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{{Short description|Commercial airport serving Metro Manila, Philippines}}
{{Airport frame}}
{{redirect|Manila Airport||Manila Airport (disambiguation)}}
{{Airport title|name=Ninoy Aquino International Airport|}}
{{For-multi|the current military use of this facility|Villamor Air Base|the previous military use of this facility|Nichols Field}}
{{Airport infobox |
{{Use Philippine English|date=September 2022}}
IATA=MNL |
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}}
ICAO=RPLL |
{{Infobox airport
type=public |
run| name by= [[ManilaNinoy Aquino International Airport Authority]] (MIAA)|
| nativename = {{small|{{lang|fil|Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino}}}}
closest town= Manila|
| image = NAIA Logo 2024.jpg
elevation_ft=75 |
| image-width = 200px
elevation_m= 23|
| image2 = NAIA Complex from air (Pasay; 01-09-2023).jpg
coordinates=14° 30' 31" N
| image2-width = 290
121° 01' 10" E
| caption2 = Aerial view of NAIA from northeast in 2023.
| IATA = MNL
| ICAO = RPLL
| WMO = 98429
| type = Public / Military
| owner = [[Manila International Airport Authority]]
| operator = New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation
| timezone = [[Philippine Standard Time|PHT]]
| utc = [[UTC+08:00]]
| city-served = [[Greater Manila Area]]
| ___location = [[Parañaque]] and [[Pasay]], [[Metro Manila]], Philippines
| built = {{start date and age|1919||}}
| opened = {{start date and age|1948||}}
| hub = {{ubl|class=nowrap
| [[PAL Express]]
| [[Philippine Airlines]]}}
| operating_base = {{ubl|class=nowrap
| [[AirSWIFT]]
| [[Cebgo]]
| [[Cebu Pacific]]
| [[Philippines AirAsia]]
| [[Sunlight Air]]}}
| focus_city =
| website = {{URL|www.newnaia.com.ph}}
| coordinates = {{coord|14|30|30|N|121|01|11|E|region:PH-00|display=inline,title}}
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=11|frame-latitude=14.5123|frame-longitude=121.0165}}
| image_map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Metro Manila#Luzon mainland#Philippines#Southeast Asia#Asia
| pushpin_label = '''MNL'''/RPLL
| pushpin_map_caption =
| elevation-f = 75
| elevation-m = 23
| metric-elev = yes
| r1-number = 06/24{{efn|Runway 06 is {{convert|3514|m|ft|sp=us}} long with a Clearway of {{convert|150|m|ft|sp=us}} and has a [[displaced threshold]] of {{convert|105|m|ft|sp=us}}. Runway 24 is {{convert|3514|m|ft|sp=us}} long with a Stopway of {{convert|105|m|ft|sp=us}} and clearway of {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}}.}}
| r1-length-f = 11,529
| r1-length-m = 3,514 <ref name="vatphil_351">https://vatphil.com/viewchart.php?id=351</ref>
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt Concrete|Asphalt/Concrete]]
| r2-number = 13/31{{efn|Runway 13 is {{convert|2249|m|ft|sp=us}} long with clearway of {{convert|150|m|ft|sp=us}} and [[Runway safety area|runway end safety area]] included in strip length of {{convert|90|m|ft|sp=us}}.}}
| r2-length-f = 7,379
| r2-length-m = 2,249 <ref name="vatphil_351"/>
| r2-surface = [[Asphalt Concrete|Asphalt/Concrete]]
| metric-rwy = yes
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 50,356,465<br />{{increase}} 11.16%
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 293,433 <br /> {{increase}} 8.31%
| stat3-header = Cargo (in [[tonne]]s)
| stat3-data = 616,478.52 <br /> {{increase}} 26.88%
| stat-year = 2024
| footnotes = Source: [[Manila International Airport Authority]]<ref name="stats-mnl" /><ref name="cargo" />
}}
{{Runway title}}
{{Runway|
runway_angle=06/24|
runway_length_f=12,261|
runway_length_m=3,737|
runway_surface=Concrete |
}}
{{Runway|
runway_angle=13/31|
runway_length_f=7,408|
runway_length_m=2,258|
runway_surface=Concrete |
}}
{{Airport end frame}}
The '''Ninoy Aquino International Airport''' or '''NAIA''' {{Airport codes|MNL|RPLL}} is the international [[airport]] that serves [[Manila]], in the [[Philippines]], and its surrounding [[Metro Manila|metropolitan area]]. It is the main international gateway of the country. Its main alternate airports are both [[Diosdado Macapagal International Airport]] in [[Angeles City]] and [[Mactan-Cebu International Airport]] in [[Cebu City]].
 
'''Ninoy Aquino International Airport''' ('''NAIA''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|a:|.|ˈ|i:|.|ə}} {{respell|NAH|EE|ə}}; {{langx|fil|Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino}}; {{airport codes|MNL|RPLL|p=n}}), also known as '''Manila International Airport''' ('''MIA'''), is the main [[international airport]] serving [[Metro Manila]] in the [[Philippines]]. Located between the cities of [[Pasay]] and [[Parañaque]], about {{convert|7|km|mi|sp=us}} south of [[Manila|Manila proper]] and southwest of [[Makati]], it is the main gateway for travelers to the Philippines and serves as a hub for [[PAL Express]] and [[Philippine Airlines]]. It is also the main operating base for [[AirSWIFT]], [[Cebgo]], [[Cebu Pacific]], and [[Philippines AirAsia]].
It is located along the border between [[Pasay City]] and [[Parañaque City]] in [[Metro Manila]]. It is about 7 kilometers south of the country's capital [[Manila]], and southwest of [[Makati City]]'s Central Business District.
 
Manila International Airport was officially renamed for former Philippine senator [[Ninoy Aquino|Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr.]],<ref name="GovPH-RA6639" /> who was [[Assassination of Ninoy Aquino|assassinated]] at the airport on August 21, 1983. NAIA is managed by the [[Manila International Airport Authority]] (MIAA), an agency of the [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Department of Transportation]] (DOTr).<ref>{{cite web|title=Creating the Manila International Airport Authority, Transferring Existing Assets of the Manila International Airport to the Authority, and Vesting the Authority with Power to Administer and Operate the Manila International Airport|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1982/03/04/executive-order-no-778-s-1982/|work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|date=March 4, 1982|publisher=Republic of the Philippines|access-date=October 24, 2013|archive-date=October 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016001025/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1982/03/04/executive-order-no-778-s-1982/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is currently operated by the New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation (NNIC), a subsidiary of [[San Miguel Corporation]].
The airport is managed by the [[Manila International Airport Authority]] (MIAA), a branch of the [[Department of Transportation and Communications]] (DOTC).
 
Both NAIA and [[Clark International Airport]] in [[Clark Freeport Zone]], [[Pampanga]], serve the [[Greater Manila Area]]. Clark caters mainly to low-cost carriers because its landing fees have been lower ever since former president [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] called for Clark to replace NAIA as the Philippines' primary airport.<ref name="DMIA">{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2008 |title=Arroyo wants DMIA become top airport amid plan to close NAIA |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/78496/arroyo-wants-dmia-become-top-airport-amid-plan-to-close-naia/story/ |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> NAIA is operating beyond its designed capacity of 35 million passengers, clogging air traffic and delaying flights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mateo |first=Jan Victor R. |title=Uncertain future: What's next for NAIA? |url=https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/starweek-magazine/2018/11/04/1865536/uncertain-future-whats-next-naia |access-date=May 4, 2023 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref> As a result, it has consistently been cited as one of the world's worst airports.<ref name="worst" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=NAIA tagged as worst business class airport in the world in int'l study |first=Franco |last=Luna |work=Philstar |date=May 27, 2022 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/05/27/2184085/naia-tagged-worst-business-class-airport-world-intl-study |access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=NAIA ranked 3rd 'most stressful airport' in Asia, Oceania — study |first=Kristofer |last=Purnell |work=Philstar |date=November 26, 2022 |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/travel-and-tourism/2022/11/26/2226443/naia-ranked-3rd-most-stressful-airport-asia-oceania-study |access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=NAIA remains worst airport, study shows |first=Elijah Felice |last=Rosales |work=The Philippine Star |date=November 5, 2024 |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/11/05/2397696/naia-remains-worst-airport-study-shows |access-date=November 5, 2024}}</ref> In response, a [[Privatization|private]] [[consortium]] has been overseeing the airport's operation and rehabilitation since September 14, 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|title=DOTr 'fast-tracking' NAIA privatization |first=Raymond Carl |last=Dela Cruz |date=January 13, 2023 |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1192711 |work=Philippine News Agency |access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> Two nearby construction projects meant to reduce congestion at NAIA are also underway: one being the [[New Manila International Airport]] in [[Bulakan, Bulacan]], and the other being to upgrade [[Sangley Point Airport]] in [[Cavite City]] into an international airport.<ref>{{cite news|title= Consortium Backed By Billionaire Lucio Tan's MacroAsia Wins $11 Billion Philippine Airport Project|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanburgos/2022/09/16/consortium-backed-by-billionaire-lucio-tans-macroasia-wins-11-billion-philippine-airport-project/|work=Forbes|date=September 16, 2022|access-date=October 13, 2022}}</ref>
It is also the port of entry for foreigners trying to enter the archipelago.
 
In 2024, NAIA served more than 50 million passengers, 47% more than the previous year and an all-time record high, making it the [[List of the busiest airports in the Philippines|busiest airport in the Philippines]], the 17th [[List of the busiest airports in Asia|busiest in Asia]], and the 38th [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|busiest in the world]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=NAIA passengers breach 50 million mark, highest on record |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2025/01/03/2411412/naia-passengers-breach-50-million-mark-highest-record |first=Elijah Felice |last=Rosales |work=The Philippine Star |date=January 3, 2025 |access-date=April 14, 2025}}</ref>
 
==History==
<!-- [[File:Old Nielson Field Terminal.jpg|thumb|left|Old Nielson Field Terminal Tower.]] CAN LOSE FOCUS ON NAIA OR THINK IT'S PART OF NAIA -->
The original airport that served Manila, the ''Manila International Air Terminal'', was opened in July [[1937]] on [[Nielson Field]], located in what is now the central business district of Makati. In [[1948]], the airport was moved to its current site adjacent to the [[Villamor Airbase]], which was then called [[Nichols Field]]. The original structure was built on what is now the site of the NAIA-2. In 1981, a new structure was built after a fire damaged the old terminal building, and this new structure is what is now NAIA-1. The new terminal was capable of handling more passengers than the old terminal. Previously named ''Manila International Airport'', it was later renamed to its present name after the [[EDSA Revolution]], in honor of [[Benigno Aquino Jr.]], whose nickname was ''Ninoy''. Ninoy was the husband of former president [[Corazon Aquino]], and the opposition senator who was assassinated at the airport shortly after he arrived in the country following his political exile.
[[File:Landing Fields - Philippines - Nichols Field - NARA - 68160590.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nichols Field]] runway, currently Runway 13/31, with Pasay and Manila in the background, taken prior to 1941]]
 
===Early history===
Plans for a new terminal were conceived in [[1989]], when the Department of Transportation and Communications commissioned Aéroports de Paris to do a study to expand the Ninoy Aquino International Airport's capacity. The recommendation was two build two new terminals, and so NAIA-2 and NAIA-3 were built in the succeeding years.
Manila's original airport, [[10th Avenue (Caloocan)|Grace Park Airfield]] (also known as Manila North) in Grace Park, [[Caloocan]] (then a municipality of [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]]), opened in 1935. It was the city's first commercial airport and was used by the Philippine Aerial Taxi Company (later [[Philippine Airlines]]) for its first domestic routes.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 30, 2013 |title=Grace Park Airfield (Manila North) |url=http://www.pacificwrecks.com/airfields/philippines/grace_park/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201025157/http://www.pacificwrecks.com/airfields/philippines/grace_park/index.html |archive-date=February 1, 2008 |access-date=August 25, 2014 |publisher=Pacific Wrecks}}</ref>
 
In July 1937, [[Nielson Field|Nielson Airport]], located in the {{convert|45|ha|ft2|adj=on}} land in [[Makati]], also then in Rizal, was inaugurated and served as the gateway to Manila; its runways now form [[Ayala Avenue]] and [[Paseo de Roxas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/component/content/article/35-history/48-nielson|title=Nielson Airport|publisher=Filipinas Heritage Library|access-date=August 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821200457/http://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/component/content/article/35-history/48-nielson|archive-date=August 21, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following [[World War II]] and [[History of the Philippines (1946–1965)|Philippine independence]], Grace Park Airfield ceased operations, while Nielson Airport continued to operate until it was decommissioned in 1948.
On [[December 11]], [[1994]], [[Philippine Airlines Flight 434]] was flying on its second leg of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport - [[Mactan-Cebu International Airport]] - New Tokyo International Airport (now [[Narita International Airport]]) route when a bomb on board exploded, killing a passenger. The airliner was able to make an emergency landing.
Authorities later found out that [[Ramzi Yousef]] planted the bomb on the airliner to test the bomb for his [[Project Bojinka]] plot. His project was discovered in [[Manila]] after an apartment fire on the night of [[January 5]] and the morning of [[January 6]], [[1995]].
 
=== Move to Nichols Field ===
If [[Project Bojinka]] had not been discovered, one or more aircraft owned by a [[United States|U.S.]] carrier/s flying to Ninoy Aquino International Airport would have blown up over the [[Pacific Ocean]] on [[January 21]], [[1995]] as part of the project's first phase.
Airport operations were moved to the current site, [[Nichols Field]], due to the flatter terrain, expanse of greenfield land, and the existing USAF base runway (Runway 13/31), which could be used for the airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/19134/3/19134_Maguigad_2010.pdf|title=The airport as a cultural and functional showcase: Case of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport|access-date=September 13, 2014}}</ref> The original one-story bungalow terminal was built adjacent to the runway and served as Terminal 4.
 
In 1954, the airport's longer international runway (Runway 06/24) and associated taxiways were built, and in 1956, construction was started on a control tower and an international terminal building. The new terminal was designed by [[Federico Ilustre]] and was built on the current site of Terminal 2. It was inaugurated on September 22, 1961.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/modern-living/139620/manila%C2%92s-international-airport-gateway-world|title=Manila's International Airport: Gateway to the world|work=The Philippine Star|date=November 10, 2001|access-date=September 10, 2014}}</ref> On January 22, 1972, a fire caused substantial damage to the terminal, resulting in six casualties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19720124&id=HT0gAAAAIBAJ&pg=6240,3139115|title=Sarasota Herald-Tribune – Google News Archive Search|work=google.com}}</ref>
==Airlines==
 
A slightly smaller terminal was built the following year. This second terminal would serve as the country's international terminal until 1981 when it was converted to a domestic terminal, upon the completion and opening of Terminal 1, a new, higher-capacity terminal.<ref name="terms" /> Another fire damaged the old international terminal in May 1985.
===Terminal 1===
* [[Air Macau]] (Macau)
* [[Air Niugini]] (Port Moresby)
* [[Air Philippines]] (Guangzhou, Shenzhen)
* [[Asiana Airlines]] (Busan, Seoul-Incheon)
* [[Cathay Pacific]] (Hong Kong)
* [[Cebu Pacific]] (Hong Kong, Seoul-Incheon via Subic)
* [[China Airlines]] (Kaohsiung, Taipei-Chiang Kai-shek)
* [[China Southern Airlines]] (Beijing, Xiamen)
* [[Continental Micronesia]] (Guam, Koror, Saipan)
* [[Gulf Air]] (Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Muscat)
* [[Japan Airlines]] (Nagoya, Tokyo, Osaka)
* [[Jetstar Asia Airways]] (Singapore)
* [[Emirates|Emirates Airlines]] (Dubai)
* [[Etihad Airways]] (Abu Dhabi)
* [[EVA Air]] (Taipei-Chiang Kai-shek)
* [[KLM|KLM Royal Dutch Airlines]] (Amsterdam)
* [[Korean Air]] (Seoul-Incheon)
* [[Kuwait Airways]] (Bangkok, Kuwait)
* [[Lufthansa]] (Frankfurt via Guangzhou)
* [[Malaysia Airlines]] (Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching)
* [[Northwest Airlines]] (Detroit via Nagoya, Minneapolis via Tokyo-Narita)
* [[Qantas Airways]] (Brisbane, Sydney)
* [[Qatar Airways]] (Doha)
* [[Royal Brunei Airlines]] (Bandar Seri Begawan)
* [[Saudi Arabian Airlines]] (Riyadh, Jeddah, Dammam)
* [[Singapore Airlines]] (Singapore)
* [[Thai Airways International]] (Bangkok, Osaka)
 
===TerminalAssassination 2of "CentennialNinoy Terminal"Aquino===
{{main|Assassination of Ninoy Aquino}}
* [[Philippine Airlines]] (Bacolod, Bangkok, Beijing, Busan, Butuan, Cagayan De Oro, Cebu, Cotabato City, Davao, Dipolog, Fukuoka, General Santos, Guam, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Iloilo, Jakarta, Kalibo, Kuala Lumpur, Laoag, Las Vegas via Vancouver, Legazpi, Los Angeles, Melbourne, Naga, Nagoya, Okinawa, Osaka Kansai, Puerto Princesa, Roxas City, San Francisco, Seoul Incheon, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney, Tacloban, Tagbilaran, Taipei, Tokyo Narita, Vancouver, Xiamen, Zamboanga)
On August 21, 1983, oppositionist politician [[Ninoy Aquino]] attempted to return to the Philippines from exile in the United States, hoping to convince president [[Ferdinand Marcos]] to let go of political power after having held his position for nearly two decades.<ref name="GazettePoliticalProtest">{{Cite web |title=A History of the Philippine Political Protest |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/edsa/the-ph-protest/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="ThompsonStruggle">{{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Mark R. |title=The anti-Marcos struggle : personalistic rule and democratic transition in the Philippines |date=1996 |publisher=New Day |isbn=971-10-0992-7 |___location=Quezon City, Philippines |oclc=44741565}}</ref> Aquino was assassinated mere moments after exiting his plane at Terminal 1's Gate 8 (now Gate 11) after returning to the Philippines from exile in the United States. Aviation Security Command (AVSECOM) personnel escorted Aquino out of the plane to the tarmac, where an agency van awaited. A single gunshot was fired, identified as the one that killed him, with several more shots shots following, killing the alleged assassin, Rolando Galman. Seconds later, gunfire erupted, causing chaos in the plane, the tarmac, and the terminal.
 
