Content deleted Content added
No edit summary |
64.114 etc (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
Line 1:
{{About|text=For the metropolitan area, see [[Toledo metropolitan area]]. For other uses, see [[Toledo (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Short description|City in Ohio, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}{{Enus|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Toledo, Ohio
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| nickname = The Glass City
| motto = "''Laborare est Orare''" (To Work is to Pray)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/laborare%20est%20orare |title=laborare est orare |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=March 28, 2020 |archive-date=April 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408044032/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/laborare%20est%20orare |url-status=live }}</ref>
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|border = infobox
|total_width = 280
|image_style = border:1;
|perrow = 1/2/2/1
|caption_align = center
|image1 = Toledo, Ohio Skyline, July 2022.jpg
|caption1 = [[Downtown Toledo]]
|image2 = University Hall UToledo.JPG
|caption2 = [[University of Toledo]]
|image3 = Toledo Museum of Art exterior 01.jpg
|caption3 = [[Toledo Museum of Art]]
|image4 = 700 Adams Street, exterior views, 2019 - DPLA - fff9dce1ff857ee8aeb9374b7b4dcda8 (page 2).jpg
|caption4 = [[Lucas County Courthouse and Jail|Lucas County Courthouse]]
|image5 = AnthonyWayneBridge.JPG
|caption5 = [[Anthony Wayne Bridge]]
|image6 = Fifth Third Field - view from right field.JPG
|caption6 = [[Fifth Third Field (Toledo)|Fifth Third Field]]
|spacing = 2
|color = #FFFFFF}}
| imagesize =
| image_flag = Flag of Toledo, Ohio (2025–).svg
| image_seal = Seal of Toledo, Ohio.svg
| image_blank_emblem = Logo of Toledo, Ohio.svg
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| image_map = {{maplink
| frame = yes
| plain = yes
| frame-align = center
| frame-width = 270
| frame-height = 270
| frame-coord = {{coord|41.6525|-83.5375}}
| zoom = 10
| type = shape
| marker = city
| stroke-width = 2
| stroke-color = #0096FF
| fill = #0096FF
| id2 = Q49239
| type2 = shape-inverse
| stroke-width2 = 2
| stroke-color2 = #5F5F5F
| stroke-opacity2 = 0
| fill2 = #000000
| fill-opacity2 = 0
}}
| map_caption = Interactive map of Toledo
| pushpin_map = Ohio#USA
| pushpin_label = Toledo
| pushpin_relief = yes
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Ohio|County]]
| subdivision_name = {{flagdeco|USA}} [[United States]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagdeco|Ohio}} [[Ohio]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lucas County, Ohio|Lucas]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1837
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Toledo City Council]]
| leader_title = [[List of mayors of Toledo, Ohio|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Wade Kapszukiewicz]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web |title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory |url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-date=January 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119173812/https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 217.12
| area_land_km2 = 208.46
| area_water_km2 = 8.66
| area_total_sq_mi = 83.83
| area_land_sq_mi = 80.49
| area_water_sq_mi = 3.34
| population_total = 270871
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_est = 265638 {{loss}}
| pop_est_as_of = 2024
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="USCensusQuickFacts">{{cite web |title=Toledo city, Ohio |work=QuickFacts |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/toledocityohio |access-date=May 15, 2025 }}</ref>
| population_rank = US: [[List of United States cities by population|86th]]
| population_density_km2 = 1299.38
| population_density_sq_mi = 3365.36
| population_urban = 497,952 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|85th]])
| population_density_urban_km2 = 798.7
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 2,068.6
| population_metro = 606240 (US: [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|93rd]])
| population_demonym = Toledoan
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Codes]]
| postal_code = {{collapsible list
| title = Zip codes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupResultsAction!input?resultMode=0&state=OH&city=Toledo |publisher=USPS |title=Zip Code Lookup |access-date=December 2, 2014 |archive-date=October 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004191601/https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupResultsAction!input?resultMode=0&state=OH&city=Toledo |url-status=live }}</ref>
| frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
| list_style = text-align:center;display:none
|43601, 43603-43615, 43617, 43620, 43623, 43635, 43652, 43654, 43656-43657, 43659-43661, 43666-43667, 43681-43682, 43697, 43699}}
| area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area codes]]
| area_code = [[Area code 419|419]], [[Area code 567|567]]
| timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = −4
| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q49239|region:US-OH|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
| elevation_ft = 604
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 39-77000
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] ID
| blank1_info = 1086537<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1086537}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://toledo.oh.gov}}
}}
'''Toledo''' ({{IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|l|iː|d|oʊ}} {{respell|tə|LEE|doh}}) is a city in [[Lucas County, Ohio]], United States, of which it is also the [[county seat]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web |url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |access-date=June 7, 2011 |title=Find a County |work=National Association of Counties |archive-date=May 31, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> It is located at the western end of [[Lake Erie]] along the [[Maumee River]]. Toledo is the [[List of cities in Ohio|fourth-most populous city]] in Ohio and [[List of United States cities by population|86th-most populous city]] in the U.S. with a population of 270,871 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]],<ref name=PopEstCities>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division |access-date=December 26, 2023 |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711040810/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |url-status=live}}</ref> while the [[Toledo metropolitan area]] has an estimated 601,000 residents. Toledo also serves as a major trade center for the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]]; its port is the fifth-busiest on the [[Great Lakes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toledo's population continues to decline, according to census estimate |url=https://www.toledoblade.com/local/2018/03/22/Toledo-s-population-decline-continues-according-to-census-estimate/stories/20180321172 |website=Toledo Blade |language=en |access-date=May 1, 2020 |archive-date=June 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606174449/https://www.toledoblade.com/local/2018/03/22/Toledo-s-population-decline-continues-according-to-census-estimate/stories/20180321172 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Port Industry Statistics |url=https://www.aapa-ports.org/unifying/content.aspx?ItemNumber=21048 |website=www.aapa-ports.org |access-date=May 1, 2020 |archive-date=March 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311020953/https://www.aapa-ports.org/unifying/content.aspx?ItemNumber=21048 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The city was founded in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River and originally incorporated as part of the [[Michigan Territory]]. It was re-founded in 1837 after the conclusion of the [[Toledo War]], when it was incorporated in Ohio. After the 1845 completion of the [[Miami and Erie Canal]], Toledo grew quickly; it also benefited from its position on the railway line between [[New York City]] and [[Chicago]]. The first of many glass manufacturers arrived in the 1880s, eventually earning Toledo its nickname as "The Glass City". [[Downtown Toledo]] has been subject to major revitalization efforts, including a growing [[Warehouse District (Toledo, Ohio)|entertainment district]]. Toledo is home to the [[University of Toledo]].
==History==
{{For timeline}}
The region was part of a larger area controlled by the historic tribes of the [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]] and the people of the [[Council of Three Fires]] ([[Ojibwe]], [[Potawatomi]], and [[Odawa]]). The French established trading posts in the area by 1680 to take advantage of the lucrative [[fur trade]]. The Odawa moved from [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]] at the invitation of the French, who established a trading post at [[Fort Detroit]], about 60 miles to the north. They settled an area extending into northwest Ohio. By the early 18th century, the Odawa-occupied areas along most of the Maumee River to its mouth. They served as middlemen between the French and tribes further to the west and north. The Wyandot occupied central Ohio, and the [[Shawnee]] and [[Lenape]] occupied the southern areas.<ref>''Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History'' (University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, 1986) pp. 3, 58–59</ref><ref>R. Douglas Hurt, ''The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720–1830'' (Indiana University Press: Bloomington, 1998), pp. 8–12</ref>
When the city of Toledo was preparing to pave its streets, it surveyed "two prehistoric semicircular [[earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]], presumably for [[stockade]]s." One was at the intersection of Clayton and Oliver Streets on the south bank of Swan Creek; the other was at the intersection of Fassett and Fort Streets on the right bank of the Maumee River.<ref name="slocum"/> Such earthworks were typical of mound-building peoples.
===
According to Charles E. Slocum, the American military built [[Fort Industry]] at the mouth of the Swan Creek at about 1805 as a temporary stockade. No official reports support the 19th-century tradition of its earlier history there.<ref name="slocum">[http://ohahgp.genealogyvillage.com/Resources/forts-miami-and-fort-industry.html Charles E. Slocum, "Forts Miami and Fort Industry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227075851/http://ohahgp.genealogyvillage.com/Resources/forts-miami-and-fort-industry.html |date=December 27, 2015 }}, ''Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications,'' Volume XII, 1903; hosted at American History and Genealogy Project, accessed December 26, 2015</ref>
The United States continued to work to transition the area's population from Native Americans to Whites. In the [[Treaty of Detroit]] (1807), the above four tribes ceded a large land area to the United States of what became southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio, to the mouth of the Maumee River (where Toledo later developed). Reserves for the Odawa were set aside in northwestern Ohio for a limited time. The Native Americans signed the treaty at [[Detroit, Michigan]], on November 17, 1807, with [[William Hull]], governor of the Michigan Territory and superintendent of Indian affairs, as the sole representative of the U.S.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2746/ |title=Treaty Between the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot, and Potawatomi Indians |website=[[World Digital Library]] |date=November 17, 1807 |access-date=August 3, 2013 |archive-date=May 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508212426/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2746/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Historical Collections of Ohio- An Encyclopedia of the State; History Both General and Local, Geography with Descriptions of Its Counties, Cities and Villages, Its Agricultural, Manufacturing, Mining (14769953671).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Peter Navarre]], frontiersman, hero of the [[Battle of Lake Erie]]]]
More American settlers entered the area over the next few years, but many fled during the [[War of 1812]], when British forces raided the area with their Native American allies. Resettlement began around 1818 after a Cincinnati syndicate purchased a {{convert|974|acre|km2|1|adj=mid}} tract at the mouth of Swan Creek and named it Port Lawrence, developing it as the [[Downtown Toledo|modern downtown area]] of Toledo. Immediately to the north of that, another syndicate founded the town of Vistula, the historic north end.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |title=The Ohio Guide |year=1940 |author=[[Federal Writers' Project]] |publisher=US History Publishers |isbn=9781603540346}}</ref> These two towns bordered each other across Cherry Street. This is why present-day streets on the street's northeast side run at a slightly different angle from those southwest of it.
In 1824, the Ohio state legislature authorized the construction of the [[Miami and Erie Canal]], and in 1833, its [[Wabash and Erie Canal]] extension. The canal's purpose was to connect the city of Cincinnati to [[Lake Erie]] for water transportation to eastern markets, including to New York City via the Erie Canal and Hudson River. At that time, no highways had been built in the state, and goods produced locally had great difficulty reaching the larger markets east of the [[Appalachian Mountains]]. During the canal's planning phase, many small towns along the northern shores of the Maumee River heavily competed to be the ending terminus of the canal, knowing it would give them a profitable status.<ref name="Gieck 1913">{{Cite book |last=Gieck |first=Jack |title=A Photo Album of Ohio's Canal Era, 1825–1913 |___location=Kent |publisher=Kent State University Press |year=1988 |isbn=9780873383530}}</ref> The towns of Port Lawrence and Vistula merged in 1833 to better compete against the upriver towns of [[Waterville, Ohio|Waterville]] and [[Maumee, Ohio|Maumee]].
The inhabitants of this joined settlement chose the name Toledo:
<blockquote>"but the reason for this choice is buried in a welter of legends. One recounts that [[Washington Irving]], who was traveling in Spain at the time, suggested the name to his brother, a local resident; this explanation ignores the fact that Irving returned to the United States in 1832. Others award the honor to Two Stickney, son of the major who quaintly numbered his sons and named his daughters after States. The most popular version attributes the naming to Willard J. Daniels, a merchant, who reportedly suggested Toledo because it 'is easy to pronounce, is pleasant in sound, and there is no other city of that name on the American continent.'"<ref name="ReferenceA"/></blockquote>Despite Toledo's efforts, the canal built the final terminus in Manhattan, {{convert|1/2|mi|m|abbr=out|spell=in}} to the north of Toledo, because it was closer to Lake Erie. As a compromise, the state placed two sidecuts before the terminus, one in Toledo at Swan Creek and another in [[Maumee, Ohio|Maumee]], about 10 miles to the southwest.
