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Riga 27:

Jorge Luis Borges nacque in una famiglia colta e benestante. Si trovavano in circostanze agiate, ma non abbastanza da vivere nel centro della sua città natale, Buenos Aires; vivevano infatti nel quartiere di [[Palermo (Buenos Aires)|Palermo]]. Si trasferirono poi più in periferia.

La madre di Borges, Leonor Acevedo Suàrez, discendeva da una famiglia [[Uruguay|uruguagliana]] di origine [[creolo|creola]]. La sua famiglia era stata molto attiva nella conquista europea del Sud America e lei parlava frequentemente delle gesta eroiche dei suoi avi<ref Name="LRB">[http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n09/toib01_.html "Don’t abandon me" Tóibín, Colm'' ''London Review of Books'' 2006-05-11.] Retrieved 2009-04-19</ref>. A riguardo il libro di Borges ''Cuaderno San Martín'' ([[1929]]) contiene la poesia "Isidoro Acevedo", che commemora suo nonno, Isidoro de Acevedo Laprida, un soldato dell'esercito di Buenos Aires che combattè nelle battaglie di Cepeda ([[1859]]), Pavòn ([[1861]]) e Los Corrales ([[1880]]). Borges crebbe dunque ascoldando le storie delle ormai scomparse fama e gloria della sua famiglia.

Il padre, invece, Jorge Guillermo Borges Haslam, era in parte spagnolo, in parte portoghese ed in parte inglese. Haslam, la cui madre era inglese, parlava correntemente inglese e portò la sua famiglia spesso e volentieri in Europa. Dunque anche [[Inghilterra]] e inglese influenzavano di non poco la cultura familiare<ref Name="LRB"/>.

Riga 38:

Nel [[1914]] la famiglia si trasferì a [[Ginevra]] in [[Svizzera]] e trascorse i successivi dieci anni in Europa<ref Name="LRB"/>. Haslam, diventato ceco (come lo sarebbe poi diventato il figlio), fu preso in cura da uno specialista, mentre i figli, Luis con la sorella [[Norah Borges|Nora]], andarono a scuola, dove Borges "junior" imparò il francese. Cominciò anche a fare letture filosofiche in tedesco. Nel [[1917]], all'età di diciotto anni, incontrò Maurice Abramowicz con cui iniziò un'amicizia che durò per il resto della sua vita<ref Name="LRB"/>. Ricevette il [[Maturità francese|Baccalauréat]] l'anno successivo. La famiglia decise di rimanere in Europa fino al [[1921]] per evitare i problemi politici che affigevano il loro Paese. Dopo la prima guerra mondiale vissero infatti in diverse città: [[Lugano]], [[Barcellona]], [[Majorca]], [[Seville]], e [[Madrid]]<ref Name="LRB"/>.

In quel periodo Borges scoprì gli scritti di [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] e lesse ''[[Il Golem (romanzo)|Il Golem]]'' di [[Gustav Meyrink]]. In Spagna Borges divenne membro del movimento [[avanguardiaAvanguardia (arte)|avanguardista]], antimodernista e [[utltraismo|ultraista]] che si ispirava a [[Apollinaire]] e [[Marinetti]]. La sua prima poesia, ''Himno del mar'' (Inno al Mare), scritta nello stile di [[Walt Whitman]], fu pubblicata sulla rivista ''Grecia''<ref>{{citeCita booklibro|lastcognome=Wilson|firstnome=Jason|titletitolo=Jorge Luis Borges|pagep=37|isbn=18618928611-86189-286-1|publishereditore=Reaktion Books|yearanno=2006}}</ref>. Incontrò sempre in Spagna alcuni noti scrittori come [[Rafael Cansinos Assens]] e [[Ramón Gómez de la Serna]].

===Inizi della carriera letteraria===

[[ImageFile:JorgeLuisBorges.jpg|thumb|Jorge Luis Borges negli anni '40. Fotografia presa da "Historia de la Literatura Argentina Vol II" ([[1968]])]]

Il [[4 marzo]] del 1921, Borges si imbarcò con la sua famiglia per tornare a Buenos Aires. Della sua città scrisse ad un amico che era "infestata da arrivisti, da bravi ragazzi privi di ogni facoltà mentale e da giovani ragazze semplicemente ornamentali"<ref Name="LRB"/>.

