Carsharing: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Brief car rental method}}

'''Carsharing''' is a [[new mobility]] alternative system of [[car]] ownership, access and use. It is a type of [[cooperative]]—that is, an association of persons who join together to carry on an economic activity of mutual benefit—, though it may be organized either on a non-profit or for-profit basis. The costs and troubles of vehicle purchase, ownership and maintenance are transferred to a central organizer (the Carshare Operator or morefamiliarly CSO). It has been around in various forms for more than half a century, but it is only in the last decade that it has begun to gather force as a viable alternative to car ownership—for some people and some places. Today there are more than six hundred cities in the world [http://ecoplan.org/carshare/general/cities.htm#latest] where you can carshare this morning.

{{About|the short-term rental of cars|car owners driving passengers|carpool|the 2015 British sitcom|Peter Kay's Car Share}}

{{Multiple issues|

{{original research|date=April 2014}}

{{Cleanup-PR|1=article|date=July 2024}}

{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2024}}

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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}

[[File:BlueSG cars at Ang Mo Kio CC station.jpg|thumb|A carsharing company's logo-branded vehicles in their parking area]]

'''Carsharing''' or '''car sharing''' (AU, NZ, CA, TH, & US) or '''car clubs''' (UK) is a model of [[car rental]] where people rent cars for short periods of time, often by the hour. It differs from traditional car rental in that the owners of the cars are often private individuals themselves, and the car sharing facilitator is generally distinct from the car owner. Car sharing is part of a larger trend of [[shared mobility]].

Car sharing enables an occasional use of a vehicle or access to different brands of vehicles. The renting organization may be a commercial business. Users can also organize as a [[company]], public agency, [[cooperative]], or ''ad hoc'' grouping. The network of cars on the network becomes available to the users through a variety of means, ranging from the simplicity of using an app to unlock the car in real time, to meeting the owner of the car in order to exchange keys. As of January 2020 the world's top city for car sharing is [[Carsharing in Moscow|Moscow with more than 30,000 vehicles]]. The majority of car sharing vehicles in Moscow are owned by private companies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stroi.mos.ru/city_news/moskva-vyshla-v-mirovyie-lidiery-po-parku-karshieringha |title=Москва вышла в мировые лидеры по парку каршеринга |access-date=12 January 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017134213/https://stroi.mos.ru/city_news/moskva-vyshla-v-mirovyie-lidiery-po-parku-karshieringha |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==In brief==

Carsharing is a system where a [[fleet]] of cars (or other [[automobile|vehicles]]) is owned and operated/overseen by a [[company (law)|company]], public agency, [[cooperative]], ''ad hoc'' grouping, or even a single individual, and made available for use by members of the carshare group in a wide variety of ways. As is often the case with innovations that spring up more or less spontaneously in different parts of the world, operations are organized in many different ways in different places, according to the objectives of the organizers and users. A small informal start-up may have only one shared car, and only a handful of sharers. In the larger services that are increasingly coming into existence, participants are typically [[city]]-dwellers whose transportation needs are largely met by [[public transit]], walking, or [[cycling]].

== History ==

Carsharing is not only a way for individuals or groups to meet their specific mobility requirements, but it is also taking its place as a key part of what is now increasingly being called the [[New Mobility Agenda]], which combines [[Transportation Demand Management]] [[TDM]] strategies and measures for containing, channeling and limiting private car traffic in cities, with support of a “bouquet” of alterative transportation arrangements. These include [[utility cycling]], [[walking]], [[public space]] improvement, electronic substitutes for travel (such as [[telework]], [[telecommuting]] or [[e-work]]) and a variety of shared and [[public transport]] strategies, new and old, including [[carpooling]], [[ride sharing]], [[car rentals]] and [[taxis]].

=== Early days ===

The first reference to car sharing in print identifies the ''Selbstfahrergenossenschaft'' car share program in a [[housing cooperative]] that began in [[Zürich]] in 1948.<ref>{{cite web |title=The CarSharing Handbook (Part 1) | publisher=Rain Magazine | url= http://www.rainmagazine.com/handbook.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070720225314/http://www.rainmagazine.com/handbook.htm |archive-date=20 July 2007 |access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Susan |last1=Shaheen |first2=Daniel |last2=Sperling |first3=Conrad |last3=Wagner |title=Carsharing in Europe and North America: Past, Present and Future |url= http://www.uctc.net/papers/467.pdf |publisher=Transportation Quarterly |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=35–52 |year=1998 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120320192219/http://www.uctc.net/papers/467.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> By the 1960s, as innovators, industrialists, cities, and public authorities studied the possibility of high-technology transportation – mainly computer-based small vehicle systems (almost all of them on separate guideways) – it was possible to spot some early precursors to present-day service ideas and control technologies.

Carsharing has been called “the missing link” of the [[New Mobility Agenda]], insofar as it permits people to give up their cars and in the process make fuller use of these other ways of getting around in cities.

The early 1970s saw the first whole-system car share projects. The ProcoTip system in France lasted about two years. A much more ambitious project called the [[Witkar]] was launched in Amsterdam by the founders of the 1965 [[white bicycles]] project. A sophisticated project based on small electric vehicles, electronic controls for reservations and return, and plans for a large number of stations covering the entire city. The project was abandoned in the mid-1980s.

==History==

Carsharing has been around for a long time, in a variety of places and ways, most of them informal and hidden from public view. The first reference in print identifies the Selbstfahrergenossenshaft carshare program in a housing cooperative that got underway in [[Zurich]] in 1948, but there was no known formal development of the concept in the next few years. By the 1960s as innovators, industrialists, cities, and public authorities studied the possibility of high-technology transportation&mdash;mainly computer-based small vehicle systems (almost all of them on separate guideways)&mdash;it was possible to spot some early precursors to present-day service ideas and control technologies.