The incident triggered constant protests for the next three years, and along with the [[Economic history of the Philippines (1965–1986)|crash of the Philippine economy earlier in 1983]], is credited as one of the key events which led to the February 1986 [[People Power Revolution]] which removed Marcos from power.<ref name="ClaudioMnemonic">{{Cite journal |last=Claudio |first=Lisandro E. |date=2010 |title=Memories of the anti-Marcos movement: The Left and the mnemonic dynamics of the post-authoritarian Philippines |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23750950 |journal=South East Asia Research |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=33–66 |doi=10.5367/000000010790959884 |jstor=23750950 |issn=0967-828X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/08/24/14/ninoy%25E2%2580%2599s-funeral-was-day-filipinos-stopped-being-afraid-dictators|title=Ninoy's funeral was the day Filipinos stopped being afraid of dictators|first=Raissa|last=Robles|date=August 25, 2014|access-date=May 31, 2021|website=ABS-CBN News}}</ref>
===Domestic Terminal===
* [[Air Philippines]] (Bacolod, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Dumaguete, General Santos, Iloilo, Puerto Princesa, Subic Vay, Tuguegarao, Zamboanga)
* [[Asian Spirit]] (Angeles, Basco, Baguio, Busuanga, Calbayog, Catarman, Caticlan, Gasan, Masbate, Ormoc, Pagadian (seasonal), Puerto Princesa, San Jose (Antique), San Jose (Occidental Mindoro), Surigao, Taytay, Tuguegarao, Virac)
* [[Cebu Pacific]] (Bacolod, Cagayan de Oro, Davao, Dumaguete, Kalibo, Roxas City, Subic Bay, Tacloban, Tagbiliran, Zamboanga City)
* [[Interisland Airlines]] (Caticlan, Tablas)
* [[South East Asian Airlines]] (Angeles City, Basco (seasonal), Busuanga, Caticlan, El Nido, Rodriguez, San Jose (Occidental Mindoro), Subic Bay (seasonal))
 
===Renaming===
===International Cargo Terminal===
Four years after the incident, during the presidency of Ninoy's widow [[Corazon Aquino]] in 1987, ''[[List of Philippine laws|Republic Act]] No. 6639'' was enacted without executive approval,<ref name="GovPH-RA6639">{{cite PH act|chamber=RA|number=6639|title=An Act Renaming the Manila International Airport as the Ninoy Aquino International Airport |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/11/27/republic-act-no-6639/ |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123093449/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/11/27/republic-act-no-6639/ |archive-date=January 23, 2018 |date=November 27, 1987}}</ref> renaming the airport in Ninoy's honor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/11438/today-in-history-ninoy-aquino-assassinated-at-airport|title=TODAY IN HISTORY: Ninoy Aquino assassinated at airport|work=InterAksyon.com|access-date=August 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050751/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/11438/today-in-history-ninoy-aquino-assassinated-at-airport|archive-date=August 8, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Presently, a body mark of Aquino's assassination is on display at the departures area of Terminal 1, while the spot at Gate 11 (formerly Gate 8) where he was killed has a [[Commemorative plaque|memorial plaque]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chua |first1=Paolo |title=A Historical Marker for Ninoy Aquino in NAIA Exists, But We'll Probably Never See It |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/lifestyle/ninoy-aquino-naia-historical-marker-plaque-a00297-20200630 |website=Esquire |access-date=July 5, 2023 |date=June 30, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Cargolux]]
* [[DHL]]
* [[Federal Express]]
* [[Korean Air Cargo]]
* [[KLM Cargo]]
* [[JAL Cargo]]
* [[Lufthansa Cargo]]
* [[Mas Kargo|MASKARGO]]
* [[Nippon Cargo Airlines]]
* [[Northwest Airlines Cargo]]
* [[Qatar Airways Cargo]]
* [[Singapore Airlines Cargo]]
* [[Tarom Cargo]]
* [[Thai Cargo]]
* [[United Parcel Service]]
 
===Construction of Terminals 2 and 3===
Note: Philippine carriers use different hangars for their cargo services, whether domestic or international.
Plans for a new terminal were conceived in 1989 when the [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Department of Transportation]] commissioned the French company [[Aéroports de Paris]] to conduct a feasibility study to expand capacity, which recommended to build two new terminals. Construction of Terminal 2, originally designed as a domestic terminal, began in 1995 and opened in 1999.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maguigad |first1=Virgilio |title=The airport as a cultural and functional showcase: Case of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport |date=2010 |page=16 |url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/19134/3/19134_Maguigad_2010.pdf |access-date=July 5, 2023 |journal=ResearchOnline |publisher=James Cook University}}</ref> It served as the hub of [[Philippine Airlines]] until 2023. Meanwhile, the larger Terminal 3, which was beset by construction delays and legal issues,<ref name="Piatco" /> opened in 2008 and became fully operational in 2014, serving [[Cebu Pacific]] and most international airlines.<ref name="t3-fullops">{{cite news|last1=Calleja|first1=Niña|title=Naia Terminal 3 finally starts full operations|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/108765/naia-terminal-3-finally-starts-full-operations|access-date=April 18, 2017|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=August 2, 2014}}</ref>
 
=== Extortion scam ===
==Structure==
{{undue weight|reason=section length may place undue emphasis on a past news story|date=October 2024}}
{{main|Ninoy Aquino International Airport bullet planting scandal}}
In October 2015, reports of an extortion scam concerning [[bullet]]s planted by [[airport security]] officials in airline passengers' [[luggage]] (dubbed by the local media the ''tanim-bala'' [literally plant-bullet] scam) spread, creating a scare among travelers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Philippine Airport Security Allegedly Put Bullets In Bags |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bElJmmLwgDU |work=[[Newsy]] |date=October 30, 2015 |access-date=November 3, 2015}}</ref> [[Davao City]] Mayor [[Rodrigo Duterte]], then a presumptive presidential candidate in the [[2016 Philippine presidential election]], further alleged that a syndicate was behind the incidents. He said the operation had continued for more than two years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tesiorna |first=Ben O. |title=Duterte says syndicate is behind 'tanim bala' extortion scheme |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/11/01/Davao-Mayor-Rodrigo-Rody-Duterte-tanim-bala-laglag-bala-airport-extortion-modus.html |publisher=CNN Philippines |date=November 3, 2015 |access-date=November 3, 2015 |archive-date=November 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126115913/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/11/01/Davao-Mayor-Rodrigo-Rody-Duterte-tanim-bala-laglag-bala-airport-extortion-modus.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Malacañang Palace]] and the [[Senate of the Philippines|Philippine Senate]] investigated the incidents.<ref>{{cite news |title=Philippine legislators angered by Manila 'bullet scam' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34671118 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=October 29, 2015 |access-date=November 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Casayuran |first1=Mario |last2=Fernandez |first2=Ariel |last3=Torregoza |first3=Hannah |title=Uproar over NAIA bullet mess widens|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/uproar-over-naia-bullet-mess-widens/|access-date=November 3, 2015|work=Manila Bulletin|date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> In April 2016, a similar incident occurred.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/laglag-bala-rears-its-ugly-head-anew-at-naia/|title='Laglag-bala' rears its ugly head anew|last=Fernandez|first=Ariel|date=April 19, 2016|work=Manila Bulletin|access-date=April 28, 2016|via=www.mb.com.ph}}</ref>
 
===RunwaysTerminal reassignments===
[[File:Cebu Pacific and Air Asia planes outside NAIA Terminal 3 (Pasay; 11-24-2021).jpg|thumb|[[Airbus A320 family]] aircraft of [[Cebu Pacific]] and [[Philippines AirAsia]] at the remote gates of Terminal 3 in November 2021, two years before the rationalization of flights which relocated AirAsia's domestic flights to Terminal 2.]]
NAIA has a primary runway (3,737 m) running at 061°/241° (designated as Runway 06/24) and a secondary runway (2,258 m) running at 136°/316° (designated as Runway 13/31).
In February 2018, the Department of Transportation (DOTr) proposed the rationalization of flights to decongest the terminals of NAIA. The original plan called for Terminals 1 and 3 exclusively handling international flights, while Terminals 2 and 4 would facilitate domestic flights. This revision would deviate from the practice where Terminals 2 and 3 operate both domestic and international flights, contributing to the congestion of both terminals.<ref name="DOTr">{{Cite news |last=Pateña |first=Aerol John |date=February 27, 2018 |title=DOTr pushes flight rationalization in NAIA |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1026628 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211074941/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1026628 |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=October 18, 2022 |work=Philippine News Agency}}</ref> [[Secretary of Transportation (Philippines)|Transportation Secretary]] [[Arthur Tugade]] and [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]] [[Pantaleon Alvarez]] supported the initiative, with the latter proposing that airlines relocate some of their flights to [[Clark International Airport]].<ref name="DOTr"/> However, Senator [[Grace Poe]], chairperson of the [[Philippine Senate Committee on Public Services|Senate Committee on Public Services]], voiced concerns that a hasty implementation might exacerbate existing issues, with Poe suggesting capacity expansion instead. She further highlighted Terminal 2's limited capacity of handling 9 million passengers compared to the current demand of over 16 million domestic passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poe: NAIA rationalization plan will not solve airport congestion |first=Amita |last=Legaspi |date=March 8, 2018 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/645923/poe-naia-rationalization-plan-will-not-solve-airport-congestion/story/ |work=GMA News |access-date=October 18, 2022}}</ref>
 
Despite initial plans for implementation in August 2018, the Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA) announced its deferment a month prior due to "unforeseen operational constraints". The plan continued to be under review with no official implementation date set;<ref name="deferred">{{Cite news|title='Rationalization' of NAIA terminals deferred |date=July 30, 2018 |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/07/30/18/rationalization-of-naia-terminals-deferred |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730075736/http://news.abs-cbn.com/business/07/30/18/rationalization-of-naia-terminals-deferred |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 30, 2018 |work=ABS-CBN News |access-date=October 18, 2022}}</ref> however, some [[Philippine Airlines]] (PAL) flights to North America were relocated to Terminal 1 from Terminal 2 in July to accommodate the latter's rehabilitation.<ref name="deferred" /> By October, four international airlines transferred operations to Terminal 3, freeing up space for United States flight operations at Terminal 1. Subsequently, more airlines from Terminal 1 were scheduled to relocate to Terminal 3.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cabuenas |first1=Jon Viktor |title=4 int'l airlines to transfer operations to NAIA 3 starting October 2018 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/672270/4-int-l-airlines-to-transfer-operations-to-naia-3-starting-october-2018/story/ |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=GMA News |date=October 24, 2018}}</ref>
 
On December 1, 2022, the MIAA officially implemented the Schedule and Terminal Assignment Rationalization (STAR) program, when PAL began gradually transferring its international flights from Terminal 2 to Terminal 1. Likewise, [[Philippines AirAsia]] transferred its two busiest flights ([[Boracay]]–[[Godofredo P. Ramos Airport|Caticlan]] and [[Cebu]])—from Terminal 4 to Terminal 3, to ease congestion at the former by transferring 40% of AirAsia's daily passenger volume to the larger terminal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Santos |first1=Rudy |title=MIAA bares terminal reassignments |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/11/27/2226668/miaa-bares-terminal-reassignments |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=The Philippine Star |date=November 27, 2022}}</ref> From April to June 2023, eight foreign airlines moved to Terminal 3 to make space for PAL's international operations at T1.<ref name="rationale-2023" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Long queues in NAIA 3 due to airline transfers and bad weather, BI explains |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/transportation/2023/6/8/long-queues-naia-3-airline-transfers-bad-weather.html |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=CNN Philippines |date=June 8, 2023 |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705130551/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/transportation/2023/6/8/long-queues-naia-3-airline-transfers-bad-weather.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> These changes were designed to offer international passengers at Terminals 1 and 3 a wider selection of food and retail outlets, and additional time for [[duty-free shopping]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=NAIA 2 exclusively for domestic flights starting July |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/business/03/21/23/naia-2-exclusively-for-domestic-flights-starting-july |first=Katrina |last=Domingo |work=ABS-CBN News |date=March 21, 2023 |access-date=March 22, 2023}}</ref> After PAL completed moving all its international flights to T1 on June 16, 2023,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abadilla |first1=Emmie |title=PAL int'l flights to use NAIA Terminal 1 |url=https://mb.com.ph/2023/5/19/pal-updated-travel-advisory-on-naia-terminal-assignments |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=Manila Bulletin |date=May 19, 2023}}</ref> Philippines AirAsia and [[Royal Air Philippines]] began operating from Terminal 2 on July 1, thereby reverting the terminal to its original domestic design. While T2 is being expanded, Cebu Pacific's domestic and international operations remained at Terminal 3.<ref>{{cite news |title=Domestic flights back at NAIA Terminal 2 |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/7/2/Domestic-flights-back-at-NAIA-Terminal-2.html |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=CNN Philippines |date=July 2, 2023 |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705121326/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/7/2/Domestic-flights-back-at-NAIA-Terminal-2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Meanwhile, flights of [[AirSWIFT]], [[SkyJet Airlines]], [[Cebgo]], and [[Sunlight Air]] remained at Terminal 4.
 
Ahead of the airport's privatization, the New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation—a consortium led by [[San Miguel Corporation]]—planned another set of terminal reassignments in August 2024, with an initial target implementation date before the [[Allhallowtide]] season.<ref>{{Cite news|title=New NAIA terminal assignments underway |first=Elijah Felice |last=Rosales |work=The Philippine Star |date=August 20, 2024 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2024/08/20/2379025/new-naia-terminal-assignments-underway |access-date=September 10, 2024}}</ref> It then announced in September the planned reassignments: Terminal 1 would exclusively serve Philippine Airlines flights, while Terminal 2 would maintain its current status as an all-domestic terminal, and Terminal 3 would be fully dedicated to international flights of Cebu Pacific, the AirAsia Group, and all foreign airlines. This would require the remaining airlines operating at Terminal 1 to transfer to Terminal 3, and Philippines AirAsia to temporarily move its domestic flights back to Terminal 4 from Terminal 2 to accommodate Cebu Pacific's domestic flights until the latter's expansion is completed.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Airline terminal reshuffle in order at NAIA |first=Elijah Felice |last=Rosales |work=The Philippine Star |date=September 10, 2024 |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/09/10/2384127/airline-terminal-reshuffle-order-naia |access-date=September 10, 2024}}</ref>
 
===Turboprop reassignments===
Ahead of NAIA's privatization, in July 2024, the Philippine government reportedly planned to reassign [[turboprop]] flights in Manila to secondary airports. At the time, the government had no official policy for the transfer, but Transportation Undersecretary Timothy John Batan encouraged airlines to move its turboprop flights to [[Clark International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Island flights may soon take off from Clark airport |first=Elijah Felice |last=Rosales |work=The Philippine Star |date=July 29, 2024 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2024/07/29/2373650/island-flights-may-soon-take-clark-airport |access-date=January 23, 2025}}</ref>
 
On December 3, 2024, the Manila Slot Coordination Committee (MSCC), a public-private regulatory committee which regulates NAIA's slots, issued a resolution to direct airlines to completely transfer its [[turboprop]] flights out of Manila to secondary airports by October 2025. The rationalization aims to maximize the use of airport slots in Manila, which would exclusively be dedicated to jet aircraft. It would be implemented in three phases: with the MSCC requiring scheduled domestic carriers to transfer 30% of its turboprop flights by March 2025, followed by all such flights by October, and finally, airlines with a turboprop fleet fewer than five planes would follow suit by March 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Island flights transferred out of NAIA by March |first=Iris |last=Gonzales |work=The Philippine Star |date=January 20, 2025 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2025/01/20/2415396/island-flights-transferred-out-naia-march |access-date=January 23, 2025}}</ref>
 
The transfer also aims to maximize Clark International Airport's capacity, as it had been underserved since the opening of its expanded terminal in 2022, designed to handle eight million passengers annually.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Clark ready to host more island flights |first=Elijah Felice |last=Rosales |work=The Philippine Star |date=January 22, 2025 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2025/01/22/2415896/clark-ready-host-more-island-flights |access-date=January 23, 2025}}</ref> [[Cebgo]], the turboprop subsidiary of [[Cebu Pacific]], then announced the transfer of its [[Masbate]] and [[Siargao]] flights to Clark.<ref name="dgcrk">{{cite web |last1=Salcedo |first1=Dirk Andrei |title=Cebu Pacific transfers Masbate, Siargao flights to Clark |url=https://aviationupdatesph.com/2025/01/cebu-pacific-transfers-masbate-siargao-flights-to-clark/ |website=Aviation Updates Philippines |date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=January 23, 2025}}</ref>
 
===Privatization and rehabilitation===
[[File:Ninoy Aquino International Airport logo.svg|thumb|left|Logo used alternatively]]
On February 12, 2018, a consortium of seven conglomerates consisting of [[Aboitiz Equity Ventures|Aboitiz InfraCapital]], AC Infrastructure Holdings, [[Alliance Global]], Asia's Emerging Dragon, [[Filinvest Development Corporation]], [[JG Summit Holdings]], and [[Metro Pacific Investments Corporation]] (which later pulled out in March 2020) submitted a {{Philippine peso|350 billion|link=yes}}, or {{US$|6.75 billion|link=yes}}, 35-year [[unsolicited proposal]] to rehabilitate, expand, operate, and maintain the airport.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/business/196330-naia-rehabilitation-proposal-department-of-transportation-review|title=DOTr to review P350-billion NAIA rehabilitation proposal|work=Rappler|access-date=March 7, 2018|language=en|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/business/191922-super-consortium-conglomerates-proposal-naia-upgrade|title=Conglomerates form 'Super Consortium' to propose NAIA upgrade|work=Rappler|access-date=March 7, 2018|language=en|url-access=limited}}</ref> The consortium's proposal was divided into two phases: the improvement and expansion of terminals in the current NAIA land area and the development of an additional runway, taxiways, passenger terminals, and associated support infrastructure. [[Changi Airport]] Consultants Pte. Ltd., was to provide technical support.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/642684/lsquo-super-consortium-rsquo-taps-singapore-airport-operator-for-naia-rehab-bid/story/|title='Super consortium' taps Singapore airport operator for NAIA rehab bid|work=GMA News|access-date=March 7, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Singapore's Changi Airport Group eyed a 30% stake in this venture.<ref>{{Cite news|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|url=http://business.inquirer.net/246443/changi-airport-eyes-30-stake-p350-b-naia-project|title=Changi Airport eyes up to 30% stake in P350-B Naia project|last=Camus|first=Miguel R.|access-date=March 7, 2018|language=en}}</ref>
 
On March 1, 2018, [[Megawide Construction Corporation]] and its India-based consortium partner [[GMR Group|GMR Infrastructure]] (the consortium which revamped [[Mactan–Cebu International Airport]]), submitted a ₱150 billion, or US$3 billion, proposal to decongest and redevelop the airport.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.airport-technology.com/news/gmr-megawide-submits-3bn-plan-ninoy-aquino-airport/|title=GMR-Megawide submits $3bn plan for Ninoy Aquino airport – Airport Technology|date=March 5, 2018|work=Airport Technology|access-date=March 7, 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="ABS-CBN News">{{Cite news|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/business/03/05/18/gmr-megawide-takes-on-goliath-in-bid-to-rebuild-naia|title=GMR-Megawide takes on 'Goliath' in bid to rebuild NAIA|work=ABS-CBN News|access-date=March 7, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> GMR-Megawide did not propose a new runway, claiming that it would not significantly boost capacity.<ref name="ABS-CBN News"/>
 
On July 7, 2020, the NAIA consortium's proposal was rejected by the government,<ref>{{Cite news |title=NAIA rehab plan hits another bump as gov't rejects fresh proposal from private contractors |first=Melissa Luz |last=Lopez |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/business/2020/7/7/NAIA-rehab-proposal-rejected-anew.html |date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=December 27, 2023 |archive-date=December 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227072420/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/business/2020/7/7/NAIA-rehab-proposal-rejected-anew.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> allowing GMR-Megawide to take over the project.<ref>{{Cite news|work=CNN Philippines|url=https://cnnphilippines.com/business/2020/7/17/Megawide-GMR-takes-over-NAIA-rehab-project.html|title=Megawide GMR replaces NAIA Consortium in airport rehab project|last=Lopez|first=Melissa Luz|access-date=July 17, 2020|language=en|date=July 17, 2020|archive-date=July 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717143509/https://cnnphilippines.com/business/2020/7/17/Megawide-GMR-takes-over-NAIA-rehab-project.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On December 15, however, the [[Manila International Airport Authority|MIAA]] revoked the original proponent status (OPS) of GMR-Megawide, who then filed a motion for reconsideration.<ref>{{Cite news|work=Business Mirror|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/12/22/megawide-partner-seek-return-of-ops-on-naia/|title=Megawide, partner seek return of OPS on Naia|last=Marasigan|first=Lorenz|access-date=January 9, 2021|language=en|date=December 22, 2020}}</ref> The MIAA denied the motion for reconsideration.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cabuenas|first=Jon Viktor D.|title=Megawide officially loses NAIA rehab bid|work=GMA News Online|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/773308/megawide-officially-loses-naia-rehab-bid/story/|date=January 26, 2021|access-date=June 3, 2021}}</ref> In August 2022, the [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Department of Transportation]] (DOTr) announced plans to rebid the [[public–private partnership]] project within the year.<ref>{{Cite news|title=DOTR to rebid NAIA rehab this year |first=Emmie V. |last=Abadilla |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/08/15/dotr-to-rebid-naia-rehab-this-year/ |work=Manila Bulletin |date=August 15, 2022 |access-date=August 21, 2022}}</ref>
 