Riga 64:

===La maturità===

[[File:Borges 001.JPG|thumb|Borges nel 1976.]]

Il padre di Borges morì nel [[1938]], ceco ormai da diversi anni, e questo fu una tragedia per lo scrittore, che aveva un rapporto molto intimo con lui. La [[vigilia di Natale]] di quell'annno subì anche una grave ferita alla testa, per la quale, durante le cure, morì quasi di [[setticemia]]. Durante il suo ricovero, Borges cominciò ad esplorare un nuovo stile di scrittura, per la quale sarebbe poi diventato celebre. La sua prima storia dopo quell'evento, "Pierre Menard, autor del Quijote", arrivò nel [[maggio]] [[1939]]; la sua prima raccolta di brevi racconti, intitolata ''El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan'' (''Il giardino dei sentieri che si biforcano'') uscì nel [[1941]], composta prevalentemente da storie già pubblicate sul ''Sur''<ref>Vedi [[#Gli inizi della carriera|sopra]]</ref><ref Name="LRB"/>. Il racconto che dà il titolo alla raccolta parla di un professore cinese in inghilterra, il Dr. Yu Tsun, che fa la spia per la Germania durante la [[Prima Guerra Mondiale]], tentando di provare alle autorità che un asiatico è in grado di ottenere le informazioni che cercano. Attraverso questo libro, che potrebbe essere interpretato in varie maniere, Borges inventò l'[[Ipertesto#Ipertesto_letterario|ipertesto letterario]]<ref>{{cite conferenceCita conferenza|last1cognome1=Bolter |first1nome1=Jay David |last2cognome2=Joyce |first2nome2=Michael |titletitolo=Hypertext and Creative Writing |booktitle=Hypertext '87 Papers |yearanno=1987 |publishereditore=ACM |pagespp=41–50 |url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=317431 }}</ref><ref>{{cite bookCita libro|lastcognome=Moulthrop |firstnome=Stuart |editor1curatore-lastcognome1=Delany |editor1curatore-firstnome1=Paul |editor2curatore-lastcognome2=Landow |editor2curatore-firstnome2=George P. |titletitolo=Hypermedia and Literary Studies |chaptercapitolo=Reading From the Map: Metonymy and Metaphor in the Fiction of 'Forking Paths' |publishereditore=The MIT Press |yearanno=1991 |placecittà=Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England }}</ref>.

Composto di otto storie in circa sessanta pagine, il libro ebbe un discreto sucesso, ma non riuscì a far avere al suo autore alcun premio, benché molti se lo aspettassero<ref>{{citeCita web|url=http://www.enotes.com/poetry-criticism/borges-jorge-luis|titletitolo=Borges, Jorge Luis (Vol.32)|publishereditore=enotes|accessdateaccesso=3 dicembre 2008-12-03}}</ref><ref>Wardrip-Fruin, Noah & Montfort, Nick (2003). ''The New Media Reader''. MIT Press.</ref>.

Ad esso, comunque, la sua amica [[Victoria Ocampo]] dedicò una buona parte del numero della rivista [[Sur (rivista)|Sur]] nel [[luglio]] [[1941]].

