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{{Short description|Notable events in LGBT history }}
{{for-multi|a timeline of intersex history|Timeline of intersex history|a transgender timeline|Timeline of transgender history}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Coming-Out Day 2020 in The Hague - Rainbow flags at Hofvijver next to the national parlement of the Netherlands - img 07.jpg |thumb|upright=1.35|Rainbow flags in the Netherlands where [[Queen Beatrix]] signed a law to make it the first country to legalize same-sex marriage.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwNhIK9Fn1sC&dq=queen+beatrix+same+sex+marriage&pg=PA191 |isbn=9781576072677 |title=Homosexuality and the Law: A Dictionary |year=2001 |publisher=Abc-Clio}}</ref>]]
{{LGBTQ sidebar|history}}
The following is the timeline of [[lesbian]], [[gay]], [[bisexual]], [[transgender]], and [[queer]] (LGBTQ) people's history.
{{TOC right}}
<!--Please also add applicable entries to the List of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer firsts by year article-->
==Before the Common Era==
=== 9th millennium BCE – 3rd millennium BCE ===
==== 101st century BCE – 50th century BCE ====
* '''{{circa}} 9,600 BCE – c, 5,000 BCE''' – [[Mesolithic]] [[rock art]] in the [[Grotta dell'Addaura]] in [[Sicily]] depicts male figures in hives that have been interpreted variously, including as hunters, acrobats, religious initiates, and gay sex.<ref>{{cite book|last= Mussi|first= Margherita|title= Earliest Italy: An Overview of the Italian Paleolithic and Mesolithic|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yrTVXIpWMakC&pg=PP1|date= 31 October 2001|publisher =Kluwer Academic|isbn= 978-0-306-46463-8|pages= 343–344}}</ref><ref name="Gay Awareness: Discovering the Heart of the Father and the Mind of Christ On Sexuality">{{cite book|last=Schott|first=Landon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMRijwEACAAJ&q=gay+awareness+discovering+the+heart|title=Gay Awareness: Discovering the Heart of the Father and the Mind of Christ On Sexuality|date=2016|publisher=Famous Publishing|isbn=978-1942306481|___location=Austin, Texas|chapter=In the Beginning: Sexual History}}
</ref>
==== 70th century BCE – 17th century BCE ====
* '''c. 7,000 BCE –1700 BCE''' – Among the sexual depictions in [[Neolithic]] and [[Bronze Age]] drawings and figurines from the Mediterranean area, as one author describes it, a "[[Third gender|third sex]]" human figure having female breasts and male genitals or without distinguishing sex characteristics. In Neolithic [[Italy]], female images are found in a domestic context, while images that combine sexual characteristics appear in burials or religious settings. In Neolithic [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]], figures are often dual-sexed or without identifying sexual characteristics.<ref name=Talalay2005>{{cite book |first=Lauren E. |last=Talalay |chapter=The Gendered Sea: Iconography, Gender, and Mediterranean Prehistory |title=The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory |publisher=Blackwell |date=2005 |pages=130–148, especially p. 136 |isbn=978-0-631-23267-4}}</ref>
===3rd millennium BCE===
==
* '''c. 2900 BCE – c. 2500 BCE''' – A burial of a suburb of [[Prague]], Czech Republic, a male is buried in the outfit usually reserved for women. Archaeologists speculate that the burial corresponds to a [[transgender]] person or someone of the third sex.<ref>{{cite news |title=Grave of stone age transsexual excavated in Prague |url=http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.ca/2011/04/grave-of-stone-age-transsexual.html |work=Archeology News Network |agency=Czech Positions |date=5 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204003857/http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.ca/2011/04/grave-of-stone-age-transsexual.html |archive-date=4 February 2014 }}</ref>
==
* '''c. 2400 BCE''' – [[Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum]] are believed by some observers to be the first same-sex couple in [[recorded history]].<ref name="Gay Awareness: Discovering the Heart of the Father and the Mind of Christ On Sexuality" />
====23rd century BCE or 23rd century BCE – 22nd century BCE====
* '''2284 BCE – 2246 BCE''' or '''2184 BCE''' – [[Pepi II Neferkare]], who ruled the [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Kingdom of Egypt]] as an absolute monarch under the title of [[Pharaoh of Egypt]], is believed to have had a homosexual interpretation around nocturnal visits to his [[King Neferkare and General Sasenet|General Sasenet]], though others argue that it was more likely that the story was intended to tarnish the reputation of the Pharaoh by associating him with homosexuality.<ref name="wanderingcaravan-bronzebuckaroo.blogspot.com">{{cite book |last=Greenberg |first=David F. |title=The Construction of Homosexuality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pw-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |year=2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-21981-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Parkinson |first=R.B. |title='Homosexual' Desire and Middle Kingdom Literature |journal=[[Journal of Egyptian Archaeology]] |volume=81 |pages=57–76 |date=1995 |doi=10.2307/3821808 |jstor=3821808}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Montserrat |first=Dominic |author-link=Dominic Montserrat |title=Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWV9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-69034-3}}</ref><ref>When writing about homosexuality, Meskell calls it "Another well documented example" {{cite book |first=Lynn |last=Meskell |author-link=Lynn Meskell |title=Archaeologies of Social Life: Age, Sex, Class Etcetra in Ancient Egypt |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |date=1999 |page=95 |isbn=978-0-631-21298-0}}</ref><ref>More details at [http://wanderingcaravan-bronzebuckaroo.blogspot.com/2007/11/clandestine-affair-pharaoh-neferkare.html] & [http://epistle.us/hbarticles/ancientegypt1.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218052055/http://epistle.us/hbarticles/ancientegypt1.html |date=18 February 2017 }}</ref>
===2nd
====18th century BCE====
* '''c. 1775 BCE – c. 1761 BCE''' – During the reign of King [[Zimri-Lim]] of the [[Mari, Syria|Kingdom of Mari]], he is recorded to have male lovers.<ref name="The Construction of Homosexuality">{{Cite web|url=https://pdfsecret.com/download/the-construction-of-homosexuality_59f73fd7d64ab20a7516e386_pdf|title=[PDF] The Construction of Homosexuality - Free Download PDF|website=pdfsecret.com|access-date=24 October 2018|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024075335/https://pdfsecret.com/download/the-construction-of-homosexuality_59f73fd7d64ab20a7516e386_pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
====15th century BCE – 12th century BCE====
* '''c. 1500 BCE – c. 1101 BCE''' – The [[Code of Assura]] from either the [[Old Assyrian Empire]] or the [[Middle Assyrian Empire]] prescribes the following on [[rape of males|male rape]]:<ref name="Nissinen">Homoeroticism in the Biblical World: A Historical Perspective, by Martti Nissinen, Fortress Press, 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-sHSNPG85tUC&dq=Homoeroticism%20in%20the%20Biblical%20World%20Nissinen&pg=PA24 p. 24–28]</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Halsall |first1=Paul |title=The Code of the Assura |url=https://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/1075assyriancode.asp |website=[[Internet History Sourcebooks Project]] |access-date=16 November 2015 |publisher=[[Fordham University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911230918/http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/1075assyriancode.asp|archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/1075assyriancode.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks|access-date=5 February 2016|archive-date=8 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708035734/http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/1075assyriancode.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRjGApZVwPIC&q=Code+of+the+Assura+homosexulaity&pg=PA69|title=Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex |isbn=9781453503164 |last1=Wilhelm |first1=Amara Das |date=18 May 2010 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation}}</ref>{{sfn|Pritchard|1969|p=181}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Homosexuality in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt by Bruce Gerig in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt |website=epistle.us |url=http://epistle.us/hbarticles/neareast.html |access-date=23 March 2017 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002215825/http://epistle.us/hbarticles/neareast.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{blockquote|text="If a man tells another man, either privately or in a brawl, "Your wife is promiscuous; I will bring charges against her myself," but he is unable to substantiate the charge, and cannot prove it, he is to be caned, be sentenced to a month's hard labor for the king, be cut off, and pay one talent of lead."|source=''[[Code of Assura]]'', §18}}