Among the numerous treaties made between the Ottawa and the United States were two signed in this area: at Miami (Maumee) Bay in 1831 and Maumee, Ohio, upriver of Toledo, in 1833.<ref name="hodge">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fxoTAAAAYAAJ&q=Ondatauauat&pg=PA167 |title=Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico: N-Z |page=167 |website=Books.google.com |access-date=May 23, 2016 |last1=Hodge |first1=Frederick Webb |year=1910 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523050245/https://books.google.com/books?id=fxoTAAAAYAAJ&q=Ondatauauat&pg=PA167#v=onepage&q=Ondatauauat&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> These actions were among US purchases or exchanges of land to accomplish [[Indian Removal]] of the Ottawa from areas wanted for European-American settlement. The last of the Odawa did not leave this area until 1839, when Ottoke, grandson of [[Pontiac (Ottawa leader)|Pontiac]], led his band from their village at the mouth of the Maumee River to [[Indian Territory]] in Kansas.<ref>[[Helen Hornbeck Tanner]], ed., ''Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History'' (University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, 1986) pp. 48-51</ref><ref>Larry Angelo (2nd chief of the Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma), ''The Migration of the Ottawas from 1615 to Present,'' (1997), pp. 3-6</ref>
[[File:City of Toledo, Ohio aerial map, 1870 - DPLA - dd2195b1917c87c7b6eaa8d81c330b5e.jpg|thumb|left|Bird's-eye view of Toledo drawn in 1870]]
An almost bloodless conflict between Ohio and the Michigan Territory, called the [[Toledo War]] (1835–1836), was "fought" over a narrow strip of land from the [[Indiana]] border to [[Lake Erie]], now containing the city and the suburbs of [[Sylvania, Ohio|Sylvania]] and [[Oregon, Ohio]]. The strip, which varied between five and {{convert|8|mi|km|spell=in}} in width, was claimed by both the state of Ohio and the Michigan Territory due to conflicting legislation concerning the ___location of the Ohio-Michigan state line. Militias from both states were sent to the border, but never engaged. The only casualty of the conflict was a Michigan deputy [[Sheriffs in the United States|sheriff]]—stabbed in the leg with a penknife by Two Stickney during the arrest of his elder brother, One Stickney, and the loss of two horses, two pigs, and a few chickens stolen from an Ohio farm by lost members of the Michigan militia. Major Benjamin Franklin Stickney, father of One and Two Stickney, had been instrumental in pushing Congress to rule in favor of Ohio gaining Toledo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toledoblade.com/local/2000/12/24/Benjamin-Franklin-Stickney-His-remarkable-life-and-times.html |work=The Blade |title=Benjamin Franklin Stickney: His remarkable life and times |date=December 24, 2000 |access-date=December 16, 2016 |first=George J. |last=Tanber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116002959/http://www.toledoblade.com/local/2000/12/24/Benjamin-Franklin-Stickney-His-remarkable-life-and-times.html |archive-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref> In the end, the state of Ohio was awarded the land after the state of Michigan was given a larger portion of the [[Upper Peninsula]] in exchange.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=1265 |work=Professional Surveyor Magazine |title=History Corner: Ohio-Michigan Boundary War, Part 2 |date=June 2004 |access-date=August 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728093839/http://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=1265 |archive-date=July 28, 2011 |first=Gordon |last=Mitchell}}</ref> Stickney Avenue in Toledo is named for Major Stickney.
[[File:Toledo, Ohio, 1876 WDL9586.png|thumb|A postcard of Toledo in 1876]]
Toledo was very slow to expand during its first two decades of settlement. The first lot was sold in the Port Lawrence section of the city in 1833. It held 1,205 persons in 1835, and five years later, it had gained just seven more persons. Settlers came and went quickly through Toledo and between 1833 and 1836, ownership of land had changed so many times that none of the original parties remained in the town. The canal and its Toledo side-cut entrance were completed in 1843. Soon after the canal was functional, the new canal boats had become too large to use the shallow waters at the terminus in Manhattan. More boats began using the Swan Creek side-cut than its official terminus, quickly putting the Manhattan warehouses out of business and triggering a rush to move business to Toledo. Most of Manhattan's residents moved out by 1844.
The 1850 census recorded Toledo as having 3,829 residents and Manhattan 541. The 1860 census shows Toledo with a population of 13,768 and Manhattan with 788. While the towns were only a mile apart, Toledo grew by 359% in 10 years. Manhattan's growth was on a small base and never competed, given the drawbacks of its lesser canal outlet. By the 1880s, Toledo expanded over the vacant streets of Manhattan and Tremainsville, a small town to the west.<ref name="Gieck 1913"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Simonis |first=Louis A. |title=Maumee River, 1835 |___location=Defiance |publisher=Defiance County Historical Society |year=1979}}</ref>
In the last half of the 19th century, railroads slowly began to replace canals as the major form of transportation. They were faster and had greater capacity. Toledo soon became a hub for several railroad companies and a hotspot for industries such as furniture producers, carriage makers, breweries, and glass manufacturers. Large [[immigrant]] populations came to the area.
[[File:Toledo 1900.jpg|thumb|Toledo around 1905, showing growing industry along the Maumee River]]
===20th century===
[[File:Cherry Street Bridge, Toledo, Ohio, 1920 - DPLA - 42bb05e85ef62b5ed18fc16d4f23b342.jpg|thumb|Downtown Toledo in 1920, including the then-recently completed [[Martin Luther King Bridge (Toledo, Ohio)|Cherry Street Bridge]]]]
In the 1920s, Toledo had one of the highest rates of industrial growth in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.toledosattic.org/essays/culthistory/92-abstracts/culthistory/116-ess-toledotopics |title=Toledo Topics: Life at the Top in Jazz Age Toledo |first=Timothy |last=Messer-Kruse |work=[[Toledo's Attic]] |___location=Toledo |access-date=May 5, 2020 |archive-date=August 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805053002/https://toledosattic.org/essays/culthistory/92-abstracts/culthistory/116-ess-toledotopics |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Toledo continued to expand in population and industry, but because of its dependence on manufacturing, the city was hit hard by the [[Great Depression]]. Many large-scale [[Works Progress Administration]] projects were constructed to re-employ citizens in the 1930s. Some of these include the amphitheater and aquarium at the [[Toledo Zoo]] and a major expansion to the [[Toledo Museum of Art]].
[[File:Toledo Streetcar.jpg|thumb|A streetcar in Toledo, 1949]]
The postwar job boom and [[Second Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] brought thousands of [[African Americans]] to Toledo to work in industrial jobs, where they had previously been denied. Due to [[redlining]], many of them settled along Dorr Street, which, during the 1950s and 1960s was lined with flourishing black-owned businesses and homes. [[Desegregation in the United States|Desegregation]], a failed [[urban renewal]] project, and the construction of [[I-75]] displaced those residents and left behind a struggling community with minimal resources, even as it also drew more established, middle-class people, white and black, out of center cities for newer housing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.toledoblade.com/local/2015/04/26/Poor-decisions-accelerated-decline/stories/20150425181 |title=Downtown Toledo: What went wrong? |website=Toledo Blade |access-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116185148/https://www.toledoblade.com/local/2015/04/26/Poor-decisions-accelerated-decline/stories/20150425181 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city rebounded, but the slump of American manufacturing in the second half of the 20th century during industrial restructuring cost many jobs.
By the 1980s, Toledo had a depressed economy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wessner |first1=Charles |title=Rebuilding Ohio's Innovation Economy |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK158814/ |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |access-date=December 4, 2019 |language=en |date=2013 |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813015132/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK158814/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The destruction of many buildings downtown, along with several failed business ventures in housing in the core, which led to a reverse city-suburb wealth problem common in small cities with land to spare.
===21st century===
Several initiatives have been taken by Toledo's citizens to improve the cityscape by urban gardening and revitalizing their communities.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://toledocitypaper.com/feature/the-state-of-urban-agriculture/ |title=The State of Urban Agriculture | Toledo City Paper |newspaper=Toledo City Paper |date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126094708/https://toledocitypaper.com/feature/the-state-of-urban-agriculture/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Local artists, supported by organizations like the Arts Commission of [[Toledo metropolitan area|Greater Toledo]] and the [[Ohio Arts Council]], have contributed an array of murals and beautification works to replace long standing blight.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.toledoblade.com/a-e/art/2019/08/31/vibrant-murals-continue-proliferate-toledo-northwest-ohio/stories/20190823197 |title=Hitting the wall: Vibrant murals continue to proliferate in Toledo |website=Toledo Blade |access-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-date=September 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914215827/https://www.toledoblade.com/a-e/art/2019/08/31/vibrant-murals-continue-proliferate-toledo-northwest-ohio/stories/20190823197 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many downtown historical buildings such as the [[Oliver House, Toledo, Ohio|Oliver House]] and Stand-art Lofts have been renovated into restaurants, condominiums, offices and art galleries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.toledoblade.com/business/real-estate/2012/01/29/Lofts-a-fit-in-historic-downtown-building/stories/201201290023 |title=Lofts a fit downtown |website=Toledo Blade |access-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116190352/https://www.toledoblade.com/business/real-estate/2012/01/29/Lofts-a-fit-in-historic-downtown-building/stories/201201290023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On the evening of August 1, 2014, the city of Toledo issued a warning to citizens advising against the use of city water, leaving more than half a million people suddenly without water.<ref name="greatlakes.org"/> A bloom of toxic [[Cyanobacteria|blue-green algae]] had formed directly over Toledo's water intake pipe, which was situated a few miles off shore in Lake Erie.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> Because of the algae bloom forming just above the pipe, the water being pumped into Toledo showed levels of harmful bacteria that made the water unsafe to interact with. On August 3, the [[Ohio National Guard]] was brought in to deliver over 10,000 gallons of water to citizens due to a rapid depletion of bottled water locally.<ref>{{cite web |title=Toledo Water Crisis: A timeline of what's happened so far |url=https://www.wtol.com/article/news/toledo-water-crisis-a-timeline-of-whats-happened-so-far/512-8a30f5fd-a8f1-4c5a-979d-a18e16dfc7ea |website=wtol.com |date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216195421/https://www.wtol.com/article/news/toledo-water-crisis-a-timeline-of-whats-happened-so-far/512-8a30f5fd-a8f1-4c5a-979d-a18e16dfc7ea |url-status=live }}</ref> The warning against using water lasted nearly three days, finally ending late on August 4.
In 2018, [[Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc.]] invested $700 million into an East Toledo ___location as the site of a new hot-briquetted iron plant, designed to modernize the steel industry. The plant was slated to create over 1,200 jobs.<ref name="wtol.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.wtol.com/article/news/cleveland-cliffs-invests-700-million-in-toledo/512-423ef1fe-757e-436d-b1bc-ccea5eac95e8 |title=Cleveland Cliffs invests $700 million in Toledo |website=wtol.com |date=April 6, 2018 |access-date=July 16, 2020 |archive-date=July 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716001400/https://www.wtol.com/article/news/cleveland-cliffs-invests-700-million-in-toledo/512-423ef1fe-757e-436d-b1bc-ccea5eac95e8 |url-status=live }}</ref> Construction was completed in 2020, as planned.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.clevelandcliffs.com/operations/steelmaking/toledo-dr-plant |title=Toledo DR Plant |date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=November 11, 2023 |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205111658/https://www.clevelandcliffs.com/operations/steelmaking/toledo-dr-plant |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wtol.com"/>
==Geography==
[[File:20200805 22 Maumee River, Toledo, Ohio (50441936778).jpg|thumb|The [[Maumee River]] as it passes through Toledo]]
Toledo is located at {{Coord|41|39|10|N|83|32|16|W|type:city}} (41.6525, −83.5375).<ref name="GR1-a primary source">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html |work=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=April 23, 2011 |date=February 12, 2011 |title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990 |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824085937/https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has a total area of {{convert|84.12|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|3.43|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is covered by water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |work=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=July 2, 2012}}</ref>
The city straddles the Maumee River at its mouth at the southern end of [[Maumee Bay]], the westernmost inlet of Lake Erie. The city is located north of what had been the [[Great Black Swamp]], giving rise to another nickname, Frog Town. Toledo sits within the borders of a sandy oak savanna called the [[Oak Openings Region]], an important ecological site that once comprised more than {{convert|300|sqmi|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oakopen.org/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221231236/http://www.oakopen.org/history/ |title=History of the Oak Openings Region |archive-date=February 21, 2010 |work=Green Ribbon Initiative |access-date=August 3, 2014}}</ref>
Toledo is within {{convert|250|mi}} by road from seven metropolitan areas that have a population of more than two million people: [[Detroit]], [[Cleveland]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Cincinnati]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[Indianapolis]], and [[Chicago]]. In addition, it is within 300 miles of [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]].
=== Cityscape ===
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Toledo, Ohio}}
[[File:Skyline of Toledo, Ohio.jpg|center|800px|thumb|{{center|Downtown Toledo's skyline from across the [[Maumee River]]}}]]
==== Neighborhoods and suburbs ====
{{Main|Neighborhoods in Toledo, Ohio}}
[[File:MeadowoodOldOrchard.jpg|thumb|[[Old Orchard (Toledo, Ohio)|Old Orchard]] neighborhood]]
The [[Old West End District (Toledo, Ohio)|Old West End]] is a historic neighborhood of [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]], Arts & Crafts, and other Edwardian-style houses made in the era. The historic district is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Beverly
* Birmingham
* Darby (Eastern to South-Old South End)
* DeVeaux
* Crossgates
* Five Points
* [[Downtown Toledo|Downtown]]
* East Toledo
* Franklin Park
* Garfield
* Glendale-Heatherdowns (Byrne-Heatherdowns Village)
* [[Harvard Terrace: Toledo, Ohio|Harvard Terrace]]
* Junction Neighborhood
* [[Library Village (Toledo, Ohio)|Library Village]]
* Nasby
* North Towne
* [[Old Orchard (Toledo, Ohio)|Old Orchard]]
* [[Old West End District (Toledo, Ohio)|Old West End]]
* Old South End
* Old Town
* ONE Village (includes the Polish International Village, Vistula, & North River)
* ONYX (includes historic Kuschwantz and Lenk's Hill neighborhoods)
* [[Ottawa, Toledo, Ohio|Ottawa]]
* [[Point Place (Toledo Ohio)|Point Place]]
* Reynolds Corners
* Roosevelt
* Scott Park
* Secor Gardens (includes the University of Toledo)
* Southwyck
* Wernert's Corner
* Trilby
* University Hills
* Uptown
* [[Warehouse District (Toledo, Ohio)|Warehouse District]]
* Warren Sherman
* Westgate
* [[Westmoreland (Toledo, Ohio)|Westmoreland]]
{{div col end}}
On January 15, 1936, the first building to be completely covered in glass was constructed in Toledo. It was a building for the [[Owens-Illinois Glass Company]] and marked a milestone in [[architecture|architectural design]] representative of the [[International Style (architecture)|International style]] of architecture, which was at that time becoming increasingly popular in the US.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bacon |first=Mardges |title=John McAndrew's modernist vision: from the Vassar College Art Library to the Museum of Modern Art in New York |date=2018 |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |isbn=978-1-61689-786-4 |___location=New York |oclc=1059450963}}</ref>
According to the [[US Census Bureau]], the [[Toledo metropolitan area]] covers three Ohio counties. Some of Toledo's suburbs in Ohio include [[Bowling Green, Ohio|Bowling Green]], [[Holland, Ohio|Holland]], [[Lake Township, Wood County, Ohio|Lake Township]], [[Maumee, Ohio|Maumee]], [[Millbury, Ohio|Millbury]], [[Monclova Township, Lucas County, Ohio|Monclova Township]], [[Northwood, Ohio|Northwood]], [[Oregon, Ohio|Oregon]], [[Ottawa Hills, Ohio|Ottawa Hills]], [[Perrysburg, Ohio|Perrysburg]], [[Rossford, Ohio|Rossford]], [[Springfield Township, Lucas County, Ohio|Springfield Township]], [[Sylvania, Ohio|Sylvania]], [[Walbridge, Ohio|Walbridge]], [[Waterville, Ohio|Waterville]], [[Whitehouse, Ohio|Whitehouse]], and [[Washington Township, Lucas County, Ohio|Washington Township]]. [[Bedford Township, Monroe County, Michigan|Bedford Township, Michigan]], including the communities of [[Lambertville, Michigan|Lambertville]], [[Temperance, Michigan|Temperance]], and [[Erie Township, Michigan|Erie Township]], includes Toledo's Michigan suburbs.