All'età di circa trent'anni la sua vista cominciò a calare, come era successo per l'ormai defunto padre e Borges dovette presto ridurre il suo lavoro di scrittore, e cominciando, invece, a tenere conferenze<ref group='Notes' name='a'>"His was a particular kind of blindness, grown on him gradually since the age of thirty and settled in for good after his fifty-eighth birthday." From [[Alberto Manguel|, Alberto Manguel]] (2006) ''With Borges'', London:Telegram Books p 15-16.</ref><ref>[[Alberto Manguel|, Alberto Manguel]] (2006) ''With Borges'', London:Telegram Books p 15-16.</ref><ref>Woodall, J: ''The Man in Mirror of the Book, A Life of Luis Borges'', (1996) Hodder and Stoughton pxxx.</ref>. La sua fama crebbe tanto da ricevere le nomine di Presidente dell'<em>Associazione Argentina degli Scrittori</em> e di progessore di letteratura inglese ed americana all'<em>Associazione Argentina della Cultura Inglese</em>. Il suo breve racconto ''Emma Zunz'' fu trasformato in un film (con il titolo ''Días de odio'', ''Giorni di odio'', diretto nel [[1954]] dal regista argentino [[Leopoldo Torre Nilsson]])<ref>{{citeCita web|url= http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046947/|titletitolo=Days of Hate|publishereditore=Imdb|accessdateaccesso=4 dicembre 2008-12-04}}</ref>. Sempre in questo periodo Borges iniziò a scrivere sceneggiature.

Verso la fine degli [[anni '50]] diventò completamente cieco, ma questo non gli impedì di continuare la sua carriera di scrittore.

Riga 104 ⟶ 103:

===Gli ultimi anni===

[[ImageFile:Buenos Aires L1.jpg|thumb|Citazione di Borges nella metropolitana di Madrid:"Mi sa di finzione che Buenos Aires sia mai stata fondata. La reputo eterna come il mare ed il vento"]]

Nel [[1967]] Borges sposò Elsa Astete Millàn, che era rimasta vedova da poco. Gli amici credevano che sua madre, ormai novantenne, volesse trovare qualcuno a cui affidare il figlio, completamente cieco. Lo scrittore, tuttavia, divorziò dopo tre anni e tornò da sua madre, con la quale visse fin quando morì, all'età di novantanove anni<ref>Norman Thomas Di Giovanni, ''The Lessons of the Master''<!-- page number? publication data? --></ref>.

Riga 111 ⟶ 110:

Morì lo stesso anno di [[Carcinoma epatocellulare|cancro al fegato]] a Ginevra e lì fu sepolto nel ''Cimetière des Rois'' (cimitero dei re). Dopo anni di trattative legali riguardo la legittimitò del matrimonio, Kodama, come unica erede di un notevole ammontare di denaro, ottenne il controllo sui suoi lavori. Il passaggio nelle sue mani della gestione del patrimonio del defunto marito fu denunciata dall'editore francese [[Gallimard]], da ''[[Le Nouvel Observateur]]'' e da intellettuali come [[Beatriz Sarlo]], come un serio ostacolo alla lettura delle opere di Borges<ref>{{es icon}} Octavi Martí, Kodama frente a Borges, ''El País'' (Madrid), Edición Impresa, 16 August 2006. [http://www.elpais.es/articulo/revista/agosto/Kodama/frente/Borges/elpporcul/20060816elpepirdv_1/Tes Abstract online]; full text accessible online by subscription only.</ref>.

Con Kodama, furono ritirati tutti i diritti di pubblicazione delle collezioni esistenti delle sue opere in inglese, incluse quelle tradotto da [[Norman Thomas di Giovanni]] (in cui collaborò lo stesso Borges), e furono commissionate nuove traduzioni a [[Andrew Hurley]]<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/07/12/1057783281684.html Richard Flanagan, "Writing with Borges"], ''[[The Age]]'' (Australia), 12 July 2003.] Accessed 2010-08-16</ref>.

==Opinioni politiche==

Riga 137 ⟶ 136:

After Evita's death on July 26, 1952, Borges received a visit from two policemen, who ordered him to put up two portraits of the ruling couple on the premises of SADE. Borges told them he would do nothing of the sort and that it was a ridiculous demand. He was told he would face the consequences."<ref>Williamson (2004) p320.</ref> The regime placed Borges under 24-hour surveillance and sent policemen to sit in on his lectures; in September it ordered SADE to be permanently closed down. Like much of the Argentine opposition to Peron, SADE had become marginalized due to persecution by the State and very few active members remained. Borges later came to believe that the Peronistas had manipulated his appointment in order to destroy his influence over Argentine writers and intellectuals. {{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