{{blockquote|text="If a man has secretly started a rumour about his neighbor saying, "He has allowed men to have sex with him," or in a quarrel has told him in the presence of others, "Men have sex with you," and then, "I will bring charges against you myself," but is then unable to substantiate the charge, and cannot prove it, that man is to be caned, be sentenced to a month's hard labour for the king, be cut off, and pay one talent of lead."|source=''[[Code of Assura]]'', §19}}
{{blockquote|text="If a man has had sex with his neighbor he has been charged and convicted, he is to be considered defiled and made into a eunuch."|source=''[[Code of Assura]]'', §20}}
{{blockquote|text="If a man violates his own mother, it is a capital crime. If a man violates his daughter, it is a capital crime. If a man violates his son, it is capital crime."|source=''[[Code of Assura]]'', §189}}
===1st
====10th century BCE – 6th century BCE====
* '''c. 1000 BCE – c. 500 BCE''' – The [[Vendidad]] dates from this period<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Jenny |title=Zoroastrianism: An Introduction |date=2014 |chapter=Appendix 1 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9780857735485 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CsyWAwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Boyce |first1=Mary |title=Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |date=2001 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=9780415239028 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC |language=en}}</ref> and within the text it states the following:
{{blockquote|text="[[Ahura Mazda]] answered: 'The man that lies with mankind as man lies with womankind, or as woman lies with mankind, is the man that is a [[Daeva]]; this one is the man that is a worshipper of the Daevas, that is a male [[Extramarital sex|paramour]] of the Daevas, that is a female paramour of the Daevas, that is a wife to the Daeva; this is the man that is as bad as a Daeva, that is in his whole being a Daeva; this is the man that is a Daeva before he dies, and becomes one of the unseen Daevas after death: so is he, whether he has lain with mankind as mankind, or as womankind."<ref name="Vendidad">{{cite book |title=Avesta |chapter=Vendidad: Fargard 8 |trans-chapter=Section V (32) Unlawful lusts. |url=http://www.avesta.org/vendidad/vd8sbe.htm |archive-date=1 February 2019 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201143510/http://avesta.org/vendidad/vd8sbe.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>|source=''[[Avesta]]'', ''[[Vendidad]]'', Fargard 8. Funerals and purification, unlawful sex, Section V (32) Unlawful lusts.}} The guilty may be killed by any one, without an order from the [[Dastur]], and by this execution an ordinary capital crime may be redeemed.<ref name="Vendidad" />
====7th
* '''c. 700 BCE''' – The custom of [[castrating]] homosexual (and straight) slaves and house servants is introduced into [[Anshan (Persia)|Anshan]] from conquered territories of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] and the [[Median Empire]].<ref name="A Timeline of Gay World History">{{cite web |url=http://www.galva108.org/single-post/2014/05/08/A-Timeline-of-Gay-World-History |title=A Timeline of Gay World History |publisher=Gay & Lesbian Vaishnava Association |date=8 May 2014 |first=Amara Das |last=Wilhelm |work=galva108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225211717/http://www.galva108.org/single-post/2014/05/08/A-Timeline-of-Gay-World-History |archive-date=25 February 2017 }}</ref>
* '''c. 630 BCE''' – [[Dorians|Dorian]] aristocrats in [[Crete]] adopt formal relations between adult aristocrats and adolescent boys; an inscription from Crete is the oldest record of the social institution of [[Pederasty in ancient Greece|''paiderastia'' among the Greeks]]<ref>[[Kenneth Dover]], ''Greek Homosexuality'' (Harvard University Press, 1978, 1898), pp. 205–7</ref> (see [[Cretan pederasty]]). Marriage between men in Greece was not legally recognized, but men might form lifelong relationships originating in ''paiderastia'' ("pederasty," without the pejorative connotations of the English word). These partnerships were not dissimilar to heterosexual marriages except that the older person served as educator or mentor.<ref>Boswell, John (1994). ''Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe.'' New York: Vintage Books</ref>
* [[Sappho]], a Greek lyric poet born on the island of [[Lesbos]], was born between 630 and 612 BCE, and died around 570 BCE. The [[Library of Alexandria|Alexandrians]] included her in the list of nine lyric poets. She was famous for her lesbian themes, giving her name and that of her homeland to the very definition of [[lesbianism]] (and the lesser used term of "sapphism"). She was exiled c. 600 BCE unrelated to lesbianism. She was later permitted to return.
====6th
* '''534 – 492 BCE''' – [[Duke Ling of Wey]] and [[Mizi Xia]] had a loving same-sex relationship, where various plays and stories have commemorated their love story in the phrase, "the bitten peach".<ref>Hinsch, Bret. (1990). Passions of the Cut Sleeve. Published by the University of California Press. Pages 20-21.</ref>
* '''c. 540 – 530 BCE''' – Wall paintings from the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] [[Tomb of the Bulls]] (Italian: ''Tomba dei Tori''), found in 1892 in the Monterozzi [[necropolis]], [[Tarquinia]], depict homosexual intercourse. The tomb is named for the pair of bulls who watch human sex scenes, one between a man and a woman, and the other between two men; these may be [[apotropaic]], or embody aspects of the cycle of regeneration and the afterlife. The three-chamber tomb was inscribed with the name of the deceased for whom it was originally built, Aranth Spurianas or Arath Spuriana, and also depicts [[Achilles]] killing the [[Troy|Trojan]] prince [[Troilus]], along with indications of [[Apollo]] cult.<ref>Stephan Steingräber, ''Abundance of Life: Etruscan Wall Painting'' (Getty Publications, 2006), pp. 67, 70, 91–92; Otto Brendel, ''Etruscan Art'', translated by R. Serra Ridgway (Yale University Press, 1978, 1995), pp. 165–170; Fred S. Kleiner, ''A History of Roman Art'' (Wadsworth, 2007, 2010), p. xxxii.</ref>
* '''521 BCE''' – The [[Achaemenid Empire]] crucifies [[Polycrates]] and suppresses pederasty in [[Samos]], which causes pederastic poets [[Ibycus]] and [[Anacreon]] to flee Samos.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrpU6O3VnawC&pg=PR13 |title=Homosexuality in the Ancient World |first1=Wayne R. |last1=Dynes |first2=Stephen |last2=Donaldson |date=20 October 1992 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |via=Google Books |isbn=9780815305460}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7TOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT234 |page=984 |title=Philosophy |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality |volume=II |first=Wayne R. |last=Dynes |date=22 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |via=Google Books |isbn=9781317368120}}</ref>
====5th
* '''c. 486 BCE''' – [[King of Kings|King]] [[Darius I]] adopts the [[Holiness Code]] of [[Leviticus]] for [[Persian Jews]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]], enacting the first ever state sanctioned death penalty for male same-sex relationships.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7TOCwAAQBAJ&q=Holiness%20Code%20of%20Leviticus |title=Search: 'Holiness Code of Leviticus' |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality |volume=II |first=Wayne R. |last=Dynes |date=22 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |via=Google Books |isbn=9781317368120 |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128173032/https://books.google.com/books?id=g7TOCwAAQBAJ&q=Holiness%20Code%20of%20Leviticus |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''c. 440 BCE''' – [[Herodotus]] publishes ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', stating in the book that [[Persians]] welcomed foreign customs, including adopting [[pederasty]] from the [[Greeks]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIgPYmYalLMC&q=Herodotus+From+the+Greeks+they+have+learned+to+lie+with+boys.&pg=PA97|title=The History|last=Herodotus|date=15 May 2010|publisher=University of Chicago Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780226327754}}</ref>