Following a [[2023 Philippine airspace closure|major airspace closure on January 1, 2023]], plans to privatize the airport were pitched again. [[Secretary of Finance (Philippines)|Finance Secretary]] [[Benjamin Diokno]] supported such plans, but maintained that it should be "thoroughly studied".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Thorough study needed for NAIA privatization |work=The Philippine Star |date=January 3, 2023 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2023/01/03/2234855/thorough-study-needed-naia-privatization |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> On April 27, the Manila International Airport Consortium (MIAC), composed of six organizations (Alliance Global, AC Infrastructure Holdings Corp [under [[Ayala Corporation]]], Infracorp Development, Filinvest Development Corporation, and JG Summit Infrastructure Holdings) submitted a ₱100 billion 25-year unsolicited proposal to rehabilitate the airport.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Royandoyan |first=Ramon |title=Tycoons form new super consortium to pitch P100-B NAIA rehab |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2023/04/27/2262083/tycoons-form-new-super-consortium-pitch-p100-b-naia-rehab|date=April 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715005207/https://www.philstar.com/business/2023/04/27/2262083/tycoons-form-new-super-consortium-pitch-p100-b-naia-rehab |archive-date=July 15, 2023 |access-date=July 15, 2023 |website=Philstar.com |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |date=April 27, 2023 |title=New Consortium Formed to Transform NAIA |url=https://www.allianceglobalinc.com/company-disclosures/april-27-2023-press-releasenew-consortium-formed-transform-naia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715005435/https://www.allianceglobalinc.com/sites/default/files/2023-05/April%2027%2C%202023%20-%20Press%20Release_New%20Consortium%20Formed%20to%20Transform%20NAIA.pdf |archive-date=July 15, 2023 |access-date=July 15, 2023 |website=Alliance Global Group, Inc. |url-status=live}}</ref> This proposal was subsequently rejected by the administration of President [[Bongbong Marcos]] on July 19, which opted to go through solicited bidding instead.<ref name="rejected">{{Cite web |title=Marcos Jr. admin dismisses tycoons' NAIA rehab proposal |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2023/07/19/2282250/marcos-jr-admin-dismisses-tycoons-naia-rehab-proposal |date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719144405/https://www.philstar.com/business/2023/07/19/2282250/marcos-jr-admin-dismisses-tycoons-naia-rehab-proposal |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |access-date=July 19, 2023 |website=Philstar.com |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[File:Passport control at Manila's Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 3 in 2023.jpg|thumb|As part of its rehabilitation, Terminal 3 added a dedicated [[Border control#Border checkpoints|immigration]] hall for [[Overseas Filipino Worker]]s (OFWs) in 2025]]
The solicited [[Concession (contract)|concession agreement]] is set for fifteen years,<ref name="rejected" /> with a ten-year extension if needed in case the opening of [[New Manila International Airport]] in [[Bulacan]] and [[Sangley Point Airport]] in [[Cavite]] would be delayed.<ref>{{Cite news|title=DOTr mulls option for longer concession period for privatized NAIA |first=Ted |last=Cordero |work=GMA Integrated News |date=July 4, 2023 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/875834/foreign-partner-in-naia-consortium-stands-firm-on-25-year-concession-period/story/ |access-date=September 15, 2023}}</ref> The bidding opened on August 23, 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|title=NAIA ops, maintenance now open for private bidders |first=Ted |last=Cordero |work=GMA Integrated News |date=August 23, 2023 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/879796/naia-ops-maintenance-now-open-for-private-bidders/story/ |access-date=September 15, 2023}}</ref> Four consortia submitted bids on the December 27 deadline: MIAC, Asian Airports Consortium (consisting of Lucio Co's Cosco Capital, Inc.; Asian Infrastructure and Management Corp., Philippine Skylanders International, Inc., and [[Angkasa Pura|PT Angkasa Pura II]]),<ref name="consortia" /> [[GMR Group|GMR Airports Consortium]], and SMC SAP & Co. Consortium, a consortium led by [[San Miguel Corporation]] (SMC) and [[Incheon International Airport Corporation]]—the operator of [[Incheon International Airport]] in South Korea, with RMM Asian Logistics Inc. and RLW Aviation Development Inc.<ref>{{Cite news|title=4 groups bid to bag NAIA operations |first=Ted |last=Cordero |work=GMA Integrated News |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/892412/4-groups-bid-to-bag-naia-operations/story/ |date=December 27, 2023 |access-date=December 27, 2023}}</ref> The Asian Airports Consortium was disqualified in the bidding after it was deemed non-compliant.<ref>{{Cite news|title=SMC-led group leads NAIA bid, offers gov't 82% revenue share |first=Ashley Erika O. |last=Jose |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/corporate/2024/02/09/574679/smc-led-group-leads-naia-bid-offers-govt-82-revenue-share/ |work=BusinessWorld |date=February 9, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref>
 
On February 16, 2024, the DOTr awarded the contract to SMC SAP & Co. Consortium, later renamed as New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation (NNIC).<ref>{{Cite news|title=SMC wins bid for P170.6-billion Naia rehabilitation project |first=John Eric |last=Mendoza |url=https://business.inquirer.net/445738/smc-wins-bid-for-naia-rehabilitation-project#ixzz8RtPdELki |work=Inquirer |date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref> the contract was signed on March 18, witnessed by President Marcos.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Esguerra |first1=Darryl John |title=NAIA upgrade an 'investment in our future' – Marcos|url= https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1221008|access-date=March 18, 2024 |work=[[Philippine News Agency]]|date=March 18, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= Rivas|first1=Ralf |title=Marcos, Ramon Ang's San Miguel ink landmark $3-billion NAIA rehab deal |url= https://www.rappler.com/business/marcos-jr-ramon-ang-san-miguel-sign-naia-rehabilitation-deal/|access-date=March 18, 2024 |work=[[Rappler]] |date=March 18, 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref> NNIC offered the biggest revenue share with the government at 82.16%—more than double the proposed revenue shares of GMR Airports Consortium (33.30%) and MIAC (25.91%).<ref name="consortia">{{Cite news|title=San Miguel-led consortium bags NAIA privatization project |first=Ted |last=Cordero |work=GMA Integrated News |date=February 16, 2024 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/897687/san-miguel-led-consortium-bags-naia-privatization-project/story/ |access-date=February 17, 2024}}</ref> The consortium also made the initial {{Philippine peso|30 billion}} payment to the government. With the privatization, the national government is expected to earn {{Philippine peso|900 billion}}, or {{Philippine peso|36 billion}} annually.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Piad |first1= Tyrone Jasper |title=Gov't to get first P30B for Naia deal |url= https://business.inquirer.net/450726/govt-to-get-first-p30b-for-naia-deal|access-date=March 18, 2024 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=March 18, 2024}}</ref> On September 14, 2024, the [[Manila International Airport Authority]] turned over the operations and maintenance of the airport to NNIC.<ref>{{Cite news|title=NAIA turned over to San Miguel-led group as rehabilitation begins |first=Ted |last=Cordero |work=GMA Integrated News |date=September 14, 2024 |access-date=September 14, 2024 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/920437/naia-turned-over-to-san-miguel-led-group-as-rehabilitation-begins/story/}}</ref> While SMC is constructing [[New Manila International Airport]] (NMIA) in Bulacan, it decided to instead prioritize the rehabilitation of NAIA over the construction of the NMIA.<ref>{{Cite news|title=SMC prioritizes NAIA over Bulacan airport |first=Richmond |last=Mercurio |work=The Philippine Star |date=April 22, 2024 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2024/04/22/2349428/smc-prioritizes-naia-over-bulacan-airport |access-date=April 22, 2024}}</ref>
 
The turnover was followed by a series of airport fee hikes. On October 1, NNIC increased parking fees. The overnight parking fees, which quadrupled from 300 to 1,200 [[Philippine peso|pesos]], drew criticism from motorists; however, both NNIC and the DOTr defended the move, as it is designed to deter the misuse of parking slots. According to NNIC, previous parking rates were used by non-passengers, which contributed to congestion. Nevertheless, NNIC is developing a {{convert|4|ha|adj=on}} area near Terminal 3 for a 2,500-slot parking space.<ref>{{Cite news|title=NAIA overnight parking fee hike to P1,200 'intentional,' 'not for profit' — NNIC |first=Ted |last=Cordero |work=GMA Integrated News |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/922467/naia-overnight-parking-fee-hike-to-p1-200-intentional-not-for-profit-nnic/story/ |date=October 3, 2024 |access-date=October 4, 2024}}</ref> On the same day, it increased takeoff and [[landing fee]]s,<ref>{{Cite news|title=After parking, new NAIA operator hikes airline fees |first=Elijah Felice |last=Rosales |work=The Philippine Star |date=October 3, 2024 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2024/10/03/2389653/after-parking-new-naia-operator-hikes-airline-fees |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> causing [[Philippine Airlines]], [[Cebu Pacific]], and [[Philippines AirAsia]] to propose a "terminal enhancement fee" to cover the higher fees, pending approval of the [[Civil Aeronautics Board (Philippines)|Civil Aeronautics Board]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=To cover price hikes, airlines to slap new fee |first=Elijah Felice |last=Rosales |work=The Philippine Star |date=October 14, 2024 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2024/10/14/2392251/cover-price-hikes-airlines-slap-new-fee |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> Additionally, passenger service charges are expected to increase in September 2025 — the first increase since 2000.<ref>{{Cite news|title=DOTr confirms looming fees hike at NAIA |first=Ted |last=Cordero |work=GMA Integrated News |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/912403/dotr-confirms-looming-fees-hike-at-naia/story/ |date=July 5, 2024 |access-date=October 4, 2024}}</ref>
 
==Structures and facilities==
===Terminals===
Ninoy Aquino International Airport has three passenger terminals, with plans to build another two.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/03/19/2341584/new-naia-terminal-eyed-nayon-site|title=New NAIA terminal eyed at Nayon site|first=Elijah Felice|last=Rosales|date=March 19, 2024|access-date=March 19, 2024|work=The Philippine Star}}</ref>
NAIA has two operational international terminals, with a third one scheduled for completion by 2006, and a separate domestic terminal.
 
{| class="wikitable"
[[Image:NAIA1.jpg|100px|right|NAIA Terminal 1]]
|+ Passenger terminal infrastructure
The first terminal, NAIA-1, is the original terminal and was constructed in [[1981]]. The 67,000 square meter terminal was designed by Filipino architect [[Leandro V. Locsin]] and has a design capacity of 4.5 million passengers per year. It currently serves all non-Philippine Airlines international flights. The terminal reached capacity in [[1991]] and has been over capacity ever since.
|-
! Terminal
! Opened
! Floor area
! Handling capacity
! Parking bays
|-
! Terminal 1
| March 4, 1982
| {{convert|73,000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 6&nbsp;million passengers per year
| 16&nbsp;(aerobridge)<br />5&nbsp;(remote)
|-
! Terminal 2
| September 1999
| {{convert|77,800|m2|abbr=on}}
| 10 million passengers per year
| 12&nbsp;(aerobridge)<br />13&nbsp;(remote)
|-
! Terminal 3
| July 22, 2008
| {{convert|182,500|m2|abbr=on}}
| 13 million passengers per year
| 20&nbsp;(aerobridge)<br />11&nbsp;(remote)
|-
! Total
| {{n/a}}
| {{convert|333,300|m2|abbr=on}}
| 29&nbsp;million passengers per year
| 46&nbsp;(aerobridge)<br />43&nbsp;(remote)
|}
 
====Terminal 1====
[[Image:1371894572.jpg|100px|right|NAIA Centennial Terminal 2]]
[[File:NAIA Terminal 1 back (Pasay; 04-03-2024).jpg|thumb|View of Terminal 1 from the [[taxiway]]]]
The second terminal, NAIA-2, was finished in [[1998]] and is named the ''Centennial Terminal'' since 1998 was the centennial year of the declaration of Philippine independence. The 75,000 square meter terminal was originally designed by [[Aéroports de Paris]] to be a domestic terminal, but the design was later modified to accommodate international flights. It has a capacity of 2.5 million passengers per year in its international wing and 5 million in its domestic wing, which later will expand to nine million passengers yearly. Terminal 2 is the home of [[Philippine Airlines]] and is used for both its domestic and international flights since it has the most number of flights out of the NAIA terminals.
Covering {{convert|73000|m2|sp=us}}, Terminal 1 of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport was designed to handle six million passengers annually. It is often referred to as the '''[[Ninoy Aquino]] Terminal''', as it was the site of the former senator's [[Assassination of Ninoy Aquino|assassination in 1983]]. The terminal, opened in 1982,<ref name="terms">[http://125.60.203.88/miaa/TERMINALS/index.asp ''TERMINAL 1''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014035213/http://125.60.203.88/miaa/TERMINALS/index.asp |date=October 14, 2007 }}</ref> is the airport's second oldest and exclusively handles international flights.
 
The development of the Manila International Airport, which includes Terminal 1, was approved by [[Executive order (Philippines)|Executive Order]] No. 381 immediately after the former airport was destroyed by a fire a month earlier.<ref>{{cite PH act|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1972/03/03/executive-order-no-381-s-1972/|date=March 3, 1972|chamber=EO|number=381, s. 1972|title=Creating the Manila International Airport Rehabilitation and Improvement Committee|access-date=March 5, 2023}}</ref> The project's feasibility study and master plan were conducted by the Airways Engineering Corporation in 1973, supported by a US$29.6 million loan from the [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adb.org/projects/ln0164/main|title=LN0164-PHI: Manila International Airport Development|date=December 11, 1973|publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]]|access-date=August 25, 2014}}</ref> The detailed engineering design was created by Renardet-Sauti/Transplan/F.F. Cruz Consultant, and the architectural design was developed by [[Leandro Locsin]]'s L.V. Locsin and Associates.<ref name="T1">
[[Image:Nat_2-1.jpg|100px|right|NAIA Terminal 3]]
[http://203.160.187.194/miaa/AIRPORT/T1.asp Airport : Terminal 1]{{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [http://203.160.187.194/ Manila International Airport Authority] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414025641/http://203.160.187.194/|date=April 14, 2006}} Accessed September 7, 2006</ref> In 1974, the designs were approved by the [[Government of the Philippines|Philippine government]] and the ADB. Construction began in the second quarter of 1978 on a site close to the original Manila Airport, within the jurisdiction of [[Parañaque]], then a [[Municipalities of the Philippines|municipality]] of Metro Manila.
The third, much larger terminal, NAIA-3, was approved for construction in [[1997]] and is nearly complete. The modern US$640 million, 189,000 square meter facility was designed by [[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]] (SOM) to have a capacity of 13 million passengers per year. However, a legal dispute between the government of the Philippines and the project's main contractor, PIATCO, over alleged anomalies in the [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] (BOT) contract, is holding completion and opening of the terminal. On December 2004, the Philippine Government took over the management of the facility through an order of the Pasay City Regional Trial Court (RTC). NAIA-3 is set to open its gates to the world in 2006 and will take over all operations of NAIA-1.
 
[[File:Departure hall at Manila's Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 1 in 2023.jpg|thumb|Terminal 1 departure hall]]
The Domestic Terminal on the old Airport Road was built in [[1948]] and handles all domestic air traffic, excluding Philippine Airlines. Currently, the terminal is composed of two single-story buildings and serves the domestic flights of other local carriers, which are [[Cebu Pacific]], [[Air Philippines]], [[Asian Spirit]], [[South East Asian Airlines|South East Asian Airlines (Seair)]], and [[Interisland Airlines]].
By 1991, Terminal 1 reached its capacity with a total passenger volume of 4.53 million. From that year, the terminal has been over capacity, recording an annual average growth rate of 11%.<ref name="T1"/> To accommodate this, improvements have been made, increasing its capacity to six million passengers.<ref name="t1-2">{{cite web|url=https://www.miaa.gov.ph/index.php/terminals/terminal-1|title=Terminal 1|website=Manila International Airport Authority|access-date=August 1, 2023|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114122327/https://www.miaa.gov.ph/index.php/terminals/terminal-1|archive-date=January 14, 2024}}</ref> In the same year, an extension arrival area was constructed at the ground level to decongest the terminal's original arrivals area.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 11, 1991 |title=Major Accomplishments of the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) - 1st Semester 1991 |url={{Google books|C4CBahkesAwC|Journal and Record of the House of Representatives: Proceedings and Debates|page=602|keywords=arrival|plainurl=https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/Journal_and_Record_of_the_House_of_Repre/C4CBahkesAwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22manila%22%20%22airport%22%20%22arrival%20extension%22}} |journal=Journal and Record of the House of Representatives: Proceedings and Debates |publisher=[[House of Representatives of the Philippines]] |page=602}}</ref> The main arrivals curbside was later designated for VIPs and passengers with special requests until 2025, where it was reopened to all passengers.<ref name="FOIArrivalsCurbsideT1">{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=A. |date=January 31, 2025 |title=VIP-Only Arrivals Curbside at Terminal 1 |url=https://www.foi.gov.ph/agencies/miaa/vip-only-arrivals-curbside-at-terminal-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201082053/https://www.foi.gov.ph/agencies/miaa/vip-only-arrivals-curbside-at-terminal-1/ |archive-date=February 1, 2025 |access-date=February 1, 2025 |work=[[Manila International Airport Authority]] |via=[[Freedom of Information Order (Philippines)|eFOI Philippines]]}}</ref><ref name="T1CurbsideReopened">{{Cite news |last=Pascual |first=Jekki |date=January 13, 2025 |title=No longer just for VIPs: NAIA T1 arrival curbside now open to all |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/business/2025/1/13/no-longer-just-for-vips-naia-t1-arrival-curbside-now-open-to-all-1714 |access-date=February 1, 2025 |work=[[ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs]]}}</ref>
 
From 2011 to 2013, Terminal 1 was ranked among the worst airports in Asia by the travel website ''The Guide to Sleeping In Airports''.<ref name="worst">{{cite news|last1=Santos|first1=Rudy|title=NAIA no longer on worst airports list|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/10/19/1750341/naia-no-longer-worst-airports-list|access-date=December 20, 2017|work=The Philippine Star|date=October 19, 2017}}</ref> As a result, plans were developed to rehabilitate the terminal, including expanding the arrival area, adding parking spaces, and enhancing facilities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/01/02/12/pnoy-okays-p116b-budget-naia-1-facelift|title=PNoy okays P1.16B budget for NAIA-1 facelift|work=ABS-CBN News|date=January 2, 2012|access-date=December 20, 2014}}</ref> Renovations began on January 23, 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.philstar.com:8080/headlines/2014/01/24/1282445/naia-1-rehab-underway |title= NAIA-1 rehab underway |work=The Philippine Star|date= January 24, 2014 |access-date= July 29, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140811143425/http://www.philstar.com:8080/headlines/2014/01/24/1282445/naia-1-rehab-underway |archive-date= August 11, 2014 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> Part of the project involved the installation of [[buckling restrained brace]]s to enhance the building's structural integrity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/633007/steel-braces-to-make-naia-quake-resistant|title=Steel braces to make Naia quake-resistant|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=August 27, 2014|access-date=August 27, 2014}}</ref>
===Other structures===
The airport also serves as a gateway facility of the logistics company [[DHL]], and hosts the aircraft repair and maintenance facilities of German firm [[Lufthansa Technik AG]], a division of [[Lufthansa]].
 