In July 1977, the first official British experiment in car sharing started in Suffolk. An office in Ipswich provided a ''Share-a-Car'' service for "putting motorists who are interested in sharing car journeys in touch with each other."<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Times |title=Experiment in car-sharing |first=Robin |last=Young |date=19 July 1977 |page=2}}</ref> In 1978, the [[Agricultural Research Council]] granted the [[University of Leeds]] £16,577 "for an investigation and simulation of carsharing".<ref>''The Times'', 15 February 1978, p. 12</ref> The scheme was not intended for different drivers of a single car but for a driver offering seats in their car, which is actually known as [[carpool]]ing, not car sharing.

The early 1970s saw the first two great pioneering whole-system carshare projects. The [[ProcoTip]] system in France lasted only about two years. A much more ambitious project called the Witkar was launched in Amsterdam by the founders of the 1968 [[white bicycles]] project. A sophisticated project based on small electric vehicles, electronic controls for reservations and return, and plans for a large number of stations covering the entire city, the project endured into the mid-1980s before finally being abandoned.

The 1980s and first half of the 1990s was a "[[coming of age]]" period for carsharingcar sharing, with continued slow growth, mainly of smaller non-profit systems, manymostly in Switzerland and Germany,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rainmagazine.com/archive/1994/carsharing-interview |title=The early days of car-sharing |date=1994|publisher=Rain Magazine}}</ref> but also on a smaller scale in SwedenCanada, the Netherlands, CanadaSweden, and the United StatesU.S.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Susan The|last1=Shaheen real|first2=Daniel watershed|last2=Sperling in|first3=Conrad the|last3=Wagner development|title=A ofShort theHistory sectorof cameCarsharing in the 1990s90's with such larger and more structured projects as [[StattAuto]] [|url=http://wwwpubs.its.stattautoucdavis.deedu/]download_pdf.php?id=1283 in|publisher=Journal Germany,of the[[World twoTransport precursorsPolicy of [[Mobilityand CarsharePractice]] [http://www.mobility.ch/]|volume=5 in|issue=3 Switzerland,|date=September [[Greenwheels]]1999 [http|access-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wwwweb.greenwheelsarchive.nlorg/web/20160207050811/] in the Netherlands, [[CommunAuto]] [http://wwwpubs.communautoits.comucdavis.edu/]download_pdf.php?id=1283 and|archive-date=7 [[AutoShare]]February in2016 Canada, [[Flexcar]] in Portland, Oregon, and [[Zipcar]] in Boston.}}</ref>

Carsharing in North America began in Quebec City in 1994 after Benoît Robert started a company called Communauto that is still a leader in car sharing globally. Cycling advocate and environmentalist Claire Morissette (1950–2007) played a major role in its evolution starting in 1995, when Communauto established itself in Montreal as a private company.

This 1990s wave of innovation continued into the present decade, with carshare developments advancing at different speeds in different countries, but with a generally accelerating pace when taken in sum. The state of the art in carsharing in 2006 is increasingly competitive, increasingly well financed, and increasingly high tech. Smaller and simpler systems continue to grow in number and in some cases to prosper, but the emerging competition is in mid- and large-size cites. Whether the future belongs to non-profits or profit-making firms is hotly debated, with head-to-head competition in a growing list of cities, mainly in the United States, including San Francisco and Washington, DC. At the same time, discussions and competition are increasing in European cities, where the winning model is still far from decided.

=== Rapid growth in the United States ===

By 2005 there are more than two hundred carshare organizations in operation world-wide[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WorldCarshare/links/_B__font_s_000954312420/], and more than six hundred cities [http://ecoplan.org/carshare/general/cities.htm] around the world in which such a service exists.

[[File:Actual and Predicted Growth of Carsharing in the United States.png|thumb|Carsharing growth in the United States]]

The first car-sharing company in the U.S. was CarSharing Portland, founded by Dave Brook in March by 1998 after a visit from Conrad Wagner of Mobility Switzerland. Conrad and Dave would also help establish [[Flexcar]] in Seattle, which launched in 2000, the same year as competitor Zipcar on the east coast. In April 2001, Carsharing Portland, then with 25 vehicles, merged with Flexcar, as its first expansion city.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Law|first=Steve|title=Car-sharing got its start 20 years ago, here in Portland|url=https://pamplinmedia.com/sl/390915-282595-car-sharing-got-its-start-20-years-ago-here-in-portland|access-date=2020-12-21|publisher=[[Pamplin Media Group]]|language=en-us|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109002440/https://pamplinmedia.com/sl/390915-282595-car-sharing-got-its-start-20-years-ago-here-in-portland|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dave|date=2018-04-06|title=Carsharing.US: Carsharing Portland Timeline|url=http://carsharingus.blogspot.com/2018/04/carsharing-portland-timeline.html|access-date=2020-12-21|website=Carsharing.US}}</ref>

[[Zipcar]] and [[City Car Club]] were founded in 2000. [[City CarShare]] was founded in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2001 as a non-profit group. Several [[car rental]] companies launched their own car sharing services beginning in 2008, including Avis on Location by [[Avis Rent a Car System|Avis]], [[Hertz on Demand]] (formerly known as [[Connect by Hertz]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.autoblog.com/2011/07/20/hertz-on-demand-zipcar-without-membership-fees/|title=Hertz on Demand is a bit like ZipCar without membership fees |first=Eric |last=Loveday |publisher=Autoblog Green |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref>), operating in the U.S. and Europe; [[Uhaul Car Share]] owned by [[U-Haul]], and [[WeCar]] by [[Enterprise Holdings|Enterprise Rent-A-Car]].<ref name="NYT0910" /> By 2010, when various [[peer-to-peer carsharing]] systems were introduced. {{as of|2012|09}}<ref name="Members">{{cite press release|url= http://ir.zipcar.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=719904 |title=Zipcar Reports 2012 Third Quarter Results |publisher=Ir.zipcar.com |date=8 November 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130122035859/http://ir.zipcar.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=719904 |archive-date=22 January 2013 |access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref>

