Wikipedia:Image use policy: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|English Wikipedia policy}}
<noinclude>{{pp-move-indef}}</noinclude><noinclude>{{pp-semi-indef}}</noinclude>{{policy|WP:IUP|WP:IMAGEPOL}}
{{policy in a nutshell|Be very careful when uploading [[copyright]]ed images, fully describe images' origins and copyright details on their description pages, and try to make images as useful and reusable as possible.}}
{{content policy list}}
This page sets out the policies towards '''images'''—including format, content, and [[copyright]] issues.
For information on media in general (images, sound files, etc.), see [[Help:Creation and usage of media files]]. For information on uploading, see [[Wikipedia:Uploading images]], or go directly to [[Special:Upload]].
For other legal and copyright policies, see {{section link|Wikipedia:List of policies#Legal}}.
{{anchor|Adding images}}
== Identifying usable images ==
==
{{anchor|COPYRIGHT}}{{shortcut|WP:IUP#COPYRIGHT|WP:IUPC}}
Before you upload an image, make sure that the image falls in one of the four categories:
* '''Own work''': You own all rights to the image, usually meaning that you created it entirely yourself. In case of a photograph or [[screenshot]], you must also own the copyright for all copyright-protected items (e.g. statue or app) that appear in it <small>([[:File:Caldwell courthouse 2005.jpg|example]], [[#User-created images|see below for details]])</small>.
* '''Freely licensed''': You can prove that the copyright holder has released the image under an [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Free licenses|acceptable free license]] <small>([[:File:Big red boat 1998.jpg|example]], [[#Free licenses|see below for details]])</small>. Note that images that are licensed for use only on Wikipedia, or only for non-commercial or educational use, or under a license that doesn't allow for the creation of modified/derived works, are unsuitable. '''Important note''': just because you did not have to pay money for the image does '''not''' mean that it is "free content" or acceptable for use on Wikipedia. The vast majority of images on the internet are copyrighted and cannot be used here – even if there is not a copyright notice, it is automatically copyrighted from the moment of creation. When in doubt, do <strong>not</strong> upload copyrighted images.
* '''Public ___domain''': You can prove that the image is in the [[Wikipedia:public ___domain|public ___domain]], i.e. free of all copyrights <small>([[:File:Vehicle simulator.jpg|example]], [[#Public ___domain|see below for details]])</small>.
* '''Fair use/non-free''': You believe that the image meets the special [[WP:NFC|conditions for non-free content]], which exceptionally allow the use of unlicensed material, and you can provide an explicit [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|non-free use rationale]] explaining why and how you intend to use it <small>([[:File:Oppenheimer (film).jpg|example]], [[#Fair-use/Non-free images|see below for details]])</small>.
====User-created images====
Wikipedia encourages users to upload their own images. All user-created images <strong>must</strong> be licensed under a free license, such as a [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/All#Creative Commons|Creative Commons]] license, or released into the [[Wikipedia:Public ___domain|public ___domain]], which removes all copyright and licensing restrictions. When licensing an image, it is common practice to multi-license under both GFDL and a Creative Commons license.
=====Photographs=====
Such images can include photographs which you yourself took. The legal rights for images generally lie with the <em>photographer</em>, not the <em>subject</em>. Simply re-tracing a copyrighted image or [[diagram]] does <em>not</em> necessarily create a new copyright—copyright is generated only by instances of "creativity", and not by the amount of labor which went into the creation of the work.
Photographs of two-dimensional objects such as paintings in a museum often do not create a new copyright (see the section on the [[#Public ___domain|public ___domain]] below), as, within the United States, these are considered "slavish copies" without any creativity (see ''[[Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.]]'').
Photographs of three-dimensional objects almost always generate a new copyright, though others may continue to hold copyright in items depicted in such photographs. Whether the photo carries the copyright of the object photographed depends on numerous factors. For three-dimensional art and architecture such as buildings in public spaces, each country has unique [[freedom of panorama]] allowances that consider if such photographs are treated as [[derivative work]]s of the object and thus copyrighted; [[c:Commons:Freedom of panorama|Commons:Freedom of panorama]] outlines these clauses per jurisdiction. The shape and design of utilitarian objects, such as cars, furniture, and tools, are generally considered uncopyrightable, allowing such photos to be put into the public ___domain or freely licensed; however this does not extend to decorative features such as artistic elements on the object's surfaces like an artistic painting on a car's hood. If you have questions in respect to this, please ask the regulars at [[Wikipedia talk:Copyrights]].
Images with you, friends or family prominently featured in a way that distracts from the image topic are not recommended for the main namespace. These images are considered self-promotion and the Wikipedia community has repeatedly reached consensus to delete such images. Using such images on user pages is allowed.