====4th
* '''385 BCE''' – Plato publishes ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' in which [[Phaedrus (Athenian)|Phaedrus]], [[Eryximachus]], [[Aristophanes]] and other Greek intellectuals argue that love between males is the highest form, while sex with women is lustful and utilitarian.<ref name="See 189c">{{cite book |author=Plato |translator=Benjamin Jowett |title=Symposium |at=189c |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/symposium.html |access-date=18 September 2011 |via=Internet Classics Archive |archive-date=10 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410132334/http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/symposium.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Socrates]], however, differs.<ref name="See 201d">{{cite book |author=Plato |translator=Benjamin Jowett |title=Symposium |at=201d |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/symposium.html |access-date=18 September 2011 |via=Internet Classics Archive |archive-date=10 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410132334/http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/symposium.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He demonstrates extreme self-control when seduced by the beautiful [[Alcibiades]].<ref name="See 214e">{{cite book |author=Plato |translator=Benjamin Jowett |title=Symposium |at=214e |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/symposium.html |access-date=18 September 2011 |via=Internet Classics Archive |archive-date=10 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410132334/http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/symposium.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''350 BCE''' – Plato publishes ''[[Laws (dialogue)|Laws]]'' in which the Athenian stranger and his companions criticize homosexuality as being lustful and wrong for society because it does not further the species and may lead to irresponsible citizenry.<ref name=Fone>{{cite book |author=Fone, Byrne R. S. |title=Homophobia: a history |publisher=[[Metropolitan Books]] |___location=New York |year=2000 |isbn=0-8050-4559-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/homophobiahistor00fone }}</ref>
* '''346 BCE''' - [[Aeschines]]' speech [[Against Timarchus]], who was on trial for male prostitution, reveals Athenian attitudes to homosexuality.<ref>Joseph Roisman, ''Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexandria'', Blackwell, 2011</ref>
* '''338 BCE''' – A thirteen year old prince [[Alexander the Great|Alexander III (the Great)]] meets a thirteen year old [[Hephaestion]] who would go on to be his life partner.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Alexander the Great and Hephaestion: Censorship and Bisexual Erasure in Post-Macedonian Society | url=https://www.athensjournals.gr/reviews/2019-3337-AJHIS-HIS.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120060149/https://www.athensjournals.gr/reviews/2019-3337-AJHIS-HIS.pdf | archive-date=2022-01-20}}</ref>
* '''338 BCE''' – The [[Sacred Band of Thebes]], a previously undefeated elite battalion made up of one hundred and fifty pederastic couples, is destroyed by the forces of [[Philip II of Macedon]] who bemoans their loss and praises their honour.<ref name=Haggerty2000>{{Cite book |last=Haggerty |first=George E. |year=2000 |title=Gay histories and cultures: an encyclopedia |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-8153-1880-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L9Mj7oHEwVoC |page=418 }}</ref>
====3rd or 2nd century BCE====
* '''227 BCE''', '''226 BCE''', '''216 BCE''', or '''149 BCE''' – During the [[Roman Republic]], the ''[[Lex Scantinia]]'' imposed penalties on those who committed a sex crime ''([[stuprum]])'' against a [[Sexuality in ancient Rome#Sexuality and children|freeborn youth]]; infrequently mentioned or enforced, it may also have been used to prosecute [[Male sexuality in ancient Rome|male citizens]] who willingly took the passive role in [[Homosexuality in ancient Rome|homosexual relations]].<ref>Thomas A.J. McGinn, ''Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome'' (Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 140–141.<br />{{*}}[[Amy Richlin]], ''The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor'' (Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), pp. 86, 224.<br />{{*}}John Boswell, ''Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century'' (University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 63, 67–68.<br />{{*}}Craig Williams, ''Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity'' (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 116.</ref> It is unclear whether the penalty was death or a fine. For an [[Male sexuality in ancient Rome|adult male citizen]] to desire and engage in same-sex relations was considered natural and socially acceptable, as long as his partner was a male [[Prostitution in ancient Rome|prostitute]], [[Sexuality in ancient Rome#Master-slave relations|slave]] or ''[[Sexuality in ancient Rome#Pleasure and infamy|infamis]]'', a person excluded from the legal protections accorded a citizen. In the [[Roman Empire|Imperial period]], the ''Lex Scantinia'' was revived by [[Domitian]] as part of his program of judicial and moral reform.<ref>Ben Nusbaum, "Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality," in ''Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition'' (Haworth Press, 2005), p. 231.</ref>
====1st century BCE====
* '''c. 90s – 80s BCE''' – [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus]] was among a circle of poets who made short, light [[Hellenistic poetry|Hellenistic poems]] fashionable in the [[Roman Republic|late Republic]]. Both his surviving [[epigram]]s address a male as an object of desire, signaling a new homoerotic aesthetic in Roman culture.<ref name="Bisexuality in the Ancient World By Eva Cantarella">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clZgThbI5yIC&pg=PA173 |title=Bisexuality in the Ancient World |first=Eva |last=Cantarella |author-link=Eva Cantarella |date=20 October 2017 |publisher=Yale University Press |via=Google Books |isbn=978-0300093025}}</ref>
* '''57 – 54 BCE''' – [[Catullus]] writes the ''Carmina'', including love poems to Juventius, boasting of sexual prowess with youth and violent invectives against "passive" homosexuals.
* '''c. 50 BCE''' – The ''[[Valerian and Porcian laws#Other laws|Lex Julia de vi publica]]'', a [[Roman Republic]] law, was passed to define rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone" and the rapist was subject to execution. Men who had been raped were exempt from the loss of legal or social standing suffered by those who submitted their bodies to use for the pleasure of others; a male prostitute or entertainer was ''infamis'' and excluded from the legal protections extended to citizens in good standing. As a matter of law, a [[Sexuality in ancient Rome#Master-slave relations|slave]] could not be raped; he was considered property and not [[person (law)|legally a person]]. The slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage.<ref name="Bisexuality in the Ancient World By Eva Cantarella"/><ref>''Digest'' 48.6.3.4 and 48.6.5.2.</ref><ref>Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563.{{full citation needed|date=January 2024}}<br />{{*}}See also ''Digest'' 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.</ref><ref>Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 558–561.{{full citation needed|date=January 2024}}</ref>
* '''46 BCE''' – [[Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)|Lucius Antonius]], the brother of Mark Antony, accuses [[Augustus|Gaius Octavius]] for having "given himself to [[Aulus Hirtius]] in [[Spain]] for three hundred thousand [[sesterces]]."<ref name="Suet.2.68" />
* '''44 BCE''' – After the [[Assassination of Julius Caesar|assassination]] of [[Roman dictator|Dictator]] and [[Roman consul|Consul]] [[Gaius Julius Caesar]], Gaius Octavius is publicly named in Caesar's will as his adopted son and heir. According to [[Mark Antony]], he charged that Octavius had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favors.<ref name="Suet.2.68">Suetonius, ''Augustus'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#68 68] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731043834/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus%2A.html#68 |date=31 July 2022 }}, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#71 71] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731043834/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus%2A.html#71 |date=31 July 2022 }}</ref>
* '''42 – 39 BCE''' – [[Virgil]] writes the ''[[Eclogues]]'', with Eclogue 2 a notable example of homoerotic Latin literature.