In 1955, after General [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]]'s Anti-Peronist [[coup d'etat]], or "[[Revolución Libertadora]]", forced Peron into exile, Borges was overjoyed. The new regime appointed Borges as the Director of the [[National Library of the Argentine Republic|National Library]].<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.bibnal.edu.ar/paginas/galeriadirec.htm#borges Jorge Luis Borges. Galería de Directores, Biblioteca Nacional (Argentina).], Retrieved 23 December 2006.</ref><!-- {{Dead link|date=August 2010}} --> However, Peron's fall did not in any way alter Borges' animosity. In an interview with [[Richard Burgin]] in 1967, he said "Peron was a [[humbug]], and he knew it, and everybody knew it. But Peron could be very cruel. I mean, he had people tortured, killed. And his wife was a common prostitute."<ref>Burgin (1969) p121</ref>

When Peron returned from exile in 1973 and regained the Presidency, Borges was enraged. In a 1975 interview for ''[[National Geographic]]'', he said "Damn, the snobs are back in the saddle. If their posters and slogans again defile the city, I'll be glad I've lost my sight. Well, they can't humilate me as they did before my books sold well."<ref Name="Natgeo303">''National Geographic'', March 1975. p303.</ref> After being accused of being unforgiving, Borges quipped, "I resented Peron's making Argentina look ridiculous to the world... as in 1951, when he announced control over [[thermonuclear fusion]], which still hasn't happened anywhere but in the sun and the stars. For a time, Argentinians hesitated to wear bandaids for fear friends would ask, 'Did the [[Atomic Bomb]] go off in your hand?' A shame, because Argentina really has world class scientists."<ref Name="Natgeo303"/>

Riga 151 ⟶ 150:

Borges composed poetry throughout his life. As his eyesight waned (it came and went, with a struggle between advancing age and advances in eye surgery), he increasingly focused on writing poetry, since he could memorize an entire work in progress. His poems embrace the same wide range of interests as his fiction, along with issues that emerge in his critical works and translations, and from more personal musings. For example, his interest [[idealism]] is reflected in the fictional world of Tlön in "[[Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius]]", in his essay "[[A New Refutation of Time]]", "[[On Exactitude in Science]]", and in his poem "Things". Similarly, a common thread runs through his story "[[The Circular Ruins]]" and his poem "[[El Golem]]" ("The Golem"). {{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

Borges was a notable translator. His first publication, for a Buenos Aires newspaper, was a translation of [[Oscar Wilde]]'s story ''[[The Happy Prince and Other Stories|The Happy Prince]]'' into Spanish when he was nine.<ref>{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Kristal | first nome= Efraín | title titolo= Invisible Work | publisher editore= Vanderbilt University Press | ___location città= Nashville | year anno= 2002 | isbn = 08265140810-8265-1408-1 |pagep=37}}</ref> At the end of his life he produced a Spanish-language version of [[Snorri Sturluson]]'s [[Prose Edda]]. He also translated (while simultaneously subtly transforming) the works of, among others, [[Edgar Allan Poe]], [[Franz Kafka|Kafka]], [[Hermann Hesse|Hesse]], [[Rudyard Kipling|Kipling]], [[William Faulkner|Faulkner]],[[André Gide|Gide]], [[Walt Whitman|Whitman]] and [[Virginia Woolf|Woolf]]. <ref group='Notes' name='c'>Notable translations also include work by [[Herman Melville|Melville]], [[William Faulkner|Faulkner]], Sir [[Thomas Browne]], and [[G. K. Chesterton]].</ref> Borges wrote and lectured extensively on the art of translation, holding that a translation may improve upon the original, may even be unfaithful to it, and that alternative and potentially contradictory renderings of the same work can be equally valid.<ref> Jorge Luis Borges, ''This Craft of Verse'', [[Harvard University Press]], 2000. Pages 57-76. ''Word Music and Translation'', Lecture, Delivered February 28, 1968.</ref> Borges also employed the devices of literary forgery and the review of an imaginary work, both forms of modern [[Pseudepigraphy|pseudo-epigrapha]].

