Grappling hold: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Martial arts technique}}

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{{Infobox Grappling hold

|name = Grappling hold

|image = clinching.jpg

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|caption = Two [[wrestlers]] [[Clinch fighting|clinching]]

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A '''grappling hold''', commonly referred to simply as a '''hold''' that in [[martialJapanese artslanguage|Japanese]] is referred to as '''''katame-waza''''' ({{nihongo2|固め技}} "grappling technique"), is any specific [[grappling]], [[wrestling]] or, [[judo]], isor aother general[[martial term for a specificart]] grip that is applied to an opponent. HoldsGrappling holds are principally used principally to control the opponent, and to advance in points or [[grappling position|positioning]]. HoldsThe holds may be categorized by their function, such as ([[clinching#Clinch hold|clinching]], [[pinning#Pinning hold|pinning]], or [[submission#Submission hold|submission]]), purposewhile ([[chokehold]],others [[paincan compliancebe hold]], etcetera) orclassified by the body parttheir they use or attack ([[jointlockanatomical]], effect: [[armlockchokehold]], headlock, [[shoulderlockjoint-lock]], or [[neckcompression cranklock]], and so on). MostMultiple holdscategories havemay many,be manyappropriate variations,for sosome anof exhaustivethese list is difficult to compileholds.

==Clinch hold==

The same hold may be called by different names in different arts or countries. Some of the more common names for grappling holds include:

{{Main|Clinch fighting}}

* '''Americano''': [[BJJ]] term for an upper key-lock

A '''clinch hold''' (also known as a '''clinching hold''') is a grappling hold that is used in [[clinch fighting]] with the purpose of controlling the opponent. In [[wrestling]] it is referred to as the tie-up. The use of a clinch hold results in the [[grappling position#Stand-up grappling position|clinch]]. Clinch holds can be used to close in on the opponent, as a precursor to a [[takedown (grappling)|takedown]] or [[throw (grappling)|throw]], or to prevent the opponent from moving away or [[strike (attack)|striking]] effectively. Typical clinch holds include:

* [[Armbar|Arm bar]]: a hold which stabilizes the back of the [[elbow]] at the limit of its normal range of motion

* [[Bear hug]]: a clinching hold encircling the opponent's chest with both arms and pulling them in

* [[Bear hug]]

* '''Chicken wing''': term used for a variety of hammer and key locks, especially among [[Jeet Kune Do]] practitioners

* [[Collar tie]]

* [[Collar tie]]: facing the opponent with one or both hands on the back of their head/kneck

* [[Overhook]]

* '''Cranks''' (neck, head): compressions to hyper-extend a joint or bend it "inward"

* [[Pinch grip tie]]

* '''Finger lock''': any of several [[small joint manipulation]]s

* [[Underhook]]

* '''Grapevine''': twisting limbs around limbs in a manner similar to a plant [[vine]]

* '''Guillotine''': a facing headlock or [[guillotine choke|choke]] applied to an opponent from above

==Pinning hold==

* '''Harness''': a hold which encircles the torso of an opponent

{{See also|Pin (amateur wrestling)}}

* [[Hammerlock]]: pins the opponents arm behind the back, with wrist toward their own shoulder

[[Image:Fig4-1-north-south position.jpg|thumb|Two soldiers in a "crude [[north–south position]]"]]

* '''Headlock''': circling the opponent's neck with an arm, especially from the side

* '''Hooks''': wrapping the arm or leg around an opponent's limb(s) for greater control

A '''pinning hold''' (also known as a '''hold down''' and in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] as ''osaekomi-waza'', 抑え込み技, "pinning technique") is a general grappling hold used in [[ground fighting]] that is aimed to subdue by exerting superior control over an opponent and pinning the opponent to the ground. Pinning holds where both of the opponent's shoulders touch the ground are considered winning conditions in several [[combat sport]]s.

* '''Key lock''': a combination [[wrist]] and [[shoulder]] lock

* '''Kimura''': [[BJJ]] term for an upper key-lock

An effective pinning hold is a winning condition in many styles of [[wrestling]], and is known as simply a "[[pin (wrestling)|pin]]". Pinning holds maintained for 20 seconds are also a winning condition in [[judo]]. Pinning holds are also used in [[submission wrestling]] and [[mixed martial art]]s, even though the pinning hold itself is not a winning condition. The holds can be used to rest while the opponent tries to escape, to control the opponent while [[strike (attack)|striking]], a tactic known as [[Mixed martial arts#Ground-and-pound|ground and pound]], or to control an opponent from striking by pinning them to the ground, also known as lay and pray.