* '''27 BCE''' – The [[Roman Empire]] is established under the rule of [[Augustus]]. The first recorded same-sex marriage occurs during his reign, homosexual prostitution is taxed, and if someone is caught being sexually passive with another male, a Roman citizen could lose his citizenship.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Rz9AAAAQBAJ&q=philip+the+arab+homosexual+prostitution&pg=PR28|title=Historical Dictionary of the Lesbian and Gay Liberation Movements|first=JoAnne|last=Myers|date=19 September 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780810874688}}</ref>
* '''26, 25 and 18 BCE''' – [[Tibullus]] writes his elegies, with references to homosexuality.
* '''7 – 1 BCE''' – [[Emperor Ai of Han]] had a loving same-sex relationship with [[Dong Xian]]. In one historical record, Emperor Ai cut his own sleeves to not wake up his beloved Dong Xian.<ref>Hinsch, Bret. (1990). Passions of the Cut Sleeve. University of California Press.</ref>
==Common Era==
===1st millennium===
====1st century====
* [[Philo of Alexandria]] and [[Marcus Manilius]] provided descriptions of transgender people during the early [[Roman Empire]]. Philo stated: "Expending every possible care on their outward adornment, they are not ashamed even to employ every device to change artificially their nature as men into women".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Denny |first=Dallas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jiJMyBGmEkQC&pg=PA5 |title=Current Concepts in Transgender Identity |date=2013-05-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-82110-5 |pages=4–5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Chrystal |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reMgCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP207 |title=In Bed with the Romans |date=2015-10-15 |publisher=[[Amberley Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4456-4352-6 |language=en}}</ref> He also attested that some members of this group, to that end, had their penises removed.<ref name=":0" />
* '''5 –15 CE''' – The [[Warren Cup]] is made – a Roman silver drinking cup decorated in relief with two images of male same-sex acts.
* '''37 – 41''' – Under the reign of [[Roman emperor]] [[Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus]], taxation on prostitution is enacted throughout the [[Roman Empire]]. Caligula also either exiled or contemplated exiling ''[[spintriae]]'' from [[Rome]]. [[Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus]] reports that Caligula could only be restrained with difficulty, after lengthy pleadings, from having the ''spintriae'' thrown into the sea.<ref name="Bisexuality in the Ancient World By Eva Cantarella"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfGCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA165 |title=Sex in the Ancient World from A to Z |first=John |last=Younger |date=7 October 2004 |page=165 |publisher=Routledge |via=Google Books |isbn=9781134547029}}</ref>
* '''54''' – [[Nero]] becomes [[Emperor of Rome]]. Nero married two men, [[Pythagoras (freedman)|Pythagoras]] and [[Sporus]], in legal ceremonies, with [[Sporus]] accorded the regalia worn by the wives of the Caesars.<ref>''Ornamentis [[Augusta (honorific)|Augustarum]]:'' [[Suetonius]], ''Life of Nero'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero*.html#28 28–29] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610074918/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero%2A.html#28 |date=10 June 2023 }}, discussed by Craig A. Williams, ''Roman Homosexuality'' (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. pp. 284, 400, 424.</ref> [[Juvenal]] and [[Martial]] note (with disapproval) that [[Homosexuality in ancient Rome#Marriage between males|male couples are having traditional marriage ceremonies]].
[[File:Pompeii - Terme Suburbane - Apodyterium - Scene V.jpg|thumb|Wall painting of female couple from the Suburban Baths at Pompeii]]
* '''79''' – The eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]] buries the coastal resorts of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]], preserving a rich collection of [[Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum|Roman erotic art]], including representations of [[Pathicus|male-male]] and [[Sexuality in ancient Rome#Female–female sex|female-female]].
* '''98''' – [[Trajan]], one of the most beloved of Roman emperors, begins his reign. Trajan was well known for his homosexuality and fondness for young males. This was used to advantage by the king of [[Osroene|Edessa]], [[Abgar VII]], who, after incurring the anger of Trajan for some misdeed, sent his handsome young son to make his apologies, thereby obtaining pardon.<ref>[[Dio Cassius]], Epitome of Book 68.6.4; 68.21.2–6.21.3</ref>
:[[Publius Cornelius Tacitus]] writes ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]''. In ''Germania'', Tacitus writes that the punishment for those who engage in "bodily infamy" among the [[Germanic peoples]] is to "smother in mud and bogs under an heap of hurdles." Tacitus also writes in ''Germania'' that the Germanic warrior-chieftains and their retinues were "in times of peace, beauty, and in times of war, a defense". Tacitus later wrote in ''Germania'' that priests of the [[Swabians|Swabian]] sub-tribe, the Naharvali<ref>For the spelling<!--corrected from Naharanvali-->, see Hans-Werner Goetz, Jörg Jarnut, Walter Pohl (eds.), ''Regna and Gentes: The Relationship Between Late Antique and Early ...'' (2003, {{ISBN|9004125248}}), page 62.</ref> or [[Nahanarvali]], who "dress as women" to perform their priestly duties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homosexuality and the Weerdinge Bog Men |website=www.connellodonovan.com |url=http://www.connellodonovan.com/weerdingemen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027215148/http://www.connellodonovan.com/weerdingemen.html |archive-date=27 October 2016}}</ref>
====2nd century====
* '''c. 200''' – The ''Outlines of Pyrrhonism'' is published. In the book, [[Sextus Empiricus]] states that "amongst the [[Persians]] it is the habit to indulge in intercourse with males, but amongst the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] it is forbidden by law to do so". He also stated in the book that "amongst us [[sodomy]] is regarded as shameful or rather illegal, but by the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] they say, it is not looked on as shameful but as a customary thing. It is said, too, that in [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] long ago this practice was not held to be shameful, and they say that [[Meriones (mythology)|Meriones]] the [[Cretan]] was so called by way of indicating the Cretans' customed and some refer to this the burning love of [[Achilles]] for [[Patroclus]]. And what wonder, when both the adherents of the [[Cynic philosophy]] and the followers of [[Zeno of Citium]], [[Cleanthes]] and [[Chrysippus]], declare that this practice is indifferent?".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Internet History Sourcebooks Project |website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/pwh/sextus.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019003158/http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/pwh/sextus.asp |archive-date=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Sex in the Ancient World from A to Z |first=John |last=Younger |date=7 October 2004 |page=93 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134547029 |via=Google Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfGCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |access-date=17 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128132901/https://books.google.com/books?id=WfGCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |url-status=live }}</ref>
====2nd century – 3rd century====
* '''193 – 211''' – [[Roman emperor]] [[Septimius Severus]] prescribed capital punishment for homosexual rape throughout the [[Roman Empire]].<ref name="A History of Medicine: Roman medicine">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3ZaIYAaOSQC&pg=PA21|title=A History of Medicine: Roman medicine|first=Plinio|last=Prioreschi|date=20 October 1996 |publisher=Horatius Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9781888456035}}</ref>
====3rd century====