===Hoaxes and forgeries===

Riga 164 ⟶ 163:

===Sexuality===

With a few notable exceptions, women are almost entirely absent from the majority of Borges's fictional output.<ref>The Queer Use of Communal Women in Borges's "El muerto" and "La intrusa"], paper presented at XIX Latin American Studies Association (LASA) Congress held in Washington DC in September, 1995.</ref> There are, however, some instances in Borges's writings of romantic love, for example the story "[[Ulrikke (short story)|Ulrikke]]" from ''[[The Book of Sand]]''. The protagonist of the story "El muerto" also lusts after the "splendid, contemptuous, red-haired woman" of Azevedo Bandeira.<ref>[[Andrew Hurley (academic)|Hurley, Andrew]] 1988) ''Jorge Luis Borges: Collected Fictions''. New York: Penguin p197.</ref> and later "sleeps with the woman with shining hair".<ref>[[Andrew Hurley (academic)|Hurley, Andrew]] 1988) ''Jorge Luis Borges: Collected Fictions''. New York: Penguin p200</ref> The plot of ''La Intrusa'' was based on a true story of two friends. Borges turned their fictional counterparts into brothers, excluding the possibility of a homosexual relationship.<ref>{{citeCita booklibro|lastcognome=Keller|firstnome=Gary|coauthorscoautori=Karen S. Van Hooft|titletitolo=The Analysis of Hispanic Texts: Current Trends in Methodology|editorcuratore=Eds. Lisa E. Davis and Isabel C. Tarán|publishereditore=Bilingual P|yearanno=1976|pagespp=300–319|chaptercapitolo=Jorge Luis Borges's `La intrusa:' The Awakening of Love and Consciousness/The Sacrifice of Love and Consciousness.}}</ref>

===Nobel Prize omission===

Borges was never awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], something which continually distressed the writer.<ref Name="LRB">[http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n09/toib01_.html "Don’t abandon me" Tóibín, Colm'' ''London Review of Books'' 2006-05-11.] Retrieved 2009-04-19</ref> He was one of several distinguished authors who never received the honour.<ref>Feldman, Burton (2000) ''The Nobel Prize: a History of Genius, Controversy and Prestige'', Arcade Publishing p57</ref> Borges commented "Not granting me the Nobel Prize has become a Scandinavian tradition; since I was born they have not been granting it to me."<ref name="profile"/> Some observers speculated that Borges did not receive the award because of his conservative political views; or more specifically, because he had accepted an honour from dictator [[Augusto Pinochet]].<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/07/books/83nobel.html "Briton Wins the Nobel Literature Prize." James M. Markham. ''The New York Times'' 7 October 1983]. Accessed 2010-08-15</ref><ref>Feldman, Burton (2000) ''The Nobel Prize: a History of Genius, Controversy and Prestige'', Arcade Publishing p81</ref>

[[Image:Moneda 2 pesos-Argentina-Borges-1999.jpg|thumb|Special Argentine two-[[Argentine peso|peso]] coin featuring Borges, 1999]]

==Fact, fantasy and non-linearity==

Riga 199 ⟶ 198:

==Influences==

===Modernism===

Borges lived through most of the 20th century, and was rooted in the [[Modernism]] pre-dominant in its early years. He was especially influenced by [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]].<ref>{{citeCita journalpubblicazione|doi=10.2307/3726707|lastcognome=Britton|firstnome=R|datedata=July 1979|titletitolo=History, Myth, and Archetype in Borges's View of Argentina|url=http://jstor.org/stable/3726707|journalrivista=The Modern Language Review|publishereditore=Modern Humanities Research Association|volume=74|issuenumero=3|pagespp=607–616}}</ref> Like contemporary novelists [[Vladimir Nabokov]] and the older [[James Joyce]], he combined an interest in his native culture with broader perspectives. He also shared their multilingualism and their inventiveness with language. However, while Nabokov and Joyce tended toward progressively larger works as they grew older, Borges remained a miniaturist. Borges's work progressed ''away'' from what he referred to as "the baroque", while Joyce's and Nabokov's moved towards it: his later style is far more transparent and naturalistic than his earlier works. Borges represented the humanist view of media that stressed the social aspect of art driven by emotion. If art represented the tool, then Borges was more interested in how the tool could be used to relate to people.<ref Name="Media"/>