* '''Leg bar''': a hold which stabilizes the front of the [[knee]] at the limit of its normal range of motion

* '''Lock''': any stabilization of one or more [[joint]]s at their normal extreme range of motion

==Submission hold==

* '''[[Nelson hold|Nelson]]''': (quarter, half, full): circles under opponent's arm, secured at neck

[[File:Marine Corps Martial Arts Program aboard USS Somerset 161028-M-WQ703-006.jpg|thumb|An [[armbar]] submission hold.]]

* [[Rear naked choke]] (RNC): a choke from the rear which compresses the [[carotid artery|carotid arteries]]

* '''Sleeper''': another name for the [[rear naked choke]]

In [[combat sport]]s a '''submission hold''' (colloquially referred to as a "'''submission'''") is a grappling hold that is applied with the purpose of forcing an opponent to [[submission (combat sport term)|submit]] out of either extreme pain or fear of injury. Submission holds are used primarily in [[ground fighting]] and can be separated into ''constrictions'' ([[chokehold]]s, [[compression lock]]s, suffocation locks) and ''manipulations'' ([[joint lock]]s, [[leverage (wrestling)|leverage]]s, [[pain compliance hold]]s). When incorrectly used, these techniques may cause [[Dislocation (medicine)|dislocation]], torn [[ligaments]], [[bone fracture]]s, [[unconsciousness]], or even [[death]].

* '''Staple''': using the opponents clothing to help pin them against a surface

* '''Uma plata''': [[BJJ]] shoulder lock using the legs

Common [[combat sports]] featuring submission holds are:

* [[Jujutsu]]

* [[Judo]]

* [[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]]

* [[Catch wrestling]]

* [[Submission wrestling]]

* [[Shoot wrestling]]

* [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]]

* [[Mixed martial arts]]

==List of grappling holds==

The same hold may be called by different names in different arts or countries. Some of the more common names for grappling holds in contemporary English include:

<!-- the goal here is one-line summaries with links elsewhere for more detail -->

===Joint locks===

{{Further|Joint lock}}

'''Joint lock''': Any stabilization of one or more [[joint]]s at their normal extreme range of motion

* '''[[Boston Crab]]''': A type of [[spinal lock]] originating from [[catch wrestling]] and mostly employed in [[professional wrestling]] performances, but has been used to win a fight in MMA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjpenn.com/mma-news/videos/fighter-fcc-19-boston-crab-submission-mma-wwe-pro-wrestling-chris-jericho-walls/|title=VIDEO - This Fighter Just Pulled Off a Boston Crab Submission in MMA - BJPenn.com|date=30 September 2017|website=bjpenn.com}}</ref>

* '''[[Spinal lock#Can opener|Can opener]]''': A type of [[spinal lock#Neck crank|neck crank]]

* '''[[Spinal lock#Crucifix neck crank|Crucifix]]''': A type of [[spinal lock#Neck crank|neck crank]]

* '''[[Spinal lock#Neck crank|Neck crank]]''': Applies pressure to the [[neck]] by pulling or twisting the head

* '''[[Nelson hold|Nelson]]''': (quarter, half, three-quarter and full): The arm is circled under the opponent's arm, and secured at the neck

* '''[[Small joint manipulation]]''': [[Joint lock]]s on the fingers or toes

* '''[[Spinal lock#Spine crank|Spine crank]]''': Applies pressure to the spine by twisting or bending the body

* '''[[Spinal lock#Twister|Twister]]''': A type of body bend and [[spinal lock#Neck crank|neck crank]]

* '''[[Wristlock]]''': A general term for [[joint lock]]s on the [[wrist]] or [[Distal radioulnar articulation|radioulnar joint]]; wristlocks form the trademark offense of [[Aikido]], and are used in combination with [[armlock#Keylocks|keylocks]] in [[catch wrestling]]

====Armlocks====

{{Further|Armlock}}

'''[[Armlock]]''': A general term for [[joint lock]]s at the elbow or [[shoulder]]

* '''[[armlock#Keylocks|Americana]]''': [[BJJ]] term for a [[wikt:lateral|lateral]] [[armlock#Keylocks|keylock]]

* '''[[armlock#Armbar|Armbar]]''': An [[armlock]] that [[hyperextend]]s the [[Elbow-joint|elbow]]

* '''[[Armlock#Keylocks|Chicken wing]]''': Term for various [[armlock#Hammerlock|hammer]]/[[armlock#Keylocks|keylocks]], especially among [[Shoot wrestling]] and [[Jeet Kune Do]] practitioners

* '''[[armlock#Flying armbar|Flying armbar]]''': A type of armbar that is performed from a stand-up position

* '''[[Armlock#Hammerlock|Hammerlock]]''': Pins the opponent's arm behind the back, with wrist toward their own shoulder