* '''218 – 222''' – Roman emperor [[Elagabalus]]'s reign begins. At different times, Elagabalus marries five women and a man named [[Aurelius Zoticus|Zoticus]], an athlete from [[Smyrna]], in a lavish public ceremony at Rome;<ref name=augusta-elagabalus-i-4>''Augustan History'', Life of Elagabalus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Elagabalus/1*.html#10 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404013042/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Elagabalus/1%2A.html#10 |date=4 April 2021 }}</ref> but the Syrian's most stable relationship is with the chariot driver [[Hierocles (charioteer)|Hierocles]], and [[Cassius Dio]] says Elagabalus delighted in being called Hierocles' mistress, wife, and queen.<ref name="Varner-2008"/> The emperor wears makeup and wigs, prefers to be called a lady and not a lord, and offers vast sums to any physician who can provide them with a vagina;<ref name="deCarlo p32"/><ref name="Varner-2008"/> for this reason, the emperor is seen by some writers as an early transgender figure and one of the first on record as seeking [[sex reassignment surgery]].<ref name="deCarlo p32">Tess de'Carlo (2018) [https://books.google.com/books?id=vH9eDwAAQBAJ ''Trans History''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128173033/https://books.google.com/books?id=vH9eDwAAQBAJ |date=28 January 2024 }}. Lulu.com. {{ISBN|978-1-387-84635-1}}, p. 32.{{self-published source|certain=yes|date=January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Varner-2008">{{cite journal |last=Varner |first=Eric |date=2008 |title=Transcending Gender: Assimilation, Identity, and Roman Imperial Portraits. |jstor=40379354 |journal=Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. Supplementary Volume. |publisher=University of Michigan Press |___location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |volume=7 <!--Role Models in the Roman World. Identity and Assimilation--> |pages=200–201 |issn=1940-0977 |oclc=263448435 |quote=Elagabalus is also alleged to have appeared as Venus and to have depilated his entire body. ... Dio recounts an exchange between Elagabalus and the well-endowed Aurelius Zoticus: when Zoticus addressed the emperor as 'my lord,' Elagabalus responded, 'Don't call me lord, I am a lady.' Dio concludes his anecdote by having Elagabalus asking his physicians to give him the equivalent of a woman's vagina by means of a surgical incision.}}</ref><ref name="glbtq-enc-elagabal">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Godbout |first=Louis |title=Elagabalus |encyclopedia=GLBTQ: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture |publisher=glbtq, Inc. |___location=Chicago |year=2004 |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/elagabalus_S.pdf |access-date=6 August 2007 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023701/http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/elagabalus_S.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Benjamin |first1=Harry |last2=Green |first2=Richard |title=The Transsexual Phenomenon, Appendix C: Transsexualism: Mythological, Historical, and Cross-Cultural Aspects |year=1966 |___location=New York |url=http://www.symposion.com/ijt/benjamin/appendix_c.htm |access-date=3 August 2007 |publisher=The Julian Press, Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717204538/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/benjamin/appendix_c.htm |archive-date=2007-07-17}}</ref>
* '''222 – 235''' – Roman emperor [[Severus Alexander]] deported homosexuals who were active in public life. According to Christius, Alexander increased the penalties for homosexuality throughout the [[Roman Empire]]. According to [[Augustan History]], Alexander decreed that the taxes on pimps, prostitutes, and ''exoleti'' should not be deposited in the public purse; instead, he ordered that these taxes should be used for restoring the [[theatre of Marcellus]], the [[Circus Maximus]], the [[amphitheatre]], and the stadium build by [[Domitian]] in the [[Campus Martius]]. According to [[Aelius Lampridius|Ælius Lampridus]], Alexander even contemplated making male prostitution illegal.<ref name="Bisexuality in the Ancient World By Eva Cantarella"/><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=A History of Homophobia: 3 The Later Roman Empire & The Early Middle Eages |website=rictornorton.co.uk |url=http://rictornorton.co.uk/homopho3.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121072345/http://rictornorton.co.uk/homopho3.htm|archive-date=21 January 2017}}{{Self-published source |certain=yes |date=December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDhWtiLsIMwC&pg=PA913 |title=The Homosexuality of Men and Women |first=Magnus |last=Hirschfeld |date=20 October 2017 |publisher=[[Prometheus Books]] |isbn=9781615926985 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
* '''244 – 249''' – Roman emperor [[Marcus Julius Philippus]] either attempted to or did outlaw [[male prostitution]] throughout the [[Roman Empire]].<ref name=Fone/>
====4th century====
* '''305 – 306''' – [[Council of Elvira]] (now [[Granada]], Spain). This council was representative of the Western European Church and among other things, it barred pederasts the right to Communion.
* '''314''' – [[Council of Ancyra]] (now [[Ankara]], Turkey). This council was representative of the Eastern European Church and it excluded the [[Sacraments]] for 15 years to unmarried men under the age of 20 who were caught in homosexual acts, and excluded the man for life if he was married and over the age of 50.{{sfn|MEĐU NAMA|2014|pages=28-29}}
* '''306 – 337''' – The ''[[Life of Constantine]]'' mentions a temple at [[Afqa|Aphaca]] in [[Phoenicia]], on a remote summit of Mount Libanus, being used by effeminate homosexual pagan priests, and says that this temple was destroyed by the command of [[Roman emperor]] [[Constantine I]]. It also states that Constantine passed a law ordering the extermination of effeminate homosexual pagan priests in [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egypt]].<ref name="Bisexuality in the Ancient World By Eva Cantarella"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/vita-constantine.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019005017/http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/vita-constantine.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks |archive-date=19 October 2016|website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu}}</ref>
* '''337''' – [[Constantius II]] and [[Constans I]] become the [[Roman emperor|62nd Emperor]] of the [[Roman Empire]]. During their reigns, they both engaged in same-sex relationships.<ref>DiMaio, ''Constans I (337–350 A.D.)''</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Canduci|first=Alexander|title=Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors|publisher=Pier 9|___location=Millers Point, N.S.W.|year=2010|isbn=978-1-74196-598-8 |page=131}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.well.com/~aquarius/rome.htm |title=The Historic Origins of Church Condemnation of Homosexuality |publisher=Well.com |access-date=2018-06-12 |archive-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101223046/http://www.well.com/~aquarius/rome.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''342''' – The Roman emperors Constantius II and Constans I issue the following imperial decree for the Roman Empire:<ref>''Theodosian Code'' 9.7.3: "When a man marries and is about to offer himself to men in womanly fashion (quum vir nubit in feminam viris porrecturam), what does he wish, when sex has lost all its significance; when the crime is one which it is not profitable to know; when Venus is changed to another form; when love is sought and not found? We order the statutes to arise, the laws to be armed with an avenging sword, that those infamous persons who are now, or who hereafter may be, guilty may be subjected to exquisite punishment."</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=People with a History: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Trans* History Sourcebook — Justinian I: Novel 77 (538) and Novel 141 (544 CE) |website=[[Internet History Sourcebooks Project]] |publisher=[[Fordham University]] |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/pwh/just-novels.asp |access-date=3 August 2017 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331231233/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/pwh/just-novels.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{blockquote|text="When a man marries in the manner of a woman, a woman about to renounce men, what does he wish, when sex has lost all its significance; when the crime is one which it is not profitable to know; when Venus is changed to another form; when love is sought and not found? We order the statutes to arise, the laws to be armed with an avenging sword, that those infamous persons who are now, or who hereafter may be, guilty may be subjected to exquisite punishment."|source=''[[Theodosian Code]]'' 9.7.3}}
