Manual override: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 22:49, 25 August 2009

Latest revision as of 11:24, 11 October 2024

(32 intermediate revisions by 21 users not shown)

Line 1:

A '''manual override (MO)''' or '''manual analog override (MAO)''' is a mechanism where control is taken from an [[automated system]] and given to the user. For example, a manual override in [[photography]] refers to the ability for the human photographer to turn off the automatic [[aperture]] sizing, [[automatic focus]]ing, or any other automated system on the camera.<ref>[http://www.ambitions4.com/Glossary-Pub-View-Topic-Details.asp?GlossaryID=339&strChar=M Manual override] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20060513202632/http://www.ambitions4.com/Glossary-Pub-View-Topic-Details.asp?GlossaryID=339&strChar=M |date=2006-05-13 }}, Ambitions Photography Academy.</ref>

<!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the issue is settled -->

{{AfDM|page=Manual override|logdate=2009 August 21|substed=yes}}

<!-- For administrator use only: {{oldafdfull|page=Manual override|date=21 August 2009|result='''keep'''}} -->

{{rescue}}

<!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point -->

ASome '''manual override'''overrides iscan abe mechanismused whereinto control is taken fromveto an [[automated system]]'s andjudgment given towhen the usersystem is in error. ForAn example, aof manualthis overrideis ina [[photographyPrinter (computing)|printer's]] refersink tolevel thedetection: abilityin forone case, a researcher found that when he overrode the humansystem, photographerup to turn38% offmore thepages automaticcould [[aperture]]be sizing,printed [[automaticat focus]]ing,good orquality anyby otherthe printer than the automated system onwould thehave cameraallowed.<ref name=BBC>[http://wwwnews.ambitions4bbc.comco.uk/2/hi/technology/Glossary-Pub-View-Topic-Details3035500.asp?GlossaryID=339&strChar=Mstm Manual'Raw overridedeal' on printer ink], Ambitions''[[BBC]]'', Photography3 Academy.July 2003</ref>

Automated systems are becoming increasingly common and integrated into everyday objects such as [[automobile]]s and [[domestic appliance]]s. This development of [[ubiquitous computing]] raises general issues of policy and law about the need for manual overrides for matters of great importance such as life-threatening situations and major economic decisions. The loyalty of such autonomous devices then becomes an issue. If they follow rules installed by the manufacturer or required by law and refuse to cede control in some situations then the owners of the devices may feel disempowered, alienated and lacking true ownership.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.jjbohn.com/papers/langhein_aswemaylive_2002.pdf |title=As we may live – Real-world implications of ubiquitous computing |author1=Marc Langheinrich |author2=Vlad Coroama |author3=Jurgen Bohn |author4=Michael Rohs |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Institute of Information Systems}}</ref>

Some manual overrides can be used to veto an automated system's judgment when the system is in error. An example of this is a [[Printer (computing)|printer's]] ink level detection: in one case, a researcher found that when he overrode the system, up to 38% more pages could be printed at good quality by the printer than the automated system would have allowed.<ref name=BBC> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3035500.stm 'Raw deal' on printer ink], ''[[BBC]]'', 3 July 2003 </ref>

==Major incidents==

== Examples in fiction ==

[[China Airlines Flight 140]] crashed, causing many deaths, due to a misunderstanding about the manual overrides for the [[autopilot]]. The Take-Off/Go Around system had been activated to abort a landing. It was programmed to ignore manual controls in this situation but the human pilots tried to continue the landing. The conflicting control signals from the pilots and autopilot then resulted in the aircraft stalling and crashing. The autopilot for this aircraft type was then reprogrammed so that it would never ignore a manual override.<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SG07muS_S2EC |page=151 |year=2004 |title=Taming HAL: designing interfaces beyond 2001 |isbn=978-0-312-29574-5 |author=Asaf Degani|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan }}</ref>

==See also==

As a plot device manual override is often used in [[Sci-Fi]] because of the usual prevalence of advanced / electronic technology. For example:

*[[Big red button]]

*[[Communication cord]]

* In [[Star Trek]] many automatic systems, such as the automatic navigation, or the 'site-to-site transporter' can be overridden. A slightly different type of manual override is used in the film ''[[Star Trek: Insurrection]]'', when acting Captain of the [[Starship Enterprise]] (E) William Riker asks the computer for the 'manual command column', in effect a [[joystick]] which gives him [[pilotage]] control of the ship.

*[[Dead man's handle]]

* In ''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]'' (2006), a villan overrides the emergency [[fire sprinkler]]s at [[Miami airport]] and starts a distraction so that he can blow up a plane with a remote-controlled [[pipe bomb]].

*[[Engine control unit]] (ECU)

*Full authority digital engine (or electronics) control ([[FADEC]])

*[[Panic button]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Automation|&]]

[[Category:Safety equipment]]

{{tech-stub}}