===Climate===
Toledo, as with much of the [[Great Lakes]] region, has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfa''), characterized by four distinct seasons. Lake Erie moderates the climate somewhat, especially in late spring and fall, when air and water temperature differences are maximal. However, this effect is lessened in the winter because Lake Erie (unlike the other Great Lakes) usually freezes over, coupled with prevailing winds that are often westerly, and in the summer, prevailing winds south and west over the lake bring heat and humidity to the city.
Summers are very warm and humid, with July averaging {{convert|75.4|°F|1}} and temperatures of {{convert|90|°F|0}} or more seen on 18.8 days.<ref name = "NOWData NWS Cleveland, OH (CLE) - TOLthr"/> Winters are cold and somewhat snowy, with a January mean temperature of {{convert|27.5|°F|1}}, and lows at or below {{convert|0|°F|0}} on 5.6 nights.<ref name = "NOWData NWS Cleveland, OH (CLE) - TOLthr"/> The spring months tend to be the wettest time of year, although precipitation is common year-round. November and December can get very cloudy, but January and February usually clear up after the lake freezes. July is the sunniest month overall.<ref name=NOAAsun/> About {{convert|37|in|cm|0}} of snow falls per year, much less than the [[Snow Belt]] cities, because of the prevailing wind direction. Temperature extremes have ranged from {{convert|-20|°F|0}} on January 21, 1984, to {{convert|105|°F|0}} on [[1936 North American heat wave|July 14, 1936]].
{{Weather box|___location = Toledo, Ohio ([[Toledo Express Airport]]), 1991−2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said ___location from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1871−present{{efn|Official records for Toledo were kept at downtown from January 1871 to January 1943, [[Toledo Executive Airport|Toledo Municipal Airport]] from February 1943 to December 1945, [[Metcalf Field]] from January 1946 to January 11, 1955, and at Toledo Express Airport since January 12, 1955. For more information, see [http://threadex.rcc-acis.org ThreadEx].}}
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 71
|Feb record high F = 73
|Mar record high F = 85
|Apr record high F = 89
|May record high F = 98
|Jun record high F = 104
|Jul record high F = 105
|Aug record high F = 103
|Sep record high F = 100
|Oct record high F = 92
|Nov record high F = 80
|Dec record high F = 70
|year record high F = 105
|Jan avg record high F = 54.9
|Feb avg record high F = 57.8
|Mar avg record high F = 70.4
|Apr avg record high F = 80.3
|May avg record high F = 88.7
|Jun avg record high F = 94.4
|Jul avg record high F = 94.2
|Aug avg record high F = 92.4
|Sep avg record high F = 90.3
|Oct avg record high F = 82.2
|Nov avg record high F = 68.1
|Dec avg record high F = 57.8
|year avg record high F = 96.2
|Jan high F = 34.7
|Feb high F = 37.8
|Mar high F = 48.4
|Apr high F = 61.5
|May high F = 73.3
|Jun high F = 82.7
|Jul high F = 86.5
|Aug high F = 84.1
|Sep high F = 77.7
|Oct high F = 65.0
|Nov high F = 51.1
|Dec high F = 39.4
|year high F = 61.9
|Jan mean F = 27.5
|Feb mean F = 29.9
|Mar mean F = 39.2
|Apr mean F = 50.9
|May mean F = 62.1
|Jun mean F = 71.6
|Jul mean F = 75.4
|Aug mean F = 73.5
|Sep mean F = 66.4
|Oct mean F = 54.6
|Nov mean F = 42.8
|Dec mean F = 32.8
|year mean F = 52.2
|Jan low F = 20.3
|Feb low F = 22.1
|Mar low F = 29.9
|Apr low F = 40.3
|May low F = 50.9
|Jun low F = 60.5
|Jul low F = 64.2
|Aug low F = 62.8
|Sep low F = 55.1
|Oct low F = 44.3
|Nov low F = 34.5
|Dec low F = 26.1
|year low F = 42.6
|Jan avg record low F = -1.8
|Feb avg record low F = 2.1
|Mar avg record low F = 10.4
|Apr avg record low F = 24.2
|May avg record low F = 35.4
|Jun avg record low F = 45.1
|Jul avg record low F = 51.9
|Aug avg record low F = 50.4
|Sep avg record low F = 39.3
|Oct avg record low F = 28.7
|Nov avg record low F = 17.7
|Dec avg record low F = 5.9
|year avg record low F = -5.1
|Jan record low F = −20
|Feb record low F = −19
|Mar record low F = −10
|Apr record low F = 8
|May record low F = 25
|Jun record low F = 32
|Jul record low F = 40
|Aug record low F = 34
|Sep record low F = 26
|Oct record low F = 15
|Nov record low F = 2
|Dec record low F = −19
|year record low F = -20
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 2.37
|Feb precipitation inch = 2.28
|Mar precipitation inch = 2.61
|Apr precipitation inch = 3.45
|May precipitation inch = 3.82
|Jun precipitation inch = 3.45
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.27
|Aug precipitation inch = 3.15
|Sep precipitation inch = 2.93
|Oct precipitation inch = 2.59
|Nov precipitation inch = 2.65
|Dec precipitation inch = 2.44
|year precipitation inch = 35.01
|Jan snow inch = 12.3
|Feb snow inch = 10.2
|Mar snow inch = 5.3
|Apr snow inch = 1.3
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.1
|Nov snow inch = 1.7
|Dec snow inch = 6.5
|year snow inch = 37.4
| Jan snow depth inch = 5
| Feb snow depth inch = 5
| Mar snow depth inch = 3
| Apr snow depth inch = 0
| May snow depth inch = 0
| Jun snow depth inch = 0
| Jul snow depth inch = 0
| Aug snow depth inch = 0
| Sep snow depth inch = 0
| Oct snow depth inch = 0
| Nov snow depth inch = 1
| Dec snow depth inch = 3
| year snow depth inch =
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 13.5
|Feb precipitation days = 10.9
|Mar precipitation days = 11.5
|Apr precipitation days = 12.3
|May precipitation days = 12.9
|Jun precipitation days = 10.6
|Jul precipitation days = 9.6
|Aug precipitation days = 9.3
|Sep precipitation days = 9.1
|Oct precipitation days = 10.7
|Nov precipitation days = 10.5
|Dec precipitation days = 12.2
|year precipitation days = 133.1
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 9.2
|Feb snow days = 7.8
|Mar snow days = 4.3
|Apr snow days = 1.2
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.1
|Nov snow days = 2.0
|Dec snow days = 6.3
|year snow days = 30.9
|Jan sun = 126.0
|Feb sun = 142.2
|Mar sun = 183.7
|Apr sun = 213.7
|May sun = 265.9
|Jun sun = 288.2
|Jul sun = 299.3
|Aug sun = 263.7
|Sep sun = 220.3
|Oct sun = 180.4
|Nov sun = 106.5
|Dec sun = 90.2
|Jan humidity = 74.2
|Feb humidity = 72.9
|Mar humidity = 70.5
|Apr humidity = 66.2
|May humidity = 66.3
|Jun humidity = 69.0
|Jul humidity = 71.8
|Aug humidity = 75.6
|Sep humidity = 76.2
|Oct humidity = 72.5
|Nov humidity = 75.6
|Dec humidity = 78.6
|year humidity = 72.4
|Jan percentsun = 43
|Feb percentsun = 48
|Mar percentsun = 50
|Apr percentsun = 53
|May percentsun = 59
|Jun percentsun = 63
|Jul percentsun = 65
|Aug percentsun = 62
|Sep percentsun = 59
|Oct percentsun = 52
|Nov percentsun = 36
|Dec percentsun = 32
|year percentsun = 53
|Jan uv = 1
|Feb uv = 2
|Mar uv = 4
|Apr uv = 6
|May uv = 7
|Jun uv = 9
|Jul uv = 9
|Aug uv = 8
|Sep uv = 6
|Oct uv = 4
|Nov uv = 2
|Dec uv = 1
|source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)<ref name = "NOAA txt">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00094830&format=pdf |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Station: Toledo Express AP, OH |work=U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) |access-date=May 9, 2021 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624103546/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00094830&format=pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name= "NOWData NWS Cleveland, OH (CLE) - TOLthr">{{cite web |url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=cle |title=NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=May 9, 2021 |archive-date=May 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525054020/http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=cle |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name= ThreadEx>{{cite web |url=http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/ |title=Thread Stations Extremes |access-date=February 27, 2011 |work=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |archive-date=March 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305195121/http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = NOAAsun >{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72536.TXT |title=WMO Climate Normals for TOLEDO/EXPRESS, OH 1961–1990 |access-date=March 10, 2014 |server=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |url-status=live }}</ref>
|source 2 = Weather Atlas<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/ohio-usa/toledo-climate |title=Toledo, OH - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast |website=Weather Atlas |language=en |access-date=July 4, 2019 |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704153157/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/ohio-usa/toledo-climate |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
===Algae blooms===
Harmful blooms of [[cyanobacteria]], or blue-green algae, were so extremely bad in the 1960s that Lake Erie was mocked as a dead zone, said to have "no life".<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite web |last1=Wines |first1=Michael |title=Behind Toledo's Water Crisis, a Long-Troubled Lake Erie |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/05/us/lifting-ban-toledo-says-its-water-is-safe-to-drink-again.html |website=The New York Times |date=August 4, 2014 |access-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216195420/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/05/us/lifting-ban-toledo-says-its-water-is-safe-to-drink-again.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, through clean water rules the lake was revived.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> Algal blooms have returned and have been negatively affecting Lake Erie since the late 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Erie's toxic algae blooms: Why is the water turning green? |url=https://beta.nsf.gov/news/lake-eries-toxic-algae-blooms-why-water-turning |website=NSF - National Science Foundation |date=April 8, 2019 |language=en |access-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216195422/https://beta.nsf.gov/news/lake-eries-toxic-algae-blooms-why-water-turning |url-status=live }}</ref> Heightened levels of blue-green algae can affect both human and ecosystem health by causing fish to die and the water to be discolored and foul smelling, and oxygen-deficient dead zones may even start to form.<ref>{{cite web |last1=US Department of Commerce |first1=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Great Lakes: Harmful Algal Blooms |url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/hab/great-lakes.html#:~:text=Cyanobacteria%20blooms%20 |website=oceanservice.noaa.gov |language=EN-US |access-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216195423/https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/hab/great-lakes.html#:~:text=Cyanobacteria%20blooms%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sometimes the blooms are so thick that they slow boats.<ref name="greatlakes.org">{{cite web |last1=Castle |first1=Anna-Lisa |title=Five Years Later: Lessons From the Toledo Water Crisis |url=https://greatlakes.org/2019/08/five-years-later-lessons-from-the-toledo-water-crisis/#:~:text=On%20August%202nd%2C%202014%2C%20residents,bloom%20growing%20in%20Lake%20Erie |website=Alliance for the Great Lakes |date=August 1, 2019 |access-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216195422/https://greatlakes.org/2019/08/five-years-later-lessons-from-the-toledo-water-crisis/#:~:text=On%20August%202nd%2C%202014%2C%20residents,bloom%20growing%20in%20Lake%20Erie |url-status=live }}</ref> These large blooms are caused by agricultural runoff flowing into the lake.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Michalak |first1=Anna M. |last2=Anderson |first2=Eric J. |last3=Beletsky |first3=Dmitry |last4=Boland |first4=Steven |last5=Bosch |first5=Nathan S. |last6=Bridgeman |first6=Thomas B. |last7=Chaffin |first7=Justin D. |last8=Cho |first8=Kyunghwa |last9=Confesor |first9=Rem |last10=Daloğlu |first10=Irem |last11=DePinto |first11=Joseph V. |last12=Evans |first12=Mary Anne |last13=Fahnenstiel |first13=Gary L. |last14=He |first14=Lingli |last15=Ho |first15=Jeff C. |last16=Jenkins |first16=Liza |last17=Johengen |first17=Thomas H. |last18=Kuo |first18=Kevin C. |last19=LaPorte |first19=Elizabeth |last20=Liu |first20=Xiaojian |last21=McWilliams |first21=Michael R. |last22=Moore |first22=Michael R. |last23=Posselt |first23=Derek J. |last24=Richards |first24=R. Peter |last25=Scavia |first25=Donald |last26=Steiner |first26=Allison L. |last27=Verhamme |first27=Ed |last28=Wright |first28=David M. |last29=Zagorski |first29=Melissa A. |title=Record-setting algal bloom in Lake Erie caused by agricultural and meteorological trends consistent with expected future conditions |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=April 16, 2013 |volume=110 |issue=16 |pages=6448–6452 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1216006110 |pmid=23576718 |pmc=3631662 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110.6448M |doi-access=free}}</ref> Agricultural runoff dumps phosphorus into the western basin of Lake Erie and acts as a fertilizer for the blue-green algae, and the warmer weather seen in July through October in Northern Ohio helps speed up the growing process.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.1216006110 |title=Record-setting algal bloom in Lake Erie caused by agricultural and meteorological trends consistent with expected future conditions |year=2013 |last1=Michalak |first1=Anna M. |last2=Anderson |first2=Eric J. |last3=Beletsky |first3=Dmitry |last4=Boland |first4=Steven |last5=Bosch |first5=Nathan S. |last6=Bridgeman |first6=Thomas B. |last7=Chaffin |first7=Justin D. |last8=Cho |first8=Kyunghwa |last9=Confesor |first9=Rem |last10=Daloğlu |first10=Irem |last11=Depinto |first11=Joseph V. |last12=Evans |first12=Mary Anne |last13=Fahnenstiel |first13=Gary L. |last14=He |first14=Lingli |last15=Ho |first15=Jeff C. |last16=Jenkins |first16=Liza |last17=Johengen |first17=Thomas H. |last18=Kuo |first18=Kevin C. |last19=Laporte |first19=Elizabeth |last20=Liu |first20=Xiaojian |last21=McWilliams |first21=Michael R. |last22=Moore |first22=Michael R. |last23=Posselt |first23=Derek J. |last24=Richards |first24=R. Peter |last25=Scavia |first25=Donald |last26=Steiner |first26=Allison L. |last27=Verhamme |first27=Ed |last28=Wright |first28=David M. |last29=Zagorski |first29=Melissa A. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=110 |issue=16 |pages=6448–6452 |pmid=23576718 |pmc=3631662 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110.6448M |doi-access=free}}</ref> Because of Toledo's closeness to the lake, Toledo citizens are affected each year. Algal blooms can cause water bills to increase in this area $100 per year for a family of five.<ref name="greatlakesnow.org">{{cite web |last1=Blue |first1=Circle of |title=Lake Erie's Failed Algae Strategy Hurts Poor Communities the Most |url=https://www.greatlakesnow.org/2022/09/failed-algae-strategy-hurts-poor-communities/ |website=Great Lakes Now |date=September 20, 2022 |access-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216195422/https://www.greatlakesnow.org/2022/09/failed-algae-strategy-hurts-poor-communities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The effects of these blooms go beyond higher water bills, as heightened blooms can even shut down parts of the economy, such as tourism and fishing industries, and cause property values to drop, costing the local economy tens of millions of dollars.<ref name="greatlakesnow.org"/>