* '''[[armlock#Juji-gatame|Juji-Gatame]]''': A type of armbar where the arm is held in-between the legs

* '''[[armlock#Keylocks|Keylock]]''': A [[armlock#Shoulderlock|shoulderlock]] where the arm is turned like a [[key (lock)|key]]

* '''[[armlock#Keylocks|Kimura]]''': [[BJJ]] term for a [[medial (anatomy)|medial]] [[armlock#Keylocks|keylock]]

* '''[[armlock#Omoplata|Omoplata]]''': [[BJJ]] term for a [[armlock#Shoulder locks|shoulder lock]] using the legs

====Leglock====

{{Further|Leglock}}

'''[[Leglock]]''': A general term for [[joint lock]]s at the [[hip]], [[knee]], or [[ankle]]

* '''[[leglock#Ankle lock|Ankle lock]]''': A [[leglock]] that hyper extends the [[ankle]]

* '''[[leglock#Heel hook|Heel hook]]''': A [[leglock]] that attacks the knee

* '''[[leglock#Kneebar|Kneebar]]''': A [[leglock]] that [[hyperextend]]s the [[knee]]

* '''[[leglock#Toe hold|Toe hold]]''': A type of [[leglock]] that hyper extends the [[ankle]]

===Chokeholds and strangles===

{{Main|Chokehold}}

* '''[[arm triangle choke#Anaconda choke|Anaconda choke]]''': A type of [[arm triangle choke]]

* '''[[Arm triangle choke]]''': A [[chokehold]] similar to the [[triangle choke]] except using the arms

* '''[[Judo technique#Shime-waza .28.E7.B5.9E.E6.8A.80.29: chokes or strangles|Crosschoke]]''': Athlete crosses own arms in "X" shape and holds onto opponent's [[keikogi|gi]] or clothing

* '''[[Sode guruma jime|Ezequiel]]''': Reverse of the rear naked choke, using the inside of the sleeves for grip

* '''Gearlock''': A modified sleeper hold that puts an incredible amount of force on the opponent's windpipe, choking them out almost instantly if applied properly {{Citation needed|date=May 2020|reason=It's very hard to find info on this 'sleeper hold' and unconsciousness does not come quickly from applying force to the windpipe, though possibly injury.}}

* '''[[Judo technique#Shime-waza .28.E7.B5.9E.E6.8A.80.29: chokes or strangles|Gi Choke]]''': or [[Okuri eri jime]] as it is known in Judo is a single lapel [[strangle]]

* '''[[Gogoplata|Gogoplata (Hell's Gate)]]''': Performed by putting one's shin on the wind pipe of an opponent and pulling the head down; typically set up from the rubber guard

* '''[[Guillotine choke]]''': A facing [[Chokehold|choke]], usually applied to an opponent from above

* '''Locoplata''': A variation of the '''Gogo-plata''' that uses the other foot to push the shin into the windpipe and uses the arm to wrap around the back of the head to grab the foot to secure the choke

* '''[[North–south choke]]''': A [[chokehold]] applied from the [[north-south position]] with opponent facing up; uses the shoulder and biceps to cut off air flow

* '''[[Rear naked choke]]''': A [[chokehold]] from the rear

* '''[[Triangle choke]]''': A [[chokehold]] that forms a triangle around the opponent's head using the legs

===Clinch holds===

{{Further|Clinch holds}}

* '''[[Bear hug]]''': A clinching hold encircling the opponent's torso with both arms, pulling toward oneself

* '''[[Collar tie]]''': Facing the opponent with one or both hands on the back of their head/neck

* '''[[collar tie#Double collar tie|Muay Thai clinch]]''': Holding the opponent with both arms around the neck while standing

* '''[[Overhook]]''': Holding over the opponent's arm while standing

* '''[[Pinch grip tie]]''': Term for a particular harness hold, common in [[Greco-Roman wrestling]] circles

* '''[[Underhook]]''': Holding under the opponent's arm while standing

* '''Tie''': A [[transition (grappling)|transitional hold]] used to stabilize the opponent in preparation for [[strike (attack)|striking]] or [[throw (grappling)|throwing]]

===Compression locks===

{{Further|Compression lock}}

* '''[[compression lock#Achilles lock|Achilles lock]]''': A [[compression lock]] on the [[achilles tendon]]

* '''[[compression lock#Biceps slicer|Biceps slicer]]''': A [[compression lock]] on the [[elbow]] joint and [[biceps]]

* '''[[Figure-four (grappling hold)|Figure four]]''': (also referred to as arm triangle, leg triangle) Term for arranging one's own arm or legs to resemble shape of numeral "4" when holding opponent

* '''[[compression lock#Leg slicer|Leg slicer]]''': A [[compression lock]] on the [[Calf (anatomy)|calf]] and [[thigh]]

===Pain compliance===

{{Further|Pain compliance}}

* '''Chin lock''': An arm hold on the chin that hurts the chin.