Terminal 1 once served almost all foreign-based carriers (except [[All Nippon Airways]]). After the full completion of the larger Terminal 3 in 2014, eighteen airlines moved to the larger terminal to decongest Terminal 1.<ref name="airlinetransfer">{{cite news |last=Locsin |first=Joel |date=July 24, 2014 |title=Major foreign airlines move to NAIA-3 next week |work=GMA News |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371748/economy/companies/major-foreign-airlines-move-to-naia-3-next-week |access-date=July 31, 2014}}</ref><ref name="rationale-2023" /> Since June 16, 2023, flag carrier [[Philippine Airlines]] uses Terminal 1 as its international hub.<ref name="rationale-2023" /> Low-cost carrier [[Royal Air Philippines]] also uses the terminal for its international flights. Other airlines operating at Terminal 1 include [[Air China]], [[Air India]], [[Air Niugini]], [[Asiana Airlines]], [[China Airlines]], [[China Eastern Airlines]], [[EVA Air]], [[Japan Airlines]], [[Korean Air]], [[Kuwait Airways]], [[Malaysia Airlines]], [[Oman Air]], [[Royal Brunei Airlines]], [[Saudia]], [[Shenzhen Airlines]], [[Vietnam Airlines]], [[XiamenAir]], and [[Zipair Tokyo]].<ref name="t1-airlines">{{cite web|url=https://mnlairport.ph/about/naia-terminal-1|title=NAIA Terminal 1|website=MNLAirport.ph|access-date=June 13, 2024}}</ref>
== Ground transportation ==
[[Taxi]] service is available to NAIA from all points of [[Metro Manila]]. Also, [[jeepney]] and bus routes are also available to the airport. Both forms of transportation connect all three NAIA terminals as well.
 
====Terminal 2====
The airport is also connected to the [[Manila Light Rail Transit System|Light Rail Transit]] line 1 (LRT-1) by a two-kilometer taxi ride to Baclaran station.
 
[[File:T2 southwing.jpg|thumb|left|Terminal 2 south wing]]
 
Terminal 2, situated at the end of the old MIA Road (now [[NAIA Road]]), covers an area of {{convert|75,000|sqm|sp=us}}. It occupies the land where the 1961–1972 terminal stood. Construction began in December 1995,<ref>{{cite news |date=May 9, 2011 |title=Farolan mistaken; Ramos pushed airport dev't |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/4883/farolan-mistaken-ramos-pushed-airport-dev%E2%80%99t |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140913023154/http://opinion.inquirer.net/4883/farolan-mistaken-ramos-pushed-airport-dev%E2%80%99t |archive-date=September 13, 2014 |access-date=September 13, 2014 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> and the terminal started operating in 1999. It received the name '''Centennial Terminal''' in commemoration of the [[Philippine Centennial|centennial year]] of [[Independence Day (Philippines)|Philippine independence]]. French company [[Aéroports de Paris]] (ADP) initially designed the terminal for domestic use, but later modified the design to accommodate international flights.<ref name="airtech">{{cite web |title=Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Philippines |url=http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/ninoaquino/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130116093755/http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/ninoaquino/ |archive-date=January 16, 2013 |access-date=September 13, 2014 |publisher=Airport Technology}}</ref> With 12 [[jet bridge]]s, the terminal can accommodate 2.5 million passengers per year in its north wing and five million in its south wing, for a total of 7.5 million passengers per year.<ref name="airtech"/> After its conversion to a domestic terminal in 2023, its capacity was increased to ten million.<ref name="rationale-2023" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Serquiña |first1=Mariel Celine |title=NAIA Terminal 2 to be used exclusively for domestic flights starting July 1 — MIAA |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/3/21/naia-terminal-2-exclusive-domestic.html |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=CNN Philippines |date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705085308/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/3/21/naia-terminal-2-exclusive-domestic.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
[[File:NAIA Terminal 2 control tower (Pasay; 02-06-2021).jpg|thumb|The airport's [[control tower]] in front of Terminal 2]]
The [[French government]] funded a study that led to the terminal's construction and submitted the review to the Philippine government in 1990.<ref name="T1"/> In 1991, the French government provided a 30-million-franc [[soft loan]] to the Philippine government to fund the detailed architectural and engineering design. ADP finished the design in 1992. The [[Japanese government]] followed suit in 1994, providing an {{JPY|18.12-billion|link=yes}} soft loan to the Philippine government to finance 75% of the construction costs and the entirety of the supervision costs. The construction of the terminal officially began on December 11, 1995, and the Philippine government took over the completed terminal on December 28, 1998. The terminal became fully operational in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jacinc.jp/jac-home/en/fp/fp-05.pdf|title=Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 2, Philippines|access-date=October 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627100937/http://www.jacinc.jp/jac-home/en/fp/fp-05.pdf|archive-date=June 27, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
In August 2014, authorities announced a plan to expand Terminal 2, incorporating a structure to interconnect Terminals 1 and 2.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 1, 2014 |title=DOTC eyes interconnecting NAIA terminals 1 and 2 |url=http://www.rappler.com/business/industries/171-aviation-tourism/65016-dotc-interconnecting-naia-terminals-1-2 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803003448/http://www.rappler.com/business/industries/171-aviation-tourism/65016-dotc-interconnecting-naia-terminals-1-2 |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=August 16, 2014 |work=Rappler}}</ref> In order to do so, the plan called for demolishing the adjacent unused [[Philippine Village Hotel]] complex and relocating a fuel depot, as well as the international cargo complex.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/02/1352842/dotc-eyes-interconnection-naia-1-and-2|title=DOTC eyes interconnection of NAIA 1 and 2|work=The Philippine Star|date=August 2, 2014|access-date=August 16, 2014}}</ref> Rehabilitation of the terminal began in September 2018,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Avadilla |first=Emmie V. |date=February 18, 2019 |title=NAIA terminal 2 rehab in full swing |url=https://mb.com.ph/2019/02/18/naia-terminal-2-rehab-in-full-swing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211075651/https://mb.com.ph/2019/02/18/naia-terminal-2-rehab-in-full-swing/ |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |work=Manila Bulletin}}</ref> and by February 16, 2021, the partially expanded Terminal 2 was inaugurated, adding {{convert|2800|m2|sp=us}} to the terminal area. However, Terminal 2 has not been interconnected with Terminal 1 yet, nor have the adjacent complexes been demolished.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://pageone.ph/naia-inaugurates-improved-runway-expanded-terminal-2/|title=NAIA Inaugurates Improved Runway, Expanded Terminal 2|work=Pageone.ph|date=February 17, 2021|access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref> In 2024, the New NAIA Infrastructure Corporation (NNIC) announced that it will interconnect the two terminals after demolishing the hotel and relocating the fuel farm and the cargo terminal as part of its rehabilitation plan. This plan will increase the terminal's capacity by about 23 million passengers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Go |first1=Marianne |date=May 20, 2024 |title=The future NAIA |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2024/05/20/2356361/future-naia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211080334/https://www.philstar.com/business/2024/05/20/2356361/future-naia |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=May 25, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref>
 
From 1999 to 2023, flag carrier [[Philippine Airlines]] and its domestic subsidiary [[PAL Express]] exclusively used Terminal 2. It facilitated both domestic and international flights for these airlines, notwithstanding the operation of select PAL Express flights from Terminal 3 from 2012 to 2018.<ref name="pal-t3">{{cite news |last1=Montecillo |first1=Paolo |date=October 27, 2012 |title=PAL to fly out of Naia 3, too |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/296410/pal-to-fly-out-of-naia-3-too |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211080105/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/296410/pal-to-fly-out-of-naia-3-too |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> On June 16, 2023, PAL moved its international flights to Terminal 1, leaving its domestic flights at Terminal 2. This allowed the entry of low-cost carriers and former Terminal 4 users [[Philippines AirAsia]] and [[Royal Air Philippines]] on July 1, thereby converting T2 to exclusively serve domestic flights.<ref name="rationale-2023">{{Cite news |last=Yu |first=Lance Spencer |date=March 23, 2023 |title=NAIA terminal reassignments set to begin in April 2023 |url=https://www.rappler.com/business/ninoy-aquino-international-airport-terminal-reassignments-set-begin-april-2023/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326105815/https://www.rappler.com/business/ninoy-aquino-international-airport-terminal-reassignments-set-begin-april-2023/ |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |access-date=March 27, 2023 |work=Rappler}}</ref>
 
====Terminal 3====
[[File:Ninoy Aquino Terminal 3 domestic airside 2022-07-04.jpg|thumb|Domestic airside of Terminal 3]]
[[File:Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 3 in 2023.jpg|thumb|View of Terminal 3 from Terminal 2]]
Terminal 3, the newest and largest terminal, covers {{convert|182500|m2|sp=us}} and extends {{convert|1.2|km|sp=us}},<ref name="airtech"/> occupying a {{convert|63.5|ha|adj=on}} site on [[Villamor Air Base]]. With construction beginning in 1997, the terminal partially opened on July 22, 2008,<ref name="t3-2008-opening">{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/metro/view/20080722-149917/UPDATE-3-Planes-start-flying-out-of-NAIA-3-for-1st-time|date=July 22, 2008|access-date=June 28, 2012|title=Planes start flying out of NAIA 3 for 1st time|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010051756/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/metro/view/20080722-149917/UPDATE-3-Planes-start-flying-out-of-NAIA-3-for-1st-time|archive-date=October 10, 2012}}</ref> increasing the airport's capacity by 13 million passengers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Summary with attachments : Resettlement Action Plan, Other |url=http://ifcext.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/ProjectDisplay/EIA10507 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140825083448/http://ifcext.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/ProjectDisplay/EIA10507 |archive-date=August 25, 2014 |access-date=August 5, 2014 |publisher=[[International Finance Corporation]]}}</ref> The terminal's development, part of the 1989 expansion plan, commenced in 1997 but was beleaguered by legal battles, [[red tape]], and arbitration cases in the United States and Singapore, as well as technical and safety issues including repeated incidents of collapsed ceilings<ref>{{cite news |date=September 11, 2008 |title=NAIA terminal 3 ceiling falls off one more time |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/119513/news/nation/naia-terminal-3-ceiling-falls-off-one-more-time |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140819112512/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/119513/news/nation/naia-terminal-3-ceiling-falls-off-one-more-time |archive-date=August 19, 2014 |access-date=August 19, 2014 |work=GMA News |publisher=[[GMA News and Public Affairs]]}}</ref> that led to repeated delays.<ref name="Piatco">{{cite news|work=GMA News|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/103407/news/nation/naia-3-inspected-again-for-monday-opening-report|title=NAIA 3 inspected again for Monday opening – report|date=June 26, 2008|access-date=August 25, 2014}}</ref> Japan-based [[Takenaka Corporation]] undertook the terminal's rehabilitation, and it became fully operational on July 31, 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/06/12/14/naia-terminal-3-starts-full-operations-july|title=NAIA Terminal 3 starts full operations in July|work=ABS-CBN News|date=June 12, 2014|access-date=July 29, 2014}}</ref><ref name="t3-fullops" />
 
The construction of a third terminal was proposed by Asia's Emerging Dragon Corporation (AEDP).<ref name="AEDC">{{cite news |last=Farolan |first=Ramon |date=August 17, 2011 |title=Impossible Dream |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20110417-331708/Impossible-Dream |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140913023110/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20110417-331708/Impossible-Dream |archive-date=September 13, 2014 |access-date=September 13, 2014 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> AEDP eventually lost the bid to PairCargo and its partner [[Fraport|Fraport AG]] of Germany.<ref name="AEDC" /> Originally scheduled to open in 2002, a contract dispute between the government of the Philippines and the project's main contractor, Philippine International Air Terminals Co. Inc. (Piatco), delayed its completion.<ref name="Piatco" /> While the original agreement allowed PairCargo and Fraport AG to operate the airport for several years after its construction, followed by a government handover, the government offered to buy out Fraport AG for US$400 million, to which Fraport agreed. However, before the terminal could be completed, President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] called the contract "onerous" and formed a committee to evaluate the buyout agreement. The contracts were declared [[null and void]] by the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] in May 2003,<ref>{{cite web |date=May 6, 2003 |title=PIATCO NAIA3 Deal Null and Void – Supreme Court |url=http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/hl/hl017922.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140820075821/http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/hl/hl017922.htm |archive-date=August 20, 2014 |access-date=August 20, 2014 |publisher=Philippine Headline News Online}}</ref> the Philippine government took over the terminal in December 2004.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 18, 2008 |title=Palace forms task force for NAIA 3 opening |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/101896/news/nation/palace-forms-task-force-for-naia-3-opening |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140823085935/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/101896/news/nation/palace-forms-task-force-for-naia-3-opening |archive-date=August 23, 2014 |access-date=August 20, 2014 |work=GMA News |publisher=[[GMA News and Public Affairs]]}}</ref> Piatco sued the Philippine government before the [[International Chamber of Commerce]] (ICC), while Fraport separately sued the government at the [[International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes]] (ICSID).<ref>{{cite web |date=January 21, 2012 |title=PH Government wins NAIA 3 case against PIATCO |url=http://www.portcalls.com/ph-government-wins-naia-3-case-against-piatco/# |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140825083459/http://www.portcalls.com/ph-government-wins-naia-3-case-against-piatco/%23 |archive-date=August 25, 2014 |access-date=August 25, 2014 |publisher=Port Calls Asia}}</ref> The ICSID decided in August 2007 in favor of the government, while in January 2012, the ICC case became final and executory in favor of the government.<ref name="icc-t3-final">{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?publicationSubCategoryId=63&articleId=771675|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131071642/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?publicationSubCategoryId=63&articleId=771675|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 31, 2013|date=January 27, 2012|access-date=June 28, 2012|title=It's final: Phl gov't wins NAIA-3 case in Singapore|work=The Philippine Star}}</ref>
 
[[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]] (SOM) designed the US$640 million terminal, which has 20 jet bridges and four [[Gate (airport)|remote gates]] served by [[Airport bus#Airside transfer|apron buses]]. The terminal's apron area spans {{convert|147400|m2|sp=us}} and can service up to 32 aircraft simultaneously.<ref name="t3-1" /> It has the capacity to serve 33,000 passengers per day or 6,000 per hour.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bayos |first=Kris |date=December 23, 2013 |title=P1.3-B NAIA 1 rehabilitation awarded to D.M. Consunji |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/p1-3-billion-project-for-naia-1-rehab-awarded-to-consunji-firm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140819112632/http://www.mb.com.ph/p1-3-billion-project-for-naia-1-rehab-awarded-to-consunji-firm/ |archive-date=August 19, 2014 |access-date=August 19, 2014 |work=Manila Bulletin}}</ref> Since April 2017, a {{convert|220|m|sp=us|adj=on}} long indoor [[footbridge]] called Runway Manila has been connecting the terminal to [[Newport City, Metro Manila|Newport City]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vicoy|first1=Ali|title=Sign of progress|url=http://news.mb.com.ph/2017/04/18/sign-of-progress/|access-date=April 19, 2017|work=Manila Bulletin|date=April 18, 2017|archive-date=April 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101427/http://news.mb.com.ph/2017/04/18/sign-of-progress/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Low-cost carrier [[Cebu Pacific]] was the first to operate at Terminal 3 on July 22, 2008.<ref name="t3-2008-opening"/> [[PAL Express]] (then Air Philippines and Airphil Express) followed suit,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Romero |first=Paolo |date=July 25, 2008 |title=NAIA-3 to start limited international operations next month |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2008/07/25/75045/naia-3-start-limited-international-operations-next-month |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211081206/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2008/07/25/75045/naia-3-start-limited-international-operations-next-month |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=October 12, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref> and used it until 2018.<ref name="pal-t3" /> The first foreign carrier to operate out of Terminal 3 was [[All Nippon Airways]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ronda |first=Rainier Allan |date=March 6, 2011 |title=1st foreign carrier flies out of NAIA 3 |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2011/03/06/663164/1st-foreign-carrier-flies-out-naia-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211082155/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2011/03/06/663164/1st-foreign-carrier-flies-out-naia-3 |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=September 14, 2024 |work=Philstar}}</ref> on February 27, 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 2, 2011 |title=Japan's ANA to launch Narita-Manila flights Feb. 27 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/content/212122/japan-s-ana-to-launch-narita-manila-flights-feb-27/story/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211082432/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/content/212122/japan-s-ana-to-launch-narita-manila-flights-feb-27/story/ |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=September 14, 2024 |work=GMA News}}</ref> From August to October 2014, [[Delta Air Lines]]<ref name="t3">{{cite news |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Delta Airlines moves to NAIA Terminal 3 |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/07/31/14/delta-airlines-moves-naia-terminal-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121030944/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/07/31/14/delta-airlines-moves-naia-terminal-3 |archive-date=November 21, 2023 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref> (later terminated in 2021),<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2021 |title=Delta drops flight to Manila |url=https://www.ttrweekly.com/site/2021/05/delta-drops-flight-to-manila/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513042111/https://www.ttrweekly.com/site/2021/05/delta-drops-flight-to-manila/ |archive-date=May 13, 2021 |access-date=June 10, 2021 |website=TTR Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delta Airlines suspends Manila indefinitely from route network - report |url=http://www.philippineflightnetwork.com/2021/05/delta-airlines-suspends-manila.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211081831/http://www.philippineflightnetwork.com/2021/05/delta-airlines-suspends-manila.html |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=December 11, 2024 |website=Philippine Flight Network}}</ref> [[KLM]], [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]], [[Singapore Airlines]], and [[Cathay Pacific]] moved to Terminal 3.<ref name="t3-1">{{cite news |date=June 12, 2014 |title=5 international airlines relocating to NAIA Terminal 3 |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/365441/economy/business/5-international-airlines-relocating-to-naia-terminal-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806175116/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/365441/economy/business/5-international-airlines-relocating-to-naia-terminal-3 |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |access-date=July 29, 2014 |work=GMA News}}</ref> Between 2018 and 2020, [[United Airlines]], [[Qantas]], [[Qatar Airways]], [[Turkish Airlines]],<ref name="rationalization">{{cite web | url=http://philippineairspace.blogspot.com/2018/10/naia-terminal-rationalization-takes.html | title=The Exciting Centennial of Philippine Aviation: NAIA Terminal Rationalization Takes Effect}}</ref> and [[Etihad Airways]] followed suit, as did [[Jetstar Asia]], [[Jetstar Japan]], [[Scoot]], [[China Southern Airlines]], [[Starlux Airlines]] (later terminated in March 2024), [[Jeju Air]], [[Ethiopian Airlines]], [[Thai Airways International]], and [[Gulf Air]] in 2023. Other operators at Terminal 3 include new entrants [[Aero K]], [[Air Canada]], [[Air France]], [[Greater Bay Airlines]], and [[HK Express]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.miaa.gov.ph/index.php/terminals/terminal-3|title=Terminal 3|website=Manila International Airport Authority|access-date=August 1, 2023}}</ref> Terminal 3 has also been used by the [[AirAsia]] Group for its international flights since September 15, 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=AirAsia transfers 3 int'l flights to NAIA 3 |first=Lawrence |last=Agcaoili |work=The Philippine Star |date=September 11, 2014|url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2014/09/11/1367614/airasia-transfers-3-intl-flights-naia-3 |access-date=August 1, 2023}}</ref>
 
==== New Terminal 4 ====
Under NNIC's management, a new Terminal 4 will be built at the International Cargo Terminal building.<ref name="Taguines-2025">{{Cite news |last=Taguines |first=Andrea |date=April 11, 2025 |title=NAIA operator to start building Terminal 5; PH Village hotel set for demolition soon |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/business/2025/4/11/naia-operator-to-start-building-terminal-5-ph-village-hotel-set-for-demolition-soon-1101? |access-date=April 11, 2025 |work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref>
 
====New Terminal 5====
Under NNIC's management, Terminal 5 will be built next to Terminal 2. With demolition in progress at the Philippine Village Hotel, tree clearing has also started at the [[Old Nayong Pilipino|Nayong Pilipino]] complex.<ref name="NAIA 5">{{cite news |last1=Arayata |first1=Ma. Cristina |date=January 30, 2025 |title=NNIC halts NAIA T4 renovation; plans T5 construction – MIAA chief |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1243002 |access-date=March 27, 2025 |work=Philippine News Agency}}</ref> Terminal 5 is expected to be complete by 2029.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/942308/naia-terminal-5-to-rise-as-philippine-village-hotel-s-demolition-begins/story/|title=NAIA Terminal 5 to rise as Philippine Village Hotel's demolition begins|first=Ted|last=Cordero|date=April 10, 2025|accessdate=April 10, 2025|publisher=GMA Integrated News}}</ref>
 
==== Old Terminal 4 ====
[[File:DomesticT4.png|thumb|Exterior of Terminal 4's landside portion]]
 
[[File:T4 inside.jpg|thumb|Pre-departure area of Terminal 4]]
 
Constructed in 1948, the old Terminal 4, also known as the '''Manila Domestic Passenger Terminal''' or the '''Old Domestic Terminal''', was the first and original structure of the airport, as well as its oldest and smallest terminal.<ref>{{cite web |title=About NAIA Terminal 4 |url=http://125.60.203.88/miaa/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=24&Itemid=34 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222154150/http://125.60.203.88/miaa/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=24&Itemid=34 |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |access-date=June 28, 2012 |publisher=Manila International Airport Authority}}</ref> Positioned on the old Airport Road, the Domestic Terminal was located near the north end of Runway 13/31.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Domestic Terminal |url=http://125.60.203.88/miaa/TERMINALS/mia.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425005115/http://125.60.203.88/miaa/TERMINALS/mia.asp |archive-date=April 25, 2008}}</ref> It accommodated up to three million passengers annually until its closure.
 