==Demographics==
In 1870, 75.3% of Toledo's foreign-born population were from [[Germany]] and [[Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.midstory.org/resettlement-to-revitalization-toledos-history-of-immigration/ |title=Resettlement to Revitalization: Toledo's History of Immigration |date=August 10, 2021 |access-date=September 24, 2023 |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929020557/https://www.midstory.org/resettlement-to-revitalization-toledos-history-of-immigration/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{US Census population
|1840= 1222
|1850= 3829
|1860= 13768
|1870= 31584
|1880= 50137
|1890= 81434
|1900= 131822
|1910= 168497
|1920= 243164
|1930= 290718
|1940= 282349
|1950= 303616
|1960= 318003
|1970= 383818
|1980= 354635
|1990= 332943
|2000= 313619
|2010= 287208
|2020= 270871
|estyear= 2024
|estimate= 265638
|estref= <ref name="USCensusQuickFacts"/>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |title=Census of Population and Housing |author=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 2, 2014 |archive-date=April 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426102944/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2020 United States census|2020 census]]<ref name="USCensusQuickFacts"/>
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Historical racial composition !! 2020<ref name="USCensusQuickFacts"/>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3977000.html |title=State & County QuickFacts: Toledo (city), Ohio |work=U.S. Census Bureau |date=July 8, 2014 |access-date=August 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710072623/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3977000.html |archive-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref>!! 2000<ref name="census1">{{cite web |title=Ohio - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |work=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=April 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref>!! 1990<ref name="census1"/> !! 1970<ref name="census1"/> !! 1940<ref name="census1"/>
|-
| [[White American|White]] || 62.6% || 64.8% || 70.2% || 77.0% || 85.7% || 94.8%
|-
| —Non-Hispanic || 58.7% || 61.4% || Unk || 75.1% || 84.0%<ref name="fifteen">From 15% sample</ref> || n/a
|-
| [[Black people|Black]] or [[African American]] || 27.4% || 27.2% || 23.5% || 19.7% || 13.8% || 5.2%
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) || 8.6% || 7.4% || 5.5% || 4.0% || 1.9%<ref name="fifteen"/> || n/a
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 1.3% || 1.1% || 1.0% || 1.0% || 0.2% || −
|}
[[File:Race and ethnicity 2010- Toledo (5559870627).png|thumb|Map of racial distribution in Toledo, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ff0000|White}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#0000ff|Black}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#00ffaa|Asian}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffa600|Hispanic}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffff07|Other}}]]
As of the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]], the city proper had a population of 287,128. It is the principal city in the [[Toledo Metropolitan Area|Toledo Metropolitan Statistical Area]] which had a population of 651,429 and was the [[Ohio statistical areas|sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio]], behind [[Greater Cleveland|Cleveland]], [[Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area|Columbus]], [[Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky|Cincinnati]], [[Dayton metropolitan area|Dayton]], and [[Akron, Ohio, metropolitan statistical area|Akron]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/310M100US45780 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212202009/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/310M100US45780 |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Toledo, OH Metro Area |work=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder |access-date=February 6, 2013}}</ref> The larger Toledo-Fremont [[United States metropolitan area|Combined Statistical Area]] had a population of 712,373. According to the Toledo Metropolitan Council of Governments, the Toledo/Northwest Ohio region of 10 counties has over one million residents.
The U.S. Census Bureau estimated Toledo's population as 297,806 in 2006 and 295,029 in 2007. In response to an appeal by the City of Toledo, the Census Bureau's July 2007 estimate was revised to 316,851, slightly more than in 2000,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090114/NEWS16/901140384 |first1=Ignazio |last1=Messina |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914124308/http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090114/NEWS16/901140384 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 14, 2012 |title=Thousands added to Toledo census count |date=January 14, 2009 |work=[[The Blade (Toledo)|The Blade]] |___location=Toledo |access-date=February 14, 2009}}</ref> which would have been the city's first population gain in 40 years. However, the 2010 census figures released in March 2011 showed the population as of April 1, 2010, at 287,208, indicating a 25% loss of population since its zenith in 1970.
===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Toledo, Ohio – Racial and ethnic composition<br><small>{{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small>
!Race / Ethnicity <small>(''NH = Non-Hispanic'')</small>
!Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Toledo city, Ohio |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p004&g=160XX00US3977000&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Toledo city, Ohio |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US3977000&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Toledo city, Ohio|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US3977000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!% 2000
!% 2010
!{{partial|% 2020}}
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|212,658
|176,468
|style='background: #ffffe6; |150,202
|67.81%
|61.44%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |55.45%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|73,134
|76,820
|style='background: #ffffe6; |76,401
|23.32%
|26.75%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |28.21%
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|761
|755
|style='background: #ffffe6; |651
|0.24%
|0.26%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.24%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|3,197
|3,204
|style='background: #ffffe6; |3,133
|1.02%
|1.12%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |1.16%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|61
|64
|style='background: #ffffe6; |83
|0.02%
|0.02%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.03%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Some Other Race]] alone (NH)
|554
|522
|style='background: #ffffe6; |1,371
|0.18%
|0.18%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.51%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed Race or Multi-Racial]] (NH)
|6,113
|8,144
|style='background: #ffffe6; |14,894
|1.95%
|2.84%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |5.50%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|17,141
|21,231
|style='background: #ffffe6; |24,136
|5.47%
|7.39%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |8.91%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''313,619'''
|'''287,208'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''270,871'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}
As of the 2020 census<ref>{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Toledo city, Ohio |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/toledocityohio/BZA010220 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120050635/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/toledocityohio/BZA010220 |archive-date=January 20, 2024}}</ref> there were 270,871 people, 116,257 households, and an average of 2.27 persons per household residing in Toledo. The population per square mile was 3,365.4. The racial makeup of Toledo was 60.6% White, 28.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, Alaska Native or Native Hawaiian, and 1.3% were Asian. 6.7% of the population belonged to two or more races. Hispanic or Latino citizens make up 8.8% of the population. People who identified as White, not Hispanic or Latino, made up 57.3% of the population, down from 61.4% in 2010.
Out of 270,871 people, 23.3% were under the age of 18, and 14.5% were 65 years old and over. 51.1% of the population were female. 14.1% of the population under 65 years of age were living with a disability, and 8.3% of those under 65 years of age did not have health insurance. Out of the 116,257 households, 83.7% had been living in the same house for one year or longer. 6.4% of households in Toledo spoke a language other than English at home. The total number of housing units was unavailable, however 51.9% of housing units were either owned or co-owned by its inhabitants.
The median household income (in 2021 dollars) in Toledo was $41,671, with the per capita income in the past 12 months coming to $23,795. 24.5% of the population was living in poverty, compared to the national average at this time of 11.6% of the U.S. population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty in the United States: 2021 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2022/demo/p60-277.html#:~:text=The%20official%20poverty%20rate%20in,37.9%20million%20people%20in%20poverty |website=US Census Bureau |date=September 13, 2022 |first1=John |last1=Creamer |first2=Emily A. |last2=Shrider |first3=Kalee |last3=Burns |first4=Frances |last4=Chen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119140528/https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2022/demo/p60-277.html#:~:text=The%20official%20poverty%20rate%20in,37.9%20million%20people%20in%20poverty |archive-date=January 19, 2024}}</ref> For education, 87.1% of people 25 years or older were a high school graduate or higher, with 19.6% of this demographic having a bachelor's degree or higher.
===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web |title=U.S. Census website |url=https://www.census.gov/ |work=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 16, 2013 |archive-date=December 27, 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> of 2010, there were 287,208 people, 119,730 households, and 68,364 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|3559.4|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 138,039 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1710.7|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 64.8% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 27.2% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.4% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.1% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 2.6% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 3.9% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 7.4% of the population (The majority are Mexican American at 5.1%.) [[Non-Hispanic Whites]] were 61.4% of the population in 2010,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3977000.html |title=State & County QuickFacts: Toledo (city), Ohio |work=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=April 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503030913/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3977000.html |archive-date=May 3, 2012}}</ref> down from 84% in 1970.<ref name="census1"/>
There
===2000 census===
As of the [[census]] of 2000, there were 313,619 people, and 77,355 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|3,890.2|/sqmi|/km2|disp=preunit|people |people|abbr=out}}. There were 139,871 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,734.9|/sqmi|/km2|disp=preunit|people |people|abbr=out}}. The racial makeup of the city was 70.2% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 23.5% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.3% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.0% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.0% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 2.3% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.6% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 5.5% of the population in 2000. The most common ancestries cited were [[German American|German]] (23.4%), [[Irish American|Irish]] (10.8%), [[Polish American|Polish]] (10.1%), [[English American|English]] (6.0%), [[American ethnicity|American]] (3.9%), [[Italian Americans|Italian]] (3.0%), [[Hungarian Americans|Hungarian]] (2.0%), [[Dutch Americans|Dutch]] (1.4%), and [[Arab Americans|Arab]] (1.2%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US3977000&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U |title=QT-P13. Ancestry: 2000 - Toledo city, Ohio |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212043329/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US3977000&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |access-date=August 3, 2014 |work=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
In 2000 there were 128,925 households in Toledo, out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% were married couples living together, 17.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.04.
In the city the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $32,546, and the median income for a family was $41,175. Males had a median income of $35,407 versus $25,023 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,388. About 14.2% of families and 17.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.9% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.
