Go! (programming language): Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Multi-paradigm programming language}}

{{article issues|article=yes|expand=November 2009|refimprove=November 2009}}

{{for|the language createdreleased in 2009 by Google Inc.|Go (programming language)}}

{{nofootnotes|date=November 2009}}

{{for|the language created by Google Inc.|Go (programming language)}}

{{Infobox programming language

| name = Go!

| logo =

| caption =

| paradigm = [[concurrent programming language|concurrent]]

[[multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]]: [[concurrent programming language|concurrent]], [[logic programming|logic]], [[functional programming|functional]], [[imperative programming|imperative]] ([[object-based language|object-based]])

| year = 2003

| designeryear = [[Francis{{Start McCabe]],date [[Keithand Clark]]age|2003}}

| designer = [[Francis McCabe]], [[Keith Clark (computer scientist)|Keith Clark]]

| developer =

| latest_release_version =

| latest_release_date =

| latest_test_version = 9-30-07

| latest_test_date = {{releaseStart date|mf=yes and age|2007|9|30}}

| typing = [[strong typing|strong]]

| implementations =

| dialects =

| inspired_byinfluenced_by = [[Prolog]]<ref name= "infowk"/>

| operating_system =

| license = [[GPLv2]]

| website =

| operating_system = [[Unix-like]]

}}

'''Go!''' is an [[Agent-based model|agent-based]] programming language in the tradition of [[Logic programming|logic-based programming]] languages like [[Prolog]].<ref name="infowk">{{cite magazine |last=Claburn |first=Thomas |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/web_services/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=221601351 |title=Google 'Go' Name Brings Accusations Of 'Evil' |magazine=InformationWeek |date=2009-11-11 |access-date=2009-11-14 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722010320/http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/web_services/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=221601351 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was introduced in a 2003 paper by Francis McCabe and [[Keith Clark (computer scientist)|Keith Clark]].<ref name="aamas"/>

'''Go!''' is a [[concurrent programming language]], first publicly documented by Keith Clark and Francis McCabe in 2003 <ref>Clark and McCabe, AAMAS'03, 2003</ref>. It is oriented to the needs of programming secure, production quality, agent based applications. It is multi-threaded, strongly typed and higher order (in the functional programming sense). It has relation, function and action procedure definitions. Threads execute action procedures, calling functions and querying relations as need be. Threads in different agents communicate and coordinate using asynchronous messages. Threads within the same agent can also use shared dynamic relations acting as memory stores.

== Design ==

Its nature as a a multi-paradigm programming language, integrating logic, functional, object oriented and imperative programming styles, is particularly applied to ontology-based modeling, as exploited for the [[Semantic Web]] in allowing a type system where [[OWL]] classes can be represented in the type system <ref>Clark and McCabe, Applied Intelligence, 2006</ref>.

'''The authors of Go!''' isdescribe it as "a [[concurrentmulti-paradigm programming language]], first publicly documented by Keith Clark and Francis McCabe in 2003 <ref>Clark and McCabe, AAMAS'03, 2003</ref>. Itthat is oriented to the needs of programming secure, production quality, agentand agent-based applications. It is [[multi-threaded]], strongly typed and [[higher order function|higher order]] (in the functional programming sense). It has relation, function and action procedure definitions. Threads execute action procedures, calling functions and querying relations as need beneeded. Threads in different agents communicate and coordinate using asynchronous messages. Threads within the same agent can also use shared dynamic relations acting as memory[[Linda (coordination language)|Linda]]-style [[tuple space|tuple stores]]."<ref name="aamas">{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=K.L. |last2=McCabe |first2=F.G. |title=Proceedings of the second international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems |chapter=Go! For multi-threaded deliberative agents |year=2003 |pages=964–965 | doi=10.1145/860575.860747 |isbn=978-1581136838 |citeseerx=10.1.1.117.184 |s2cid=2047545 }}</ref>

Since the launch of Google's programming language [[Go (programming language)|Go]], Go! has become the subject of a naming controversy that is still to be resolved <ref>http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/web_services/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=221601351</ref>.