Philippines AirAsia was a primary user of Terminal 4 from 2013 to 2023. In December 2022, to decongest the terminal, it transferred its two busiest flights—to [[Cebu]] and [[Boracay]] ([[Caticlan]])—to Terminal 3, while all other domestic flights remained at T4.<ref name="pal-airasia-adjustments">{{cite news |date=November 27, 2022 |title=Some PAL, AirAsia flights to change NAIA terminals starting December |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/business/11/27/22/some-pal-airasia-flights-to-change-naia-terminals-in-december |access-date=November 27, 2022 |work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref> It continued to operate under this scheme until all flights were transferred to Terminal 2 on July 1, 2023.<ref name="rationale-2023" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosales |first=Elijah Felice |date=October 12, 2024 |title=Cebu Pacific consolidates Cebgo flights to NAIA Terminal 2 |url=https://qa.philstar.com/business/2024/10/12/2391811/cebu-pacific-consolidates-cebgo-flights-naia-terminal-2 |access-date=October 13, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref> With that, the original T4 had been specifically assigned for [[turboprop]] aircraft, functioning exclusively with [[Gate (airport)|ground-loaded gates]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cabuenas |first1=Jon Viktor |date=July 2, 2023 |title=Local carrier domestic flights successfully moved to NAIA Terminal 2 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/874588/local-carrier-domestic-flights-successfully-moved-to-naia-terminal-2/story/ |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=GMA News}}</ref> primarily hosting domestic flights by [[regional airline]]s such as [[AirSWIFT]], [[SkyJet Airlines]], [[Cebgo]], and [[Sunlight Air]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arayata |first=Ma. Cristina |date=March 29, 2022 |title=Passengers at NAIA Terminal 4 likely to hit 1.5M this year |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/index.php/articles/1170931 |access-date=November 27, 2022 |work=Philippine News Agency}}</ref><ref name="rationale-2023" />
 
In response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines|COVID-19 pandemic]], the airport authority closed Terminal 4 to minimize operating costs, while the remaining three terminals resumed operations in June 2020 upon the lifting of the [[enhanced community quarantine in Luzon]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cabalza |first=Dexter |date=June 2, 2020 |title=Only 3 of 4 NAIA terminals to operate |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1284640/only-3-of-4-naia-terminals-to-operate |access-date=August 21, 2022 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> During its temporary closure, the terminal was utilized as a [[COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines|vaccination]] site for airport employees. As such, AirAsia temporarily transferred its domestic operations to Terminal 3. After a two-year hiatus, Terminal 4 reopened on March 28, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arayata |first=Ma. Cristina |date=March 28, 2022 |title=106 flights scheduled on NAIA Terminal 4 reopening |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1170798 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |work=Philippine News Agency}}</ref>
 
Under NNIC's management, Terminal 4 closed on November 6, 2024, to make way for major renovations until February 2025. As such, AirSWIFT, Cebgo, and Sunlight Air relocated to Terminal 2.<ref name="t4-renov">{{Cite news |last=Santos |first=Rudy |date=October 13, 2024 |title=NAIA-4 to be closed for renovation |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/10/13/2392174/naia-4-be-closed-renovation |access-date=October 13, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref> However, NNIC halted its renovation on the terminal, identifying the structure as a safety hazard following the crash of [[Jeju Air Flight 2216]] in South Korea. The original T4 began demolition in late February 2025 as part of a broader land optimization plan to create space for a new taxiway that will enhance aircraft movement between Terminals 1, 2, and 3.<ref name="NAIA 5" /> with its replacement to be built at the International Cargo Terminal building.<ref name="Taguines-2025" />
 
===Runways===
[[File:Ninoy Aquino International Airport Runway 13-31 in 2023.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Runway 13/31 from above the original Terminal 4]]
NAIA's primary runway is {{convert|3514|m|sp=us}} long and {{convert|60|m|sp=us}} wide, running at a true bearing of 060.3°/240.3° (designated as Runway 06/24). Its secondary runway is {{convert|2249|m|sp=us}} long and {{convert|45|m|sp=us}} wide, running at 134.8°/314.8° (designated as Runway 13/31). The primary runway was oriented at 06/24 to harness the [[Amihan|southeast and southwest winds]]. Of the 550 daily flights, 100 take the secondary runway. It mainly caters to private planes and narrowbody aircraft such as the [[ATR 72|ATR 72-500]], Airbus A320, and Airbus A321, and was the main runway of the original Terminal 4.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 29, 2013 |title=2nd runway opened in NAIA for early morning flights |url=http://business.inquirer.net/124367/2nd-runway-opened-in-naia-for-early-morning-flights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806175118/http://business.inquirer.net/124367/2nd-runway-opened-in-naia-for-early-morning-flights |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |access-date=October 22, 2014 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref>
 
Runway 13/31 closed in 2020 for rehabilitation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 16, 2021 |title=Rehabilitated NAIA Runway 13/31 timely accomplishment for reopening of more destinations, vaccine distribution - AirAsia CEO Ricky Isla |url=https://newsroom.airasia.com/news/2021/2/16/rehabilitated-naia-runway-1331-timely-accomplishment-for-reopening-of-more-destinations-vaccine-distribution-airasia-ceo-ricky-isla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211083427/https://newsroom.airasia.com/news/2021/2/16/rehabilitated-naia-runway-1331-timely-accomplishment-for-reopening-of-more-destinations-vaccine-distribution-airasia-ceo-ricky-isla%23gsc.tab=0 |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |publisher=[[Philippines AirAsia]]}}</ref> The runway was reopened on February 16, 2021, along with a newly constructed taxiway.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fernandez |first1=Ariel |date=February 16, 2021 |title=NAIA's new P500-M runway extension inaugurated |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/02/16/naias-new-p500-m-runway-extension-inaugurated/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211083643/https://mb.com.ph/2021/02/16/naias-new-p500-m-runway-extension-inaugurated/ |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |work=Manila Bulletin}}</ref>
 
In 2014, [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Transportation and Communications Secretary]] [[Joseph Emilio Abaya|Joseph Abaya]] proposed a new runway adjacent to the existing Runway 06/24.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 16, 2014 |title=Another Runway planned for Ninoy Aquino International Airport |url=http://www.philippineflightnetwork.com/2014/05/new-runway-ninoy-aquino-airport.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140518044318/http://www.philippineflightnetwork.com/2014/05/new-runway-ninoy-aquino-airport.html |archive-date=May 18, 2014 |access-date=October 22, 2014 |publisher=Philippine Flight Network}}</ref> The proposed runway has a length of {{convert|2100|m|sp=us}} that could allow the landing of an [[Airbus A320]] and increase capacity from 40 planes per hour to 60–70.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 23, 2014 |title=New NAIA Runway Construction Begins |url=http://www.philippineflightnetwork.com/2014/05/new-naia-runway-construction-begins.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806174955/http://www.philippineflightnetwork.com/2014/05/new-naia-runway-construction-begins.html |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |access-date=October 22, 2014 |publisher=Philippine Flight Network}}</ref> A Dutch consultant hired by the government also suggested to build another terminal to cause less disruptions to the general public.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Nation&title=gov&8217t-eyeing-another-naia-terminal&id=99735|title=Gov't eyeing another NAIA terminal|work=BusinessWorld|date=December 16, 2014|access-date=December 20, 2014|first=Vince Alvic Alexis F. |last=Nonato|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195932/http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Nation&title=gov&8217t-eyeing-another-naia-terminal&id=99735}}</ref>
 
Previously, the [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] proposed Sangley Point in Cavite as the site of an international airport serving the [[Greater Manila Area]], meaning [[Naval Station Sangley Point|Sangley]] could serve as NAIA's third runway.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 23, 2014 |title=Sangley Airport eyed as NAIA's 'third runway' |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/07/13/14/sangley-airport-eyed-naias-third-runway |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140825083502/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/07/13/14/sangley-airport-eyed-naias-third-runway |archive-date=August 25, 2014 |access-date=October 22, 2014 |work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref>
 
===NAIA Road===
[[File:4241NAIA Domestic Road Bridge Parañaque City Landmarks 19.jpg|thumb|right|NAIA road]]
NAIA Road (Ninoy Aquino International Airport Road), formerly known and still commonly referred to as MIA Road (Manila International Airport Road), is a short 8-10 lane divided highway connecting [[Roxas Boulevard]] and the [[Manila–Cavite Expressway]] ([[Radial Road 1|R-1]]) with NAIA. It is also a major local road that links the cities of [[Pasay]] and [[Parañaque]] running approximately {{convert|2.5|km|mi|sp=us}} underneath the elevated [[NAIA Expressway]] from R-1 in [[Tambo, Parañaque|Tambo]], Parañaque to NAIA Terminal 2 in Pasay. En route, it intersects, from west to east, [[Elpidio Quirino Avenue|Quirino Avenue]], [[Domestic Road]], and [[Ninoy Aquino Avenue]]. The road ends at the entrance of NAIA Terminal 2.
 
The road also houses a small strip of shops across from the former Coastal Mall, Tambo Elementary School at Quirino Avenue, Park 'N Fly at Domestic Road, and the [[old Nayong Pilipino]] (site of the future NAIA Terminal 5)<ref>{{cite news |last=Rosales |first=Elijah Felice |date=March 19, 2024 |title=New NAIA terminal eyed at Nayon site |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/03/19/2341584/new-naia-terminal-eyed-nayon-site |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211084126/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/03/19/2341584/new-naia-terminal-eyed-nayon-site |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |accessdate=March 19, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref> close to Terminal 2. The old [[NAIA Terminal 1]] is accessible by turning south at Ninoy Aquino Avenue, which also leads to the Duty Free FiestaMall and continues on to [[Sucat, Muntinlupa|Sucat]] as [[Dr. Santos Avenue]]. The new Terminal 3, on the other hand, is located on [[Andrews Avenue]] which can be accessed from Domestic Road. The road was originally named as MIA Road and was only renamed in 1987 when the airport was renamed in honor of the late Senator [[Ninoy Aquino]], who was [[Assassination of Ninoy Aquino|assassinated]] there in 1983.
 
===Maintenance===
[[File:Philippine Airlines maintenance MNL 2023-08-05.jpg|thumb|Aircraft of [[Philippine Airlines]] parked next to the maintenance hangars of Lufthansa Technik Philippines]]
Lufthansa Technik Philippines (LTP) (formerly PAL Technical Center) was founded in 2000 as a joint venture of German firm [[Lufthansa Technik]] (51%) and Philippine aviation service provider [[MacroAsia Corporation]] (49%). Lufthansa Technik Philippines offers customers aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) services.
 
The company performs maintenance checks for the [[Airbus A320 family]] and [[Airbus A330|A330]]/[[Airbus A340|A340]] aircraft. Seven hangar bays and workshops provide industry standard maintenance, major modifications, cabin reconfigurations, engine maintenance, and painting for the A320 family, A330/A340, as well as the [[Boeing 747-400]] and [[Boeing 777|777]] aircraft. A new widebody hangar was recently added to meet the increasing demand for A330/A340 maintenance.
 
The company also opened an [[Airbus A380]] maintenance hangar to allow the aircraft to be repaired at the airport facility.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lufthansa Technik Philippines opens A380 maintenance hangar |url=http://www.aircraftinteriorsinternational.com/news.php?NewsID=36898 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028083639/http://www.aircraftinteriorsinternational.com/news.php?NewsID=36898 |archive-date=October 28, 2014 |access-date=August 25, 2014 |publisher=Aircraft Interiors International}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=July 30, 2012 |title=First A380 repair completed in Manila |url=http://business.inquirer.net/74089/first-a380-repair-completed-in-manila |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806175116/http://business.inquirer.net/74089/first-a380-repair-completed-in-manila |archive-date=August 6, 2014 |access-date=October 22, 2014 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> It also provides technical and engineering support for the entire [[Philippine Airlines]] fleet and other international airline fleets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lufthansa-technik.com/lufthansa-technik-philippines|title=Portrait: Lufthansa Technik Philippines – Lufthansa Technik AG|website=www.lufthansa-technik.com|access-date=August 4, 2014|archive-date=August 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812052755/http://www.lufthansa-technik.com/lufthansa-technik-philippines|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Aviation Partnership (Philippines) Corporation is Cebu Pacific third-line maintenance. It was a former joint venture of [[SIA Engineering Company]] (51%) and [[Cebu Pacific|Cebu Pacific Air]] (49%) until November 2020 when Cebu Pacific decide to take 100% ownership of the company. It provides line maintenance, light aircraft checks, technical ramp handling, and other services to Cebu Pacific Air and third-party airline customers.
 
=== Training ===
Philippine Airlines (PAL) operates the PAL Learning Center within the airport's premises. The center includes training facilities for pilots and [[cabin crew]], [[Airline catering|catering]] services, a data center, and an [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]] [[flight simulator]].<ref name="PALsim">{{cite web |url=http://www.philippineairlines.com/tempfiles/659.asp |title=B737-300 Full Flight Simulator |publisher=Philippine Airlines |access-date=April 27, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404112000/http://www.philippineairlines.com/tempfiles/659.asp|archive-date=April 4, 2008}}</ref>
 
=== DHL ===
The airport is a gateway facility for [[DHL Global Forwarding|DHL]]. On March 12, 2006, the company opened its first quality control center.<ref>{{cite news |author=Mary Anne Ll. Reyes |date=March 12, 2006 |title=DHL opens first quality control center in RP at NAIA |url=http://www.philstar.com/business/325775/dhl-opens-first-quality-control-center-rp-naia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811173146/http://www.philstar.com/business/325775/dhl-opens-first-quality-control-center-rp-naia |archive-date=August 11, 2014 |access-date=October 22, 2014 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref>
 