[[Existentialism]] saw its apogee during the years of Borges's greatest artistic production. It has been argued that his choice of topics largely ignored existentialism's central tenets. Critic [[Paul de Man]] notes, "Whatever Borges's existential anxieties may be, they have little in common with Sartre's robustly prosaic view of literature, with the earnestness of Camus' moralism, or with the weighty profundity of German existential thought. Rather, they are the consistent expansion of a purely poetic consciousness to its furthest limits."<ref>de Man, Paul. "A Modern Master", ''Jorge Luis Borges'', Ed. Harold Bloom, New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1986. p.22.</ref>

===Political influences===

As a political conservative, Borges "was repulsed by Marxism in theory and practice. Abhorring sentimentality, he rejected the politics and poetics of cultural identity that held sway in Latin America for so long." <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/31/reviews/970831.31gonz01.html ''New york Times'' Article. Paid Subscription only]</ref> As a universalist, his interest in world literature reflected an attitude that was also incongruent with the [[Juan Perón|Perónist]] Populist nationalism. That government's confiscation of Borges's job at the Miguel Cané Library fueled his skepticism of government. He labeled himself a ''[[Herbert Spencer|Spencerian]] [[Anarchism|anarchist]]'', following his father.<ref>{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Yudin | first nome= Florence | title titolo= Nightglow: Borges' Poetics of Blindness | publisher editore= Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca | ___location città= City | year anno= 1997 | isbn = 847299385X84-7299-385-X |pagep=31}}</ref><ref>{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Bell-Villada | first nome= Gene | title titolo= Borges and His Fiction | publisher editore= University of North Carolina Press | ___location città= Chapel Hill | year anno= 1981 | isbn = 080781458X0-8078-1458-X |pagep=13}}</ref>

In 1934, extreme Argentine nationalists, sympathetic to the growing [[Nazism|Nazi]] ideology of the time, asserted Borges was secretly Jewish, and by implication, not a full Argentine. Borges responded with the essay "Yo Judío" ("I, a Jew"), a reference to the old "Yo, Argentino" ("I, an Argentine"), a phrase used during nationalistic beatings of Argentine Jews to make it clear to approaching attackers that one was a "true" Argentine, and not a Jew. <ref Name="Humor">De Costa, René (2000) ''Humor in Borges (Humor in Life & Letters).'' Wayne State University Press p49 ISBN 0814328881</ref> In the essay he notes, that he would be proud to be a Jew, with a backhanded reminder that any "pure" Castilian might be likely to have Jewish ancestry from a millennium ago.<ref Name="Humor"/>

Riga 217 ⟶ 216:

== References ==

{{ReflistReferences|2}}

==Further reading==

{{refbegin}}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Agheana | first nome= Ion | title titolo= The Meaning of Experience in the Prose of Jorge Luis Borges | publisher editore= P. Lang | ___location città= Frankfurt Am Main | year anno= 1988 | isbn = 08204059570-8204-0595-7 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Agheana | first nome= Ion | title titolo= The Prose of Jorge Luis Borges | publisher editore= P. Lang | ___location città= Frankfurt Am Main | year anno= 1984 | isbn = 08204013070-8204-0130-7 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Aizenberg | first nome= Edna | title titolo= The Aleph Weaver: Biblical, Kabbalistic and Judaic Elements in Borges | publisher editore= Scripta Humanistica | ___location città= Potomac | year anno= 1984 | isbn = 09163791240-916379-12-4 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Aizenberg | first nome= Edna | title titolo= Borges and His Successors | publisher editore= University of Missouri Press | ___location città= Columbia | year anno= 1990 | isbn = 082620712X0-8262-0712-X }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Alazraki | first nome= Jaime | title titolo= Borges and the Kabbalah | publisher editore= Cambridge University Press | ___location città= Cambridge | year anno= 1988 | isbn = 05213068410-521-30684-1 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Alazraki | first nome= Jaime | title titolo= Critical Essays on Jorge Luis Borges | publisher editore= G.K. Hall | ___location città= Boston | year anno= 1987 | isbn = 08161882970-8161-8829-7 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Balderston | first nome= Daniel | title titolo= Out of Context | publisher editore= Duke University Press | ___location città= Durham | year anno= 1993 | isbn = 08223131620-8223-1316-2 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Barnstone | first nome= Willis | title titolo= With Borges on an Ordinary Evening in Buenos Aires | publisher editore= University of Illinois Press | ___location città= Urbana | year anno= 1993 | isbn = 02520188850-252-01888-5 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Bell-Villada | first nome= Gene | title titolo= Borges and His Fiction | publisher editore= University of North Carolina Press | ___location città= Chapel Hill | year anno= 1981 | isbn = 080781458X0-8078-1458-X }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Bioy Casares | first nome= Adolfo | title titolo= Borges | publisher editore= Destino Ediciones | ___location città= City | year anno= 2006 | isbn = 9789507320859978-950-732-085-9 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Bloom | first nome= Harold | title titolo= Jorge Luis Borges | publisher editore= Chelsea House Publishers | ___location città= New York | year anno= 1986 | isbn = 08775472110-87754-721-1 }}