===Crime===
In the second decade of the 21st century, the city had a gradual peak in violent crime. In 2010, there was a combined total of 3,272 burglaries, 511 robberies, 753 aggravated assaults, 25 homicides, as well as 574 motor vehicle thefts out of what was then a decreasing population of 287,208.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/preliminary-annual-ucr-jan-jun-2011/data-tables/table-4/table-4-montana-ohio |title=FBI — Table 4 Montana - Ohio |work=FBI |access-date=July 28, 2016 |archive-date=May 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529074621/https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/preliminary-annual-ucr-jan-jun-2011/data-tables/table-4/table-4-montana-ohio/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, there were 1,562 aggravated assaults, 30 homicides, 1,152 robberies, 8,366 burglaries, and 1,465 cases of motor vehicle theft. In 2012, there were a combined total of 39 murders, 2,015 aggravated assaults, 6,739 burglaries, and 1,334 cases of motor vehicle theft. In 2013 it had a drop in the crime rate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toledoblade.com/Police-Fire/2013/06/03/Toledo-s-crime-rate-plunges-but-data-called-into-question.html |title=Toledo's crime rate takes plunge |work=Toledo Blade |access-date=August 28, 2014 |archive-date=September 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905055359/http://www.toledoblade.com/Police-Fire/2013/06/03/Toledo-s-crime-rate-plunges-but-data-called-into-question.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, the city was ranked 93rd of the Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in America.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 100 most dangerous places to live in the U.S. in 2018 |url=https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/blog/top100dangerous-2018 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |date=January 2, 2018 |archive-date=June 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624021611/https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/blog/top100dangerous-2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
According to a state government task force, Toledo has been identified as the fourth-largest recruitment site for [[Human trafficking in the United States|human trafficking in the US]].<ref name="OhioTaskForce">{{Cite web |url=http://humantrafficking.ohio.gov/Portals/0/pdfs/TaskForcepressrelease62712.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114154230/http://humantrafficking.ohio.gov/Portals/0/pdfs/TaskForcepressrelease62712.pdf |title=Ohio Human Trafficking Task Force: Recommendations to Governor John R. Kasich |archive-date=January 14, 2016}}</ref>
The year 2020 brought the highest number of homicides in 39 years, according to the Toledo Police Department's 50-year trend chart.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wtol.com/article/news/crime/toledo-homicides-in-2020/512-be6fa6fa-1af7-4ddc-be4e-a814dfa632a3 |title=Toledo homicides in 2020 highest in 39 years, TPD data shows |date=July 23, 2021 |access-date=July 22, 2022 |archive-date=July 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722184134/https://www.wtol.com/article/news/crime/toledo-homicides-in-2020/512-be6fa6fa-1af7-4ddc-be4e-a814dfa632a3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning with the pandemic in 2020, homicides jumped to a record 61.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wtol.com/article/news/crime/homicides-in-toledo-make-big-jump-children-latest-victims/512-a244a5cd-f4a6-48a6-814c-ddcb5711e1f0 |title=Homicides in city make big jump, children latest victims |date=May 2022 |access-date=July 22, 2022 |archive-date=July 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722192658/https://www.wtol.com/article/news/crime/homicides-in-toledo-make-big-jump-children-latest-victims/512-a244a5cd-f4a6-48a6-814c-ddcb5711e1f0 |url-status=live }}</ref> There were a record of 70 homicides in Toledo in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wtol.com/article/news/crime/tpds-plan-to-fight-violence-in-toledo/512-e0a6b256-b89d-44d9-864b-594d0ba4436e |title=How Toledo Police plan to fight violence in Toledo |date=January 11, 2022 |access-date=July 22, 2022 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627215524/https://www.wtol.com/article/news/crime/tpds-plan-to-fight-violence-in-toledo/512-e0a6b256-b89d-44d9-864b-594d0ba4436e |url-status=live }}</ref> Toledo was one of 12 major U.S. cities to have broken annual homicide records in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/12-major-us-cities-top-annual-homicide-records/story?id=81466453 |title='It's just crazy': 12 major cities hit all-time homicide records |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=July 22, 2022 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523050246/https://abcnews.go.com/US/12-major-us-cities-top-annual-homicide-records/story?id=81466453 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Economy==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2009}}
[[File:Fifth Third Center at One SeaGate.JPG|thumb|upright|[[One SeaGate]] is the tallest building in Toledo and regional headquarters of [[Fifth Third Bank]].]]
Before the [[Industrial Revolution]], Toledo was important as a port city on the [[Great Lakes]]. With the advent of the automobile, the city became best known for industrial manufacturing. Both [[General Motors]] and [[Chrysler]] had factories in metropolitan Toledo, and automobile manufacturing has been important at least since [[Kirk Manufacturing Company (automobile company)|Kirk]] started manufacturing automobiles,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clymer |first=Floyd |title=Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925 |___location=New York |publisher=Bonanza Books |year=1950 |page=158}}</ref> which began operations early in the 20th century. The largest employer in Toledo was [[Jeep]] for much of the 20th century. Since the late 20th century, industrial restructuring reduced the number of these well-paying jobs.
The [[University of Toledo]] is influential in the city, contributing to the prominence of healthcare as the city's biggest employer. The metro area contains four [[Fortune 500]] companies: [[Dana Holding Corporation]], [[Owens Corning]], [[The Andersons]], and [[Owens Illinois]]. Several Fortune 500 automotive-related companies had their headquarters in Toledo, including [[Autolite|Electric AutoLite]], [[Sheller-Globe Corporation]], [[Champion (spark plug)|Champion Spark Plug]], Questor, and [[Dana Holding Corporation]]. Only the latter still operates as an independent entity. Faurecia Exhaust Systems, a subsidiary of France's [[Faurecia]] SA, is in Toledo. [[ProMedica]] is a [[Fortune 1000]] company headquartered in Toledo. [[One SeaGate]] is the ___location of [[Fifth Third Bank]]'s Northwest Ohio headquarters.
[[File:WHQ photo for Wiki.jpg|thumb|[[Owens Corning]] headquarters]]
Toledo is known as the Glass City because of its long history of glass manufacturing, including [[window]]s, [[bottle]]s, [[windshield]]s, [[construction|construction materials]], and [[glass art]], of which the [[Toledo Museum of Art]] has a large collection. Several large glass companies have their origins here. Owens-Illinois, Owens Corning, [[Libbey Incorporated]], [[Pilkington]] North America (formerly [[Libbey-Owens-Ford]]), and [[Fortune Brands Home & Security|Therma-Tru]] have long been a staple of Toledo's economy. Other offshoots of these companies also continue to play important roles in Toledo's economy. Fiberglass giant [[Johns Manville]]'s two plants in the metro area were originally built by a subsidiary of Libbey-Owens-Ford.
Toledo is the Jeep headquarters and has two production facilities dubbed the [[Toledo Complex]], one in the city and one in suburban Perrysburg. During World War II, the city's industries produced important products for the military, particularly the [[Willys Jeep]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Toledo, Ohio |work=Ohio History Central |date=July 1, 2005 |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=808 |access-date=August 4, 2014 |archive-date=March 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321170239/http://ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=808 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Willys-Overland]] was a major automaker headquartered in Toledo until 1953. General Motors also has operated a [[Toledo Transmission|transmission plant]], in Toledo since 1916 currently owned by Scott Lorenzen. It manufactures and assembles GM's six-speed and eight-speed rear-wheel-drive and six-speed front-wheel-drive transmissions that are used in a variety of GM vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Toledo Transmission |url=https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/company_info/facilities/powertrain/toledo.html |website=media.gm.com |publisher=GM |access-date=November 24, 2018 |archive-date=January 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117222712/https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/company_info/facilities/powertrain/toledo.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Industrial restructuring and loss of jobs caused the city to adopt new strategies to retain its industrial companies. It offered tax incentives to [[DaimlerChrysler]] to expand its Jeep plant. In 2001, a taxpayer lawsuit was filed against Toledo that challenged the constitutionality of that action. In 2006, the city won the case by a unanimous ruling by the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] in ''[[DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno]]''.
Belying its [[Rust Belt]] history, the city saw growth in "green jobs" related to solar energy in the 2000s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://prospect.org/article/cities-front-lines |title=Cities on the Front Lines |newspaper=The American Prospect |access-date=February 13, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=August 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817134105/http://prospect.org/article/cities-front-lines |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[University of Toledo]] and [[Bowling Green State University]] received Ohio grants for solar energy research.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.toledofreepress.com/2009/07/30/state-awards-solar-research-grant-to-ut-bgsu/ |title=State awards solar research grant to UT, BGSU |first=Duane |last=Ramsey |work=[[Toledo Free Press]] |___location=Toledo |date=July 30, 2009 |access-date=August 4, 2014 |archive-date=August 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808042754/http://www.toledofreepress.com/2009/07/30/state-awards-solar-research-grant-to-ut-bgsu/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Xunlight Corporation|Xunlight]] and [[First Solar Inc|First Solar]] opened plants in Toledo and the surrounding area.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-07-28-voa65.cfm |title=Old US Industrial Town Looking Forward to a Green Future |first=Jeff |last=Swicord |work=[[Voice of America]] |___location=Washington, D.C. |date=July 28, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825203929/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-07-28-voa65.cfm |archive-date=August 25, 2009}}</ref>
In May 2019 Balance Farms began operation of an 8,168 square foot indoor [[aquaponics]] farm in downtown Toledo.<ref>{{cite news |title=A look inside Balance Farms, downtown Toledo's aquaponics operation |url=https://www.toledoblade.com/business/agriculture/2019/06/21/inside-balance-pan-asian-grille-farms-downtown-toledo-aquaponics/stories/20190610151 |newspaper=The Blade |access-date=November 25, 2019 |language=en |archive-date=June 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622173316/https://www.toledoblade.com/business/agriculture/2019/06/21/inside-balance-pan-asian-grille-farms-downtown-toledo-aquaponics/stories/20190610151 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Arts and culture==
===Fine and performing arts===
[[File:Toledo Museum of Art Monroe Street entrance.jpg|thumb|Greek revival façade of the Monroe Street entrance, [[Toledo Museum of Art]]]]
Toledo is home to a range of classical performing arts institutions, including the [[Toledo Opera]], [[Toledo Symphony Orchestra]], [[Toledo Jazz Orchestra]] and Toledo Ballet. The city is also home to several theaters and performing arts institutions, including the [[Stranahan Theater]], the historic [[Valentine Theatre]], the Toledo Repertoire Theatre, the [[Collingwood Arts Center]] and the [[Ohio Theatre (Toledo, Ohio)|Ohio Theatre]].
The [[Toledo Museum of Art]] is located in a [[Greek Revival]] building in the city's [[Old West End District (Toledo, Ohio)|Old West End]] neighborhood. [[Toledo Museum of Art#Peristyle|The Peristyle]] is the concert hall in Greek Revival style in its East Wing; it is the home of the [[Toledo Symphony Orchestra]], and hosts many international orchestras as well. The Museum's Center for Visual Arts addition was designed by [[Frank Gehry]] and opened in the 21st century. In addition, the museum's new Glass Pavilion across Monroe Street opened in August 2006. Toledo was the first city in Ohio to adopt a One Percent for Art program and, as such, boasts many examples of public, outdoor art.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 20, 2008 |title=Public art effort expands as Toledo program takes on change in 30th year |first1=Tahree |last1=Lane |first2=Ryan E. |last2=Smith |work=[[The Blade (Toledo)|The Blade]] |___location=Toledo |url=http://www.toledoblade.com/local/2008/01/20/Public-art-effort-expands-as-Toledo-program-takes-on-change-in-30th-year.html |access-date=August 4, 2014 |archive-date=August 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815204646/http://www.toledoblade.com/local/2008/01/20/Public-art-effort-expands-as-Toledo-program-takes-on-change-in-30th-year.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of walking tours have been set up to explore these works, which include large sculptures, environmental structures, and murals by more than 40 artists, such as [[Alice Adams (artist)|Alice Adams]], [[Pierre Clerk]], [[Dale Eldred]], Penelope Jencks, Hans Van De Bovenkamp, Jerry Peart, and [[Athena Tacha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acgt.org/images/documents/APP/intro_tour.pdf |title=Toledo Sculpture Tours |work=Arts Commission of Greater Toledo |access-date=August 4, 2014 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523050246/http://www.acgt.org/images/documents/APP/intro_tour.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Music===
Toledo has a rich history of music, dating back to their early to mid-20th century glory days as a jazz haven. During this time, Toledo produced or nurtured such jazz legends as [[Art Tatum]], [[Jon Hendricks]], trombonist [[Jimmy Harrison]], pianist [[Claude Black (musician)|Claude Black]], guitarist [[Arv Garrison]], pianist Johnny O'Neal, and many, many others.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.toledoblade.com/a-e/music-theater-dance/2017/12/22/Tatum-s-Town-highlights-Toledo-s-long-love-affair-with-music/stories/20171223002 |title='Tatum's Town' highlights Toledo's long love affair with music |website=Toledo Blade |access-date=July 16, 2020 |archive-date=July 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719105555/https://www.toledoblade.com/a-e/music-theater-dance/2017/12/22/Tatum-s-Town-highlights-Toledo-s-long-love-affair-with-music/stories/20171223002 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later jazz greats from Toledo include [[Stanley Cowell]], [[Larry Fuller (pianist)|Larry Fuller]], [[Bern Nix]] and [[Jean Holden]].