Some images may contain [[trademark]]ed logos incidentally (or purposely if the image is either freely licensed, covered under freedom of panorama, or being too simple to be copyrightable). If this is the case, please tag it with {{tl|trademark}}. Copyrighted elements may also be present in ''[[de minimis]]'' in photographs, where the copyrighted element is visible but not the focus of the photograph. In such cases, ''de minimis'' copyrighted elements do not affect the copyright of the photograph; such a photo may still be licensed freely. For example, [[:File:New york times square-terabass.jpg|a photograph of Times Square]] can be considered free despite the numerous advertising signs in sight, as these ads are considered to be ''de minimis''.
=====Diagrams and other images=====
User-made images can also include the recreation of graphs, charts, drawings, and maps directly from available data, as long as the user-created format does not mimic the exact style of the original work. [[WP:Public Domain#Non-creative works|Technical data is uncopyrightable]], lacking creativity, but the presentation of data in a graph or chart can be copyrighted, so a user-made version should be sufficiently different in presentation from the original to remain free. In such cases, it is required to include [[WP:V|verification]] of the source(s) of the original data when uploading such images. See, for example [[:File:Painted Turtle Distribution alternate.svg]], [[:File:Conventional 18-wheeler truck diagram.svg]].
Additionally, user-made images may be wholly original. In such cases, the image should be primarily serving an educational purpose, and not as a means of self-promotion of the user's artistic skills. The subject to be illustrated should be clearly identifiable in context, and should not be overly stylized. See for example [[:File:Checker shadow illusion.svg]].
When making user-made diagrams or similar images, [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Color coding|try not to use color alone]] to convey information, as it is [[WP:Accessibility|inaccessible in many situations.]]
=====AI-generated images=====
{{shortcut|WP:AIIMAGES|WP:AIGI}}<!--See [[Wikipedia:Requests for comment/AI images]]-->
Most images wholly generated by AI should not be used in mainspace, especially for named people and in technical or scientific subjects such as anatomy and chemistry. Obvious exceptions include articles about AI and articles about notable AI-generated images; other categories of exceptions may arise through further community discussion. Community members have largely rejected making exceptions merely because an image lacks obvious errors, or because no free non-AI-generated images are available.
AI-generated images should not be used to depict [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|living people]]. Marginal cases (such as major AI enhancement or if an AI-generated image of a living person is itself notable) are subject to case-by-case consensus.<!--See [[Wikipedia:Requests for comment/AI images#BLPs]]-->
====Free
There are several licenses that meet the [http://freedomdefined.org/Definition definition of "free"]. Several [[Creative Commons]] (CC) license alternatives are available. Licenses which restrict the use of the media to non-profit or educational purposes only (i.e. non-commercial use only), or which are given permission to appear ''only'' on Wikipedia, are ''not'' free enough for Wikipedia's usages or goals and will be deleted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2005-May/023760.html|title=[WikiEN-l] Non-commercial only and By Permission Only Images to be deleted|work=wikipedia.org}}</ref> In short, Wikipedia media (with the exception of "fair use" media—see [[#Fair use images|below]]) should be as "free" as Wikipedia's content—both to keep Wikipedia's own legal status secure and to allow as much re-use of Wikipedia content as possible. For example, Wikipedia can accept images under CC-BY-SA (Attribution-Share Alike) as a free license, but not CC-BY-SA-NC (Attribution-Share Alike-Non-Commercial). A list of possible licenses which are considered "free enough" for Wikipedia are listed at [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags]].
A list of websites that offer free images can be found at [[c:Commons:Free media resources]]. If the place where you found the image does not declare a pre-existing free license, yet allows use of its content under terms commonly instituted by them, it must <strong>explicitly</strong> declare that commercial use and modification is permitted. If it does not so declare, you must assume that you may ''not'' use the image unless you obtain [[WP:COPYREQ|verification or permission from the copyright holder]].
'''Important note:''' If an article has a compatible free license, this doesn't necessarily mean that all images in this article have the same free license. Despite the general freedom granted by the free license, there might be specific components that are copyrighted and these copyrighted components should be clearly identified as being excluded from the free license. Even in free articles, always check image captions for statements like "Reprinted with permission from" or "©-Copyright holder", which signal that these images are not covered by the overall free license.<ref>{{cite web |title=Marking third party content |url=https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Marking/Creators/Marking_third_party_content |website=wiki.creativecommons.org |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111062717/https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Marking/Creators/Marking_third_party_content/ |archive-date=11 January 2024}}</ref>
===== GNU Free Documentation License =====
The [[GNU Free Documentation License]] (GFDL) is not permitted as the only acceptable license where all of the following are true:<ref>[[Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)/Archive 182#Restricting GFDL-licensed uploads]], May 2021</ref>
*The content was licensed on or after 1 August 2021. The licensing date is considered, not the creation or upload date.
*The content is primarily a photograph, painting, drawing, audio or video.
*The content is not a software logo, diagram or screenshot that is extracted from a GFDL software manual.
GFDL content may still be usable under the non-free content policy. If a work that is not a [[derivative work]] with a GFDL license is used under a non-free rationale it does not have to be scaled down, but other non-free limitations will still apply.