*Burgin, Richard (1969) ''Conversations with Jorge Luis Borges''. Holt Rhinehart Winston

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= De Behar | first nome= Block | title titolo= Borges, the Passion of an Endless Quotation | publisher editore= State University of New York Press | ___location città= Albany | year anno= 2003 | isbn = 14175202051-4175-2020-5 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Di Giovanni | first nome= Norman Thomas | title titolo= The Borges Tradition | publisher editore= Constable in association with the Anglo-Argentine Society | ___location città= London | year anno= 1995 | isbn = 00947384080-09-473840-8 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Di Giovanni | first nome= Norman Thomas | title titolo= The Lesson of the Master | publisher editore= Continuum | ___location città= London | year anno= 2003 | isbn = 08264611070-8264-6110-7 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Dunham | first nome= Lowell | title titolo= The Cardinal Points of Borges | publisher editore= University of Oklahoma Press | ___location città= Norman | year anno= 1971 | isbn = 08061098310-8061-0983-1 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Fishburn | first nome= Evelyn | title titolo= Borges and Europe Revisited | publisher editore= Univ of London | ___location città= City | year anno= 2002 | isbn = 19000392141-900039-21-4 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Frisch | first nome= Mark | title titolo= You Might Be Able to Get There from Here | publisher editore= Fairleigh Dickinson University Press | ___location città= Madison | year anno= 2004 | isbn = 08386404430-8386-4044-3 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Kristal | first nome= Efraín | title titolo= Invisible Work | publisher editore= Vanderbilt University Press | ___location città= Nashville | year anno= 2002 | isbn = 05854080330-585-40803-3 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Lindstrom | first nome= Naomi | title titolo= Jorge Luis Borges | publisher editore= Twayne Publishers | ___location città= Boston | year anno= 1990 | isbn = 080578327X0-8057-8327-X }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Manguel | first nome= Alberto | title titolo= With Borges | publisher editore= Telegram | ___location città= City | year anno= 2006 | isbn = 9781846590054978-1-84659-005-4 }}

*Manovich, Lev, [http://www.newmediareader.com/book_samples/nmr-intro-manovich-excerpt.pdf New Media from Borges to HTML, 2003]

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= McMurray | first nome= George | title titolo= Jorge Luis Borges | publisher editore= Ungar | ___location città= New York | year anno= 1980 | isbn = 08044260820-8044-2608-2 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Molloy | first nome= Sylvia | title titolo= Signs of Borges | publisher editore= Duke University Press | ___location città= Durham | year anno= 1994 | isbn = 08223140610-8223-1406-1 }}

* Murray, Janet H., [http://www.newmediareader.com/book_samples/nmr-intro-murray-excerpt.pdf Inventing the Medium, 2003]