The authors also propose that the language is suitable for representing [[Ontology (information science)|ontologies]] due to its integration of [[logic programming|logic]], [[functional programming|functional]] and [[imperative programming|imperative]] styles of programming.<ref name="applied">{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s10489-006-8511-x | title=Ontology oriented programming in go! | date=2006 | last1=Clark | first1=K. L. | last2=McCabe | first2=F. G. | journal=Applied Intelligence | volume=24 | issue=3 | pages=189–204 }}</ref>

== Example ==

The following example illustrates the '"ontology-oriented'" type and declarations style of Go!.:<ref name=applied />

<syntaxhighlight lang="prolog">

GenderSex ::= male | female.

person <˜~ {dayOfBirth:[] => day. age:[]=>integer.

The following example illustrates the 'ontology-oriented' type and declarations style of Go!.

age:[] => integer.

sex:[] => Sex.

gender:[]=>Gender. name:[] => string.

home:[] => string.

home:[]=>string. lives:[string]{}}.

person:[string, day,Gender Sex, string] $= person.

<source lang="javascript">

Gender::= male | female.

person <˜ {dayOfBirth:[]=>day. age:[]=>integer.

gender:[]=>Gender. name:[]=>string.

home:[]=>string. lives:[string]{}}.

person:[string,day,Gender,string]$=person.

person(Nm,Born,Sx,Hm)..{

dayOfBirth()=>Born.

age() => yearsBetween(now(),Born).

gender()=>Sx.

name()=>Nm.

home()=>Hm.

lives(Pl) :- Pl=home().

yearsBetween:[integer,day]=>integer.

yearsBetween(...) => ..

}.

newPerson:[string,day,Gender,string]=>person.

newPerson(Nm,Born,Sx,Hm)=>$person(Nm,Born,Sx,Hm).

</source>

person(Nm, Born, Sx, Hm)..{

The ::= rule defines a new algebraic type - a data type with only data constructors.

dayOfBirth() => Born.

age() => yearsBetween(now(), Born).

The <˜ rule defines an interface type - it tells us what properties are characteristic of a person and also gives type constraints on these properties. It documents that age is a functional property with an integer value, that lives is a unary relation over strings, and that dayOfBirth is a functional property with a value that is an object of type day.

gender sex() => Sx.

name() => Nm.

home() => Hm.

lives(Pl) :- Pl = home().

yearsBetween:[integer, day] => integer.

yearsBetween(...) => ..

}.

newPerson:[string, day,Gender Sex, string] => person.

The $= type rule tells us that there is also a theory label, with the functor person, for a theory that defines the characteristic properties of the person type - implements the person interface - in terms of four given parameters of types string, day, Gender and string.

newPerson(Nm, Born, Sx, Hm) => $person(Nm, Born, Sx, Hm).

== Footnotes ==

</syntaxhighlight>

{{Reflist|2}}

*The <code>::=</code> rule defines a new [[algebraic typedata -type]], a [[data type]] with only data constructors.

*The <˜code><~</code> rule defines an interface type - it tells usindicates what properties are characteristic of a <code>person</code> and also gives type constraints on these properties. It documents that <code>age</code> is a functional property with an integer value, that <code>lives</code> is a unary relation over strings, and that <code>dayOfBirth</code> is a functional property with a value that is an object of type <code>day</code>.

*The <code>$=</code> type rule tells usindicates that there is also a theory label, with the functor <code>person</code>, for a theory that defines the characteristic properties of the <code>person</code> type - implements the <code>person</code> interface - in terms of four given parameters of types <code>string</code>, <code>day</code> , Gender<code>Sex</code>, and <code>string</code>.