====Public
{{Further|Wikipedia:Public ___domain|Wikipedia:Public ___domain image resources}}
Public ___domain images are not copyrighted, and copyright law does not restrict their use in any way. Wikipedia pages, including non-English language pages, are hosted on a server in the United States, so US law governs whether a Wikipedia image is in the public ___domain.
Images may be placed into the public ___domain by their creators, or they may be public ___domain because they are ineligible for copyright or because their copyright expired. In the US as of January 1, {{CURRENTYEAR}}, [[WP:COPYEXP|copyright has expired]] on any work published anywhere before January 1, {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-95}}. Although US copyrights have also expired for many works published since then, the rules for determining expiration are complex; see [[Wikipedia:Public ___domain#When does copyright expire?|When does copyright expire?]] for details.
In the US, reproductions of two-dimensional public ___domain artwork do not generate a new copyright; see ''[[Bridgeman v. Corel]]''. Scans of images ''alone'' do not generate new copyrights—they merely inherit the copyright status of the image they are reproducing. For example, a straight-on photograph of the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' is ineligible for copyright.
Works must usually entail a minimum amount of creativity to be copyrightable. Those that fail to meet this [[threshold of originality]] and are therefore not copyrightable, fall instead into the public ___domain. For instance, images that consist only of simple typeface are generally public ___domain (though they may yet be trademarked). Editors must be aware of the origin country of the image, as the threshold of originality [[c:Commons:Threshold of originality|may vary significantly among jurisdictions]]. The US has a high threshold, whereas the UK has a lower one, following a "sweat of the brow" standard. In such cases, an image that is copyrighted in its home country, but ineligible for copyright in the US may be uploaded locally on the English Wikipedia as a public ___domain image using a tag such as {{tl|PD-USonly}}. This will help to prevent copying to Commons, where media must be free both in the source country and the US.
If you strongly suspect an image is a copyright infringement, you should list it for deletion; see {{section link||Deleting images}} below. For example, an image with no copyright status on its [[Help:File page|file page]] and published elsewhere with a copyright notice should be listed for deletion.
====Fair-use/Non-free images====
{{main|Wikipedia:Non-free content}}<!-- policy has priority-->
Some usage of copyrighted materials without permission of the copyright holder can qualify as [[fair use]] in the United States (but not in most other [[jurisdiction]]s). However, since Wikipedia aims to be a free-content encyclopedia, not every image that qualifies as fair-use may be appropriate. As [[wmf:Resolution:Licensing policy|required by the Wikimedia Foundation]] to meet the goals of a free content work, the English Wikipedia has adopted a purposely-stricter standard for fair-use of copyrighted images and other works, called the [[WP:NFCC|non-free content criteria]]. In general, if the image cannot be reused (including with redistribution and modification rights) by any entity, including commercial users, then the image must be considered non-free.
Use of copyrighted material under an invalid claim of a non-free rationale constitutes [[copyright infringement]] and is illegal. Media which are mistagged as non-free or are a flagrant copyright violation can be removed on sight. Editors who notice correctable errors in non-free tags or rationales are urged to fix them, if able. Voluntarily fixing such problems is helpful to Wikipedia, though many errors may be impossible to fix, such as the original source or copyright owner. A user may be banned for repeatedly uploading material which is neither free nor follows the requirements for non-free images.
See also:
* {{section link|Wikipedia:Copyrights|Image guidelines}}
* [[Wikipedia:File copyright tags]]
* [[Wikipedia:Logos]]
====Watermarks, credits, titles, and distortions====
{{shortcut|WP:WATERMARK}}
{{Further|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions#Credits}}
Free images should not be [[Digital watermarking|watermarked]], distorted, have any credits or titles in the image itself or anything else that would hamper their free use (unless, of course, the image is intended to demonstrate watermarking, distortion, titles, etc. and is used in the related article). Exceptions may be made for historic images when the credit or title forms an integral part of the composition. Historical images in the public ___domain sometimes are out of focus, display dye dropouts, dust or scratches or evidence of the printing process used. All photo credits should be in a summary on the [[Help:File page|image description page]]. Images with watermarks may be tagged {{tl|imagewatermark}}.
===Privacy rights===
{{main|Commons:Commons:Photographs of identifiable people|Foundation:Resolution:Images of identifiable people}}
When taking pictures of identifiable people, the subject's consent is not usually needed for straightforward photographs taken in a public place, but is often needed for photographs taken in a private place. This type of consent is sometimes called a [[model release]], and it is unrelated to the photographer's copyright.
Because of the [[expectation of privacy]], the consent of the subject should normally be sought before uploading any photograph featuring an identifiable individual that has been taken in a private place, whether or not the subject is named. Even in countries that have no [[Privacy laws|law on privacy]], there is a moral obligation on us not to upload photographs which infringe the subject's reasonable expectation of privacy. If you upload a self-portrait, your consent is presumed.
Bear in mind that [[EXIF]] metadata in uploaded images{{snd}}such as time data and the make, model, and ___location of the device capturing the image{{snd}}is publicly visible.