* '''c. 380s''' – [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] publishes ''Res Gestae''. In ''Res Gestae'', Marcellinus writes that the [[Persians]] "are extravagantly given to venery, and are hardly contented with a multitude of concubines; they are far from immoral relations with boys." Also in ''Res Gestae'', Marcellinus writes that "We have learned that these [[Taifali]] were a shameful folk, so sunken in a life of shame and obscenity, that in their country the boys are coupled with the men in a union of unmentionable lust, to consume the flower of their youth in the polluted intercourse of those paramours."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/23*.html|title=LacusCurtius • Ammianus Marcellinus — Book XXIII |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/31*.html|title=LacusCurtius • Ammianus Marcellinus — Book XXXI |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref>
* '''390''' – The Roman emperors [[Valentinian II]], [[Theodosius I]] and [[Arcadius]] issue the following imperial decrees for the Roman Empire:<ref>''Theodosian Code'' 9.7.6: "All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body, acting the part of a woman's to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging flames in the sight of the people."</ref>
{{blockquote|text="We cannot tolerate the city of [[Rome]], mother of all virtues, being stained any longer by the contamination of male effeminacy, nor can we allow that agrarian strength, which comes down from the founders, to be softly broken by the people, thus heaping shame on the centuries of our founders and the princes, Orientius, dearly and beloved and favoured. Your laudable experience will therefore punish among revenging flames, in the presence of the people, as required by the grossness of the crime, all those who have given themselves up to the infamy of condemning their manly body, transformed into a feminine one, to bear practices reserved for the other sex, which have nothing different from women, carried forth – we are ashamed to say – from male brothels, so that all may know that the house of the manly soul must be sacrosanct to all, and that he who basely abandons his own sex cannot aspire to that of another without undergoing the supreme punishment."|source=''Collatio Mosaic and Roman Laws''<ref name="Bisexuality in the Ancient World By Eva Cantarella"/>}}
{{blockquote|text="All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body, acting the part of a woman's to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging flames in the sight of the people."|source=''[[Theodosian Code]]'' 9.7.6}}
* '''390 – 405''' – [[Nonnus]]' [[Dionysiaca]] is the last known piece of Western literature for nearly 1,000 years to celebrate homosexual passion.<ref name=Fone/>
====6th century====
* '''506''' – The [[Visigothic Code]] of [[Alaric II]] decreed burning at the stake for same-sex couples in the [[Visigothic Kingdom]]. Other punishments included public [[ostracism]], shaving of the head, [[whipping]], and [[castration]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Dynes |first=Wayne R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7TOCwAAQBAJ&q=Visigothic%20506 |title=Search: 'Visigothic 506' |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality |volume=II |date=22 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317368120 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
* '''533''' – The [[Body of Civil Law]] goes into effect in the [[Byzantine Empire]], enacting the following:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faculty.uml.edu/ethan_spanier/Teaching/documents/CP9JustinianicLaws.pdf|title=Corpus Iuris Civilis: The Digest and Codex: Marriage Laws|access-date=14 August 2017|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124064633/http://faculty.uml.edu/ethan_spanier/Teaching/documents/CP9JustinianicLaws.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{blockquote|text="In criminal cases public prosecutions take place under various statutes, including the [[Lex Julia|Lex Julia de adulteris]], "...which punishes with death, not only those who violate the marriages of others, but also those who dare to commit acts of vile lust with men."|source=[[Body of Civil Law|Institutes IV. xviii .4, Body of Civil Law]]}}
* '''576''' – Death of [[Anastasia the Patrician]] who left life as a lady-in-waiting in the court of [[Justinian I]] in Constantinople to spend twenty-eight years (until death) dressed as a male monk in seclusion in [[Egypt]],<ref name="Swan 2001">Laura Swan, ''The Forgotten Desert Mothers'' (2001, {{ISBN|0809140160}}), pages 72–73</ref> and has been adopted by today's [[LGBTQ]] community as an example of a "[[transgender]]" saint.<ref>Dale Albert Johnson, ''Corpus Syriacum Johnsoni I'' (2015, {{ISBN|1312855347}}), page 344-8</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Lore |first1=Randy P. |last1=Conner |first2=David Hatfield |last2=Sparks |first3=Mariya |last3=Sparks |first4=Gloria |last4=Anzaldúa |publisher=Cassell |year=1997 |isbn=0-304-33760-9 |page=57 }}</ref>
* '''589''' – The [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] kingdom in [[Spain]], is converted from [[Arianism]] to [[Catholicism]]. This conversion leads to a revision of the law to conform to those of [[Catholic]] countries. These revisions include provisions for the persecution of homosexuals and [[Jewish people]].<ref>[http://libro.uca.edu/vcode/vg3-5.htm Visigothic Code 3.5.5, 3.5.6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019104840/http://libro.uca.edu/vcode/vg3-5.htm |date=19 October 2015 }}; ''"The doctrine of the orthodox faith requires us to place our censure upon vicious practices, and to restrain those who are addicted to carnal offences. For we counsel well for the benefit of our people and our country, when we take measures to utterly extirpate the crimes of wicked men, and put an end to the evil deeds of vice. For this reason we shall attempt to abolish the horrible crime of sodomy, which is as contrary to Divine precept as it is to chastity. And although the authority of the [[Holy Scriptures]], and the censure of earthly laws, alike, prohibit offences of this kind, it is nevertheless necessary to condemn them by a new decree; lest if timely correction be deferred, still greater vices may arise. Therefore, we establish by this law, that if any man whosoever, of any age, or race, whether he belongs to the clergy, or to the laity, should be convicted, by competent evidence, of the commission of the crime of [[sodomy]], he shall, by order of the king, or of any judge, not only suffer [[emasculation]], but also the penalty prescribed by [[ecclesiastical]] decree for such offences, and promulgated in the third year of our reign."''</ref>
====7th century====
* '''654''' – The [[Visigothic Kingdom]] criminalized [[sodomy]] and the punishment for it is [[castration]]. This is the first European secular law to criminalize sodomy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ljudmila.org/sgs/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=246|title=SGS – Europe and homosexuality|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-date=7 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907072528/http://www.ljudmila.org/sgs/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=246|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="queersaints">{{cite web |url=https://queersaints.wordpress.com/4-the-great-persecution-martyred-by-the-church/burned-for-sodomy/ |title=Burned for Sodomy |work=Queer Saints and Martyrs |date=9 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313074812/https://queersaints.wordpress.com/4-the-great-persecution-martyred-by-the-church/burned-for-sodomy/ |archive-date=13 March 2016}}</ref>
* '''693''' – In [[Iberia]], Visigothic ruler [[Egica]] of Hispania and Septimania, demanded that a Church council confront the occurrence of homosexuality in the Kingdom. The [[Sixteenth Council of Toledo]] issued a statement in response, which was adopted by Egica, stating that homosexual acts be punished by [[castration]], exclusion from [[Communion (Christian)|Communion]], hair shearing, one hundred lashes, and banishment into [[exile]].<ref name=Fone/>
====8th century====