Other well-known singers and musicians with Toledo roots include [[Teresa Brewer]], [[Tom Scholz]], [[Anita Baker]], [[Shirley Murdock]], [[American Idol]] runner-up [[Crystal Bowersox]], [[The Rance Allen Group]], [[Lyfe Jennings]] and [[Weezer]] bassist [[Scott Shriner]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/birthplace/toledo-oh-mz0000032011 |title=Artists and bands from Toledo, OH |website=AllMusic |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507214900/https://www.allmusic.com/birthplace/toledo-oh-mz0000032011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Museums===
The [[National Museum of the Great Lakes]] (NMGL) is located in the Marina District, downstream from downtown Toledo.<ref name="GLHS">{{cite web |title=The Great Lakes Historical Society: Museum |publisher=The Great Lakes Historical Society |url=http://www.inlandseas.org/museum/ |access-date=April 7, 2015 |archive-date=April 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416034707/http://www.inlandseas.org/museum/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Adjacent to the NMGL, the ''[[Col. James M. Schoonmaker]]'' is a former Cleveland-Cliffs [[lake freighter]] open to the public as a museum. Moored in the Maumee River, the ship was recently repainted in the original [[Shenango Furnace fleet]] colors and, on July 1, 2011, rechristened with her original name.<ref name="GLHS"/>
The [[Imagination Station]] hands-on science museum (formerly COSI Toledo), is located downtown.<ref>Visit Imagination Station, Toledo's Science Center. (n.d.). Imagination Station. Retrieved June 21, 2021, from https://www.imaginationstationtoledo.org/visit/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613001043/https://www.imaginationstationtoledo.org/visit/ |date=June 13, 2021 }}</ref>
[[Tony Packo's Cafe]] is located in the Hungarian neighborhood on the east side of Toledo known as Birmingham; it features hundreds of [[hot dog bun]]s signed by celebrities, including multiple presidents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tonypackos.com/history.php |work=Tony Packo's |title=History of Tony Packo's: The Real Story |access-date=August 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207101704/http://tonypackos.com/history.php |archive-date=February 7, 2011}}</ref>
==Sports==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|- "
! Club !! Sport !! League !! Venue
|-
| [[Toledo Mud Hens]]
| Baseball
| [[International League]]
| [[Fifth Third Field (Toledo, Ohio)|Fifth Third Field]]
|-
| [[Toledo Walleye]]
| Ice hockey
| [[ECHL]]
| [[Huntington Center (Toledo, Ohio)|Huntington Center]]
|-
| [[Glass City Rollers]]
| Roller derby
| [[Women's Flat Track Derby Association|WFTDA]]
| [[Glass City Center]]
|-
| [[Toledo Villa FC]]
| Soccer
| [[USL League Two]]
| [[University of Toledo|Paul Hotmer Field]]
|-
| [[Glass City Wranglers]]
| Basketball
| [[Basketball Super League (North America)|BSL]]
| [[Maumee Valley Country Day School]]
|-
|-
| [[Toledo Rockets]]
| 15 collegiate teams
| NCAA Division I [[Mid-American Conference]]
| [[Glass Bowl]]<br>[[Savage Arena]]<br>[[Scott Park Baseball Complex]]
|}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 230
| image1 = FifthThirdField.jpg
| caption1 = [[Fifth Third Field (Toledo, Ohio)|Fifth Third Field]], home of the [[Toledo Mud Hens]] baseball team
| image2 = Glass bowl stadium utoledo.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Glass Bowl]] is the home field of [[Toledo Rockets football]].
}}
The [[Toledo Reign]] are a women's full-contact tackle football team in the [[Women's Football Alliance]]. Established in 2003, the Reign plays regular season games from April through June. The [[Toledo Crush]] of the [[Legends Football League]] played at the Huntington Center in 2014 after relocating from Cleveland, where it played from 2011 to 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.clevelandleader.com/node/21900 |title=Cleveland Losing its Lingerie Sporting Football Team the Crush to Toledo |first=Julie |last=Kent |date=December 17, 2013 |access-date=August 4, 2014 |work=The Cleveland Leader |archive-date=July 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707024356/http://www.clevelandleader.com/node/21900 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Toledo Maroons]] played in the [[Ohio League]] from 1902 until 1921 and the [[NFL]] from 1922 until 1923 before moving to [[Kenosha, Wisconsin]].<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/tol/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510051010/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/tol/|date=May 10, 2018}} Toledo Maroons Franchise Encyclopedia</ref>
[[Toledo Speedway]] is a local auto racetrack that features, among other events, stock car racing and concerts. The [[Automobile Racing Club of America]] (ARCA) has its headquarters in Toledo.
[[Inverness Club]] is a golf club in Toledo. It is known for hosting six [[Men's major golf championships|major]] [[USGA]] events, most recently the [[1993 PGA Championship]]. In 2020, [[Inverness Club]] hosted the [[LPGA Drive On Championship|LPGA Drive-On Championship]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=LPGA Tour announces official return date with new event at Inverness Club |url=https://golf.com/news/lpga-tour-official-return-date-inverness/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=Golf |date=June 16, 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=September 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910003944/https://golf.com/news/lpga-tour-official-return-date-inverness/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 2021, it hosted the [[2021 Solheim Cup|Solheim Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Event Information {{!}} Solheim Cup |url=https://www.solheimcupusa.com/2021-event-information |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website=www.solheimcupusa.com |language=en |archive-date=September 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910003947/https://www.solheimcupusa.com/2021-event-information |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[U.S. Senior Open]] took place at Inverness in 2003 and 2011. Highland Meadows Golf Club has been home to the [[LPGA]]'s [[Marathon Classic]] in the nearby suburb of [[Sylvania, Ohio|Sylvania]] since 1984 (yearly except for 1986 and 2011).{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
Toledo hosted the [[International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles]] (FILA) Congress in 1966, two editions of [[World Wrestling Championships|World Championships]] (both freestyle and Greco-Roman), seventeen editions of [[Wrestling World Cup#Men's freestyle|Freestyle Wrestling World Cup]], and numerous high-profile international duals were held at the [[The Field House (University of Toledo)|Toledo Field House]] and [[Centennial Hall (Toledo)|Centennial Hall]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
==Parks and recreation==
[[File:Toledo Zoo pedestrian bridge - west Anthony Wayne Trail - fall.JPG|thumb|The [[Toledo Zoo]] [[pedestrian bridge]]]]
The [[Metroparks of the Toledo Area|Toledo Metroparks]] system includes over {{convert|12,000|acre|km2}} of land, and features the [[University/Parks Trail|University/Parks Bicycle Trail]] and the [[Toledo Botanical Garden]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://metroparkstoledo.com/about/a-rich-history/ |title=A Rich History |website=Metroparks Toledo |access-date=January 31, 2020 |archive-date=February 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217210722/https://metroparkstoledo.com/about/a-rich-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Toledo Zoo]] was the first [[zoo]] to feature a ''[[hippoquarium]]''-style exhibit. In 2014 it was ranked as the #1 zoo in the country by ''[[USA Today]].''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-us-zoo/ |title=Best US Zoo Winners: 2014 10Best Readers' Choice Travel Awards |work=10Best |date=May 21, 2014 |access-date=August 29, 2015 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305091823/http://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-us-zoo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[R. A. Stranahan Arboretum]] is a {{convert|47|acre|m2|adj=on}} [[arboretum]] maintained by the [[University of Toledo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.utoledo.edu/nsm/arboretum/ |title=Stranahan Arboretum |website=The University of Toledo |access-date=December 4, 2019 |archive-date=December 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205035058/https://www.utoledo.edu/nsm/arboretum/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Hollywood Casino Toledo]] opened on May 29, 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ott |first1=Thomas |last2=Dealer |first2=The Plain |date=May 30, 2012 |title=Toledo's Hollywood Casino opens for business along Interstate 75 |url=https://www.cleveland.com/casino/2012/05/toledos_hollywood_casino_opens.html |access-date=April 8, 2021 |website=cleveland |language=en |archive-date=January 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118183226/https://www.cleveland.com/casino/2012/05/toledos_hollywood_casino_opens.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Education==
[[File:University of Toledo University Hall, July 2022.jpg|thumb|University Hall at the [[University of Toledo]]]]
===Colleges and universities===
The [[University of Toledo]] is a [[Public university|public]] [[research university]] based in the [[Neighborhoods in Toledo, Ohio|Ottawa]] neighborhood. A member of the [[University System of Ohio]], it is the largest college in Toledo.<ref name="ToledoCollege">{{cite web |url=https://www.mycollegeoptions.org/college-search/OH/Ohio/0/Toledo.aspx |title=Colleges and Universities in Toledo, Ohio |publisher=MyCollegeOptions.org |access-date=February 23, 2015 |archive-date=February 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224015247/https://www.mycollegeoptions.org/college-search/OH/Ohio/0/Toledo.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Tiffin University]] and [[Owens Community College]] have branch campuses in Toledo.<ref name="ToledoCollege" /> Private for-profit colleges include [[Davis College (Ohio)|Davis College]] and the [[Professional Skills Institute|Toledo Professional Skills Institute]].<ref name="ToledoCollege" />
Education in the health sciences includes the [[University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences]], a medical school affiliated with the University of Toledo<ref name="ToledoCollege" /> and [[Mercy College of Ohio]], a private nursing school.<ref name="ToledoCollege" /> The Toledo Academy of Beauty offers classes specializing in esthetics and manicuring.
===Primary and secondary schools===
The [[Toledo City School District]] operates public schools within much of the city limits, along with the [[Washington Local School District (Lucas County)|Washington Local School District]] in northern Toledo. Toledo City School District encompasses 70 square miles and served over 23,000 students in 2019, the fourth largest district in the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=School District Square Mileage |url=http://education.ohio.gov/Topics/Finance-and-Funding/School-Transportation/School-Transportation-Finance/School-District-Square-Mileage |website=Ohio Department of Education |access-date=July 24, 2019 |archive-date=July 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724161112/http://education.ohio.gov/Topics/Finance-and-Funding/School-Transportation/School-Transportation-Finance/School-District-Square-Mileage |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Enrollment Data |url=http://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/Data/Frequently-Requested-Data/Enrollment-Data/oct_hdcnt_fy19.xls.aspx?lang=en-US |website=Toledo Public Schools |access-date=July 24, 2019 |archive-date=October 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004043842/http://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/Data/Frequently-Requested-Data/Enrollment-Data/oct_hdcnt_fy19.xls.aspx?lang=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> Secondary schools within Toledo City Schools include [[Bowsher High School (Toledo, Ohio)|Bowsher High School]], [[Rogers High School (Toledo, Ohio)|Rogers High School]], [[Scott High School (Ohio)|Scott High School]], [[Start High School (Toledo, Ohio)|Start High School]], [[Toledo Early College High School|Toledo Early College]], [[Toledo Technology Academy]], [[Waite High School (Toledo, Ohio)|Waite High School]] and [[Woodward High School (Toledo, Ohio)|Woodward High School]].
Toledo is also home to several public charter schools including two [[Imagine Schools]], several Leona Group Schools, and top ranking Toledo Preparatory and Fitness Academy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Best Charter Elementary Schools in the Toledo Area |url=https://www.niche.com/k12/search/best-charter-elementary-schools/m/toledo-area/ |access-date=March 21, 2022 |website=Niche |language=en |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810155240/https://www.niche.com/k12/search/best-charter-elementary-schools/m/toledo-area/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, several private and parochial primary and secondary schools are present within the Toledo area. The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Toledo]] operates Roman Catholic primary and secondary schools in 19 counties in Northwest Ohio, including Lucas County and the Toledo area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://toledodiocese.org/page/schools-office |title=The Catholic Diocese of Toledo: Catholic Schools |website=toledodiocese.org |language=en |access-date=October 28, 2018 |archive-date=October 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225943/https://toledodiocese.org/page/schools-office |url-status=live }}</ref> Notable private high schools in Toledo include [[Maumee Valley Country Day School]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mvcds.org:80/page/about-mvcds/school-history |title=History of Maumee Valley Country Day School |date=December 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208181804/http://www.mvcds.org/page/about-mvcds/school-history |archive-date=December 8, 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=October 28, 2018}}</ref> [[Central Catholic High School (Toledo, Ohio)|Central Catholic High School]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.centralcatholic.org:80/history-fight-song-alma-mater/ |title=History, Fight Song, & Alma Mater - Central Catholic High School |date=July 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709163819/http://www.centralcatholic.org/history-fight-song-alma-mater/ |archive-date=July 9, 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=October 28, 2018}}</ref> [[St. Francis de Sales High School (Toledo, Ohio)|St. Francis de Sales High School]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sfstoledo.org/about-us |title=St. Francis de Sales School: About Us |date=March 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308150343/http://www.sfstoledo.org/about-us |archive-date=March 8, 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=October 28, 2018}}</ref> [[St. John's Jesuit High School and Academy]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sjjtitans.org/about_us |title=About Us - St. John's Jesuit |date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831104701/http://sjjtitans.org/about_us |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |access-date=October 28, 2018}}</ref> [[Notre Dame Academy (Toledo, Ohio)|Notre Dame Academy]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nda.org:80/who-we-are/ |title=Who We Are – NDA |date=April 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402064211/http://www.nda.org/who-we-are/ |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=October 28, 2018}}</ref> [[St. Ursula Academy (Toledo, Ohio)|St. Ursula Academy]] in Ottawa Hills,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.toledosua.org/about/fast-facts |title=Fast Facts - St. Ursula Academy |date=October 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028163107/https://www.toledosua.org/about/fast-facts |archive-date=October 28, 2018 |access-date=October 28, 2018}}</ref> [[Cardinal Stritch High School|Cardinal Stritch Catholic High School]] in Oregon,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cardinalstritch.org/about-us/history.html |title=History {{!}} Cardinal Stritch |date=October 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028162846/https://www.cardinalstritch.org/about-us/history.html |archive-date=October 28, 2018 |access-date=October 28, 2018}}</ref> [[Toledo Christian Schools]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://toledochristian.com:80/about-us/governance/ |title=History and Governance {{!}} Toledo Christian Schools |date=June 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617164749/http://toledochristian.com/about-us/governance/ |archive-date=June 17, 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=October 28, 2018}}</ref> and [[Emmanuel Christian School (Toledo, Ohio)|Emmanuel Christian School]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ecstoledo.org/a-history-of-christian-education |title=Emmanuel Christian School: A History of Christian Education |date=December 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219155234/https://www.ecstoledo.org/a-history-of-christian-education |archive-date=December 19, 2017 |access-date=October 28, 2018}}</ref>
===Libraries===
The [[Toledo Lucas County Public Library]] was 4-star rated for 2009 by the ''[[Library Journal]],'' and it is sixth among the biggest-spending libraries in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=America's Star Libraries: Who's In, Who's Out |first1=Keith |last1=Curry Lance |first2=Ray |last2=Lyons |work=[[Library Journal]] |___location=New York |date=November 15, 2009 |url=http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6705689.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420004806/http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6705689.html |archive-date=April 20, 2013 |access-date=August 4, 2014}}</ref>
==Media==
===Print===
''[[The Blade (Toledo)|The Blade]]'', a daily newspaper founded in 1835, is the primary newspaper in Toledo, and promotes itself as "One of America's Great Newspapers." The city's arts and entertainment weekly is the ''[[Toledo City Paper]]''. From March 2005 to 2015, the weekly newspaper ''[[Toledo Free Press]]'' was published, and it had a focus on news and sports. Other weeklies include the ''West Toledo Herald'', ''El Tiempo'', ''La Prensa'', ''Sojourner's Truth'', and ''Toledo Journal''. ''Toledo Tales'' provides satire and parody of life in the Glass City. The ''Toledo Journal'' is an African-American owned newspaper. It is published weekly, and normally focuses on African-American issues.