Be aware that just because a freely licensed image may be available at Commons, it may still be inappropriate to use on the English Wikipedia due to our [[Wikipedia:Biography of living persons|policy on living persons]]. Commons is a shared media repository for [[Wikimedia Foundation]] projects, each of which may have its own content policies, and many of which differ significantly from those of the English Wikipedia.
====What are ''public'' and ''private'' places?====
For the purposes of this policy, a ''private place'' is a place where people have a reasonable expectation of privacy, while a ''public place'' is a place where people have no such expectation.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
;Examples of private places
* Inside any private residence
* Inside any restroom, dressing room, locker room
* Any medical facility
* A private area (hotel room, tent) within an otherwise public place (hotel, campground)
* In the parts of a building not freely accessible to the general public (e.g. a private office)
{{Col-break}}
;Examples of public places
* On a street or sidewalk
* Outdoors in an easily visible part of private property
* In parks and recreation areas open to the public
* At an event where people are openly taking pictures
* Inside buildings in areas freely accessible to the public (e.g. a foyer or lobby)
{{col-end}}
====Legal issues====
There are a variety of non-copyright laws which may affect the photographer, the uploader and/or the [[:Wikimedia:Home|Wikimedia Foundation]], including [[defamation]], [[personality rights]], [[trademark]] and [[privacy]] rights. Because of this, certain uses of such images may still be prohibited without the agreement of the depicted person, or the holder of other non-copyright related rights.
Defamation may arise not only from the content of the image itself but also from its description and title when uploaded. An image of an identified unknown individual may be unexceptional on its own, but with the title "''A drug-dealer''" there may be potential defamation issues in at least some countries.
Another factor to consider is the established reliability and past respect for copyright of the source of publication of a photo. Some tabloid newspapers and magazines have had legal issues with respect of original copyright for sake of getting their stories out, and images from such sources may be problematic to use on Wikipedia for both legal and moral reasons.
There are a limited number of types of images that are illegal as they are not considered protected speech within the United States' First Amendment, such as child pornography. These images are unacceptable under [[wmf:Terms of Use/en|the Wikimedia Foundation's terms of use]], and may never be uploaded to any Wikimedia server. Users who attempt to upload such images will likely be [[metawiki:WMF Global Ban Policy|banned from use of any Wikimedia Foundation server.]]
====Moral issues====
Not all legally obtained photographs of individuals are acceptable. The following types of image are normally considered unacceptable:
* Those that unfairly demean or ridicule the subject
* Those that are unfairly obtained
* Those that unreasonably intrude into the subject's private or family life
These are categories which are matters of common decency rather than law. They find a reflection in the wording of the [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a12 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 12]: "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation".
The extent to which a particular photograph is "unfair" or "intrusive" will depend on the nature of the shot, whether it was taken in a public or private place, the title/description, and on the type of subject (e.g. a celebrity, a non-famous person, etc.). This is all a matter of degree. A secretly taken shot of a celebrity caught in an embarrassing position in a public place may well be acceptable to the community; a similar shot of an anonymous member of the public may or may not be acceptable, depending on what is shown and how it is presented.
====Examples====
;Normally do not require consent of the subject
* A street performer during a performance
* An anonymous person in a public place, especially as part of a larger crowd
* Partygoers at a large private party where photography is expected
* A basketball player competing in a match open to the public
;Normally do require consent
* An identifiable child, titled "An obese girl" ''(potentially derogatory or demeaning)''
* Partygoers at a private party where photography is not permitted or is not expected ''(unreasonable intrusion without consent)''
* Nudes, underwear or swimsuit shots, unless obviously taken in a public place ''(unreasonable intrusion without consent)''
* Long-lens images, taken from afar, of an individual in a private place ''(unreasonable intrusion)''
====Alternatives====
If an image requires consent, but consent cannot be obtained, there are several options. For example, identifying features can be blurred, pixelated, or obscured so that the person is no longer identifiable. Also, the picture may be re-taken at a different angle, perhaps so that the subject's face is not visible.
==Uploading images==
Privacy disclosure statement: for image file formats JPG and PNG all EXIF metadata in the uploaded image is publicly visible on all Wikipedia and associated websites. This includes your ___location, the date and time the image was recorded and the make and model of your camera or smartphone.
===Format<span id="image formats"></span>===
{{anchor|FORMAT}}{{shortcut|WP:IUP#FORMAT}}
{{Further|Wikipedia:Preparing images for upload}}
Generally:
* Drawings, [[Icon (computing)|icons]], [[logo]]s, maps, flags and other such images are preferably uploaded in [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]] [[Image file formats|format]] as [[vector images]]. Images with large, simple, and continuous blocks of color which are not available as SVG should be in [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]] format.
* Software [[screenshot]]s should be in [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]] format.
* Photos and [[Image scanner|scanned]] images should be in [[JPEG]] format, though a [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]] may be useful as well for simple subjects (where PNG would result in a smaller file without degrading quality).
* TV- and movie screenshots should be in [[JPEG]] format.
* Inline animations should be in animated [[GIF]] format.
* Video should be in [[Ogg]]/[[Theora]] or [[WebM]] format.