== Airlines and destinations ==
===Passenger===
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{{Airport-dest-list
| [[Air Canada]] | [[Vancouver International Airport|Vancouver]]<ref>{{OAGWorldJuly2025Ref|title=Vancouver, BC, Canada YVR|pages=1184-1188}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=December 6, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Air Canada Adds Vancouver – Manila Service From April 2025 |website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241206-acns25mnl}}</ref>
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| [[Air China]] | [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing–Capital]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Air China starts up Beijing-Manila service |url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/news/air-china-starts-up-beijing-manila-service/ |website=Business Traveller |date=March 19, 2010 |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport|Chengdu–Tianfu]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jim |first1=Liu |title=Air China Adds Chengdu – Manila Service From July 2023 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230602-cajul23tfumnl |website=AeroRoutes |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref>
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| [[Air France]] | [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Liu|first=Jim|date=September 10, 2024|access-date=September 11, 2024|title=Air France Resumes Paris – Manila Service From Dec 2024 |website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240910-afnw24mnl }}</ref>
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| [[Air India]] | [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 5, 2025 |access-date=June 5, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Air India Schedule Delhi – Manila 4Q25 Launch|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250604-ai4q25mnl}}</ref>
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| [[Air Niugini]] | [[Port Moresby International Airport|Port Moresby]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Pt. Moresby, Papua New Guinea POM|pages=1046-1047}}</ref>
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| [[AirAsia]] | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]<ref>{{cite web |title=AirAsia 1H25 A321neo Network Expansion – 02MAR25 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250303-akfd1h2532q |website=AeroRoutes |access-date=October 7, 2025}}</ref>
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| [[AirSWIFT]] | [[El Nido Airport|El Nido]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arayata |first1=Ma. Cristina |title=Cebu Pacific buys AirSWIFT |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1234905 |website=Philippine News Agency |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref>
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| [[All Nippon Airways]] | [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo–Haneda]],<ref name="ANAMNL">{{cite web |title=ANA resumes Tokyo to Manila service, launches new flight from SFO to Haneda |url=https://asianjournal.com/business/business-news/ana-resumes-tokyo-to-manila-service-launches-new-flight-from-sfo-to-haneda/ |website=Asian Journal |date=November 19, 2020 |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]]<ref name="ANAMNL"/>
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| [[Asiana Airlines]] | [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Seoul, Korea Republic Of SEL|pages=1186-1190}}</ref>
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| [[Cathay Pacific]] | [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Cathay Pacific NW25 777-300ER / 280-seater A330 Operations – 12OCT25 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/251013-cxnw2577p33a |website=AeroRoutes |access-date=October 14, 2025}}</ref>
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| [[Cebgo]] | [[Francisco B. Reyes Airport|Busuanga]],<ref name="DGMNL">{{cite web |last1=Rosales |first1=Elijah Felice |title=Cebu Pacific consolidates Cebgo flights to NAIA Terminal 2 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2024/10/12/2391811/cebu-pacific-consolidates-cebgo-flights-naia-terminal-2 |website=The Philippine Star |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> [[Godofredo P. Ramos Airport|Caticlan]],<ref name="DGMNL"/> [[Mactan–Cebu International Airport|Cebu]],<ref name="DGMNL"/> [[Naga Airport|Naga]]<ref name="DGMNL"/>
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| [[Cebu Pacific]] | [[Bacolod–Silay Airport|Bacolod]],<ref name="bcd">{{cite web |last1=Arayata |first1=Ma. Cristina |title=Cebu Pacific back to normal ops in Bacolod, Iloilo |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1250053 |website=Philippine News Agency |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> [[Brunei International Airport|Bandar Seri Begawan]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arayata |first1=Ma. Cristina |title=Cebu Pacific to resume Brunei flights on July 23 |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177505 |website=Philippine News Agency |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arayata |first1=Ma. Cristina |title=Cebu Pacific to launch flights to Don Mueang in July |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1224403 |website=Philippine News Agency |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 17, 2025 |access-date=June 18, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Cebu Pacific Expands Manila – Bangkok Capacity From August 2025|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250617-5jaug25bkk}}</ref> [[Bancasi Airport|Butuan]],<ref name="key5j">{{cite web |title=Cebu Pacific adds more flights to key domestic destinations |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2025/08/16/cebu-pacific-adds-more-flights-to-key-domestic-destinations/ |website=BusinessMirror |date=August 16, 2025 |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> [[Laguindingan Airport|Cagayan de Oro]],<ref name="key5j"/> [[Godofredo P. Ramos Airport|Caticlan]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arayata |first1=Ma. Cristina |title=Cebu Pacific to resume Caticlan flights Oct. 26 |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051380 |website=Philippine News Agency |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> [[Cauayan Airport|Cauayan]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lagasca |first1=Charlie |title=Cebu Pacific launches Cauayan-Manila flight |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2009/06/07/474867/cebu-pacific-launches-cauayan-manila-flight |website=Philstar |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> [[Mactan–Cebu International Airport|Cebu]],<ref name="5j339">{{Cite web|date=February 17, 2025 |access-date=February 19, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Cebu Pacific Expands A330neo Domestic Service in NS25 |website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250217-5jns25ph}}</ref> [[Chiang Mai International Airport|Chiang Mai]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cebu Pacific launches direct Manila-Chiang Mai flights |first=Dirk Andrei |last=Salcedo |url=https://www.aviationupdatesph.com/2024/10/cebu-pacific-launches-direct-manila-chiang-mai-flights/ |work=Aviation Updates Philippines |date=October 30, 2024 |access-date=October 30, 2024}}</ref> [[Da Nang International Airport|Da Nang]],<ref name="5Jdad">{{cite web |last1=Marasigan |first1=Lorenz S. |title=Cebu Pacific adds more flights to key foreign destinations |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2025/08/11/cebu-pacific-adds-more-flights-to-key-foreign-destinations/ |website=BusinessMirror |date=August 11, 2025 |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> [[Francisco Bangoy International Airport|Davao]],<ref name="5j339"/> [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fernandez |first1=Ariel |title=Cebu Pacific increases flights to Bali |url=https://mb.com.ph/article/138960/Philippines/cebu-pacific-increases-flights-to-bali |website=Manila Bulletin |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> [[Dipolog Airport|Dipolog]],<ref name="dpl">{{cite web |last1=Zurbano |first1=Joel E. |title=PAL to resume daily Manila-Dipolog flights |url=https://manilastandard.net/?p=314402311 |website=Manila Standard |date=December 25, 2023 |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Liu|first=Jim|date=November 7, 2024|access-date=November 8, 2024|title=Cebu Pacific NW24 Dubai Service Increases |website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241107-5jnw24dxb}}</ref> [[Sibulan Airport|Dumaguete]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abadilla |first1=Emmie V. |title=CEB upgrades Tacloban, Dumaguete, Butuan flights with bigger planes |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/8/6/ceb-upgrades-tacloban-dumaguete-butuan-flights-with-bigger-planes |website=Manila Bulletin |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> [[Fukuoka Airport|Fukuoka]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cordero |first1=Ted |title=Cebu Pacific now flies to Sapporo in Japan |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/933123/cebu-pacific-now-flies-to-sapporo-in-japan/story/ |website=GMA News |date=January 16, 2025 |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> [[General Santos International Airport|General Santos]],<ref name="5j339"/> [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]],<ref name="cebexp">{{cite web |title=Cebu Pacific NS25 International Service Changes – 13FEB25 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250214-5jns25int |website=AeroRoutes |access-date=October 7, 2025}}</ref> [[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]],<ref name="cebisc">{{cite web |title=Cebu Pacific May - Oct 2022 International Service Update - 10MAY22 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220511-5jns22intl |website=AeroRoutes |access-date=October 7, 2025}}</ref> [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]],<ref name="cebexp"/> [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arayata |first1=Ma. Cristina |title=Cebu Pacific resumes Manila-Hong Kong flights |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171245 |website=Philippine News Agency |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> [[Iloilo International Airport|Iloilo]],<ref name="a330neo">{{Cite web|date=August 15, 2025|access-date=August 15, 2025|last=Liu |first=Jim|title=Cebu Pacific A330neo NW25 Domestic Network Expansion|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250815-5jnw25339}}</ref> [[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport|Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta]],<ref name="cebisc"/> [[Kaohsiung International Airport|Kaohsiung]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Cebu Pacific Expands Manila – Kaohsiung Capacity in NW24 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240807-5jnw24khh |website=AeroRoutes |access-date=October 7, 2025}}</ref> [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]],<ref name="cebisc"/> [[Laoag International Airport|Laoag]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Cebu Pacific Resumes Manila – Laoag From late-May 2023 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230411-5jlao |website=AeroRoutes |access-date=October 8, 2025}}</ref> [[Macau International Airport|Macau]],<ref name="cebisc"/> [[Melbourne Airport|Melbourne]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 13, 2025|access-date=August 13, 2025 |last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Cebu Pacific NW25 Melbourne Service Increases|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250813-5jnw25mel}}</ref> [[Chubu Centrair International Airport|Nagoya–Centrair]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 2, 2025|access-date=September 2, 2025|last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Cebu Pacific Expands Manila – Nagoya Capacity From late-Oct 2025|website=AeroRoutes|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250902-5jnw25ngo}}</ref> [[Kansai International Airport|Osaka–Kansai]],<ref name="cebexp"/> [[Pagadian Airport|Pagadian]],<ref name="key5j"/> [[Puerto Princesa International Airport|Puerto Princesa]],<ref name="a330neo"/> [[San Jose Airport (Mindoro)|San Jose (Mindoro)]] (ends October 25, 2025),<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jose |first1=Ashley |title=More Cebu Pacific domestic flights moving to Clark; Naga, San Jose up first|url=https://www.bworldonline.com/corporate/2025/08/29/694488/more-cebu-pacific-domestic-flights-moving-to-clark-naga-san-jose-up-first/|website=BusinessWorld|date=August 29, 2025 |access-date=September 3, 2025}}</ref> [[New Chitose Airport|Sapporo–Chitose]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 13, 2025|access-date=August 13, 2025|last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Cebu Pacific Expands Manila – Sapporo Flights in NW25|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250813-5jnw25cts}}</ref> [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai–Pudong]],<ref name="cebexp"/> [[Changi Airport|Singapore]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Cebu Pacific Adds Flight 1989 Singapore Service in March 2024 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240201-5jmar24sin |website=AeroRoutes |access-date=October 8, 2025}}</ref> [[Sydney Airport|Sydney]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Cebu Pacific Feb 2023 Sydney Frequency Changes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230112-5jsyd |website=AeroRoutes |access-date=October 8, 2025}}</ref> [[Bohol–Panglao International Airport|Tagbilaran]],<ref name="a330neo"/> [[Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]],<ref name="cebexp"/> [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]],<ref name="cebisc"/> [[Zamboanga International Airport|Zamboanga]]<ref name="key5j"/>
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| [[China Airlines]] | [[Kaohsiung International Airport|Kaohsiung]],<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Kaohsiung, Chinese Taipei KHH|pages=618-619}}</ref> [[Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Taipei, Chinese Taipei TPE|pages=1253-1255}}</ref>
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| [[China Eastern Airlines]] | [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai–Pudong]]<ref name="Chin">{{Cite web|date=May 16, 2023|access-date=October 15, 2025|last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Mainland Chinese Carriers NS23 International/Regional Network|website=AeroRoutes|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230516-cnns23intl}}</ref>
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| [[China Southern Airlines]] | [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]]<ref name="Chin"/>
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| [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] | [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Dubai, United Arab Emirates DXB|pages=337-343}}</ref>
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| [[Ethiopian Airlines]] | [[Addis Ababa Bole International Airport|Addis Ababa]]{{efn|Ethiopian Airlines flights make an intermediate stop in Hong Kong en route to the listed destination. However, the airline has no [[Freedoms of the air|fifth freedom rights]] to carry passengers solely between Manila and Hong Kong.}}<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ADD|pages=17-19}}</ref>
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| [[Etihad Airways]] | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates AUH|pages=14-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=July 21, 2025 |access-date=July 21, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Etihad NW25 Operation Changes – 20JUL25|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250721-eynw25}}</ref>
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| [[EVA Air]] | [[Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Taipei, Chinese Taipei TPE|pages=1253-1255}}</ref>
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| [[Greater Bay Airlines]] | [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Hong Kong (SAR) China HKG|pages=543-547}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=March 25, 2025 |access-date=March 25, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Greater Bay Airlines NS25 Network Changes – 24MAR25 |website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250325-hbns25}}</ref>
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| [[Gulf Air]] | [[Bahrain International Airport|Bahrain]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Bahrain, Bahrain BAH|pages=88-90}}</ref>
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| [[HK Express]] | [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Hong Kong (SAR) China HKG|pages=543-547}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=March 25, 2025 |access-date=March 25, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=HK Express NS25 Further Service Increases |website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250325-uons25}}</ref>
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| [[Japan Airlines]] | [[Haneda International Airport|Tokyo–Haneda]],<ref name=jap>{{Cite web|date=March 13, 2023|access-date=October 15, 2025|last=Liu|first=Jim|title=JAL NW23 International Preliminary Changes|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230314-jlnw23}}</ref> [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]]<ref name=jap/>
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| [[Jetstar]] | [[Perth Airport|Perth]] (begins November 28, 2025)<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 17, 2025 |access-date=July 17, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Jetstar Adds Perth – Manila Service in mid-4Q25|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250717-jq4q25mnl}}</ref>
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| [[Jetstar Japan]] | [[Kansai International Airport|Osaka–Kansai]] (resumes October 27, 2025),<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=August 27, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Jetstar Japan Resumes Osaka – Manila Service in NW25|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250826-gknw25mnl}}</ref> [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]] <ref>https://www.jetstar.com/jp/en/flights/manila?adults=1&destination=MNL&flight-type=2&origin=NRT</ref>
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| [[KLM]] | [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 22, 2025|access-date=September 22, 2025|last=Liu |first=Jim|title=KLM NS26 Intercontinental Service Changes – 21SEP25|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250922-klns26inc}}</ref>{{efn|KLM flights make an intermediate stop in Taipei en route to the listed destination. However, the airline has no fifth freedom rights to carry passengers solely between Manila and Taipei.}}
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| [[Korean Air]] | [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Seoul, Korea Republic Of SEL|pages=1186-1190}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=September 9, 2025|access-date=September 9, 2025|last=Liu |first=Jim|title=Korean Air 4Q25 777-300 Operations – 07SEP25|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250909-kenw25773}}</ref>
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| [[Kuwait Airways]] | [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait City]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 9, 2024 |access-date=October 17, 2025 |last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Kuwait Airways March 2025 Manila Service Changes|website=AeroRoutes|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241009-kumar25mnl}}</ref>
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| [[Malaysia Airlines]] | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 29, 2024|access-date=October 15, 2025|last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Malaysia Airlines NW24 International Service Changes|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240730-mhnw24intl}}</ref>
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| [[Oman Air]] | [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 12, 2024|access-date=October 15, 2025|last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Oman Air NS24 Southeast Asia Service Reductions|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240112-wyns24sea}}</ref>
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| [[PAL Express]] | [[Bacolod–Silay International Airport|Bacolod]],<ref name="palsia" /> [[Basco Airport|Basco]] (ends October 25, 2025),<ref name="2Pcrkceb">{{cite web |last1=Arayata |first1=Ma.Cristina|title=PAL to gradually move turboprop flights from NAIA in October|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1255675|website=PNA|date=August 1, 2025 |access-date=September 3, 2025}}</ref> [[Bancasi Airport|Butuan]],<ref name="palsia"/> [[Laguindingan Airport|Cagayan de Oro]],<ref name="palsau" /> [[Calbayog Airport|Calbayog]] (ends October 25, 2025),<ref name="2Pcrkceb"/> [[Godofredo P. Ramos Airport|Caticlan]],<ref name="palsia"/> [[Cauayan Airport|Cauayan]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=PAL Express to launch Manila-Cauayan flights in Jan 2025 |first=Ma. Cristina |last=Arayata |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1235297 |access-date=October 11, 2024 |date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> [[Mactan–Cebu International Airport|Cebu]],<ref name="palsau"/> [[Francisco Bangoy International Airport|Davao]],<ref name="palsau"/> [[General Santos International Airport|General Santos]],<ref name="palsia"/> [[Iloilo International Airport|Iloilo]],<ref name="palsia"/> [[Laoag International Airport|Laoag]],<ref name="palsia"/> [[Bicol International Airport|Legazpi]],<ref name="palsia"/> [[Labo Airport|Ozamiz]],<ref name="palsia"/> [[Techo International Airport (Cambodia)|Phnom Penh]],<ref name="prpnh">{{cite web|last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Philippine Airlines NW24 Cambodia Service Changes|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240927-prnw24pnh|website=AeroRoutes|date=September 27, 2024}}</ref> [[Puerto Princesa International Airport|Puerto Princesa]],<ref name="palsia"/> [[Roxas Airport|Roxas]],<ref name="palsia"/> [[Daniel Z. Romualdez Airport|Tacloban]],<ref name="palsia"/> [[Bohol–Panglao International Airport|Tagbilaran]],<ref name="palsia"/> [[Zamboanga International Airport|Zamboanga]]<ref name="palsau" />
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| [[Philippine Airlines]] | [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]],<ref>"Bangkok, Thailand BKK". OAG Flight Guide Worldwide. 27 (2). Luton, United Kingdom: [[OAG (company)|OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited]]: 109–113. August 2025. ISSN 1466-8718. OCLC 41608313.</ref> [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing–Capital]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Liu|first=Jim|date=December 4, 2024|title=Philippine Airlines Intends to Resume Beijing Service in NS25|website=AeroRoutes|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241204-prns25pek}}</ref> [[Brisbane Airport|Brisbane]],<ref name="auspal">{{Cite web|date=August 11, 2025|access-date=August 12, 2025|last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Philippine Airlines NW25 Australia Service Changes|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250811-prnw25}}</ref> [[Gimhae International Airport|Busan]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 19, 2025|access-date=August 20, 2025|last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Philippine Airlines NW25 Busan Service Increases|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250819-prnw25pus}}</ref> [[Laguindingan Airport|Cagayan de Oro]],<ref name="palsau">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2025 |access-date=October 17, 2025 |last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Saudia expands Philippine Airlines Codeshare in 1Q25|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250127-svprcodeshare}}</ref> [[Mactan–Cebu International Airport|Cebu]],<ref name="palsau"/> [[Da Nang International Airport|Da Nang]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Philippine Airlines Adds Da Nang Service in 2H25 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250410-pr2h25dad |access-date=April 10, 2025 |website=AeroRoutes |date=April 10, 2025}}</ref> [[Francisco Bangoy International Airport|Davao]],<ref name="palsau"/> [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Philippine Airlines Kembali Layani Penerbangan ke Bali | date=July 2, 2022 | url=https://kabarnusa.com/philippine-airlines-kembali-layani-penerbangan-ke-bali/ }}</ref> [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 30, 2025 |access-date=April 30, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Philippine Airlines Expands Qatar Service From mid-June 2025|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250430-prjun25doh}}</ref> [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai-International]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 15, 2018 |access-date=October 15, 2025 |title=Philippine Airlines takes over Manila-Dubai route from PAL Express|website=Gulf News|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/philippine-airlines-takes-over-dubai-manila-route-from-pal-express-1.1481017}}</ref> [[Fukuoka Airport|Fukuoka]],<ref name="palfocus"/> [[General Santos International Airport|General Santos]],<ref name="palsia">{{Cite web|date=December 4, 2023 |access-date=October 17, 2025 |last=Liu|first=Jim|title=PAL/SIA begins Codeshare Partnership from Late-Nov 2023|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231204-prsqcodeshare}}</ref> [[Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport|Guam]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 25, 2025 |access-date=September 26, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Philippine Airlines Jan 2026 Extra Guam Flights|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250925-prjan26gum}}</ref> [[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]],<ref name="palfocus">{{Cite web|date=December 12, 2024 |access-date=October 17, 2025 |title="Airline in Focus:Philippine Airlines"|website=Aviation Week|url=https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airline-focus-philippine-airlines?highlight=Philippine%20Airlines}}</ref> [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]],<ref name="palaug"/> [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]],<ref name="palchin">{{Cite web|date=March 17, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2025 |last=Liu|first=Jim|title=PhilippineAirlines NS23 Greater China Region Operation|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230317-prns23}}</ref> [[Daniel K. Inouye International Airport|Honolulu]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 21, 2025 |access-date=October 17, 2025 |last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Philippine Airlines 2Q25 Honolulu Service Increases|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250121-pr2q25hnl}}</ref> [[Iloilo International Airport|Iloilo]] (resumes December 8, 2025),<ref>{{Cite web|access-date=October 2, 2025|last=Liu |first=Jim|title=Philippine Airlines Adds A330 Iloilo Service in NW25|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/251002-prnw25ilo}}</ref> [[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport|Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta]],<ref name="palaug">{{cite web |date=August 1, 2022 |access-date=October 17, 2025 |last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Philippine Airlines Aug - Oct 2022 International Adjustment - 01AUG22 | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220804-praug22intl }}</ref> [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Philippine Airlines returns to Kuala Lumpur - Focus on Travel News | date=June 12, 2017 | url=https://ftnnews.com/travel-news/aviation/philippine-airlines-returns-to-kuala-lumpur/ }}</ref> [[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles]],<ref name="napal"/> [[Melbourne Airport|Melbourne]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=August 26, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Philippine Airlines NW25 Melbourne Service Increases|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250826-prnw25mel}}</ref> [[Chubu Centrair International Airport|Nagoya–Centrair]],<ref name="palaug"/> [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York–JFK]],<ref name="napal">{{Cite web|date=November 23, 2023 |access-date=October 14, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Philippine Airlines NS24 North America Service Changes|website=AeroRoutes|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231123-prns24na}}</ref> [[Kansai International Airport|Osaka–Kansai]],<ref name="palaug"/> [[Perth Airport|Perth]],<ref name="auspal"/> [[Port Moresby International Airport|Port Moresby]],<ref name="palfocus"/> [[Quanzhou Jinjiang International Airport|Quanzhou]],<ref name="palchin"/> [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]],<ref>{{cite web | title=PAL adds 12 new routes: Batanes, China, Australia, MidEast | date=April 26, 2013 | url=https://www.rappler.com/business/industries/27550-philippine-airlines-new-routes/ }}</ref> [[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco]],<ref name="napal"/> [[Seattle–Tacoma International Airport|Seattle/Tacoma]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 3, 2025 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Philippine Airlines Expands Seattle Flights From late-Nov 2025|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250703-prnw25sea}}</ref> [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]],<ref name="prnw25kr">{{Cite web|date=July 1, 2025 |access-date=July 1, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Philippine Airlines NW25 Korea Flight Number Changes|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250701-prnw25kr}}</ref> [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai–Pudong]],<ref>{{cite web|date=September 24, 2024|access-date=October 15, 2025|last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Philippine Airlines NW24 China Service Changes|website=AeroRoutes|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240927-prnw24cn}}</ref> [[Changi Airport|Singapore]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Changi Airport's 2024 passenger traffic hit 99.1% of pre-pandemic levels | work=The Straits Times | date=January 22, 2025 | url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/changi-airport-handles-67-7m-passengers-in-2024-99-1-of-pre-pandemic-levels }}</ref> [[Sydney Airport|Sydney]],<ref>{{cite web|date=January 2, 2024|access-date=October 15, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Philippine Airlines March 2024 Sydney Service Changes|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240102-prmar24syd}}</ref> [[Taipei Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]],<ref name="palchin"/> [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo–Haneda]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 25, 2025 |access-date=March 25, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Philippine Airlines NS25 Boeing 777 Tokyo Haneda Service |website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/20325-prns25hnd}}</ref> [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]],<ref name="palaug"/> [[Toronto Pearson International Airport|Toronto–Pearson]],<ref name="napal"/> [[Vancouver International Airport|Vancouver]],<ref name="napal"/> [[Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport|Xiamen]]<ref name="palchin"/> <br/> '''Seasonal:''' [[New Chitose Airport|Sapporo–Chitose]] (resumes November 24, 2025)<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 8, 2025 |access-date=July 9, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Philippine Airlines Resumes Sapporo Service in NW25|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250708-prnw25cts}}</ref> <br/> '''Seasonal charter:''' [[Jeju International Airport|Jeju]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Liu|first=Jim|date=March 18, 2025|access-date=March 18, 2025|title=Philippine Airlines Plans Jeju Service in April 2025|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250318-prns25cju}}</ref> [[Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport|Medina]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aviationupdatesph.com/2023/06/philippine-airlines-flies-to-medina-for.html|title=PAL flies to Medina for Hajj pilgrimage|website=Aviation Updates PH|date=June 3, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2023}}</ref>
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| [[Philippines AirAsia]] | [[Bacolod–Silay International Airport|Bacolod]],<ref name=airasie>{{Cite web|date=November 11, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2025 |last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Philippine AirAsia NW24 Service Changes|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241111-z2nw24}}</ref> [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]],<ref name="airasie"/> [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]],<ref name="airasie22"/> [[Iloilo International Airport|Iloilo]],<ref name="airasie"/> [[Kota Kinabalu International Airport|Kota Kinabalu]],<ref name="airasie22"/> [[Kansai International Airport|Osaka–Kansai]],<ref name="airasie22">{{Cite web|date=September 18, 2022|access-date=October 16, 2025|last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Philippines AirAsia Nov/Dec 2022 International Network|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220920-z2nov22int}}</ref> [[Puerto Princesa International Airport|Puerto Princesa]],<ref name="airasie"/> [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]],<ref name="airasie"/> [[Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 4, 2025 |access-date=April 4, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Philippines AirAsia Increases Taipei Service in 3Q25 |website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250404-z2ns25tpe}}</ref>
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| [[Qantas]] | [[Brisbane Airport|Brisbane]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Liu|first=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250916-qfnw25mnl|title=Qantas Increases Brisbane – Manila Flights in NW25|website=AeroRoutes|access-date=September 16, 2025}}</ref> [[Sydney Airport|Sydney]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 14, 2015 |access-date=October 20, 2025 |title=Qantas Grows Frequencies into Key Asian Markets|website=Aviation Week|url=https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airports-networks/qantas-grows-frequencies-key-asian-markets}}</ref>
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| [[Qatar Airways]] | [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]<ref>{{cite web|date=December 24, 2024|access-date=October 15, 2025|last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Qatar Airways NS25 Manila Aircraft Changes|website=AeroRoutes|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241225-qrns25mnl}}</ref>
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| [[Royal Air Philippines]] | [[Caticlan Airport|Caticlan]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 21, 2022 |access-date=October 21, 2025 |last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Royal Air Philippines Resumes Scheduled Domestic Flights in Late-Oct 2022|website=AeroRoutes|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221021-rwnw22dom}}</ref> [[Quanzhou Jinjiang International Airport|Quanzhou]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 23, 2025 |access-date=July 24, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Royalair Philippines Adds Manila – Quanzhou Service From July 2025|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250723-rwjul25jjn}}</ref> [[Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 11, 2025 |access-date=July 11, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Royalair Philippines Resumes Manila – Taipei Service From July 2025|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250711-rwjul25mnltpe}}</ref>
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| [[Royal Brunei Airlines]] | [[Brunei International Airport|Bandar Seri Begawan]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=October 21, 2025 |last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Royal Brunei NW22 Network Changes|website=AeroRoutes|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220926-binw22}}</ref>
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| [[Saudia]] | [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]],<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Jeddah, Saudi Arabia JED|pages=597-600}}</ref> [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Riyadh, Saudi Arabia RUH|pages=1091-1094}}</ref>
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| [[Scoot]] | [[Changi Airport|Singapore]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Singapore, Singapore SIN|pages=1214-1219}}</ref>
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| [[Shenzhen Airlines]] | [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 26, 2023|access-date=October 15, 2025|last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Shenzhen Airlines Resumes Manila Service in NW23|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230926-zhnw23mnl}}</ref>
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| [[Singapore Airlines]] | [[Changi Airport|Singapore]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Singapore, Singapore SIN|pages=1214-1219}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 10, 2025 |access-date=June 11, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=Singapore Airlines NW25 Service Changes – 08JUN25|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250610-sqnw25}}</ref>
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| [[Starlux Airlines]] | [[Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]] (resumes December 16, 2025)<ref>{{cite web|last=Liu|first=Jim|date=October 2, 2025|title=Starlux Airlines Plans Taipei – Manila mid-Dec 2025 Service Resumption|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/251001-jxnw25mnl|website=AeroRoutes}}</ref>
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| [[Sunlight Air]] | [[Francisco B. Reyes Airport|Busuanga]] (resumes October 26, 2025)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunlight Air Resumes Manila – Busuanga Service in NW25 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/251006-2rnw25usu |website=AeroRoutes |access-date=October 7, 2025}}</ref>
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| {{nowrap|[[Thai Airways International]]}} | [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Bangkok, Thailand BKK|pages=109-113}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=September 26, 2025|access-date=September 27, 2025|last=Liu |first=Jim|title=THAI NW25 Manila Aircraft Changes|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250926-tgnw25mnl}}</ref>
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| [[Turkish Airlines]] | [[Istanbul Airport|Istanbul]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/business/turkish-airlines-now-flies-to-cebu-manila-via-istanbul|title=Turkish Airlines now flies to Cebu, Manila via Istanbul|publisher=Sun Star|date=January 5, 2022|accessdate=July 16, 2025}}</ref>
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| [[United Airlines]] | [[Roman Tmetuchl International Airport|Koror]],<ref name="unitedapac">{{Cite web|date=September 14, 2022 |access-date=October 17, 2025 |last=Liu|first=Jim|title=United NW22 East Asia/Oceania Service Update|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220915-uanw22apac}}</ref> [[Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport|Guam]],<ref name="unitedapac"/> [[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 21, 2025 |access-date=July 22, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=United NW25 Intercontinental Network Changes – 20JUL25|website=AeroRoutes |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250721-uanw25inc}}</ref>
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| [[VietJet Air]] | [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]] (begins November 23, 2025)<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietjet opens direct flight connecting Ho Chi Minh City with Manila |url=https://vnexpress.net/vietjet-mo-duong-bay-thang-ket-noi-tp-hcm-voi-manila-4933464.html |website=VN Express |access-date=August 31, 2025}}</ref> <br/> '''Charter:''' [[Da Nang International Airport|Da Nang]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 10, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025 |last=Liu |first=Jim |title=VietJet Air March – May 2025 Manila – Da Nang Charters |website=AeroRoutes|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250410-vjns25mnl}}</ref>
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| [[Vietnam Airlines]] | [[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]],<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Hanoi, Viet Nam HAN|pages=522-524}}</ref> [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam SGN|pages=538-541}}</ref>
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| [[XiamenAir]] | [[Quanzhou Jinjiang International Airport|Quanzhou]],<ref name="Chin"/> [[Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport|Xiamen]]<ref name="Chin"/>
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| [[Zipair Tokyo]] | [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 1, 2023|access-date=October 16, 2025|title=Zipair Tokyo adds Manila Service from July 2023|website=AeroRoutes|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230501-zgjul23mnl}}</ref>
<!-- -->
}}
 