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Núñez-Faraco | first nome= Humberto | title titolo= Borges and Dante | publisher editore= P. Lang | ___location città= Frankfurt Am Main | year anno= 2006 | isbn = 9783039105113978-3-03910-511-3 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Racz | first nome= Gregary | title titolo= Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986) as Writer and Social Critic | publisher editore= Edwin Mellen Press | ___location città= Lewiston | year anno= 2003 | isbn = 07734690440-7734-6904-4 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Rodríguez | first nome= Monegal | title titolo= Jorge Luis Borges | publisher editore= Dutton | ___location città= New York | year anno= 1978 | isbn = 05251374830-525-13748-3 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Rodríguez-Luis | first nome= Julio | title titolo= The Contemporary Praxis of the Fantastic | publisher editore= Garland | ___location città= New York | year anno= 1991 | isbn = 08153010140-8153-0101-4 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Sarlo | first nome= Beatriz | title titolo= Jorge Luis Borges: a Writer on the Edge | publisher editore= Verso | ___location città= London | year anno= 2007 | isbn = 9781844675883978-1-84467-588-3 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Shaw | first nome= Donald | title titolo= Borges' Narrative Strategy | publisher editore= Francis Cairns | ___location città= Liverpool | year anno= 1992 | isbn = 09052058470-905205-84-7 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Stabb | first nome= Martin | title titolo= Borges Revisited | publisher editore= Twayne Publishers | ___location città= Boston | year anno= 1991 | isbn = 080578263X0-8057-8263-X }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Sturrock | first nome= John | title titolo= Paper Tigers | publisher editore= Clarendon Press | ___location città= Oxford | year anno= 1977 | isbn = 01981574600-19-815746-0 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Todorov | first nome= Tzvetan | title titolo= Introduction à la littérature fantastique | publisher editore= Seuil | ___location città= Paris | year anno= 1970 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Toro | first nome= Alfonso | title titolo= Jorge Luis Borges | publisher editore= Vervuert | ___location città= Frankfurt Am Main | year anno= 1999 | isbn = 38935421753-89354-217-5 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Volek | first nome= Emil | title titolo= ''"Aquiles y la Tortuga: Arte, imaginación y realidad según Borges". In:'' Cuatro claves para la modernidad. Analisis semiótico de textos hispánicos. | ___location città= Madri | year anno= 1984 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Waisman | first nome= Sergio | title titolo= Borges and Translation | publisher editore= Bucknell University Press | ___location città= Lewisburg Pa. | year anno= 2005 | isbn = 08387559250-8387-5592-5 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Williamson | first nome= Edwin | title titolo= Borges: A Life | publisher editore= Viking | ___location città= New York | year anno= 2004 | isbn = 06708857970-670-88579-7 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Wilson | first nome= Jason | title titolo= Jorge Luis Borges | publisher editore= Reaktion Books | ___location città= London | year anno= 2006 | isbn = 9781861892867978-1-86189-286-7 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Woscoboinik | first nome= Julio | title titolo= The Secret of Borges | publisher editore= University Press of America | ___location città= Washington | year anno= 1998 | isbn = 07618123850-7618-1238-5 }}

*{{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Yates | first nome= Donald | title titolo= Jorge Luis Borges, Life, Work, and Criticism | publisher editore= York Press | ___location città= Baltimore | year anno= 1985 | isbn = 09199664700-919966-47-0 }}

===Documentaries===

Riga 281 ⟶ 280:

*[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?recid=23874 ''The Norton Lectures'', delivered at Harvard University in the fall of 1967, by Borges]

*[http://www.susanamedina.net/modules/articles/article.php?id=28 An essay from ''Borgesland'' by Susana Medina "Hallucinating Spaces"]

* {{citeCita journalpubblicazione| url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4331/the-art-of-fiction-no-39-jorge-luis-borges| titletitolo=Jorge Luis Borges, The Art of Fiction No. 39| workpubblicazione=Paris Review| datedata=Winter-Spring 1967| authorautore=Ronald Christ }}

*[http://habitusmag.com/2008/02/231/a-conversation-with-jorge-luis-borges/ 02/14/08 Interview with Borges at the University of Buenos Aires from ''Habitus: A Diaspora Journal'' (in English)]

*[http://www.themodernword.com/borges/index.html Jorge Luis Borges at The Modern Word]