==Carsharing: what it is and is not==

'''Terminology:''' Despite its evident English language origins, the term ''Carsharing'' (earlier often written as two separate words, and still today occasionally hyphenated) is now the widely accepted international term. The most prominent exceptions include "Autoteilen" in German, "Autodelen" in Dutch, "Autopartage" in French, and "Bilpool" in Swedish. This list goes on, almost every local operations has its own favored term. Among them: Andelsbilklub, AutoDelen, Autotaxis, Autoteilen, Auto zum Teilen, Autoparate, Autovermietung, Bilpool, Block Cars, Caisse Commune, CampusCars, car-sharing, CarSharing, Caisse Commune, Car-Share, CityCarClub, community cars, CHOICE, cOgO Car, Co-Op Auto Network, Cooperative Auto Network (CAN), Dancing Rabbit, GreenCar, ICVS, HaBil, Motor Pool Co-operative, NTUC CarCo-op. Posibil (Norway), PubliCars, self-drive taxis, Stadtcar, StattAuto, Stadtmobil, Station Cars, teilAuto, (ultra) short term car rental, Witkars, and ZipCar.

Zipcar accounted for 80 percent of the U.S. car sharing market in 2010<ref name="NYT0910">{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/12/automobiles/12SHARE.html?ref=automobiles |title=Car Sharing: Ownership by the Hour |first=Ken |last=Belson |newspaper=New York Times |date=10 September 2010 |access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://www.economist.com/business/2010/09/02/wheels-when-you-need-them |title=Wheels when you need them|magazine=The Economist |date=2 September 2010 |access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> and half of all car-sharers worldwide<ref>{{cite magazine|url= http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13725743 |title=The connected car |magazine=The Economist |date=4 June 2009 |access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> with 730,000 members sharing 11,000 vehicles.

'''Carsharing is not [[Carpooling]] or ride-sharing:'''

[[Carpooling]] or ride-sharing is shared use of a car, in particular for commuting to work, often by people who each have a car but travel together to save costs. However, there is a slight terminological hitch in the UK where the term ''car sharing'' (two words in this usage) is used for what in the U.S. is called "[[ride sharing]]". Carsharing in the sense discussed in this article is a recent development in Britain, and while such plans are still known more known as ''car clubs'' (a term which, in the U.S., refers strictly to a club of car hobbyists) the international term ''carsharing'' is gradually gaining currency there as well.

In 2008, City CarShare introduced the first wheelchair carrying car share vehicle, the ''Access Mobile'', specifically designed as a fleet vehicle shared with non-wheelchair users.

'''Carsharing is not a substitute for public transport'''. It does an entirely different job, and in most of the 600+ cities where it has become established thus far, it is seen as a complement to scheduled transport service. Many studies show that carshare users are also relatively heavy users of both conventional public transport and of human powered transport, including bicycles and walking.

Car sharing is noted as a tool for achieving vehicle miles traveled and greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets in the California Transport Plan (CTP) 2040 to reduce congestion and pollution.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://innovativemobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/SharedMobility_WhitePaper_FINAL.pdf|title=Shared Mobility: Definitions, Industry Developments, and Early Understanding|last1=Shaheen|first1=Susan|last2=Chan|first2=Nelson|website=Innovative Mobility Research|last3=Bansal|first3=Apaar|last4=Cohen|first4=Adam}}</ref>

'''Carsharing is not car rental:''' The differences can be defined in the following ways:

:*Carsharing is an “always-on” personal mobility service (with certain technical and economic constraints at any time)

:* Reservation, pickup, and return are self-service.

:* Cars can be rented by the hour, as well as by the day.

:* Users are members and have been pre-approved to drive (background driving checks have been performed and a payment mechanism has been established)

:* Car locations are distributed throughout the service area.

:* Insurance and fuel costs are included in the rates.

=== Development and growth ===

Note: Some carshare operations (CSOs) cooperate with local car rental firms to offer best value to their customers (and in particular in situations where classic rental may be the cheaper option.)

{{Bar chart|float=right

| title = World cities by carshare fleet in 2020<ref>{{cite news |title=Here Is the Future of Car Sharing, and Carmakers Should Be Terrified |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-08/here-is-the-future-of-car-sharing-and-carmakers-should-be-terrified |newspaper=Bloomberg|date=8 February 2019 }}</ref>

| bar_width = 17

| label_type = city

| label1 = [[Moscow]]

| label2 = [[Tokyo]]

| label3 = [[Beijing]]

| label4 = [[Shanghai]]

| label5 = [[Guangzhou]]

| data_type = fleet in units

| data_max = 20.000

| data1 = 30.000

| data2 = 16.600

| data3 = 15.400

| data4 = 13.900

| data5 = 4.200

}}

Car sharing has also spread to other global markets with dense urban populations (such as Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Russia and Turkey) given that population density is often a critical determinant of success for car sharing.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://sustainablecitiescollective.com/embarq/152996/car-sharing-picking-speed-developing-world |title=Car-Sharing Picking Up Speed in the Developing World |date=28 May 2013 |work=Sustainable Cities Collective |first1=Chhavi |last1=Dhingra |first2=Rebecca |last2=Stanich |access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> Successful car sharing development has tended to be associated mainly with densely populated areas, such as city centers and more recently university and other campuses. There are some programs (mostly in Europe) for providing services in lower density and rural areas.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} Low-density areas are considered more difficult to serve with car sharing because of the lack of alternative modes of transportation and the potentially larger distance that users must travel to reach the cars.