===Cargo===
<!-- INDEPENDENT SOURCES ARE HIGHLY ENCOURAGED WHEN REFERENCING. ALL SOURCES PUBLISHED BY AIRPORTS AND AIRLINES ARE NOT INDEPENDENT. -->
<!-- ALL FUTURE AND ENDING DESTINATIONS MUST HAVE A REFERENCE. IF THEY DO NOT HAVE A REFERENCE, THEY WILL BE REMOVED. -->
{{Airport-dest-list
<!-- -->
| [[Air Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Piad|first=Tyrone Jasper|date=September 28, 2024|title=DHL Express to hike rates starting 2025|url=https://business.inquirer.net/482698/dhl-express-to-hike-rates-starting-2025|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]}}</ref> | [[Mactan–Cebu International Airport|Cebu]], [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]
<!-- -->
}}
 
*Philippine Airlines also maintains integrated airport ground handling services, cargo operations and a full catering service for it and other airlines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philippineairlines.com/TEMPFILES/648.asp?nivSel=5_6_0 |title=Philippine Airlines Cargo |publisher=Philippine Airlines |access-date= April 27, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104105616/http://www.philippineairlines.com/TEMPFILES/648.asp?nivSel=5_6_0|archive-date=January 4, 2007}}</ref> This is composed of PAL Airport Services, Philippine Airlines Cargo and the PAL Inflight Center.
 
==Statistics==
Data from [[Airports Council International]]<ref>[http://www.airports.org/cda/aci/display/main/aci_content.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5_9_2 Airport Council International] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172234/http://www.airports.org/cda/aci/display/main/aci_content.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5_9_2 |date=January 3, 2009 }}</ref> and the [[Manila International Airport Authority]].<ref name="stats-mnl">{{cite web |date=January 31, 2025 |title=Ninoy Aquino International Airport Passenger and Flight Statistics from 2016 to 2024 |url=https://www.miaa.gov.ph/images/stories/operational-statistics/20250131_Total_Statistics.pdf |access-date=April 14, 2025 |website=Manila International Airport Authority}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://125.60.203.88/miaa/images/stories/Bidding/Cargo.pdf|date=August 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810201520/http://125.60.203.88/miaa/images/stories/Bidding/Cargo.pdf|archive-date=August 10, 2014|title=Cargo}}</ref><ref name="cargo">{{cite web |date=January 31, 2025 |title=Ninoy Aquino International Airport Cargo Statistics from 2016 to 2024 |url=https://www.miaa.gov.ph/images/stories/operational-statistics/20250131_Cargo_Statistics.pdf |access-date=April 14, 2025 |website=Manila International Airport Authority}}</ref>
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=MNL}}
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="padding:0.5em;"
|-
!Year
!Passengers
!% change
!Aircraft movements
!% change
!Cargo volume (in tonnes)
!% change
|-
! 2003
| 12,955,809 || {{steady}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
! 2004
| 15,186,521 || {{increase}} 17.2 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
! 2005
| 16,216,031 || {{increase}} 6.8 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
! 2006
| 17,660,697 || {{increase}} 8.9 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
! 2007
| 20,467,627 || {{increase}} 15.9 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
! 2008
| 22,253,158 || {{increase}} 8.7 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
! 2009
| 24,108,825 || {{increase}} 8.3 || 186,966 || {{steady}} || 348,994.25 || {{steady}}
|-
! 2010
| 27,119,899 || {{increase}} 12.5 || 200,107 || {{increase}} 7.03 || 425,382.71 || {{increase}} 21.89
|-
! 2011
| 29,552,264 || {{increase}} 9.0 || 217,743 || {{increase}} 8.81 || 410,377.05 || {{decrease}} 3.53
|-
! 2012
| 31,878,935 || {{increase}} 7.9 || 235,517 || {{increase}} 8.16 || 460,135.15 || {{increase}} 12.12
|-
! 2013
| 32,865,000 || {{increase}} 3.1 || 237,050 || {{increase}} 0.65 || 457,077.17{{efn|Excluding figures for [[general aviation]].<ref>{{Cite report|title=Annual Report 2013 |website=Manila International Airport Authority |url=https://www.miaa.gov.ph/images/stories/TransparencySeal2019/II/MIAA-AR-2013.pdf |page=10 |access-date=October 18, 2022}}</ref>}} || {{decrease}} 0.66
|-
! 2014
| 34,015,169 || {{increase}} 3.5 || 236,441 || {{decrease}} 0.26 || 520,402.63 || {{increase}} 13.85
|-
! 2015
| 36,681,601 || {{increase}} 7.84 || 249,288 || {{increase}} 5.43 || 586,890.53 || {{increase}} 12.78
|-
! 2016
| 39,516,782 || {{increase}} 7.73 || 258,313 || {{increase}} 3.62 || 630,165.69 || {{increase}} 7.37
|-
! 2017
| 42,022,484 || {{increase}} 6.34 || 258,366 || {{increase}} 0.02 || 662,256.99 || {{increase}} 5.09
|-
! 2018
| 45,082,544 || {{increase}} 7.28 || 259,698 || {{increase}} 0.52 || 738,697.94 || {{increase}} 11.54
|-
! 2019
| 47,898,046 || {{increase}} 6.25 || 277,530 || {{increase}} 6.87 || 721,708.09 || {{decrease}} 2.30
|-
! 2020
| 11,145,614 || {{decrease}} 76.73 || 91,067 || {{decrease}} 67.19 || 533,955.78 || {{decrease}} 26.01
|-
! 2021
| 8,015,385 || {{decrease}} 28.09 || 121,095 || {{increase}} 24.8 || 588,370.92 || {{increase}} 10.19
|-
! 2022
| 30,961,467 || {{increase}} 286.28 || 246,724 || {{increase}} 50.92 || 402,732.26 || {{decrease}} 31.55
|-
! 2023
| 45,299,607 || {{increase}} 46.31 || 270,911 || {{increase}} 9.80 || 485,879.38 || {{increase}} 20.65
|-
! 2024
| 50,356,465 || {{increase}} 11.16 || 293,433 || {{increase}} 8.31 || 616,478.52 || {{increase}} 26.88
|}
 
==Ground transport==
 
===Inter-terminal shuttle bus===
NNIC operates a free landside shuttle service between all terminals for passengers making connections.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barro |first1=Dexter II |title=NAIA deploys new inter-terminal shuttle buses amid soaring passenger traffic |url=https://mb.com.ph/2025/2/24/naia-expands-inter-terminal-shuttle-fleet-amid-rising-passenger-volume |access-date=April 21, 2025 |work=Manila Bulletin |date=February 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421105046/https://mb.com.ph/2025/2/24/naia-expands-inter-terminal-shuttle-fleet-amid-rising-passenger-volume |url-status=live |archive-date=April 21, 2025}}</ref>
 
UBE Express operates a paid landside shuttle service between all terminals called the "NAIA Loop" for passengers making connections.<ref>{{cite web |title='You don't have to pay P10,000': Here are the updated premium airport shuttle bus fares |url=https://www.topgear.com.ph/news/motoring-news/ube-express-airport-shuttle-bus-updated-fare-2024-a2619-20231221 |website=[[Top Gear Philippines]] |access-date=April 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421102228/https://www.topgear.com.ph/news/motoring-news/ube-express-airport-shuttle-bus-updated-fare-2024-a2619-20231221 |url-status=live |archive-date=April 21, 2025 |date=December 21, 2023}}</ref>
 
[[Cebu Pacific]] and [[Philippine Airlines]] both operate [[airside bus|airside shuttle]] services between their respective terminals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manila Travel Guide for First Time Travelers |url=https://thebeat.asia/manila/nomads/explore/a-guide-to-manila-for-first-time-travelers |website=The Beat Asia |access-date=April 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421100005/https://thebeat.asia/manila/nomads/explore/a-guide-to-manila-for-first-time-travelers |url-status=live |archive-date=April 21, 2025 |date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>
 
===Bus===
[[File:NAIA Premium Airport Bus Service.jpg|thumb|An UBE Express bus at Terminal 3]]
UBE Express "Route 43/PITX-NAIA Loop" buses operate [[Premium Point-to-Point Bus Service]]s between the airport (Terminal 3) and the [[Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange]] (PITX), for onward connections to [[LRT Line 1 (Metro Manila)|LRT Line 1]]. The service costs 150 pesos.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Guiao |first1=Micah Avry |title=NAIA to PITX Buses Are Now Available for Travelers |url=https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/mobility/105168/how-to-catch-a-bus-from-pitx-to-naia-a5229-20230613 |website=Spot.ph |access-date=April 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417131959/https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/mobility/105168/how-to-catch-a-bus-from-pitx-to-naia-a5229-20230613?s=9m47tcp99h509vmhd161l5c8o6 |url-status=live |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |date=June 13, 2023}}</ref>
 
UBE Express also provides point-to-point services to/from [[Manila]], [[Makati]], [[Muntinlupa]], [[Quezon City]], [[Pasay]] and [[Parañaque]], all in [[Metro Manila]]; and [[Santa Rosa, Laguna|Santa Rosa]] in [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]].<ref>{{cite news |title=UBE Express to launch One Ayala to NAIA Terminals 1-4 service on Dec. 1 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/business/11/29/22/ube-express-to-launch-one-ayala-to-naia-terminals-1-4-service-on-dec-1 |access-date=April 17, 2025 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=November 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417133341/https://widgets.outbrain.com/nanoWidget/externals/topics/topics.html?r=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs-cbn.com |url-status=live |archive-date=April 17, 2025}}</ref> The Pasay service stops at the [[JAM Liner]], [[Philtranco]] and [[Victory Liner]] terminals for passengers going to/coming from the provinces in Northern and Southern [[Luzon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=NAIA UBE Express now up and running |url=https://primer.com.ph/blog/2016/09/08/naia-ube-express-now-up-and-running/ |website=Primer |access-date=April 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417134259/https://primer.com.ph/blog/2016/09/08/naia-ube-express-now-up-and-running/ |url-status=live |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |date=October 6, 2016}}</ref>
 
[[Genesis Transport]] provides service to/from [[Clark International Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bonifacio |first1=John Christopher |title=Clark Hub |url=https://www.sunlightair.ph/faqs/clark-hub |publisher=[[Sunlight Air]] |access-date=April 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417135524/https://www.sunlightair.ph/faqs/clark-hub |url-status=live |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |date=April 23, 2024}}</ref> [[HM Transport]] provides service to/from [[LRT Line 1 (Metro Manila)|LRT Line 1]]'s [[EDSA station (LRT)|EDSA station]] and [[MRT Line 3 (Metro Manila)|MRT Line 3]]'s [[Taft Avenue station]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dela Cruz |first1=Gab |title=Five ways to get out of NAIA without breaking the bank |url=https://metronewscentral.net/metro-feature/five-ways-to-get-out-of-naia-without-breaking-the-bank |website=Metro News Central |access-date=April 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417141934/https://metronewscentral.net/metro-feature/five-ways-to-get-out-of-naia-without-breaking-the-bank?__cf_chl_rt_tk=KCIIcvvSTXC0uImUe86vJPdWWDRFXX4ZvFAGIhLFQQ4-1744899574-1.0.1.1-hqQ_R_6iihFg8Y_4CVivE8Pxkv84LlB6Zwr5IV3KmuI |url-status=live |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |date=2020}}</ref>
 
[[List of bus routes in Metro Manila|City buses]] provide service to/from PITX, Diliman in Quezon City, and [[Balagtas, Bulacan|Balagtas]] and [[San Jose del Monte]] in [[Bulacan]], respectively. In addition, [[Citylink Coach Services|Citylink]] bus routes to and from [[Eastwood City]] in Quezon City have a terminal in [[Newport City, Metro Manila|Newport City]], which is just across Terminal 3.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desiderio |first1=Louella |title=Citylink buses tap beep cards |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2017/03/24/1681513/citylink-buses-tap-beep-cards |access-date=April 18, 2025 |work=The Philippine Star |date=March 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418025632/https://www.philstar.com/business/2017/03/24/1681513/citylink-buses-tap-beep-cards |url-status=live |archive-date=April 18, 2025}}</ref>
 
=== Jeepney ===
[[Jeepney]]s provide service to/from Parañaque and Pasay.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeep Schedules and routes |url=https://explore.sakay.ph/jeeps |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241216005802/https://explore.sakay.ph/jeeps |archive-date=December 16, 2024 |access-date=March 2, 2024 |website=Sakay.ph}}</ref>
 
Jeepney routes are subject to change, which may not be announced properly due to a lack of government consolidation of public utility vehicles. As of recent, jeepney route T403<ref>{{cite web |title=Baclaran-NAIA/Baltao — Sakay Route Explorer |url=https://explore.sakay.ph/routes/DOTR:R_SAKAY_2018_PUJ_172 |website=explore.sakay.ph |access-date=September 3, 2025}}</ref>
 
=== Rideshare ===
[[Ridesharing company|Rideshare]] pick up and drop off is available at the multi-level parking building of Terminal 3.<ref>{{Cite news|title=New NAIA opens centralized ride-hailing, taxi hub at Terminal 3 |work=GMA Integrated News |date=December 8, 2024 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/929357/new-naia-opens-centralized-ride-hailing-taxi-hub-at-terminal-3/story/ |access-date=January 3, 2025}}</ref>
 