Generally speaking, you should not contribute images consisting solely of formatted or unformatted text, tables, or mathematical formulas. In most cases these can instead be typed directly into an article in [[Help:Wiki markup|wiki markup]] (possibly using MediaWiki's special syntax for [[Help:Table|tables]], [[Help:Displaying a formula|math]]). This will make the information easier to edit, as well as make it [[web accessibility|accessible]] to users of screen readers and text-based [[web browser|browsers]].
In general, if you have a good image that is in the wrong format, convert it to the correct format before uploading. However, if you find a map, flag, etc. in JPEG format, only convert it to PNG if this reduces the file size. For further advice on converting JPEG to PNG, see [[Wikipedia:How to reduce colors for saving a JPEG as PNG]].
Most of the maps on the [[CIA World Factbook]] website were coded as JPEG, but are now coded as GIF. To update these photos, download the GIF picture from the CIA Factbook, convert it into a PNG, and upload it to Wikipedia.
Try to avoid editing JPEGs too frequently—each edit creates more loss of quality. If you can find an original of a photograph in 16-bit or 24-bit PNG or [[TIFF]], edit that, and save as JPEG before you upload. A limited variety of edits (crops, rotation, flips) can be performed [[lossless]]ly using [http://jpegclub.org/ jpegcrop] (Windows) or [http://jpegclub.org/jpegtran/ jpegtran] (other); try to use this where possible.
JPEG files should not use [[arithmetic coding]] due to limited browser support. Please prefer [[Huffman coding]] for JPEG files instead.
Avoid images that mix photographic and iconic content.
Though [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] makes it easy to use a PNG overlay on top of a JPEG image, the Wikipedia software does not allow such a technique. Thus, both parts must be in the same file, and either the quality of one part will suffer, or the file size will be unnecessarily large.
SVG support is implemented as of September 2005 (see [[meta:SVG image support]]). The SVG is not directly given to the browser; instead, the SVG file is dynamically rendered as a PNG at a given size, and that PNG is given to the browser.
====Images containing text<span id="no text"></span>====
If you create an image that contains text, please also upload a version without any text. It will help Wikipedians translate your image into other languages.
SVG images can contain text in multiple languages in a single file (using a <code>switch</code> element). See {{section link|Commons:Help:Translation tutorial#SVG files}}.
====Cropping<span id="edit for relevancy"></span>====
Within reason, crop an image to remove irrelevant areas. But do not "throw away information"; for example, if a photograph shows George Washington and Abraham Lincoln together at a birthday party, and the article you're working on requires only Lincoln, consider uploading ''both'' the original image and the crop of Lincoln. Also, if an image has captions as an inherent part of the artwork (as with book illustrations, early cartoons, many lithographs, etc.), don't crop them, or upload the original uncropped version as well.<!--probably should say something about retouching as well, but I'm out of energy-->
====Animated images====
{{anchor|ANIM}}{{shortcut|WP:IUP#ANIM}}
It may be preferable to convert a long or color-rich animation to [[Ogg]]/[[Theora]] format instead of GIF. Ogg does not allow an animation to play automatically on page loading, but it can contain audio and has generally better resolution.
Inline animations should be used sparingly; a static image with a link to the animation is preferred unless the animation has a very small file size. Keep in mind the problems with print compatibility mentioned elsewhere on this page.<!--where?-->
====Uploaded image size<span id="high-res"></span>====
{{Shortcut|WP:FILESIZE}}
{{redirect|WP:FILESIZE|text=You may be looking for [[#Displayed image size|Displayed image size]], another section on this page}}
{{for|the resolution of non-free images|Wikipedia:Non-free content#Image resolution}}
Wikipedia and its sister projects are repositories of knowledge, so images should be uploaded at high resolution whether or not this seems "necessary" for the use immediately contemplated{{mdashb}}"saving server space" is ''not'' a valid consideration in general, though there is a 1,000{{nbsp}}MB (1{{nbsp}}GB) limit.
Exception: If the image is [[WP:NFCC|copyrighted]] and used under fair use, the uploaded image must be as low-resolution as possible consistent with its fair-use rationale, to prevent use of Wikipedia's copy as a substitute for the original work.
The servers automatically handle the scaling of images (whatever their original size) to the sizes called for in particular articles, so it is neither necessary nor desirable to upload separate reduced-size or reduced-quality "thumbnail" versions, although compressing [[Portable Network Graphics|PNGs]] may be useful.
===Image titles and file names<span id="use_a_clear_title"></span>===
{{anchor|NAME}}{{shortcut|WP:IUP#NAME}}
Descriptive file names are also useful. A map of Africa could be called "Africa.png", but quite likely more maps of Africa will be useful in Wikipedia, so it is good to be more specific in a meaningful way, e.g. "Africa political map Jan. 2012.png", or "Africa political map with red borders.png". Check whether there are already maps of Africa in Wikipedia. Then decide whether your map should replace one (in each article that uses it) or be additional. In the first case give it exactly the same name, otherwise a suitable other name. Avoid special characters in filenames or excessively long filenames, though, as that might make it difficult for some users to download the files onto their machines. Every letter of a file name{{snd}}including the extension{{snd}}is case sensitive: "Africa.png" is considered ''distinct'' from "Africa.PNG". For uniformity, lower case file name extensions are recommended.