Many building developers are now incorporating share-cars into their developments as an added value to tenants, and municipal government bodies around the world are starting to stipulate the implementation of a car sharing service in new buildings, as a sustainability initiative. These trends have created a demand for a new model of car sharing – residential, private-access share-cars that are typically underwritten by the [[Homeowner association]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} In Germany a pilot project has been started by the semiconductor manufacturer [[Infineon]] to replace regular pool vehicles with a corporate car sharing system.<ref name="How to Cut Costs Through Carsharing">{{cite web|url= http://www.cfo-insight.com/corporate-strategy/cost-efficiency/cost-cutting-with-carsharing/ |date=9 October 2012 |first=Alina |last=Bartsche|title=How to Cut Costs Through Carsharing |publisher=CFO Insight |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121012004241/http://www.cfo-insight.com/corporate-strategy/cost-efficiency/cost-cutting-with-carsharing |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> Replacing private automobiles with shared ones directly reduces demand for parking spaces. The fact that only a certain number of cars can be in use at any one time may reduce [[traffic congestion]] at [[rush hour|peak times]]. Even more important for congestion, the strong metering of costs provides a cost incentive to drive less. With owned automobiles many expenses are [[sunk costs]] and thus independent of how much the car is driven (such as original purchase, insurance, registration, and some maintenance).

==How it works==

The technology of CSOs varies enormously, from simple manual systems using key boxes and log books to increasingly complex computer-based systems with supporting software packages that handle a growing array of back office functions.

According to [[Navigant Consulting]], global carsharing services revenue is expected to grow to {{USD|6.2}} billion by 2020, with over 12 million members worldwide. The main factors driving the growth of carsharing are the rising levels of congestion faced by city dwellers; shifting generational mindsets about car ownership; the increasing costs of personal vehicle ownership; and a convergence of business models.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navigantresearch.com/newsroom/carsharing-services-will-surpass-12-million-members-worldwide-by-2020 |title=Carsharing Services Will Surpass 12 Million Members Worldwide by 2020 |first=Richard |last=Martin |publisher=Navigant Consulting |date=22 August 2013 |access-date=6 February 2016 |archive-date=10 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210013325/http://www.navigantresearch.com/newsroom/carsharing-services-will-surpass-12-million-members-worldwide-by-2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/08/20130822-navigant.html |title=Navigant forecasts global carsharing services to grow to $6.2B by 2020 |author=Navigant Research |publisher=Green Car Congress |date=22 August 2013 |access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> Carsharing operators increasingly opt to brand parts of their fleets with third-party advertising in order to increase revenue and improve competitiveness ([[Transit media]]).

While differing markedly in their objectives, size, business models, levels of ambition, technology and target markets, these programs share most, if not all, of the following features:

For future applications, many carsharing companies invest in [[plug-in hybrid]] electric vehicles ([[PHEV]]) to reduce petroleum consumption. One idea is to calculate and compensate all emissions on behalf of your drivers according to the Kyoto protocol, e.g. via reforestation schemes. The world's first certified [[carbon neutrality|carbon neutral]] carsharing service is Respiro carsharing in Madrid<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.organicgreenandnatural.com/2009/09/16/car-sharing-good-for-the-environment-and-the-budget|title=Car-Sharing – Good for the Environment and the Budget|last=Green|first=Caryn|date=16 September 2009|work=Organic Green and Natural|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301110941/http://www.organicgreenandnatural.com/2009/09/16/car-sharing-good-for-the-environment-and-the-budget/|archive-date=1 March 2012|access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> and is also done by Australian p2p car sharing platform [[Car Next Door]].

*An organized group of participants.

*Self-accessing vehicles.

*One or more shared vehicles available to all members.

*Usage usually booked in advance, but with variants depending on vehicle availability and back-office software routines.

*Rentals for short time periods (increments of one hour or less), but also for longer periods depending on the CSO.

The most important technological innovation to affect the carsharing market is self-driving cars. It is expected that most self-driving vehicles won't be owned by individuals, but will rather be shared. Some companies, like [[Ernst & Young]], have also started to use blockchain technology to record ownership, usage of shared vehicles and insurance information.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.keretasewapenang.com/blog/how-blockchain-technology-is-revolutionizing-car-sharing-boosting-trust-and-efficiency/|title= How Blockchain Technology Is Revolutionizing Car Sharing: Boosting Trust and Efficiency }}</ref>

The simplest CSOs have only one or two pick-up points, but more advanced systems have a decentralized network of parking locations (“pods”) stationed close to homes, workplaces and/or transit stations.

In July 2018, [[Volkswagen]] announced its intention to launch an all-electric car-sharing service by 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/07/04/vw-plans-to-launch-an-all-electric-car-sharing-service-next-year/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer_us=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_cs=ExmdXB_BQ-jkV8LPHZyh1g|title=VW plans to launch an all-electric car-sharing service next year|website=Techcrunch.com|date=4 July 2018|author=Kirsten Korosec|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> In August 2018, the carsharing startup [[Getaround]] rose $300 million from [[Softbank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-getaround-funding/car-sharing-startup-getaround-raises-300-million-in-funding-led-by-softbank-idUSKCN1L61BJ|title=Car-sharing startup Getaround raises $300 million in funding led by SoftBank|website=Reuters.com|date=21 August 2018|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> According to Moscow's authority, the number of carsharing journeys in the city averaged 30,000 a day between January and September 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2018/12/10/moscow-residents-turn-to-car-sharing-after-parking-crackdown-a63769|title=Moscow Residents Turn to Car-Sharing After Parking Crackdown|website=Themoscowtimes.com|date=10 December 2018|access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref>

To participate in a CSO, one must usually become a member. Again there are many variants, but in the more established operations this usually requires a check of past driving records, and a monthly or annual fee. The vehicle is reserved in advance, usually over the Internet or telephone (and increasingly by mobile phones, including by SMS). Most companies charge an hourly fee for the time that the car is in use, plus a fee per mile driven. Some CSOs offer a discounted all-day rate for their cars. If a vehicle is not returned at the scheduled time, a high fee is charged, since it may interfere with other drivers' reservations.

=== Global development and comparison in urban regions ===

Membership and rental fees often include the cost of gas and always insurance. Members are responsible for leaving the vehicles on time, in the agreed parking area, clean and in good condition for the next user.