==Conflict with Google==

[[ru:Go! (язык программирования)]]

In November 2009, [[Google]] released a similarly named [[Go (programming language)|Go programming language]] (with no [[exclamation point]]). McCabe asked Google to change the name of their language as he was concerned they were "steam-rolling over us".<ref name="infowk"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=9 |title=Issue 9 - go - I have already used the name for *MY* programming language |date=2009-11-10 |access-date=2009-11-14}}</ref> The issue received attention among technology news websites, with some of them characterizing Go! as "obscure".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.geek.com/articles/news/google-didnt-google-go-before-naming-their-programming-language-20091113/ |title=Google didn't google "Go" before naming their programming language |last=Brownlee |first=John |date=2009-11-13 |publisher=Geek.com |access-date=2010-01-18 |archive-date=2012-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506104459/http://www.geek.com/articles/news/google-didnt-google-go-before-naming-their-programming-language-20091113 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The issue thread opened on the subject was closed by a Google developer on 12 October 2010 with the custom status "Unfortunate" and with the following comment: "there are many computing products and services named Go. In the 11 months since our release, there has been minimal confusion of the two languages."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/golang/go/issues/9#issuecomment-66047478|title=I have already used the name for *MY* programming language · Issue #9 · golang/go|website=GitHub|language=en|access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflistReflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

{{refbegin}}

{{Refbegin}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=K.L. |last2=McCabe |first2=F.G. |year=2003 |title= Go! for multi-threaded deliberative agents |journal=International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AAMAS'03) |pages=964 - 965 |url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=860575.860747 | doi=10.1145/860575.860747 }}

* {{cite paperweb |last1=Clark |first1=K. L. |last2=McCabe |first2=F. G. |year=2003 |title=Ontology Oriented Programming in Go! |url=http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~klc/DistKR.pdf }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=K. L. |last2=McCabe |first2=F. G. |year=2004 |title=Go!—A Multi-Paradigm Programming Language for Implementing Multi-Threaded Agents |journal=[[Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence]] |volume=41 |issue=2-42–4 |pages=171 - 206171–206 |url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=998367 |doi=10.1023/B:AMAI.0000031195.87297.d9 |citeseerx=10.1.1.133.1069 |s2cid=6992205 }}

* {{cite journal |last1author=Clark |first1=K.LR. |last2=McCabe |first2=F.G.Bordini |year=2006 |title=OntologyA orientedSurvey programmingof inProgramming go!Languages and Platforms for Multi-Agent Systems |journal=Applied IntelligenceInformatica |volume=2430 |issuepages=333–44 |pagesurl=189http://www.informatica.si/vol30.htm |display-authors=etal 204 |url-status=dead |archive-url=httphttps://portalweb.acmarchive.org/citationweb/20091115151833/http://www.cfm?id=1127540 |doi=10informatica.1145si/860575vol30.860747htm |archive-date=2009-11-15}}

* {{cite journal |author=M. Fisher |year=2007 |title=Computational Logics and Agents - A Roadmap of Current Technologies and Future Trends |journal=Computational Intelligence |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=61–91 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118495224/issue |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130106033209/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118495224/issue |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8640.2007.00295.x |display-authors=etal |citeseerx=10.1.1.114.6149 |s2cid=3393868}}

{{refend}}

*{{cite book|last=McCabe|first=Francis G.|title=Lets Go!|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0975444913|date=February 7, 2007|publisher=Network Agent Press|isbn=978-0-9754449-1-7}}

* {{cite conference |author=C. Varela |year=2004 |title=On Modelling Agent Systems with Erlang |conference=ACM SIGPLAN Erlang Workshop '04 |url=http://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/erlang/workshop/2004/ |display-authors=etal |access-date=2009-11-12 |archive-date=2009-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115113314/http://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/erlang/workshop/2004/ |url-status=dead}}

{{Refend}}

== External links ==

* [httphttps://homepage.macgithub.com/frankmccabe/FileSharing1.htmlgo DownloadGithub page]

* [http://99-bottles-of-beer.net/language-go!-289.html Code sample on 99-bottles-of-beer.net]

* [http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0975444913 Lets Go! textbook by Francis McCabe]

{{compu-lang-stub}}

[[Category:ProgrammingConcurrent programming languages created in the 2000s]]

[[Category:Concurrent_programming_languagesFree and open source compilers]]

[[Category:Programming languages created in 2003]]