 | [[Cantonese language|Cantones]][[Jyutping|e Jyutping]]

| width=150 | sim

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| [[Hanzi]]

| &#31146;

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| [[Jiantizi]]

| &#31109;

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! colspan=2 align=center | '''[[Korean language|Korean]] Name'''

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| width=150 | [[Revised Romanization of Korean|Revised Romanization]]

| width=150 | [[Seon]]

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| width=150 | [[McCune-Reischauer]]

| width=150 | S&#335;n

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| &#49440;

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| width="150" | [[Hanja]]

| width="150" | &#31146;

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| [[Zen]]

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| &#31109;

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| [[Quoc ngu|Quốc ngữ]]

| Thiền

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'''Dhyana''' may refer to:

'''''Dhy&#257;na''''' is a term in [[Sanskrit]] which refers to a type or aspect of [[meditation]]. It is a key concept in [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. Equivalent terms are ''jh&#257;na'' in [[Pali|P&#257;li]], ''[[chán]]'' in [[Chinese language|Chinese]], and ''[[zen]]'' in [[Japanese language|Japanese]].

==Meditative practices in Indian religions==

==Dhy&#257;na in Buddhism==

* [[Dhyana in Buddhism]] (Pāli: ''jhāna'')

In the [[Pali Canon]] the [[Buddha]] describes eight progressive states of absorbtion [[meditation]] or Jhana. The first four are connected to the physical realm and the last four only with the mental realm (i.e. there is no experience of the body in the four higher Jhanas). It must be noted that these states are not the final goal that the Buddha taught since they are all still in the field of mind and matter. The final goal of [[Nibbana]] (Sanskrit:[[Nirvana]]) is the experience beyond mind and matter.<br>

* [[Dhyana in Hinduism]]

* Jain Dhyāna, see [[Jain meditation]]

==Other==

In [[East Asia]], several schools of Buddhism were founded that focused on dhyana, under the names [[Chan]], [[Zen]], and [[Seon]]. According to tradition, [[Bodhidharma]] brought Dhyana to the [[Shaolin]] temple in China, through Tibet, where it came to be known first as ''chan'', and then ''zen''.<br>

*''Dhyana'', a work by British composer [[John Tavener]] (1944–2013)

*[[Dhyana (MaYaN album)|''Dhyana'' (MaYaN album)]], 2018

*[[Hygon Dhyana]], a x86 compatible microprocessor

*[[Vidya Pradeep]], also Dhyana, Indian actress

==See also==

Jhanas are normally described by the way of the mental factors which are present in these states<br>

*[[Chan (disambiguation)]], Chinese Buddhist school from ''dhyana'' in Sanskrit

*[[Zen (disambiguation)]], Japanese Buddhist school deriving from Chan

*[[Dhyan]], an Indian actor

{{Disambiguation}}

1. Initial application [[Vitakka]]<br>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhyana}}

2. Sustained application [[Vicara]]<br>

3. Joy [[Piti]]<br>

4. Happiness [[Sukkha]]<br>

5. One-pointedness [[Ekaggata]]<br>

* First Jhana : [[Vitakka]], [[Vicara]], [[Piti]], [[Sukkha]], [[Ekkagata]]<br>

As the meditator reaches this first Jhana, he can meditate without being disturbed by any thought or desire, though thoughts are still there.<br>

* Second Jhana : [[Piti]], [[Sukkha]],[[Ekkagata]] <br>

All intellectual processes cease. There is only rapture, happiness, and the object.

* Third Jhana : [[Sukkha]], [[Ekkagata]] <br>

Joy disappears.

* Fourth Jhana : [[Upekkha]], [[Ekkagata]] <br>

Even happiness disappears, leading to a state with neither pleasure nor suffering. The [[Buddha]] described the Jhanas as "the footsteps of the [[tathagata]]".<br>

Traditionally, this fourth Jhana is seen as the beginning of attaining psycic powers.<br>

These four are [[rupajhana]]s, material jhanas. An additional four [[arupajhana]]s still consist in the two factors of [[Upekkha]] and [[Ekkagata]].<br>

Arupajhanas are non-material jhanas and are described by their mental object : <br>

* Fifth Jhana : [[infinite]] [[space]] <br>

* Sixth Jhana : [[infinite]] [[consciousness]] <br>

* Seventh Jhana : [[nothingness]] <br>

* Eighth Jhana : neither perception nor non-perception <br>

Usually Jhanas are exposed as part of [[Samatha]]'s practice, as opposed to [[Vipassana]]. But [[Vipassana jhanas]] are also mentioned. When the awareness of the arising and passing of physical sensations is maintained during the first four Jhanas they are Vipassana Jhanas.<br>

==Dhy&#257;na in Hinduism==

According to the Hindu [[Yoga Sutra]] dhyana is one of the eight methods of [[Yoga]], (the other seven methods are [[Yama]], [[Niyama]], [[Asana]], [[Pranayama]], [[Pratyahara]], [[Dharana]], and [[Samadhi]]).

In the [[Ashtanga Yoga]] of [[Patanjali]], the stage of meditation preceding dhy&#257;na is called ''[[dharana]]''. In Dhyana, the meditator is not conscious of the act of meditation (i.e. is not aware that s/he is meditating) but is only aware that s/he exists (consciousness of ''being''), and aware of the object of meditation. Dhyana is distinct from [[Dharana]] in that the meditator becomes one with the object of meditation and is able to maintain this oneness for 144 inhalations and expirations.

The Dhyana Yoga system is specifically described by Sri [[Krishna]] in chapter 6 of the famous [[Bhagavad Gita]], wherein He explains the many different Yoga systems to His friend and [[disciple]], [[Arjuna]].

==See also==

*[[Rupajhana]]

*[[Arupajhana]]

*[[Ashtanga Yoga]]

*[[Samadhi]]

*[[Bhavana]]

==External links==

*[http://www.acmuller.net/cgi-bin/search-ddb4.pl?Terms=&#31146; Digital Dictionary of Buddhism] (log in with userID "guest")

* The Buddha's [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/jhana.html descriptions of the first four states of dhyana] in the [[Pali Canon]] (Anguttara Nikaya V.28)

* [http://www.atmajyoti.org/dharana_dhyana_etc.asp Dharana, Dhyana, Samadhi, and Meditation] by Swami Nirmalananda Giri

* [http://www.greatwesternvehicle.org/foundations.htm Jhana, the Joyful Home of the Way] by the contemplative recluse monk Sotapanna Jhanananda (Jeffrey S, Brooks)

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