Car-sharing is growing in urban regions as more people around the world adopt it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prieto|first1=Marc|last2=Baltas|first2=George|last3=Stan|first3=Valentina|date=1 July 2017|title=Car sharing adoption intention in urban areas: What are the key sociodemographic drivers?|journal=Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice|volume=101|pages=218–227|doi=10.1016/j.tra.2017.05.012|issn=0965-8564}}</ref> The world's top cities for car-sharing in 2020 were

[[Moscow]], ([[Russia]]) with 30.0K vehicles, [[Tokyo]], ([[Japan]]) with 16.5K vehicles, [[Beijing]] ([[China]]) with 15.4K vehicles, [[Shanghai]], ([[China]]) with 13.9K vehicles, [[Guangzhou]], ([[China]]) with 4.2K vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jellypages.com/business/Moscow-the-transformation-of-The-car-sharing-capital-of-h53626.html|title=Moscow : the transformation of The car-sharing capital of News|website=Jelly News|language=en|access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> A new survey displayed that car sharing has become fashionable in Germany.<ref>{{cite news|date= 27 February 2024|title= Immer mehr Deutsche teilen das Auto

|url= https://taz.de/Carsharing-auf-dem-Vormarsch/!5995255/|work= Taz|access-date=7 March 2024}}</ref>

== Types of car sharing ==

==Where it works==

Generally, car sharing programs fall into one of four sharing models: round-trip, one-way, peer-to-peer, or fractional.

Carshare operations exist today in more than 600 cities world-wide. More detail on this is available here:

=== Station-based car sharing ===

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WorldCarshare/links/_B__font_s_000954312420/ World Carshare On-line inventory of carshare operators world-wide]

With station-based (or round-trip) car sharing, the cars are permanently stationed at designated stations, typically simply reserved parking spaces. Members pick up the vehicle at the station, and must return it there. The car must usually be reserved for a specific amount of time in advance, and must be returned before that time ends. Payment is usually both by the hour, and by the distance driven. In exchange, a vehicle can be reserved days or weeks in advance, and it is often possible to reserve a specific type of vehicle, such as one with more seats or greater cargo capacity.

*[http://ecoplan.org/carshare/general/cities.htm World Carshare: 600+ cities where you can carshare this morning]

*[http://www.carplus.org.uk/carclubs/carclubs-uk-contacts.htm UK "Car Clubs" (CSOs)]

*[http://www.carsharing.de/seiten/start.html?/seiten/wo_4.html Map showing German citeis with CSOs]

*[http://www.carsharing.net/ Car Sharing Network] - Includes list of North American and world wide cities with car shares

*[http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_de_villes_par_pays_qui_b%C3%A9n%C3%A9ficient_de_l%27autopartage Wikipedia Cities list. (You can help complete it. Thanks.)]

=== One-way/free-floating car sharing ===

===Examples of simpler systems===

{{main|One-way carsharing}}

One-way car sharing enables users to begin and end their trip at different locations through free floating zones or station-based models with designated parking locations.<ref name="Shaheen2015" /> As of 2017, free-floating car sharing is available in 55 cities and 20 countries worldwide, with 40,000 vehicles and serving 5.6 million users, with [[Europe]] and [[North America]] representing the majority of the market. In Europe, free floating services took up more than 65 percent in car sharing membership.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://fleetworld.co.uk/bmw-daimler-tie-up-to-bring-largest-free-floating-car-sharing-provider/|title=BMW–Daimler tie-up to bring 'largest free-floating car sharing provider'|date=4 March 2019|website=Fleet World|language=en-GB|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>

The service is expected to reach 14.3 million users with more than 100,000 vehicles by the end of 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://theinternetofthings.eu/berg-insight-carsharing-service-membership-reached-238-million-worldwide-2017|title=Berg Insight: Carsharing service membership reached 23.8 million worldwide in 2017 {{!}} the internet of things|website=www.theinternetofthings.eu|access-date=1 April 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401122155/https://theinternetofthings.eu/berg-insight-carsharing-service-membership-reached-238-million-worldwide-2017|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

*[http://www.carsharing-zorneding.de/ Zornedinger Auto-Teiler e.V. (ZAT) (Germany)]

*[http://www.roaringforkvehicles.com/index.html Roaring Fork Valley Vehicles]

*[http://www.peoplescar.org/ Kitchner People's Car (Canada)]

===By conventional companies===

'''Free support for small start-ups and co-ops:'''

{{main|Company car}}

*[http://www.cooperativeauto.net/about/consult.html Co-operative Auto Network Start-ups (Canada)]

In [[corporate car sharing]], the company shares the vehicles and allows multiple employees (rather than just one) to make use of a company car, at times when they actually need it. The vehicles are made available from a [[Fleet vehicle|corporate car sharing pool]], and shared for a fixed or flexible period of time.<ref>[https://vimcar.co.uk/resources/glossary/corporate-car-sharing/ Corporate car sharing]</ref> One shared car could replace up to 8 non-shared cars. However, car-sharing does involves an additional processing and associated costs.<ref>[https://www.fleeteurope.com/fr/maas-smart-mobility/europe/analysis/corporate-car-sharing-requires-change-attitude Corporate car sharing requires a change of attitude]</ref> Still, it reduces fleet-related costs over the long term and allow employees to save not only on costs but also on time.<ref>[https://www.sharedmobility.news/corporate-car-sharing/ Corporate car sharing]</ref> {{Clarify|Where are the cars actually placed and made available by employees ? At the company car park ? But then how does the company deliver these vehicles at the employee house when he needs it (probably not by another employee as he needs to get home too, so would then need to take public transport or a bike, perhaps with an autonomous drive system that delivers it, but these are not yet widely available and most governments don't allow legal use of them -when operating fully autonomous-)? Or just by a scheme in which the car is taken home by the employee himself to his driveway ? But then how is the car shared with other employees ? Just by setting a rent out limit to say a few days to a week per month allowing other employees to rent the car the other weeks of the month ? Or by cooperation with existing carsharing companies, of which there may be cars placed and available near the employees house or in his street ? The latter seems to be the most effective as the car can then be shared maximally, so multiple times per day by different people. But in the latter case, why would an employee use the company's carsharing service rather then a regular carsharing company ? Is there financial benefit for him to do so, i.e. lower fee due to the government tax benefit that may be given to companies and/or perhaps lower maintenance cost due to having multiple (similar) cars |date=May 2021}}