[[File:Bayon,_detail_of_a_bas-relief.jpg|thumb|Bas-relief of a headlock at the [[Bayon]] temple (12th/13th century). A [[Khmer people|Khmer]] soldier puts a [[Cham people|Cham]] soldier in a headlock.]]

===Pinning hold===

{{Further|Pinning hold}}

* [[Cradle (wrestling)|'''Cradle''']]: Compress opponent in a [[sit-up (exercise)|sit-up]] position to pin shoulders from [[side control|side mount]]

* '''Staple''': Using the opponent's clothing to help pin them against a surface

===Other grappling holds===

{{redirect|Headlock|the song|Headlock (song)}}

* '''Grapevine''': Twisting limbs around limbs in a manner similar to a plant [[vine]]

* '''Harness''': A hold that encircles the torso of an opponent, sometimes diagonally

* '''Headlock''': Circling the opponent's head with an arm, especially from the side; also called a '''rear Chancery'''

* '''[[Hooks (grappling)|Hooks]]''': Wrapping the arm or leg around an opponent's limb(s) for greater control

* '''[[Asphyxia#Compressive asphyxia|Leg scissors]]''': Causes [[asphyxia#Compressive asphyxia|compressive asphyxia]] by pressing the [[chest]] or [[abdomen]]

* '''Scissor''': Places the opponent between the athlete's legs (like paper to be cut by [[scissors]])

* '''Stack''': Compresses the opponent in a vertical [[sit-up (exercise)|sit-up]] position (feet up) to pin their shoulders to mat

==See also==

* [[Chokehold]]

* [[Clinch fighting]]

* [[Compression lock]]

* [[Grappling]]

* [[Ground fighting]]

* [[Joint lock]]

* [[List of judo techniques|Judo techniques]]

* [[Jujutsu techniques]]

* [[Professional wrestling holds]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

* ''Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: Theory and Technique'' by Renzo Gracie and Royler Gracie (2001). {{ISBN|1-931229-08-2}}

* ''Championship Wrestling,'' Revised Edition. (Annapolis MD: United States Naval Institute, 1950).

* ''No Holds Barred Fighting: The Ultimate Guide to Submission Wrestling'' by Mark Hatmaker with Doug Werner. {{ISBN|1-884654-17-7}}

* ''Small-Circle Jujitsu'' by Wally Jay. (Burbank CA: Ohara Publications, 1989).

{{refend}}

==External links==

* [http://www.submissions101.com/ Free Jiu-Jitsu and Submission Grappling Videos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011011530/http://www.submissions101.com/ |date=2007-10-11 }}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027101648/http://geocities.com/global_training_report/clinch.htm The Subtle Science of the Muay Thai Clinch By Roberto Pedreira] Includes pictures of common Muay Thai clinching holds.

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060103055949/http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/Competition/Burns/burnsindex.htm Lessons in Wrestling and Physical Culture], a scan of the 1912 correspondence course from [[Martin 'Farmer' Burns]].

* [http://www.mma-training.com/mma-submission-holds.html List of Submissions for MMA] Grappling holds and submissions used in MMA. Each submission links to videos and step by step instruction.

* [http://www.judo-snijders.nl/ categorized judo techniques on video] - Tournaments, champions, Olympics etc.

* [http://www.ultimatefightleague.com/ Mixed Martial Arts Search Engine] A search engine covering all things exclusive to MMA.

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110116063010/http://www.fightersdirect.com/mma-training/the-most-popular-mma-training-workout MMA Training] Free MMA Training help and advice.

* [http://blog.defensesoap.com/athletes/mma-submission-moves/ MMM Submission Moves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308182308/http://blog.defensesoap.com/athletes/mma-submission-moves/ |date=2018-03-08 }} 10 Submission Moves For MMA Athletes.

* [http://www.femalewrestlingchannel.com/rules Female Wrestling Channel Rules] Competitive Female Wrestling Pin and Submission Rules at the Female Wrestling Channel

* [https://www.free-ebooks.net/ebook/Girl-Fighting-Exposed-7th-edition] Free book focusing on the mount position

{{Grappling}}

*[[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]]

{{Martial arts}}

*[[Chokehold]]

*[[Clinching hold]]

*[[Grappling]]

*[[Judo]]

*[[Pain compliance hold]]

*[[Pinning hold]]

*[[Small joint manipulation]]

*[[Submission hold]]

*[[Wrestling]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grappling Hold}}

[[Category:Martial arts terms]]

[[Category:Grappling hold| ]]

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[[Category:Wrestling]]