===
The Toledo TV market features seven full power stations, including: [[WTOL]] 11 ([[CBS]]), [[WTVG]] 13 [[American Broadcasting Company|(ABC]], with [[The CW|CW]] on 13.2), [[WNWO-TV|WNWO]] 24 ([[NBC]]), [[PBS]] member stations [[WBGU-TV|WBGU]] 27 and [[WGTE-TV|WGTE]] 30, [[WUPW]] 36 ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]), and [[WLMB]] 40 [[Independent station (North America)|(Religious independent)]].
Low power stations include [[WMNT-CD|WMNT]] 48 ([[MyNetworkTV]]).
===Radio
There are 23 full power stations serving the Toledo market. Music stations include [[Contemporary Christian music|Contemporary Christian stations]] [[WPOS]], [[WTPG]] (repeater of the [[Taylor University]] owned [[WBCL]] in [[Fort Wayne, IN]]) and [[WNKL]] ([[K-Love]]), [[WYSZ]] ([[Christian rock]]/[[hip hop music|hip hop]]), [[WVKS]] ([[Contemporary hit radio|Contemporary hits]]), [[WRQN]], ([[Classic hits]]), [[WXKR]] ([[Classic rock]]), [[Country music|Country stations]] [[WMIM]], [[WKKO]], [[WCKY (FM)|WCKY-FM]], and [[WPFX]], [[WIOT]] ([[Mainstream rock]]), [[WQQO]] ([[Hot AC]]), [[Urban adult contemporary|Urban AC stations]] [[WIMX]] and [[WJUC]], and [[WJZE]] ([[Urban contemporary]])
[[WSPD]] serves as the market's only commercial [[news/talk]] station, while [[WCWA]] serves as the market's only full power [[sports radio]] outlet. Religious stations include [[WJYM]], [[WPAY (AM)|WPAY]], [[WWYC]], and [[WOTL]].
[[WGTE-FM]] serves as Toledo's [[NPR]] affiliate, while college and school run stations share the 88.3 FM frequency - [[WXTS-FM]] ([[Toledo Public Schools]] - 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.) and [[WXUT]] ([[University of Toledo]] - 8 p.m. to 8 a.m.)
==
===Transportation===
====Major highways====
[[File:Toledo, Ohio 1955 Yellow Book.jpg|thumb|A 1955 [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate]] planning map of Toledo]]
[[File:Summertime in Toledo, Ohio 2019.jpg|thumb|The [[Veterans' Glass City Skyway]] carries [[Interstate 280 (Ohio)|I-280]] over the Maumee River]]
[[File:AnthonyWayneBridge.JPG|thumb|Anthony Wayne Bridge]]
Three major [[interstate highway]]s run through Toledo. [[Interstate 75]] (I-75) travels north–south and provides a direct route to Detroit and Cincinnati. The [[Ohio Turnpike]] carries east–west traffic on I-[[Interstate 80|80]]/[[Interstate 90|90]]. The Turnpike serves Toledo via exits 52, 59, 64, 71, and 81. The Turnpike connects Toledo to [[Chicago]] in the west and [[Cleveland]] in the east.
In addition, there are two auxiliary interstate highways in the area. [[Interstate 475 (Ohio)|Interstate 475]] is a 20-mile bypass that begins in Perrysburg and ends in west Toledo, meeting I-75 at both ends. It is cosigned with [[US Highway 23 in Ohio|US 23]] for its first 13 miles. [[Interstate 280 (Ohio)|Interstate 280]] is a spur that connects the Ohio Turnpike to I-75 through east and central Toledo. The [[Veterans' Glass City Skyway]] is part of this route, which was the most expensive ODOT project ever at its completion. This {{convert|400|ft|m|-1|adj=on}} tall bridge includes a glass covered pylon, which lights up at night, adding a distinctive feature to Toledo's [[skyline]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Ohio DOT endorses design for Maumee River crossing |journal=Civil Engineering |volume=70 |issue=9 |page=12 |date=September 2000 |url=http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=659547 |access-date=August 4, 2014 |via=[[Transportation Research Board]] |archive-date=August 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050755/http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=659547 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Anthony Wayne Bridge]], a {{convert|3215|ft|m|adj=on}} [[suspension bridge]] crossing the [[Maumee River]], has been a staple of Toledo's skyline for more than 80 years. It is locally known as the "High-Level Bridge."
====Mass transit====
Local bus service is provided by the [[Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority]]; commonly shortened to TARTA. Toledo area Paratransit Services; TARPS are used for the disabled. Intercity bus service is provided by [[Greyhound Lines]] and [[Barons Bus Lines]]. The station is located at [[Martin Luther King Jr. Plaza (Toledo)|Martin Luther King, Jr. Plaza]] which it shares with Amtrak. [[Barons Bus Lines]] also provides daily trips to [[Ann Arbor]], [[Chicago]], [[Cleveland]], [[Detroit]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], and [[Cincinnati]]. Toledo has various cab companies within its city limits and other ones that surround the metro.
====Airports====
[[Toledo Express Airport]], located in the suburbs of Monclova and Swanton Townships, is the primary airport that serves the city. Additionally, [[Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport]] is 45 miles north. [[Toledo Executive Airport]] (formerly Metcalf Field) is a [[general aviation]] airport southeast of Toledo near the I-280 and Ohio SR 795 interchange. [[Toledo Suburban Airport]] is another general aviation airport located in [[Lambertville, Michigan|Lambertville, MI]] just north of the state border.
====Railroads at present====
[[Amtrak]], the national passenger rail system, provides service to Toledo and other major cities under the ''[[Floridian (train)|Floridian]]'' and the ''[[Lake Shore Limited]]''. Both lines stop at [[Martin Luther King, Jr. Plaza (Toledo)|Martin Luther King, Jr. Plaza]], which was built as Central Union Terminal by the [[New York Central Railroad]]—along its [[Water Level Route]]—in 1950. Of the seven Ohio stations served by Amtrak, Toledo was the busiest in fiscal year 2011, boarding or detraining 66,413 passengers.<ref name="FY2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.amtrak.com/pdf/factsheets/OHIO11.pdf |title=Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2011: State of Ohio |work=[[Amtrak]] |date=December 2011 |access-date=August 4, 2014}}</ref> Freight rail service presently in Toledo is operated by the [[Norfolk Southern Railway]], [[CSX Transportation]], [[Canadian National Railway]], [[Ann Arbor Railroad (1988)|Ann Arbor Railroad]], and [[Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway (1990)|Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway]]. All except the Wheeling have local terminals; the Wheeling operates into Toledo from the east through [[trackage rights]] on Norfolk Southern to connect with the Ann Arbor and CN railroads.
====Railroads in the past====
Historically, Toledo was a major rail hub where the [[New York Central]] (later, the [[Penn Central]]), [[Baltimore and Ohio]], [[Wabash Railroad]], [[Nickel Plate Road]], [[Ann Arbor Railroad (1895–1976)|Ann Arbor Railroad]], [[Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad]], [[Pennsylvania Railroad]], [[Chesapeake and Ohio Railway]]/[[Pere Marquette Railway]], [[Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway (1916–1988)|Wheeling and Lake Erie]] railroads moved a large amount of freight to and from Toledo's many industries such as Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass, and Willys-Overland (Jeep) Motors. Most of these companies used [[Martin Luther King Jr. Plaza (Toledo)#Central Union Terminal (1950-1971)|Central Union Terminal]] on Emerald Avenue. The Ann Arbor Railroad used its station on Cherry Street. The Pennsylvania Railroad used its station on Summit Street.<ref>Railroad maps of the 1930s-40s; and Toledo Municipal corporation records.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Index of Railroad Stations, 1468 |journal=Official Guide of the Railways |publisher=National Railway Publication Company |volume=87 |issue=7 |date=December 1954}}</ref>
====Interurbans====
[[File:Map of Toledo Railways and Light Company's Lines c 1907.png|thumb|Map of Toledo Railways and Light Company's Lines ''c.'' 1907]]
Toledo had a [[tram|streetcar]] system and [[interurban]] railways<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toledoblade.com/frontpage/2007/05/27/Toledo-was-hub-of-interurban-100-years-ago.html |title=Toledo was hub of interurban 100 years ago |first=David |last=Patch |work=[[The Blade (Toledo)|The Blade]] |___location=Toledo |date=May 27, 2007 |access-date=August 4, 2014 |archive-date=April 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429122727/http://www.toledoblade.com/frontpage/2007/05/27/Toledo-was-hub-of-interurban-100-years-ago.html |url-status=live }}</ref> linking it to other nearby towns but these are no longer in existence. Seven interurban companies radiated from Toledo. In the early 1930s, three of the seven, the Cincinnati and Lake Erie from Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton, and Springfield, the Lake Shore Electric from Cleveland, and the Eastern Michigan Ry from Detroit, moved a large amount of freight and number of passengers between those heavily industrialized cities. The Great Depression and growing inter city competition from trucks on newly improved roads by the Ohio caused abandonment of all by 1938, and some interurban lines much earlier.<ref>The Cincinnati and Lake Erie Railroad, Keenan, Jack: Golden West Books, San Marino, CA, 1974. {{ISBN|0-87095-055-X}}: p77-79.</ref> The interurban station where all lines met and exchanged passengers was on N. Summit Street. Freight was exchanged in a rail yard with a warehouse off Lucas Street.<ref>Keenan, p 155, inc. Lucas rail yard photo.</ref>
===Healthcare===
Originating in Toledo, [[ProMedica]] is an integrated healthcare organization founded in 2009. It has grown rapidly to become the country's 15th largest [[non-profit]] [[health care system]] in the United States, with 2018 revenues of $7 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20180426/NEWS/180429930/promedica-to-acquire-hcr-manorcare |title=ProMedica to acquire HCR ManorCare |date=April 26, 2018 |website=Modern Healthcare |access-date=May 1, 2020 |archive-date=June 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606015128/https://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20180426/NEWS/180429930/promedica-to-acquire-hcr-manorcare |url-status=live }}</ref> It is headquartered on Madison Avenue in [[Downtown Toledo]] and maintains 13 hospitals in Northwest Ohio and Southeast Michigan, including [[ProMedica Toledo Hospital]], the largest acute care hospital in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.promedica.org/pages/locations/default.aspx |title=Locations | ProMedica |website=www.promedica.org |access-date=May 1, 2020 |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610202514/https://www.promedica.org/pages/locations/default.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Mercy Health - St. Vincent Medical Center]], Toledo's first hospital and part of [[Mercy Health Partners]], holds the highest designation for treating high-risk mothers and babies, is a Level I Trauma Center for children and adults, and is an accredited Chest Pain Center.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mercy.com/locations/hospitals/toledo/mercy-health-st-vincent-medical-center |title=St. Vincent Medical Center |website=www.mercy.com |access-date=May 1, 2020 |archive-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404112120/https://www.mercy.com/locations/hospitals/toledo/mercy-health-st-vincent-medical-center |url-status=live }}</ref> It is located in the [[Vistula Historic District]] on the city's north side.
There are also 18 [[community health centers]] in Toledo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freeclinics.com/cit/oh-toledo |title=Free and Income Based Clinics Toledo OH |website=www.freeclinics.com |access-date=May 1, 2020 |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020152535/https://www.freeclinics.com/cit/oh-toledo |url-status=live }}</ref> Some examples include the Cordelia Martin Community Health Center, the East Toledo Community Health Center, and the Monroe Street Neighborhood Center.