=== Train ===
[[File:Ninoyaquinoplatform.jpg|thumb|The [[Ninoy Aquino Avenue station]] on [[LRT Line 1 (Metro Manila)|LRT Line 1]]]]
The nearest train station to NAIA is [[LRT Line 1 (Metro Manila)|LRT Line 1]]'s [[Ninoy Aquino Avenue station]], inaugurated in November 2024. However, there is no direct connection between the station and the airport terminals. The absence of a direct link is attributed to regulatory constraints imposed by the [[Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines]] (CAAP), which mandates a {{convert|4|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} radius clearance from airport runways to ensure aviation safety. [[Right-of-way]] considerations also influenced the station's placement.<ref name="LRT-1">{{cite news |last1=Taguines |first1=Andrea |title=Why are new LRT-1 stations not directly linked to NAIA? |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/business/2024/11/16/why-are-new-lrt-1-stations-not-directly-linked-to-naia-1702 |access-date=April 24, 2025 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=November 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424031356/https://www.abs-cbn.com/business/2024/11/16/why-are-new-lrt-1-stations-not-directly-linked-to-naia-1702 |archive-date=April 24, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
From the Ninoy Aquino Avenue station, passengers can access NAIA via secondary transport modes such as jeepneys or taxis. While the station is {{convert|1.5|km|sp=us}} from Terminal 1, the distance and lack of pathways may make walking with luggage challenging.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Santos |first1=Kara |title=Points of interest, landmarks, transport links: A guide to the LRT-1 Cavite Extension stations |url=https://www.topgear.com.ph/features/feature-articles/lrt-1-cavite-extension-phase-1-stations-guide-a4682-20250202-lfrm |website=Top Gear Philippines |access-date=April 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424032617/https://www.topgear.com.ph/features/feature-articles/lrt-1-cavite-extension-phase-1-stations-guide-a4682-20250202-lfrm |archive-date=April 24, 2025 |date=February 2, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
To address the absence of a direct rail link to the airport, the [[Metro Manila Subway]] is under construction. The subway includes a station at NAIA Terminal 3. Transportation Undersecretary for Railways Jeremy Regino described this as the "best solution" to the current connectivity issues.<ref name="LRT-1"/> The subway is expected to commence partial operations by 2032.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jose |first1=Ashley Erika O. |title=Subway RoW purchases seen completed by Q1 |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/economy/2025/04/20/666819/subway-row-purchases-seen-completed-by-q1/ |access-date=April 24, 2025 |work=BusinessWorld Online |date=April 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424040005/https://www.bworldonline.com/economy/2025/04/20/666819/subway-row-purchases-seen-completed-by-q1/ |archive-date=April 24, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Once operational, it is expected to reduce travel time between Quezon City and NAIA to approximately 35 minutes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cabuenas |first1=Jon Viktor D. |title=Metro Manila Subway: When Right of Way Gets in the Way |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/specialreports/921862/metro-manila-subway-when-right-of-way-gets-in-the-way/story/ |access-date=April 24, 2025 |work=GMA News |date=September 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424035746/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/specialreports/921862/metro-manila-subway-when-right-of-way-gets-in-the-way/story/ |archive-date=April 24, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
==Renaming proposals==
[[File:Ninoy Aquino International Airport (Pasay; 02-06-2021).jpg|thumb|The entrance of Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 1, whose name has been the subject of various renaming proposals by Philippine lawmakers.]]
Repeated efforts to rename the airport have not succeeded. In May 2018, then-lawyer [[Larry Gadon]] led an online [[petition]] at [[change.org]] aiming to restore the original name of the airport, ''Manila International Airport'' (MIA). Gadon said the renaming of MIA to NAIA in 1987 was "well in advance of the 10-year prescription period for naming public sites after dead personalities".<ref>{{cite news |title=Lawyer leads petition to restore MIA's name |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1745816/Pampanga/Local-News/Lawyer-leads-petition-to-restore-MIAs-name |access-date=July 7, 2022 |work=SunStar |date=May 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603100125/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1745816/Pampanga/Local-News/Lawyer-leads-petition-to-restore-MIAs-name |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
In June 2020, House Deputy Speaker [[Paolo Duterte]], citing the need of the airport to represent the Filipino people, filed a [[bill (law)|bill]] seeking to rename the airport to ''Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Pilipinas'' ({{translation|International Airport of the Philippines|literal=yes}}). The bill was coauthored by [[Marinduque]] Representative [[Lord Allan Velasco]] and [[ACT-CIS]] Representative [[Eric Go Yap]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cervantes |first1=Filane Mikee |title=3 solons propose to rename NAIA |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1107027 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=June 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829124609/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1107027 |archive-date=August 29, 2020 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
In August 2020, Gadon filed a petition before the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] questioning the validity of Republic Act No. 6639, the law that named it NAIA. Gadon asserted that Aquino was not among the "pantheon" of the country's declared [[National heroes of the Philippines|official heroes]]. A month later, the Supreme Court unanimously denied the petition to nullify the law for [[merit (law)|lack of merit]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pulta |first1=Benjamin |title=SC junks suit seeking to void law renaming MIA to NAIA |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1114915 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=September 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707135558/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1114915 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
In April 2022, [[Duterte Youth]] Representative Ducielle Cardema filed a bill returning the airport to its original name, claiming the name should not have been "politicized in the first place".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cervantes |first1=Filane Mikee |title=Solon wants NAIA renamed Manila International Airport |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1172365 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418112048/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1172365 |archive-date=April 18, 2022 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> Cardema had the bill refiled in July 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cervantes |first1=Filane Mikee |title=Bill renaming NAIA back to Manila Int'l Airport refiled |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1178475 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707142602/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1178475 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
In June 2022, [[Negros Oriental]] [[Negros Oriental's 3rd congressional district|3rd district]] Representative [[Arnolfo Teves Jr.]] filed a bill renaming the airport to ''Ferdinand E. Marcos International Airport'' after former President [[Ferdinand Marcos Sr.]], who authorized the airport's rehabilitation and development through an [[Executive order (Philippines)|executive order]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite news |title=FACT CHECK: Lawmaker's Claim that NAIA Was Built Under Marcos Sr.'s Term Is False, Misleading |url=https://www.onenews.ph/articles/fact-check-lawmaker-s-claim-that-naia-was-built-under-marcos-sr-s-term-is-false-misleading |access-date=January 1, 2023 |work=One News |date=July 7, 2022}}</ref> Teves stressed that it is "more appropriate to rename it to the person who has contributed to the idea and execution of the said noble project".<ref>{{cite news |title=Solon proposes to rename NAIA to 'Ferdinand E. Marcos International Airport' |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/7/5/Solon-proposes-to-rename-NAIA-to-Ferdinand-E.-Marcos-International-Airport.html |access-date=July 7, 2022 |work=CNN Philippines |date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707142119/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/7/5/Solon-proposes-to-rename-NAIA-to-Ferdinand-E.-Marcos-International-Airport.html |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The bill drew criticism from former senator [[Franklin Drilon]], who said that the renaming would entail [[Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos|historical revisionism]].<ref>{{Cite news|title='Leave NAIA alone': Drilon hits move to rename airport |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/07/06/22/leave-naia-alone-drilon-hits-move-to-rename-airport |work=ABS-CBN News |date=July 6, 2022 |access-date=November 3, 2023}}</ref>
 
In February 2024, Transportation Secretary [[Jaime Bautista]] said that renaming the airport was not included in the privatization proposals of the [[San Miguel Corporation]]–SAP and Company Consortium, which won the bid to operate and maintain the airport.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yalao |first1=Khriscielle |title=Renaming NAIA not in privatization proposal -- DOTr |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/2/16/renaming-naia-not-in-privatization-proposal-do-tr |access-date=July 4, 2024 |work=[[Manila Bulletin]] |date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704152525/https://mb.com.ph/2024/2/16/renaming-naia-not-in-privatization-proposal-do-tr |archive-date=July 4, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
 
== Accidents and incidents ==
*On July 25, 1971, a [[Pan American World Airways]] [[Boeing 707-321C]] named "Clipper Rising Sun" was on a cargo flight from [[San Francisco]] to [[Saigon]]. While on a [[VHF omnidirectional range|VOR]]/[[Distance measuring equipment|DME]] approach onto Manila runway 24, the aircraft struck Mount Kamunay at an altitude of {{convert|2525|ft|order=flip|sp=us}}. The four occupants were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19710725-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-321C N461PA Manila International Airport (MNL)|author=Harro Ranter|date=July 25, 1971|work=aviation-safety.net}}</ref>
*On November 15, 1974, an Orient Air System and Integrated Services Douglas C-47A [[Aircraft registration|registered]] RP-C570 was damaged beyond repair after a forced landing in a paddy field shortly after take-off following failure of the starboard engine. One of the eight people on board was killed.<ref name="ASN151174">{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19741115-0 |title= Accident description |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=August 24, 2010}}</ref>
*On February 7, 1980, a [[China Airlines Flight 811|China Airlines Boeing 707]] from [[Taipei Chiang Kai-Shek International Airport]] operating as Flight 811 undershot the runway on landing and caught fire, causing two fatalities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airdisaster.com/photos/b-1826/photo.shtml|title=AirDisaster.Com Accident Photo: China Airlines Boeing 707 B-1826|work=airdisaster.com|access-date=August 4, 2014|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228064319/http://www.airdisaster.com/photos/b-1826/photo.shtml|archive-date=February 28, 2014}}</ref>
* On September 15, 1981, a [[Korean Airlines]] [[Boeing 747]] originating from [[Seoul]], South Korea, and bound for [[Zürich]], Switzerland, overshot the runway during takeoff and hit the airport perimeter fence, with its nose blocking traffic on the service road of [[South Luzon Expressway]]. The plane had a one-hour layover in Manila when the accident happened. Forty of the 332 passengers and 20 crew were injured.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/16/world/40-hurt-as-korean-jumbo-jet-veers-off-a-runway-in-manila.html|title=40 Hurt as Korean Jumbo Jet Veers off a Runway in Manila|work=[[New York Times]]|date=September 16, 1981|access-date=September 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/09/15/A-Korean-Airlines-Boeing-747-jetliner-overshot-the-runway/2851369374400/|title=A Korean Airlines Boeing 747 jetliner overshot the runway|work=United Press International|date=September 15, 1981|access-date=September 9, 2018}}</ref>
* On December 13, 1983, a Philair [[Douglas C-47B]] registered RP-C287 crashed shortly after takeoff following an engine failure. The aircraft was on a non-scheduled passenger flight. All ten people on board survived.<ref name="ASN131283">{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19831213-0 |title=PR-C287 Accident report |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=July 27, 2010}}</ref>
* On April 28, 1989, a MATS Douglas C-47A registered RP-C81 crashed shortly after takeoff on a non-scheduled domestic passenger flight to [[Roxas Airport]] following an engine failure. MATS did not have a licence to fly passengers. Seven of the 22 passengers were killed. The aircraft had earlier made a forced landing on a taxiway.<ref name="ASN280490">{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19900426-1 |title=RP-C81 Accident description |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=June 24, 2010}}</ref>
*On May 6, 1989, a Manila Aero Transport System (MATS) Douglas C-47A registered RP-C82 crashed on takeoff following an engine failure. The aircraft was on a domestic non-scheduled passenger flight, although it was not licensed to carry passengers. All 18 people on board survived.<ref name="ASN060589">{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890506-0 |title=RP-C82 Accident description |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=July 27, 2010}}</ref>
* On July 21, 1989, a [[Philippine Airlines]] [[BAC One-Eleven]] operating [[Philippine Airlines Flight 124|Flight 124]] overran a runway in poor visibility and heavy rain. No passengers or crew were killed but eight people on the ground were killed when the jet crossed a road.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19890721-1}}</ref>
*On May 11, 1990, a Philippine Airlines [[Boeing 737-300]] operating [[Philippine Airlines Flight 143|Flight 143]] suffered an explosion in the center fuel tank near the terminal while preparing for takeoff. The fire and smoke engulfed the aircraft before it could be evacuated. The explosion was similar to what happened to [[TWA Flight 800]] six years later. Eight people died.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7rYzAAAAIBAJ&pg=4731,4639544&dq=bomb+philippines&hl=en|title=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette – Google News Archive Search|work=google.com}}</ref>
*On May 18, 1990, an [[Aerolift Philippines]] [[Beechcraft 1900C-1]] operating a domestic scheduled passenger flight bound for [[Surigao Airport]] [[Aerolift Philippines Flight 075|crashed into a residential area]] following takeoff. The aircraft reportedly suffered an engine failure. All 21 occupants and 4 people on the ground were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/49b5fde9ff16073573f4e8d95025fe8a|title=Philippine Commuter Plane Crashes Into House, 25 Dead|work=apnewsarchive.com}}</ref>
*On September 4, 2002, an [[Asian Spirit]] [[de Havilland Canada Dash 7-102]] operating Flight 897 to Caticlan carrying 49 occupants was on approach to [[Caticlan Airport]] when the right main gear failed to deploy. The approach was abandoned and the crew decided to return to Manila for an emergency landing. The plane circled for about 35 minutes over [[Las Piñas]] to burn off fuel. The crew then carried out an emergency landing with the right gear retracted. After touchdown, the aircraft swerved off the runway onto a grassy area. There were no reported injuries or fatalities, but the aircraft was written off.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/175056/ato-grounds-2-asian-spirit-aircraft|title=ATO grounds 2 Asian Spirit aircraft|work=The Philippine Star}}</ref>
*On November 11, 2002, a [[Laoag International Airlines]] [[Fokker F27]] operating [[Laoag International Airlines Flight 585|Flight 585]] took off from Manila runway 31 just after 6{{nbsp}}p.m. for a flight to [[Laoag International Airport]]. Shortly after takeoff, trouble developed in the left engine. The pilot declared an emergency and attempted to land, but decided at the last minute to ditch into the sea. The aircraft broke up and sank in the water to a depth of about {{convert|60|ft|order=flip|sp=us}}. 19 of the 34 occupants were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20021111-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 600 RP-C6888 Manila-Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL) [Manila Bay]|author=Harro Ranter|date=November 11, 2002|work=aviation-safety.net}}</ref>
*On November 8, 2003, former [[Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines|Air Transportation Office]] chief Panfilo Villaruel and [[Philippine Navy]] lieutenant Richard Gatchillar seized the control tower of Terminal 2 around midnight armed with guns and explosives, claiming that they wanted to expose government corruption. They forced out all six air traffic controllers and barricaded themselves inside the control room, causing the diversion of several flights. After three hours, police [[SWAT]] teams stormed the control room and opened fire, killing both men.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NAIA tower siege: 2 killed |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2003/11/09/227209/naia-tower-siege-2-killed |last=Araneta |first=Sandy |work=The Philippine Star |date=November 9, 2003 |access-date=September 24, 2023 }}</ref>
*On August 23, 2009, a [[South East Asian Airlines]] [[Dornier 328]] registered RP-C6328 operating Flight 624 was hit by strong crosswinds when decelerating after landing on runway 13. The aircraft veered off the runway and came to a stop in the grass. None of the 32 passengers and 3 crew was injured. The airport had to be temporarily closed to tow the aircraft away.<ref>{{citation|url=http://avherald.com/h?article=41ea6f97&opt=0|title=Incident: SEAir D328 at Manila on Aug 23rd 2009, veered off runway on landing|publisher=The Aviation Herald|date=August 23, 2009|access-date=August 25, 2014}}</ref>
*On October 17, 2009, a Victoria Air [[Douglas DC-3]], registered RP-C550, crashed shortly after takeoff on a flight to [[Puerto Princesa International Airport]] after an engine malfunctioned. All on board died.<ref name="ASN17009">{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20091017-0 |title=Accident description |publisher=Aviation safety network |access-date=October 18, 2009}}</ref>
* On December 10, 2011, a [[Beechcraft Queen Air|Beechcraft 65–80 Queen Air]] cargo plane en route to [[San Jose Airport (Mindoro)|San Jose]] [[2011 Manila Beechcraft Queen Air crash|crashed]] into houses next to Felixberto Serrano Elementary School in [[Parañaque]] after taking off. The crash was attributed to pilot error. At least 14 people including 3 crew members on board the aircraft died, and over 20 were injured. Approximately 50 houses in the residential area were set ablaze.<ref>
{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/109385/paranaque-plane-crash-underscores-need-for-open-space-around-naia|title=Parañaque plane crash underscores need for open space around Naia|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=December 12, 2011|access-date=August 25, 2014}}</ref>
* On December 20, 2013, gunmen ambushed Ukol Talumpa, the mayor of [[Labangan]], [[Zamboanga del Sur]], in front of the arrival hall of Terminal 3, killing him, his wife and two others and injuring five people.<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/549677/alleged-shooting-reported-at-naia-3 |title=Zamboanga mayor, 3 others shot dead at NAIA 3 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=December 20, 2013|access-date=September 24, 2023}}</ref>
* On August 16, 2018, [[Xiamen Airlines Flight 8667]] crash-landed amidst heavy monsoon rains. The 737-800 skidded off the end of the runway. All 157 passengers and crew were unharmed, however, the aircraft was written off.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/boeing-737-crash-lands-manilla-international-airport-xiamen-airlines-2018-8|title=Chinese Boeing 737 crash-lands at Manila airport|website=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref> According to [[Flightradar24]] data, the flight aborted its first landing attempt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/flights/mf8667#1d86117d|title=Flightradar24.com – Live flight tracker!|website=Flightradar24|access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref>
*On March 29, 2020, a [[Lionair (Philippines)|Lionair]] [[IAI Westwind]] registered RP-C5880 burst into flames on runway 24 during takeoff. The plane was conducting a medical evacuation mission bound for [[Haneda Airport]], Japan. All eight occupants consisting of three aircraft crew, three medical crew, and two passengers died.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/03/29/20/fire-engulfs-plane-on-naia-runway|title=Fire engulfs plane on NAIA runway|work=ABS-CBN News|language=en|access-date=March 29, 2020}}</ref>
*On April 22, 2024, a [[grass fire]] caused by improperly disposed [[Cigarette|cigarette butt]]s broke out during dry weather at an open-air parking space owned by the airport located about {{Convert|300|m|ft|sp=us|}} from Terminal 3, destroying 19 vehicles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/4/22/fire-engulfs-multiple-vehicles-at-naia-terminal-3-open-parking-1438 |title=Fire engulfs 19 vehicles at NAIA Terminal 3 open parking |work=ABS-CBN News|language=en|access-date=April 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/metro/907534/cigarette-butts-caused-naia-parking-area-fire-bfp/story/ |title=Cigarette caused NAIA fire that gutted 19 cars—BFP |work=GMA News|language=en|access-date=May 21, 2024}}</ref>
*On May 4, 2025, a car crash occurred after an [[SUV]] driven by a 47-year-old man crashed into the walkway near the departure area entrance of Terminal 1, killing a 29-year-old man and a five-year-old girl, and injuring four others.<ref>{{cite news |title=2 dead after SUV crashes into NAIA Terminal 1 departure area |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/suv-crashes-naia-terminal-departure-area-may-4-2025/ |access-date=May 4, 2025 |work=[[Rappler]] |date=May 4, 2025}}</ref>
 
==See also==
{{portal|Transport|Aviation|Philippines}}
* [[Nichols Field]]
*[[Colonel Jesus Villamor Air Base]]
* [[List of airports in the Philippines]]
* [[List of airports in the Greater Manila Area]]
 
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* [https://www.academia.edu/1797892/Fraport_AG_and_the_NAIA-3_Debacle ''Fraport AG and the NAIA-3 Debacle: A Case Study''] Ben Kritz, GR Business Online © 2011
{{refend}}
 
==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.ato.gov.ph/Airports/NAIA.htm Manila International Airport]
{{wikivoyage}}
* [http://203.160.183.226/miaa/default.asp Manila International Airport Authority]
* [httphttps://www.biz-tripsmiaa.infogov.ph/businesstrips/79.html An overview of Ninoy AquinoManila International Airport Authority]
* [https://mnlairport.ph/flights/departure MNL Airport Departures]
* [https://mnlairport.ph/flights/departure MNL Airport Arrivals]
* {{NWS-current|RPLL}}
* {{ASN|MNL}}
* [https://maps.google.com/?t=k&om=2&ie=UTF8&ll=14.512053,121.008997&spn=0.037558,0.055275&z=14 Interactive satellite view of NAIA]
 
{{Airports in the Greater Manila Area|state=expanded}}
{{Airports in the Philippines}}
 
{{authority control}}
 
[[Category:1948 establishments in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1948]]
[[Category:Airports in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Parañaque]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pasay]]
[[Category:Tourism in Manila]]
[[Category:Tourism in Metro Manila]]
[[Category:Transportation in Luzon]]
[[Category:Transportation in Metro Manila]]
[[Category:Brutalist architecture in the Philippines]]
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