You may use the same name in the case of a different image that replaces the old one, and also if you make an improved version of the same image – perhaps a scanned image that you scanned again with a better quality scanner, or you used a better way of reducing the original in scale – then upload it with the same title as the old one. This allows people to easily compare the two images, and avoids the need to delete images or change articles. However, this is not possible if the format is changed, since then at least the extension part of the name has to be changed.
{{Anchor|always tag|always_tag|copyrights_in_mind|copyrights in mind|copyright in mind|copyright_in_mind|no credits|no_credits|cite_sources|cite sources}}
===Required information===
{{anchor|RI}}{{shortcut|WP:IUP#RI}}
*An '''[[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags|Image copyright tag]]'''
*'''Description:''' The subject of the image. This should explain what the picture is of (ideally linking the article(s) it would be used on), and other identifying information that is not covered by the bullets below. For example, a picture of a person taken at a public event will often identify that event and the date of the event. (This is different from the image's caption or alt-text, and might be more descriptive than these.)
*'''Origin (source):''' The copyright holder of the image or URL of the web page the image came from
:*For an image from the internet the URL of an HTML page ''containing'' the image is preferable to the URL for just the image itself.
:*For an image from a book this is ideally page number and full bibliographic information (author, title, ISBN number, page number(s), date of copyright, publisher information, etc.).
:*For a self-created image, state "Own work" (in addition to an appropriate copyright tag, such as {{tl|self}} or {{tl|PD-self}}).
*'''Author:''' The original creator of the image (especially if different from the copyright holder).
*'''Permission:''' Who or what law or policy gives permission to post on Wikipedia with the selected image copyright tag
*'''Date''' the image was created, if available; a full date, if available, is better than simply the year
*'''Location''' at which the image was created, if applicable and available. This can be as specific as a GPS-derived longitude and latitude.
*'''Other versions of this file''' on Wikipedia e.g. cropped or uncropped, retouched or unretouched.
*'''Rationale for use''' (only required for [[WP:NFC|non-free images]]). A separate non-free rationale is required for each use of the image on the English Wikipedia. Details of what is required for the non-free rationale is described in more depth [[WP:NFC#Implementation|on the non-free content page]].
==Adding images to articles==
===Image content and selection<span id="shocking images"></span>===
{{shortcut|WP:IMGCONTENT}}
{{Further|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images}}
The purpose of an image is to increase readers' understanding of the article's subject matter, usually by directly depicting people, things, activities, and concepts described in the article.
The relevant aspect of the image should be clear and central. Guidance for selecting images when multiple potential images are available can be found at [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images]], keeping in mind that [[WP:NFCC#1|Wikipedia desires freely licensed images over non-free ones]] when they otherwise serve the same educational purpose.
[[WP:Wikipedia is not censored|Wikipedia is not censored]], and explicit or even shocking pictures may serve an encyclopedic purpose, but editors should take care not to use such images simply to bring attention to an article.
===Placement===
{{shortcut|WP:IMGPLACEMENT}}
See [[Wikipedia:Extended image syntax]] for recommendations on the best markup to use. Images should be placed in articles following [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images]]. For ideas and examples of how to place images, see [[Help:Pictures]].
====Image galleries====
{{shortcut|WP:IG|WP:GALLERY}}
{{Redirect|Wikipedia:Gallery|instructions for placing a gallery on a page|Help:Gallery tag|the maintenance tag|Template:Cleanup-gallery}}
{{Redirect|WP:IG|the use of Instagram as a source|WP:INSTAGRAM}}
{{see|MOS:PEOPLEGALLERY}}
In articles that have several images, they are typically placed individually near the relevant text (see [[MOS:IMAGELOCATION]]). Wikipedia [[WP:NOTREPOSITORY|is not an image repository]]. A gallery is not a tool to shoehorn images into an article, and a gallery consisting of an indiscriminate collection of images of the article subject should generally either be improved in accordance with the below paragraphs or [[Wikipedia:Moving images to the Commons|moved]] to [[Wikipedia:Wikimedia Commons|Wikimedia Commons]].
Generally, a gallery or cluster of images should not be added so long as there is space for images to be effectively presented adjacent to text. A [[WP:PIC#Galleries|gallery section]] may be appropriate in some Wikipedia articles if a collection of images can illustrate aspects of a subject that cannot be easily or adequately described by text or individual images. Just as we seek to ensure that the prose of an article is [[Wikipedia:The perfect article|clear, precise and engaging]], galleries should be similarly well-crafted. Gallery images must collectively add to the reader's understanding of the subject without causing [[WP:WEIGHT|unbalance]] to an article or section within an article while avoiding similar or repetitive images, unless a point of contrast or comparison is being made.