===Water===
The Division of Water Treatment filters an average of 80 million gallons of water per day for 500,000 people in the greater Toledo Metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://toledo.oh.gov/services/public-utilities/water-treatment/ |title=Division of Water Treatment |work=City of Toledo |access-date=August 4, 2014 |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806171620/http://toledo.oh.gov/services/public-utilities/water-treatment |url-status=live }}</ref> The Division of Water Distribution serves 136,000 metered accounts and 10,000 fire hydrants and maintains more than {{convert|1100|mi|abbr=out}} of water mains.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://toledo.oh.gov/services/public-utilities/water-distribution/ |title=Division of Water Distribution |work=City of Toledo |access-date=August 4, 2014 |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806171610/http://toledo.oh.gov/services/public-utilities/water-distribution |url-status=live }}</ref> The Toledo Metropolitan Area receives its water from Lake Erie, with the process being managed by the City of Toledo Public Utilities Water Treatment Division, under the authority of the Mayor and City Council with direction provided by the Toledo Regional Water Commission.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Treatment |url=https://toledo.oh.gov/departments/public-utilities/water-treatment |website=City of Toledo |language=en |access-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-date=December 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222000801/https://toledo.oh.gov/departments/public-utilities/water-treatment |url-status=live }}</ref> Water is collected through a water intake pipe that is situated a few miles off the shore of Lake Erie.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>
[[File:Ohio National Guard activated to support water emergency in Lucas, Wood and Fulton Counties 140803-Z-ZJ624-093.jpg|thumb|The National Guard delivering water during the 2014 event]]
In August 2014, two samples from a water treatment plant toxin test showed signs of [[microcystis]]. Roughly 400,000, including residents of Toledo and several surrounding communities in Ohio and Michigan were affected by the water contamination. Residents were told not to use, drink, cook with, or boil any tap water on the evening of August 1, 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Henry |first1=Tom |title=Water crisis grips hundreds of thousands in Toledo area, state of emergency declared |url=http://www.toledoblade.com/local/2014/08/03/Water-crisis-grips-area.html |work=[[The Blade (Toledo)|The Blade]] |___location=Toledo |date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=August 4, 2014 |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806164152/http://www.toledoblade.com/local/2014/08/03/Water-crisis-grips-area.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Ohio National Guard]] delivered water and food to residents living in contaminated areas. {{As of|2014|8|3|df=US}}, no one had reported being sick and the governor had declared a state of emergency in three counties.<ref name="bad water-Capelouto">{{cite news |last1=Capelouto |first1=Susanna |last2=Morgenstein |first2=Mark |title=400,000 in Toledo, Ohio, water scare await test results |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/02/us/toledo-water-warning/index.html |access-date=August 3, 2014 |work=[[CNN]] |date=August 3, 2014 |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803063927/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/02/us/toledo-water-warning/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LA Times-bad water">{{cite news |last1=Queally |first1=James |title=Toxic Ohio tap water tested as 500,000 residents wait |url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-toledo-ohio-toxins-water-20140802-story.html#page=1 |access-date=August 3, 2014 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=August 2, 2014 |archive-date=August 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802190437/http://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-toledo-ohio-toxins-water-20140802-story.html#page=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ban was lifted on August 4.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/04/us/toledo-water-warning/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 |title='Our water is safe,' Toledo mayor says in lifting ban |first1=Faith |last1=Karimi |first2=Mark |last2=Morgenstein |work=[[CNN]] |date=August 4, 2014 |access-date=August 4, 2014 |archive-date=August 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804102005/http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/04/us/toledo-water-warning/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Toledo, Ohio}}
<!-- Please do not add any names here. Add them to the main article "List of people from Toledo, Ohio" instead. -->
==In popular culture==
The popular phrase "Holy Toledo", is thought to originally be a reference to the city's array of grand church designs from [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]], [[Renaissance]] and [[Spanish Colonial Revival Style|Spanish Mission]]. There are many other theories as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Holy Toledo |url=https://www.toledo.com/news/2008/12/10/intoledo/holy-toledo/ |website=Toledo.com |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024120356/https://www.toledo.com/news/2008/12/10/intoledo/holy-toledo/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Holy Toledo' is still thriving |newspaper=The Blade |url=https://www.toledoblade.com/TK-Barger/2017/01/07/Holy-Toledo-is-still-thriving-Getting-past-origins-phrase-gets-plenty-of-use/stories/20170106231 |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116173823/https://www.toledoblade.com/TK-Barger/2017/01/07/Holy-Toledo-is-still-thriving-Getting-past-origins-phrase-gets-plenty-of-use/stories/20170106231 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[John Denver]] recorded "Saturday Night In Toledo, Ohio", composed by [[Randy Sparks]]. He wrote it in 1967 after arriving in Toledo with his group and finding no nightlife at 10 p.m.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barhite |first=Brandi |date=December 26, 2008 |title='Saturday Night In Toledo' author changes his tune |work=[[Toledo Free Press]] |___location=Toledo |url=http://www.toledofreepress.com/2008/12/26/%E2%80%98saturday-night-in-toledo%E2%80%99-author-changes-his-tune/ |access-date=August 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629225434/http://www.toledofreepress.com/2008/12/26/%E2%80%98saturday-night-in-toledo%E2%80%99-author-changes-his-tune/ |archive-date=June 29, 2014}}</ref> After Denver performed the song on ''[[The Tonight Show]]'', Toledo residents objected. In response, the City Fathers recorded a song entitled "We're Strong For Toledo". Ultimately the controversy was such that John Denver cancelled a concert in Toledo shortly thereafter. But when he returned for a 1980 concert, he set a one-show attendance record at the venue, Centennial Hall, and sang the song to the approval of the crowd.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 9, 2011 |title=Saturday Night in Toledo, Ohio |url=http://www.toledohistorybox.com/2011/08/09/saturday-night-in-toledo-ohio/ |access-date=August 4, 2014 |work=Toledo History Box |archive-date=December 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219073636/http://www.toledohistorybox.com/2011/08/09/saturday-night-in-toledo-ohio/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|''M*A*S*H'']] TV series character Corporal Maxwell Klinger, best known for consistently cross-dressing during the first seven seasons of the show, was from Toledo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Blade {{!}} Toledo's breaking news, sports, and entertainment watchdog |url=https://www.toledoblade.com/ |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=The Blade |language=en |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106034847/https://www.toledoblade.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Kenny Rogers]] 1977 hit song "[[Lucille (Kenny Rogers song)|Lucille]]" was written by [[Hal Bynum]] and inspired by his trip to Toledo in 1975.<ref>{{cite web |first=J. C. |last=Reindl |url=http://www.toledoblade.com/local/2010/03/22/Music-fades-curtain-closes-on-once-hot-Toledo-night-spot.html |date=March 22, 2010 |access-date=August 4, 2014 |title=Music fades, curtain closes on once-hot Toledo night spot |work=[[The Blade (Toledo)|The Blade]] |archive-date=March 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312001754/http://www.toledoblade.com/local/2010/03/22/Music-fades-curtain-closes-on-once-hot-Toledo-night-spot.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Toledo is mentioned in the song "[[Our Song (Yes song)|Our Song]]" by [[Yes (band)|Yes]] from their 1983 album ''[[90125]]''. According to Yes drummer [[Alan White (Yes drummer)|Alan White]], Toledo was especially memorable for a sweltering-hot 1977 show the group did at [[Toledo Sports Arena]].<ref name="OurSongBlade">{{cite news |title=Sweltering Night Keeps City Fresh in the Memory of Yes |first=Ralph |last=Kisiel |newspaper=[[The Blade (Toledo)|The Blade]] |date=March 1, 1984 |page=2 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=y3kUAAAAIBAJ&pg=3934,233173&dq=90125+toledo&hl=en |access-date=November 7, 2010}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The season 1 episode of the [[Warner Bros]] television series ''[[Supernatural (U.S. TV series)|Supernatural]]'' titled [[Bloody Mary (Supernatural)|"Bloody Mary"]] was set in Toledo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://au.ign.com/articles/2008/04/18/supernatural-bloody-mary-review |title=Supernatural: "Bloody Mary" Review - IGN |website=Au.ign.com |date=April 18, 2008 |access-date=May 23, 2016 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523050248/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/04/18/supernatural-bloody-mary-review |url-status=live }}</ref>
Toledo is the setting for the 2010 television comedy ''[[Melissa & Joey]]'', with the first-named character being a city councilwoman.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.toledoblade.com/TV-Radio/2010/08/27/TV-series-Melissa-Joey-is-set-in-Toledo-but-city-lacks-starring-role.html |date=August 26, 2010 |title=TV series 'Melissa & Joey' is set in Toledo, but city lacks starring role |first=Kirk |last=Baird |work=[[The Blade (Toledo)|The Blade]] |___location=Toledo |access-date=August 4, 2014 |archive-date=August 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825064915/http://www.toledoblade.com/TV-Radio/2010/08/27/TV-series-Melissa-Joey-is-set-in-Toledo-but-city-lacks-starring-role.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The 2018 sitcom [[A.P. Bio]] is set in Toledo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch A.P. Bio Streaming (2018- ) {{!}} Peacock |url=https://www.peacocktv.com/stream-tv/ap-bio |access-date=June 6, 2023 |website=@peacocktv |language=en-US |archive-date=June 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606164902/https://www.peacocktv.com/stream-tv/ap-bio |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Sister cities==
Toledo was twinned with [[Toledo, Spain]], in 1931, creating the first [[sister city]] relationship in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sistercities.org/1931/01/30/oldest-sister-city-relationship-established-toledo-ohio-toledo-spain/ |title=Oldest Sister City Relationship Established Between Toledo, Ohio and Toledo, Spain |date=January 30, 1931 |website=Sister Cities International (SCI) |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124303/https://sistercities.org/1931/01/30/oldest-sister-city-relationship-established-toledo-ohio-toledo-spain/ |archive-date=February 9, 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=April 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.toledoblade.com/a-e/living/2018/10/07/toledo-sister-cities-anniversary-on-the-town-barbara-hendel/stories/20181007028 |title=Toledo Sister Cities marks 25 years |last=Hendel |first=Barbara |date=October 7, 2018 |website=Toledo Blade |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416105939/https://www.toledoblade.com/a-e/living/2018/10/07/toledo-sister-cities-anniversary-on-the-town-barbara-hendel/stories/20181007028?abnpageversion=evoke |archive-date=April 16, 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=April 16, 2019}}</ref>
Toledo's sister cities are:<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome |url=http://www.toledosistercities.org/aboutus/executive-director/ |publisher=Toledo Sister Cities International |access-date=July 19, 2020 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806073907/http://www.toledosistercities.org/aboutus/executive-director/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Londrina, Brazil |url=http://www.toledosistercities.org/sistercities/londrina-brazil/ |publisher=Toledo Sister Cities International |access-date=July 19, 2020 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523050249/http://www.toledosistercities.org/sistercities/londrina-brazil/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|LBN}} [[Beqaa Valley]], Lebanon
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Coburg]], Germany
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Coimbatore]], India
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Delmenhorst]], Germany
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], Pakistan
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Londrina]], Brazil
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Nanchong]], China
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Poznań]], Poland
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Qinhuangdao]], China
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Szeged]], Hungary
* {{flagicon|TZA}} [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]], Tanzania
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], Spain
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toyohashi]], Japan
{{div col end}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Geography|North America|United States|Ohio|Cities}}
* [[Auto-Lite strike]]
* [[Baseball parks of Toledo, Ohio]]
* [[Glassmen Drum and Bugle Corps]], [[Drum Corps International]] World Class Drum and Bugle Corps
* [[Greater Toledo]]
* [[Microcystin#Cyanobacteria blooms|Outbreak of green-blue algae in Lake Erie]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Toledo]]
* [[Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority]], local bus transportation
* [[Toledo City League]], high school sports league
* [[USS Toledo|USS ''Toledo'']], 3 ships
{{clear}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Bloom |first=Matthew |title=Symbiotic Growth in the Swamp: Toledo and Northwest Ohio, 1860–1900 |journal=Northwest Ohio History |volume=77 |date=Spring 2010 |issue=2 |pages=85–104}}
* DeMatteo, Arthur Edward. "Urban reform, politics, and the working class: Detroit, Toledo, and Cleveland, 1890–1922" (PhD dissertation, University of Akron; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1999. 9940602).
==External links==
{{sister project links|voy=Toledo (Ohio)}}
* [http://toledo.oh.gov/ Official website]
* [http://www.dotoledo.org/ Greater Toledo Convention and Visitors Bureau] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129212958/http://www.dotoledo.org/ |date=November 29, 2017 }}
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9586/ Toledo, Ohio, 1876] from the [[World Digital Library]]
* About [https://www.britannica.com/place/Toledo-Ohio Toledo, Ohio] (via Britannica)
{{Geographic ___location
| Centre = Toledo
| North = {{flagdeco|Michigan}} [[Bedford Township, Monroe County, Michigan|Bedford Township]]
| Northeast = {{flagdeco|Michigan}} [[Erie Township, Michigan|Erie Township]]<br />[[Washington Township, Lucas County, Ohio|Washington Township]]
| East = [[Oregon, Ohio|Oregon]]
| Southeast = [[Rossford, Ohio|Rossford]], [[Northwood, Ohio|Northwood]]
| South = [[Maumee, Ohio|Maumee]], [[Perrysburg Township, Wood County, Ohio|Perrysburg Township]]
| Southwest = [[Monclova Township, Lucas County, Ohio|Monclova Township]]
| West = [[Sylvania Township, Lucas County, Ohio|Sylvania Township]], [[Ottawa Hills, Ohio|Ottawa Hills]]<br />[[Springfield Township, Lucas County, Ohio|Springfield Township]]
| Northwest = {{flagdeco|Michigan}} [[Whiteford Township, Michigan|Whiteford Township]]
}}
{{Toledo}}
{{Lucas County, Ohio}}
{{Ohio}}
{{All-American City Award Hall of Fame}}
{{Midwestern United States}}
{{Great Lakes Megalopolis}}
{{Ohio county seats}}
{{USPopulousCities}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Toledo, Ohio|
[[Category:Cities in Ohio]]
[[Category:Cities in Lucas County, Ohio]]
[[Category:County seats in Ohio]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Populated places established in 1833]]
[[
[[Category:Inland port cities and towns in Ohio]]
| |||