Wikipedia:Technical terms and definitions: Difference between revisions

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When writing technical (scientific, medical, legal, etc.) articles, it is usually the case that a number of [[Technical terminology|'''technical terms''' or '''terms of art''']] and ''[[jargon]]'' specific to the subject matter will be presented. These should be defined or at least alternative language provided, so that a non-technical reader can both learn the terms and understand how they are used by scientists. It is also the case that such an article can cover a range of related subjects that might not each justify a separate article or Wikipedia page, and therefore making technical terms stand out in the text is the first level in a sequence from definition to subtitle to separate article. On the other hand, do not treat every “scientific” word as a technical term. Ask the question: Is this the only article or one of a very few where the term might be encountered in Wikipedia? Consider the examples presented below.

There are three basic markups used to make technical terms stand out; these are ''italic'' (in [[typography]] also termed ''oblique'' with regard to [[sans-serif]] fonts), '''bold''', and '''''bold italic'''''. The following uses of these styles are recommended for technical articles:

''<< [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]]''

''Italic'' (edited as <ttcode><nowiki>''</nowiki>italic<nowiki>''</nowiki></ttcode>); is used for:

When writing technical articles, it is usually the case that a number of '''technical terms''' or ''jargon'' specific to the subject matter will be presented. These should be defined or at least alternative language provided, so that a non-technical reader can both learn the terms and understand how they are used by scientists. It is also the case that such an article can cover a range of related subjects that might not each justify a separate article or Wikipedia page, and therefore making technical terms stand out in the text is the first level in a sequence from definition to subtitle to separate article. On the other hand, do not treat every “scientific” word as a technical term. Ask the question: Is this the only article or one of a very few where the term might be encountered in Wikipedia? Consider the examples presented below.

*ForeignWords languageof wordsforeign thatlanguages, areother notthan generallyestablished used[[loan in Englishword]]s: "''hidari''" (Jp: "left"); but not the word "gauche" (from Fr: "left"), since this is an established loan word in English.

*Binomial names of organisms (''Genus species''), which are alwaysconsidered ''italicized'';Latin, theeven genusif namenewly iscoined. (The initial first-letter of a genus is always capitalized, thebut speciesnever namethat isof nota species.) Higher taxonomic levels are not italicized. When both the classification term and its name form a unified title, they are both first-letter capitalized: "Family Poaceae"; when they do not form a title, only the name is capitalized: "the family Poaceae".

There are three basic markups used to make technical terms stand out; these are ''italic'' (also termed ''oblique'' with [[sans-serif]] fonts), '''bold''', and '''''bold italic'''''. The following uses of these styles are recommended for technical articles:

''Italic'' (edited as <tt><nowiki>''</nowiki>italic<nowiki>''</nowiki></tt>); used for:

*Binomial names of organisms (''Genus species'') are always ''italicized''; the genus name is first-letter capitalized, the species name is not. Higher taxonomic levels are not italicized. When both the classification term and its name form a unified title, they are both first-letter capitalized: "Family Poaceae"; when they do not form a title, only the name is capitalized: "the family Poaceae".

*Foreign language words that are not generally used in English: ''hidari'' (Jp: "left"); but not the word gauche (from Fr: "left"), since this is an established word in English.

*Technical or scientific terms that are defined above in the same article (and appear there in '''''bold italic'''''; see below) to demonstrate use of the term, or emphasize that use to the reader. Although it is standard practice in text books to put in italics or bold font those words likely to be new to the reader only the first time the word appears, it is helpful to the learning process if newly defined terms that reappear are rendered in ''italic'' font elsewhere in a Wikipedia article.

*Terms that are not defined at that point in the text, but are nonetheless "technical", although will likely appear in numerous other articles in Wikipedia. Here, the "emphasize only the first time used on a page" rule could apply. Example (from [[Plant]]):

::Groups at this level of organization, collectively called ''bryophytes'', include….

*Words as words: <code>''Deuce'' means ''two''.</code>, Seeor also:<code>"deuce" [[Wikipedia:Manualmeans of Style]]"two"</code>, subsectionswhichever '''Captionwill style'''be andclearer '''Stylein forcontext words(consider asan words'''article andwith many quotations, or an article full of italicized foreign terms). See [[Wikipedia:CiteManual yourof sources]]Style#Words foras other useswords|Wikipedia:Manual of italicisedStyle: or"Words as words" subsection]] for obliquemore textinformation.

*Legal case names are always italicized: ''Plessy v Ferguson''.

*See also [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Captions|Wikipedia:Manual of Style: "Captions" subsection]] and [[Wikipedia:Cite your sources]] for other uses of italicized text.

'''Bold''' (edited as <ttcode><nowiki>'''</nowiki>bold<nowiki>'''</nowiki></ttcode>); used for:

*First use of the article name, near the front of the [[MOS:INTRO|introduction sentence]].

*Definitions that are important aspects discussed by the article, but have not been elevated to the level of subtitle and do not pass the "rare technical term" test. Example (from [[Current (electricity)]]):

::In [[electricity]], '''current''' is any flow of [[electric charge|charge]], usually through a metal wire or some other electrical [[conductor (material)|conductor]]. '''Conventional current''' was defined early in the history of electrical science as a flow of positive charge, although we now know that, in the case of metallic conduction...

'''''Bold italic''''' (edited as <ttcode><nowiki>'''''</nowiki>bold italic<nowiki>'''''</nowiki></ttcode>); used for:

*First time introduction of a technical term. if Thisthe shouldterm be part of a definition sentence oris immediately followed by a non-technical substitute in parentheses. Example (from [[Fern]]):

::A fern is defined as a [[vascular plant]] that reproduces by shedding [[spores]] to initiate an [[alternation of generations]]. New fronds arise by '''''[[Vernation|circinate vernation]]''''' (unrolling leaf formation).

As in the fern example above, any of the three styles described above could be turned into a link if there exists a more detailed or better explanation of the technical term in a separate article. It may not be necessary then to define the term in the article if a link leads to a definition. However, to aid the reader in continuing with the text without having to leave an article for other details, it might still be appropriate to include a non-technical substitute in parentheses, as in the fern example above.

When a vast amount of jargon appears in an article, you might consider bundling all terms and their definitions within a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (glossaries)|glossary]] using the definition list markup:

Some other markups are available but risky. Examples are <tt>teletype</tt> (edited as <tt>&lt;tt&gt;teletype&lt;/tt&gt;</tt>), <u>underline</u> (edited as <tt>&lt;u&gt;underline&lt;/u&gt;</tt>), and ''italic'' (edited as <tt>&lt;i&gt;italic&lt;/i&gt;</tt> or <tt>&lt;cite&gt;italic&lt;/cite&gt;</tt>). But the teletype (monospace) tag does not usually produce text sufficiently different from the standard Wikipedia font to be useful; the underline tag can create confusion with links; and the HTML tags &lt;i&gt; and &lt;cite&gt; are not differentiated by most common browsers. The Wikipedia italic, described above and edited as <tt><nowiki>''</nowiki>italic<nowiki>''</nowiki></tt>, is preferable to the

<blockquote><code><nowiki>; term : definition</nowiki></code></blockquote>

HTML tags &lt;i&gt; and &lt;cite&gt;.

==See also==

* [[Wikipedia:Federal Standard 1037C terms]]

* [[Wikipedia:Make technical articles accessible]]

The markup "double-quoted" (edited as <tt>"double-quoted"</tt>) is not risky, but see the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]], subsection '''Punctuation''' for use of quotation marks.

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