*[http://www.eileo.org/ZenonV2/searchOrg.do;jsessionid=38761CB5930D806A81FDAFFCD92AF87F Eileo Free]

=== Peer-to-peer car sharing ===

===Examples of more ambitious systems===

{{main|Peer-to-peer carsharing}}

Peer-to-peer car sharing, sometimes referred to as P2P or Personal Vehicle Sharing,<ref name="Shaheen2015">{{Cite web|url=http://innovativemobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/SharedMobility_WhitePaper_FINAL.pdf|title=Shared Mobility: Definitions, Industry Developments, and Early Understanding|last1=Shaheen|first1=Susan|last2=Chan|first2=Nelson|date=November 2015|website=Innovative Mobility Research|last3=Bansal|first3=Apaar|last4=Cohen|first4=Adam}}</ref> operates similarly to round-trip car sharing in trip and payment type. However, the vehicles themselves are typically privately owned or leased with the sharing system operated by a third-party.

=== Fractional ownership ===

*[[Mobility Carshare]]

Fractional ownership allows users to co-own a vehicle and share its costs and use.<ref name="Car2go">{{Cite web|url=http://innovativemobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Impactsofcar2go_FiveCities_2016.pdf|title=The Impacts of Car2go on Vehicle Ownership, Modal Shift, Vehicle Miles Traveled, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: An Analysis of Five North American Cities|last1=Martin|first1=Elliot|last2=Shaheen|first2=Susan|date=July 2016|website=Innovative Mobility Research}}</ref> Neighborhood fractional ownership car sharing is often promoted as an alternative to owning a car where [[public transit]], walking, and [[cycling]] can be used most of the time and a car is only necessary for out-of-town trips, moving large items, or special occasions. It can also be an alternative to owning multiple cars for households with more than one driver.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7fn8966c?query=City_CarShare |first1=Robert |last1=Cervero |author-link=Robert Cervero|first2=Aaron |last2=Golub |first3=Brendan |last3=Nee |title=City CarShare: Longer-Term Travel Demand and Car Ownership Impacts |year=2007 |publisher=Institute of Urban and Regional Development University of California at Berkeley |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>

*[[Flexcar]]

*[[Greenwheels]]

*[http://www.CityCarClub.net Helsinki CityCarClub]

*[[StattAuto]]

*[[Zipcar]]

== Difference from traditional car rentals ==

{{sect-stub}}

Car sharing differs from traditional car rentals in the following ways:

==Goals, Advantages, Achievements==

* Car sharing is not limited by office hours.

Carsharing is a highly decentralized phenomenon which varies in its goals and implementations widely from place to place. Similarly there are wide variations in goals, etc. The listing that follows has been compiled from numerous sources, some of which are identified in the Reference section below, and others which can be found in the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WorldCarShare/files/%20Research%2C%20resources/ shared library of resources and research] the [[World Carshare]] Consortium:

* Reservation, pickup, and return is all self-service.

* Vehicles can be rented by the minute, by the hour, as well as by the day.

* Users are members and have been pre-approved to drive (background driving checks have been performed and a payment mechanism has been established).

* Vehicle locations are distributed throughout the service area, and often located for access by [[public transport]].

* Insurance: (this section is US specific) state minimum liability insurance (only $5000 in some states), comprehensive and collision insurance. They do not provide uninsured, under-insured or personal injury protection insurance.

* Fuel costs are included in the rates.

[[File:Заправка Яндекс.Драйв в Котельниках.jpg|thumb|[[Yandex.Drive]], the largest car sharing operator in Russia, uses mobile fuel trucks to refuel its vehicle fleet.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Frolov |first1=Andrey |date=8 August 2018 |title=Каршеринг "Яндекс.Драйв" договорился о поглощении стартапа мобильной заправки машин "Топливо в бак" – Транспорт на vc.ru |url=https://vc.ru/transport/43372-karshering-yandeks-drayv-dogovorilsya-o-pogloshchenii-startapa-mobilnoy-zapravki-mashin-toplivo-v-bak |website=vc.ru}}</ref>]]

* Vehicles are not serviced (cleaning, fueling) after each use, although certain programs (such as [[Car2Go]] or [[GoGet]]) continuously clean and fuel their fleet. Members are usually required to refuel the vehicles if fuel runs low, with the cost borne by the car sharing provider.

With car sharing, individuals have access to private cars without having costs and responsibilities associated with car ownership (except for fractional ownerships).<ref name="shaheen1">{{cite web|last1=Shaheen |first1=Susan |first2=Daniel |last2=Sperling |first3=Conrad |last3=Wagner |title=Carsharing in Europe and North America: Past, Present, and Future |url=http://76.12.4.249/artman2/uploads/1/UCD-ITS-RP-98-14.pdf |work=Transportation Quarterly |date=Summer 1998 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=35–52 |access-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021081101/http://76.12.4.249/artman2/uploads/1/UCD-ITS-RP-98-14.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013 }}</ref> Some car share operations (CSOs) cooperate with local car rental firms, in particular in situations wherein classic rental may be the cheaper option.

Most carsharing advocates, operators and cooperating public agencies believe that those who do not drive daily or who drive less than 10,000 kilometers annually may find carsharing to be more cost-effective than car ownership. (In point of fact, x2 variations up and down on this figure are reported by operators and others depending on local context.) {{ref|http://www.ecoplan.org/carshare/}}

The insurance policies on carsharing greatly varies among companies, but all car sharing firms provide insurance that at least meets the legal minimum requirements for the given region of operation.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} Rob Lieber of ''The New York Times'' has criticized car sharing firms such as Zipcar for the paltry coverage afforded car sharing drivers.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|title=Consider the Worst Case With Zipcar|author=Lieber, Ron|date=22 April 2011|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/23/your-money/23money.html}}</ref>

'''16 Positive Impacts of Carsharing''' [http://ecoplan.org/carshare/general/basics.htm#impacts From World Carshare, on line reference]

== Technology ==

With all these variants in terms fo size, type and organization, there is of course a huge spread in terms of actual impacts. But the basic principle of carsharing offers the following positive impacts: on those who use it, others in the community, and the city, the environment and the economy as a whole.