Articles consisting entirely or primarily of galleries are discouraged, as the Commons is intended for such collections of images. One [[rule of thumb]] to consider: if, due to its content, such a gallery would only lend itself to a title along the lines of "Gallery" or "Images of ''[insert article title]''", as opposed to a more descriptive title, the gallery should either be revamped or moved to the Commons. However, a few Wikipedia gallery-only articles, such as [[Gallery of curves]], have been upheld at AfD. Links to Commons categories (or even Commons galleries) can be added to the Wikipedia article using the {{tl|Commons category}}, {{tl|Commons}}, or {{tl|Commons-inline}} templates.
Images should be captioned to explain their relevance to the article subject and to the theme of the gallery, and the gallery itself should be appropriately titled (unless its theme is clear from context). See [[Women's suffrage in New Zealand#Gallery|Women's suffrage in New Zealand]] for an example of an informative and well-crafted gallery. Be aware different screen size and browsers may affect [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Images|accessibility]] for some readers even with a well-crafted gallery.
Using animated [[GIF]]s to display multiple photos is discouraged. The method is not suitable for printing and also is not user-friendly (users cannot save individual images and have to wait before being able to view images while other images cycle round).
Fair-use images should almost never be included as part of a general image gallery, because their "fair use" status depends on their proper use in the context of an article (as part of analysis or criticism). See [[Wikipedia:Fair use]] for details. An example of an exception might be a gallery of comparable screenshots from a video game as it appears on two different platforms, provided that the differences are relevant (e.g., if the article discusses a controversy in the gaming press about the matter).
Some subjects easily lend themselves to image-heavy articles for which image galleries are suitable, such as plants (e.g., [[Lily]]), fashion (e.g., [[Wedding dress]]), and the visual arts (e.g., [[Oil painting]]). Others do not. There [[WP:NOETHNICGALLERIES|is consensus]] not to use a gallery of group members as the lead image for articles about large groups of people such as ethnicities.
The ''default size'' of a gallery should be understood as simply the size that images are presented as if nothing else is specified, not as the ''preferred size'' of the images. Disagreements about gallery image sizes should be settled like any other editing dispute, by discussion on the article talk page.
====Collages and montages====
{{shortcut|WP:COLLAGE|WP:MONTAGE}}
{{redirect|WP:MONTAGE|the essay on montage best practices|Wikipedia:Collage tips}}
[[Collage]]s and [[Photomontage|montages]] are single images that illustrate multiple closely related concepts, where overlapping or similar careful placement of component images is necessary to illustrate a point in an encyclopedic way. (See [[:File:Phoebian Explorers 2 PIA06118.jpg]] for an example montage.) The components of a collage or montage, as well as the collage or montage itself, must be properly licensed; and (as with galleries) fair-use components are rarely appropriate, as each non-free image used in the creation of the montage contributes towards consideration of [[WP:NFCC#3a|minimal use of non-free images]]. If a gallery would serve as well as a collage or montage, the gallery should be preferred, as galleries are easier to maintain and adjust better to user preferences.
====Image
{{shortcut|WP:IQUEUE}}
If an article seems to have too many images for its present text, consider moving some of them temporarily to the talk page, possibly using the [[Wikipedia:Gallery tag|<nowiki><gallery></nowiki>]]. However, [[fair-use]] images should not be moved to talk pages, for two reasons:
*fair-use images can <em>only</em> be used in articles (not e.g. talk pages or user pages), as specified in the image's fair-use rationale; and
*fair-use images become subject to deletion if not actually used in an article{{mdashb}}see {{section link|Wikipedia:Fair use#Policy}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images/Media}}.
===Displayed image size===
{{Shortcut|WP:THUMBSIZE|WP:IMGSIZE|WP:IMAGESIZE}}
{{Further|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images#Size|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Images}}
{{redirect|WP:IMAGESIZE|text=You may be looking for [[#Uploaded image size|Uploaded image size]], another section on this page}}
Images adjacent to text should generally carry a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions|caption]] and use the "<code>[[Wikipedia:Picture tutorial#thumb|thumb]]</code>" (thumbnail) option, which displays the image as follows:
*A1. The default width is 250px ([[pixel]]s), unless the user changes the relevant setting in preferences (before any scaling due to <code>upright</code>{{emdash}}see B below).
*A2. For a logged-in user, the width{{mdashb}}before any scaling due to <code>upright</code>{{mdashb}}is set in the [[Help:Preferences#Files|user preferences]].
*B. If the <code>[[Wikipedia:Picture tutorial#upright|upright]]</code> parameter is present, then the initial width determined by A1 or A2 is multiplied by the ''upright'' scaling factor. This allows article editors to adjust the user's "base" image-size preference, according to the characteristics of a particular image. For example:
**<code>|thumb|upright=1.4</code> might be used for an image with fine detail, so that it will be rendered "40% larger than the user generally specified".
**<code>|thumb|upright=0.75</code> might be used for an image with little detail, which can be adequately displayed "25% smaller than the user generally specified".