* '''c. 750''' – With the creation of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], Muslim poets emerge describing homoeroticism and beautiful youths, such as [[Persian people|Persian]]-[[Arab]] poet [[Abu Nuwas]].<ref name="The Construction of Homosexuality" />
====9th century====
* '''800 – 900''' – During the [[Carolingian Renaissance]], [[Alcuin of York]], an [[abbot]], wrote love poems to other [[monk]]s in spite of numerous Church laws condemning homosexuality.<ref>David Bromell. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History, London, 2000 (Ed. Wotherspoon and Aldrich)</ref>
* '''997''' – King Mokjong of Goryeo, known for having male lovers, ascended to the throne in [[Korea]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/southkorea.html#6|title=South Korea (Taehan Min'guk)|encyclopedia=[[International Encyclopedia of Sexuality]]|publisher=[[Continuum Publishing Company]]|author=Hyung-Ki Choi|accessdate=2007-01-01|display-authors=etal|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110230319/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/southkorea.html#6|archivedate=2007-01-10}}</ref>
===2nd millennium===
====11th century====
* '''1007''' – The Decretum of [[Burchard of Worms]] equates homosexual acts with sexual transgressions such as [[adultery]] and argues, therefore, that it should have the same [[penance]] (generally [[fasting]]).<ref name=Fone/>
* '''1051''' – [[Peter Damian]] writes the treatise ''[[Liber Gomorrhianus]]'', in which he argues for stricter punishments for clerics failing their duty against "vices of nature."<ref>PETRI DAMIANI Liber gomorrhianus, ad Leonem IX Rom. Pon. in Patrologiae Cursus completus...accurante J.P., MIGNE, series secunda, tomus CXLV, col. 161; CANOSA, Romano, Storia di una grande paura La sodomia a Firenze e a Venezia nel quattrocento, Feltrinelli, Milano 1991, pp.13–14</ref>
* '''1061''' – Pedro Dias and Muño Vandilas are married by a priest at a chapel in the [[Kingdom of León]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.farodevigo.es/portada-ourense/2011/02/27/primer-matrimonio-homosexual-galicia-oficio-1061-rairiz-veiga/522378.html |author=M.J.A. |title=El primer matrimonio homosexual de Galicia se ofició en 1061 en Rairiz de Veiga |date=27 February 2011 |trans-title=The first homosexual marriage in Galicia was held in 1061 in Rairiz de Veiga |language=es |work=FarodeVigo |access-date=27 February 2011 |archive-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717095944/https://www.farodevigo.es/portada-ourense/2011/02/27/primer-matrimonio-homosexual-galicia-oficio-1061-rairiz-veiga/522378.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''1100''' – [[Ivo of Chartres]] tries to convince [[Pope Urban II]] about homosexuality risks. Ivo accused Rodolfo, archbishop of [[Tours]], of convincing the King of France to appoint a certain Giovanni as bishop of [[Orléans]]. Giovanni was well known as Rodolfo's lover and had relations with the king himself, a fact of which the king openly boasted. Pope Urban, however, didn't consider this as a decisive fact: Giovanni ruled as bishop for almost forty years, and Rodolfo continued to be well known and respected.<ref>[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_10_1040-1116-_Ivo_Carnotensis.html Opera Omnia].{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022033304/http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_10_1040-1116-_Ivo_Carnotensis.html |date=22 October 2007 }}</ref>
====12th century====
* '''1102''' – The [[Council of London (1102)|Council of London]] took measures to ensure that the English public knew that homosexuality was [[sin]]ful.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}
* '''1120''' – [[Baldwin II of Jerusalem|Baldwin II]] of the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], convenes the [[Council of Nablus]] to address the vices within the Kingdom. The Council calls for the burning of individuals who perpetually commit sodomy.<ref name=Fone/>
* '''1140''' – The Italian monk Gratian compiles his work ''[[Concordia discordantium canonum]]'' in which he argues that sodomy is the worst of all the sexual sins because it involves using the member in an unnatural way.<ref name=Fone/>
* '''1164''' – The English monk [[Aelred of Rievaulx]] writes his ''De spiritali amicitia'', giving love between persons of the same gender a profound expression.
* '''1179''' – The [[Third Lateran Council]] of Rome issues a decree for the [[excommunication]] of sodomites.
====13th century====
* '''1232''' – [[Pope Gregory IX]] starts the [[Inquisition]] in the Italian City-States. Some cities called for banishment and/or [[amputation]] as punishments for 1st- and 2nd-offending sodomites and burning for the 3rd or habitual offenders.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
* '''1260''' – In the [[Kingdom of France]], first-offending sodomites lost their testicles, second offenders lost their member, and third offenders were burned. Women caught in same-sex acts could be mutilated and executed as well.<ref name=Fone/>
* '''1265''' – [[Thomas Aquinas]] argues that sodomy is second only to [[bestiality]] in the ranking of sins of lust.
* '''1283''' – The ''[[Coutumes de Beauvaisis]]'' dictats that convicted sodomites should not only be burned but also that their property would be forfeited.
====14th century====
* '''1308–14''' – [[Philip IV of France]] orders the arrest of all [[Templars]] on charges of heresy, idolatry and sodomy, but these charges are only a pretext to seize the riches of the order. Order leaders are sentenced to death and burned at the stake on 18 March 1314 by [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame]].
* '''1321''' – Dante's ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'' places sodomites in the Seventh Circle.
* '''1327''' – The deposed King [[Edward II of England]] is killed, allegedly by forcing a red-hot poker through his rectum. Edward II had a history of conflict with the nobility, who repeatedly banished his former lover [[Piers Gaveston]], the [[Earl of Cornwall]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}
* '''1347''' – Rolandino Roncaglia is tried for sodomy, an event that caused a sensation in Italy. He confessed he "had never had sexual intercourse, neither with his wife nor with any other woman, because he had never felt any carnal appetite, nor could he ever have an erection of his virile member". After his wife died of plague, Rolandino started to prostitute himself, wearing female dresses because "since he has female look, voice and movements – although he does not have a female orifice, but has a male member and testicles – many persons considered him to be a woman because of his appearance".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oliari.com/storia/roncaglia.html |title=storia completa qui |access-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511190944/http://www.oliari.com/storia/roncaglia.html |archive-date=11 May 2015 }}</ref>
* '''1351''' – Buddhist temple murals depicting same-sex relationships were commissioned and painted in [[Thailand]].<ref name="Thai Enquirer">{{cite news |last1=Osthananda |first1=Kamori |date=June 29, 2021 |title=Thai LGBTQ+ history through the looking glass: religious freedom and LGBTQ+ rights in Thailand |url=https://www.thaienquirer.com/29087/thai-lgbtq-history-through-the-looking-glass-religious-freedom-and-lgbtq-rights-in-thailand/ |access-date=19 August 2023 |publisher=Thai Enquirer}}</ref>
* '''1357''' – King Gongmin of Goryeo, known for having male lovers, ascended to the throne in [[Korea]].<ref name=autogenerated1/>
* '''1370s''' – Jan van Aersdone and Willem Case were two men executed in [[Antwerp]] in the 1370s. The charge against them was same sex intercourse which was illegal and strenuously vilified in [[medieval Europe]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} Aersdone and Case stand out because records of their names have survived. One other couple still known by name from the 14th century were Giovanni Braganza and Nicoleto Marmagna of [[Venice]].<ref name=Crompton>{{cite book |last=Crompton |first=Louis |year=2003 |title=Homosexuality and Civilization |___location=Cambridge & London |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press}}</ref>
* '''1395''' – [[John Rykener]], known also as Johannes Richer and Eleanor, was a [[transvestite]] [[prostitute]] working mainly in [[London]] (near [[Cheapside]]), but also active in [[Oxford]]. He was arrested in 1395 for [[cross-dressing]] and interrogated.