The technology of CSOs varies enormously, from simple manual systems using key boxes and log books to increasingly complex computer-based systems (e.g. partially automated and fully automated systems) with supporting [[software suite|software packages]] that handle a growing array of back office functions.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Susan A. |last1=Shaheen |first2=Adam P. |last2=Cohen |first3=J. Darious |last3=Roberts |title=Carsharing in North America: Market Growth, Current Developments, and Future Potential |url= http://escholarship.org/uc/item/68n01997?query=Carsharing_in_North_America:_Market_Growth,|journal=Transportation Research Record |year=2005 |access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> The simplest CSOs have only one or two pick-up points, but more advanced systems allow cars to be picked up and dropped off at any available public parking space within a designated operating area.

Once the reservations are completed and confirmed, the car will then be delivered at the time and place scheduled. There will be a small card reader mounted on the windshield. Once the customer places their membership card on the reader, it will use what is called [[blink technology]] to activate the time and unlock the car. The reader will not work until it is time for that specific reservation. The keys can then be found somewhere inside the car such as the glove compartment. Depending on the company, the customer may be provided with a key to a lock box that contains the ignition key itself.<ref>{{cite web|last=Toothman |first=Jessika |date=16 May 2008 |title=How Car Sharing Works |url= http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/fuel-economy/car-share.htm |work=howstuffworks |access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> In some cases the car can be unlocked using a mobile phone and the car can even be started using the phone as well.

#Saves time, money and fuss for users

#By providing 'sustainable transport's missing link" encourages greater use of public and human transport

#Improves access for all

#Provides major potential improvements in access for poorer citizens (as result of more and better alternative transport possibilities)

#Permits poorer people to have effective access to own car when they need it (while not locking them into the high costs of operating an old car)

#Reduces congestion. (Fewer cars = less traffic.)

#Makes better use of scarce urban real estate

#Frees up parking.

#Improves air quality.

#Improves public safety. (Pedestrians and cyclists benefit from fewer cars on the road.)

#Reduces use of imported fossil fuels (thereby helping the national economy).

#Supports the local economy 1: Former car owners save thousands per year

#Supports the local economy 2: Less money spent on road construction, maintenance and policing

#Provides a means for more economic use of fleet cars

#Helps fight obesity and other diseases linked to insufficient physical activity

#Encourages neighborliness and cooperative action by citizens - thereby setting a model for other social and economic problems of the city

See the excellent Carsharing section of the [[TDM Encyclopedia]] of the [[Victoria Transport Policy Institute]] for more on this.

===For the individual===

*Convenience, less hassle

*Cost savings

*Sense of social responsibility

*Increased sense of community and neighborliness

*Social inclusion (i.e., makes [car-like mobility] available when needed to people who otherwise might not be able to afford their own car.)

*Has phased collective impact through expanding market, of improving [public transport] and quality of [transit] for [human-powered tranport].

===City perspectives===

From the vantage of the city or community, here are some of the reasons why carsharing is looked on as a useful [[new mobility]] strategy:

*Reduce vehicle distances traveled [VMT] and with it emissions

*Reduce car ownership, and in particular reduce parking demand

*Increase both the general population’s and low-income households’ possibilities to have access to a car

*Provide an otherwise missing component of the city's [new mobility] strategy.

===Global perspectives===

*Offers significant scope for improved resource efficiency

*A new market for automobile manufacturers

*Considerable scope for energy savings

{{sect-stub}}

==Constraints, disadvantages==

Carsharing cannot succeed in isolation. It requires a supporting environment if it is to succeed.

As a general rule, carsharing works in ''communities'' where significant numbers of people don't need a car to get to work and for ''people'' who don't need a car to get to work. It is also important that there be adequate density of these potential users so that a vehicle can be well used. Therefore, carsharing has met with success in dense cities, and in some university towns.

The Swedish National Road Administration argues that basic criteria are needed, in case “fictive car-sharing” pro-grams are established to take advantage of special benefits offered to genuine car-sharing operators. These are proposed as follows (Vägverket, 2003):

*An administrator

*At least six drivers per car (after one-year start-up time)

*Adequate accounting practices

*Ownership by a legal entity

*Vehicle requirements (e.g. age, safety rating) [http://www.nelsonnygaard.com/articles/article_carsharing.htm Source]

For a new carshare start-up, here are some of the challenges that need to be faced:

*Creating a viable business plan

*Initial funding/support

*Finding a start-up partner

*Understanding car-sharing

*Lack of data

*Financial barriers

*Regulatory obstacles

*Parking issues

*Establishing partnerships/understanding with other mobility purveyors

*Reaching the market

*Serving low-income participants

*Geographic and cultural barriers, and finally

*The ability to execute day after day after day. [http://www.nelsonnygaard.com/articles/article_carsharing.htm Source (adapted from)]

{{sect-stub}}

Many car sharing networks price their services as a small start up fee and then a mileage fee for the distance driven in the car. Usually the app will include insurance, gas cards, and upkeep to their fleet of cars at no additional charge to the customer.