Notes:
*<code>|thumb</code> (with <code>upright</code> completely absent) multiplies the width by 1.0 (i.e. changes nothing)
*<code>|thumb|upright</code> (with <code>upright</code> present, but no multiplier given) multiplies the width by 0.75 by default
*{{para|upright|''scaling_factor''}} can be used not only for thumbnails but for certain other images that serve much the same function as thumbnails but do not need frames around them or captions below them. In these cases add {{para||frameless}}.
See the {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images|Size}} for further guidance on expanded or reduced image sizes.
'''Except with very good reason, do not use''' <code>px</code> (e.g. <code>|thumb|300px</code>), '''which forces a fixed image width measured in pixels, disregarding the user's image size preference setting.''' In most cases {{nobr|1=<code>upright=''scaling_factor''</code>}} should be used, thereby respecting the user's base preference (which may have been selected for that user's particular devices). If <code>px</code> <em>is</em> used, the resulting image should usually be no more than 500 pixels tall and no more than 400 pixels wide, for comfortable display on the smallest devices "in common use" (though this may still cause viewing difficulties on some unusual displays). To convert a <code>px</code> value to <code>''scaling_factor''</code>, divide it by 250 and round the result as desired. For example, {{para||150px}} is roughly equivalent to {{para|upright|0.7}} (150 / 250 ≃ 0.6).
====Infobox and lead images====
{{shortcut|WP:IMGSIZELEAD}}
Stand-alone lead images (not in an infobox) should be no wider than <code>upright=1.35</code> (equivalent to 340px at the default preference selection of 250px after rounding up to multiples of four pixels).
The lead image in an [[WP:INFOBOX|infobox]] should not impinge on the default size of the infobox. Therefore, it should be no wider than <code>upright=0.9</code> (equivalent to 228px). Images in infoboxes are generated by many different means. The most common method used to implement <code>upright</code> is [[Module:InfoboxImage]] (see documentation there). Alternatively, infoboxes can use standard [[Wikipedia:Extended image syntax|image syntax]] in the form of:
:<code><nowiki>[[File:Westminstpalace.jpg|frameless|center|upright=</nowiki>''scaling_factor''<nowiki>]]</nowiki></code>
==Deleting images==
{{Further|Wikipedia:Guide to image deletion}}
# Consider contacting the user who uploaded the image, telling them of your concerns. You may be able to resolve the issue at this point.
# Add a deletion notice to the image description page
#* If it is an obvious copyright violation: use the {{tl|db-f9}} or {{tl|db-filecopyvio}} tag
#* If it falls under certain of the other conditions listed under {{sectionlink|Wikipedia:Speedy_deletion#Files}}: use {{tls|nsd}} for files that lack a description of its origin, {{tls|nld}} for files that lack licensing information, {{tls|nsdnld}} for files that lack both of these, {{tls|npd}} for files that have a licensing statement but no evidence that it really applies
#* If it is tagged as non-free but obviously fails the [[WIkipedia:Non-free content|non-free content policy]] in certain ways: use {{tls|orfud}} if it isn't used in any article, {{tls|rfud}} if it is replaceable with a free file, {{tls|nrd}} if it lacks a non-free content rationale, {{tls|dfu}} if the rationale is in some other way obviously insufficient, {{tls|prod}} if there are any other concerns
#: In all these cases, the file will be deleted by an administrator after a waiting period of a few days or a week.
# If the file is tagged as freely licensed but you have reasons to suspect this tagging is false: list the file under [[Wikipedia:Files for discussion|files for discussion]], by adding the {{tl|ffd}} template on the file and then adding a listing to the [[Wikipedia:Files for discussion]] pages following the instructions in the tag.
# Same if you think it should be deleted for some other reason: list the file under [[Wikipedia:Files for discussion|files for discussion]], by adding the {{tl|ffd}} template on the file and then adding a listing to the [[Wikipedia:Files for discussion]] pages following the instructions in the tag. This process may be used for images that are low quality, obsolete, unencyclopedic, likely to remain unused, or whose use under the non-free content rules is disputed.
# In each case, give proper notification to the uploader, following the instructions in the deletion tag.
To actually delete an image after following the above procedure, you must be an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]. To do so, go to the image description page and click the ''(del)'' or ''Delete this page'' links. Administrators can also restore deleted images.
==See also==
* [[Wikipedia:Arguments to avoid in file deletion discussions]]
* [[Wikipedia:Finding images tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Graphics tutorials]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to create charts for Wikipedia articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to upload a photo]]
* [[Wikipedia:Image dos and don'ts]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples]] – a related guideline for copyrighted music samples
* [[Wikipedia talk:What Wikipedia is not/galleries]] – discussion of amending WP:NOT held over 2005 and 2006
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Images and Media/Illustration taskforce]]
* {{section link|Meta:Help:Redirect#Images linking to a specific page}}
* [[:Category:Images requiring maintenance]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}
[[
[[Category:Wikipedia copyright]]
[[Category:Wikipedia image help|Image]]
[[Category:Wikipedia images|*]]
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