==See also==

* [[New MobilitySharing Agendaeconomy]]

* [[europeanAlternatives to car sharinguse]]

* [[MobilityCar Carsharerental]]

* [[GreenwheelsCarpool]]

* [[CommunAutoEcoleasing]]

* [[AutoShareFleet vehicle]]

* [[List of carsharing organizations]]

*[[Flexcar]]

* [[Ridesharing company]]

*[[Zipcar]]

*[[Cooperative]]

*[[back office]]

*[[Parking]]

*[[Public transport]]

*[[Rental car]]

*[[Taxicab]]

*[[Logistics]]

*[[Fleet_management]]

*[[Win-win_game]]

*[[Self-Organizing Collaborative Networks]]

== Resources ==

<!--

Car rental is not carsharing. Please do not add car rental companies here

Ride-sharing or lift-sharing is not car sharing. Please do not add rideshare bulletin boards here

The British traditionally have used word carsharing for ride-sharing,. So if this is a British entry careful to make the distinction

-->

===External links===

*[http://www.carsharing.org/english/how1.html A small animation showing how a low-tech carshare project works].

*[http://213.170.188.3/moses/index.asp?page=36 for an animation] which intends to give an idea of how carsharing can impact on the urban fabric of the city.

* [http://www.flexcar.com/personal/how.asp?mlp=portland&plp=9&thisRegion=Portland+Metro Another clean graphic set from [[Flexcar]] in Portland, Oregon also demonstrates the process].

*[http://www.ecoplan.org/wtpp/ New Mobility Agenda]]

*[http://www.ecoplan.org/carshare/ World CarShare Consortium (freely open to all)]

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WorldCarShare/ Carshare Idea Factory (searchable with more than 2000 expert exchanges on line)]

*[http://www.carsharing.org/ ecs - european car sharing (German and English)]

*[http://www.carsharing.de Bundesverband CarSharing (in German)]

*[http://www.ecoplan.org/autopartage/ Forum International de l'Autopartage (French language world consortium, in French]

*[http://www.carsharing.ca Carsharing in Canada]

*[http://carsharingus.blogspot.com/ Carsharing USA (Dave Brook blog)]

*[http://www.catalunyacarsharing.com Carsharing in Barcelona] (in Catalan)

===References===

*[http://www.communauto.com/historique01.html Histoire de l’auto-partage, Benoît Robert, CommunAuto, Montréal (in French)]

*{{web reference

| url=http://www.nelsonnygaard.com/articles/article_carsharing.htm

| title=Car-Sharing: Where and How it Succeeds

| publisher=Transportation Research Board

| date=November

| year=2005

}}

*[http://www.carplus.org.uk/Resources/pdf/Car%20club%20chapter%20soft%20factors%20final%202004.pdf "Car clubs" of Smarter Choices: Changing the Way we Travel (UK, 2004)]

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WorldCarshare/links/_B__font_s_000954312420/ World Carshare On-line inventory of carshare operators world-wide]

*[http://ecoplan.org/carshare/general/cities.htm World Carshare: 600+ cities where you can carshare this morning]

*[http://www.carplus.org.uk/carclubs/carclubs-uk-contacts.htm UK "Car Clubs" (CSOs)]

*[http://www.carsharing.de/seiten/start.html?/seiten/wo_4.html Map showing German citeis with CSOs]

*[http://www.carsharing.net/ Car Sharing Network] - Includes list of North American and world wide cities with car shares

*[http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_de_villes_par_pays_qui_b%C3%A9n%C3%A9ficient_de_l%27autopartage Wikipedia Cities list.

===Media items/reports===

*[http://news.google.com/news?svnum=10&num=50&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&newwindow=1&tab=wn&as_drrb=q&as_qdr=&as_mind=15&as_minm=1&as_maxd=14&as_maxm=1&q=car-share+OR+carshare+OR+carsharing+OR+car-sharing+-lift+-school+-Formula+-sports&scoring=d Latest world news from Google]

*[http://blogsearch.google.com/blogsearch?as_q=&num=100&hl=en&c2coff=1&btnG=Search+Blogs&as_epq=&as_oq=car-share+carshare+carsharing+&as_eq=&bl_pt=&bl_bt=&bl_url=&bl_auth=&as_drrb=q&as_qdr=&as_mind=1&as_minm=3&as_miny=2005&as_maxd=17&as_maxm=12&as_maxy=2005&lr=&safe=off&scoring=d Discussions in blogs]

*[http://www.carsharing.net/library/carsharingnews.html Car Sharing North America news items]

*[http://www.carplus.org.uk/Resources/media-coverage.htm News from the British media]

*[http://news.google.com/news?num=100&hl=fr&newwindow=1&q=multivoiturage%20OR%20auto-partage%20OR%20voitures-partagees%20OR%20voiture-partagee%20OR%20carshare%20OR%20carsharing%20-co-voiturage&as_qdr=m3&btnG=Rechercher&lr=lang_fr&sa=N&tab=wn News from the French language press (Autopartage)]

*[http://news.carjunky.com/car_rentals/car_sharing_a_new_way_to_rent_182.shtml Car Sharing: A New Way to Rent (Good general overview of 13 Dec 05 from US perspective)]

===Notes===

#{{note|instant-advocate}}{{web reference

| url=http://www.transcoalition.org/ia/carshare/01.html

| title=Car-Sharing

| work=Instant Advocate

| publisher=Transportation and Land Use Coalition

| date=December 17

| year=2005

}}

#{{note|history-aus}}{{Book reference

| First = Rolf

| Last = Bergmaier

| Coauthors = et. al.

| Year = 2004

| Title = Car Sharing: An Overview

| Chapter = History of Car Sharing

| Pages = 13&ndash;14

| Publisher = Australian Government

| Location = Canberra

| URL = http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/tdm/publications/pubs/carsharing-dec04.pdf

}}

==References==

{{sect-stub}}

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{car sharing}}

*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Sharing economy}}

[[Category:Road transport]]

{{Public transport}}

[[Category:Car rental]]

{{Vehicle rental brands}}

[[Category:Car sharing]]

{{Portal bar|Cars|Transport}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Car Sharing}}

[[de:Carsharing]]

[[Category:Carsharing| ]]

[[fr:Autopartage]]

[[Category:Sustainable transport]]

[[nl:Autodelen]]

[[eo:Organizita kunveturado]]