====15th century====
* '''1424''' – [[Bernardino of Siena]] preached for three days in [[Florence]], Italy, against homosexuality and other forms of lust, culminating in a pyre in which burned cosmetics, wigs and all sorts of articles for the beautification. He calls for [[Sodomy|sodomites]] to be ostracized from society, and these sermons alongside measures by other clergy of the time strengthens opinion against homosexuals and encourages the authorities to increase the measures of persecution.<ref name=Crompton/><ref>For more documented detail about Bernardino's lengthy campaign against homosexuality, see {{cite book |author=Franco Mormando |title=The Preacher's Demons: Bernardino of Siena and the Social Underworld of Early Renaissance Italy |___location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1999 |chapter=Chapter 3: Even The Devil Flees in Horror at the Sight of This Sin: Sodomy and Sodomites}}</ref>
* '''1431''' – [[Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)|Nezahualcoyotl]], [[Tlatoani]] of [[Texcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]], enacted laws making homosexuality a capital punishment by hanging in Texcoco.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals">{{cite book |author-last=Lee |author-first=Jongsoo |title=The Allure of Nezahualcoyotl: Pre-Hispanic History, Religion, and Nahua Poetics |date=2008 |publisher=UNM Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=juzDBwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0826343376}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nezahualcoyotl's Law Code (1431) |url=http://www.duhaime.org/LawMuseum/LawArticle-643/Nezahualcoyotls-Law-Code-1431.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227235512/http://www.duhaime.org/LawMuseum/LawArticle-643/Nezahualcoyotls-Law-Code-1431.aspx |archive-date=27 February 2017 |website=Duhaime.org}}</ref>
* '''1432''' – In Florence the first organization specifically intended to prosecute sodomy is established, the "Night Officials", which over the next 70 years arrest about 10,000 men and boys, succeeding in getting about 2,000 convicted, with most then paying fines.
* '''1436''' – [[Sun-bin Bong|Royal Noble Consort Sun]] is banished from the [[Joseon]] court after it is discovered that she has been sleeping with her maid. The official decree blames her demotion on receiving visitors without her husband's permission and instructing her maids to sing men's songs.<ref>{{cite book |title=世宗實錄 |trans-title=[[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty|Veritable Records of Sejong]] |date=1454 |volume=75 |url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/search/inspectionMonthList.do?id=kda |archive-date=25 May 2019 |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525122018/http://sillok.history.go.kr/search/inspectionMonthList.do?id=kda |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''1451''' – [[Pope Nicholas V]] enables the papal Inquisition to persecute men who practice sodomy.
* '''1471''' – '''1493''' – According to [[Inca Garcilaso de la Vega|Garcilaso de la Vega]]'s ''[[Comentarios Reales de los Incas|Real Reviews of the Incas]],'' during the reign of [[Sapa Inca]] [[Topa Inca Yupanqui]] or Túpac Inca Yupanqui, he persecuted homosexuals. Yupanqui's general, Auqui Tatu, burned alive in public square all those for whom there was even circumstantial evidence of sodomy in [H]acari valley, threatening to burn down whole towns if anyone engaged in sodomy. In [[Chincha Alta|Chincha]], Yupanqui burned alive large numbers, pulling down their houses and any trees they had planted.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrXOCwAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality |volume=I |first=Wayne R. |last=Dynes |date=22 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317368151 |via=Google Books}}{{page needed|date=January 2024}}</ref>
* '''1475''' – In [[Peru]], a chronicle written under the Capac Yupanqui government describes the persecution of homosexuals with public burnings and destruction of homes (a practice usually reserved for conquered tribes).
* '''1476''' – Florentine court records of 1476 show that [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and three other young men were charged with [[sodomy]] twice, and acquitted.<ref>{{Cite book | first = Angela Ottino | last = della Chiesa | title = The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci | year=1967 | page = 83}}</ref>
* '''1483''' – The [[Spanish Inquisition]] begins. Sodomites were stoned, castrated, and burned. Between 1540 and 1700, more than 1,600 people were prosecuted for sodomy.<ref name=Fone/>
* '''1492''' – [[Desiderius Erasmus]] writes a series of love letters to a fellow monk while at a monastery in Steyn in the Netherlands.<ref>Diarmaid MacCulloch (2003). Reformation: A History. pg. 95. MacCulloch says "he fell in love" and further adds in a footnote "There has been much modern embarrassment and obfuscation on Erasmus and Rogerus, but see the sensible comment in J. Huizinga, Erasmus of Rotterdam (London, 1952), pp. 11–12, and from Geoffrey Nutuall, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 26 (1975), 403"</ref>
* '''1494''' – [[Girolamo Savonarola]] criticizes the population of Florence for its "horrible sins" (mainly homosexuality and gambling) and exhorts them to give up their young and beardless lovers.
* '''1497''' – In Spain, the [[King of Aragon]] [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand]] and [[List of Castilian monarchs|Queen of Castile]] and [[List of Leonese monarchs|León]] [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabella]] strengthen the sodomy laws hitherto applied only in the cities. An increase is made in the severity of the crime equating to treason or heresy, and the amount of evidence required for conviction is lowered, with torture permitted to extract confession. The property of the defendant is also confiscated.
====15th century – 16th century====
* '''1493''' – '''1525''' – According to Garcilaso de la Vega's ''Real Reviews of the Incas,'' during his reign, Sapa Inca [[Huayna Capac]] merely "bade" the people of [[Tumbes Region|Tumbez]] to give up sodomy and did not take any measures against the Matna, who "practiced sodomy more openly and shamelessly than all the other tribes."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrXOCwAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality |volume=I |first=Wayne R. |last=Dynes |date=22 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317368151 |via=Google Books}}{{page needed|date=January 2024}}</ref>
====16th century====
* '''1502''' – A charge is brought against the Italian artist [[Sandro Botticelli]] on the grounds of sodomy.<ref>Michael Rocke, ''Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male culture in Renaissance Florence'', Oxford University Press, 1996</ref>
* '''1505''' – '''1521''' – The [[Zhengde Emperor]] of the [[Ming dynasty]] had a same-sex relationship with the Muslim leader Sayyid Husain, although no evidence supporting this claim exists in Chinese sources<ref>{{cite book |author=Bret Hinsch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LmEC1b1bncC&q=zhengde%20sayyid%20husain&pg=PA142 |title=Passions of the cut sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in China |publisher=University of California Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-520-07869-1 |page=142 |access-date=November 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Société française des seiziémistes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KIrAQAAIAAJ&q=Asan+y+est+associ%C3%A9+aux+m%C3%A9faits+d'un+autre+favori+musulman+de+l'empereur+Zhengde.+le+Sayyid+Husain,+originaire+de+Hami.+Il+fut+ex%C3%A9cut%C3%A9+comme+Jiang+Bin,+peu+apr%C3%A8s+la+mort+de+l'empereur |title=Nouvelle revue du XVIe siècle, Volumes 15–16 |publisher=Droz |year=1997 |page=14 |access-date=November 28, 2010}}</ref>
* '''1512''' – Revolt of the Compagnacci in Florence <ref>Michael Rocke, ''Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male culture in Renaissance Florence'', Oxford University Press, 1996, 228-229.</ref>
* '''1513''' – [[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]], a conquistador in modern-day Panama is described as throwing forty homosexual Indians to his dogs.<ref>Alfonso G. Jiménez de Sandi Valle, Luis Alberto de la Garza Becerra and Napoleón Glockner Corte. LGBT Pride Parade in Mexico City. National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), 2009. 25 p.</ref>
* '''1519''' – [[Ferdinand Magellan]] sentences the death penalty against his own crew when they arrived it Rio de Janeiro, after he deemed them as having a homosexual relationship<ref>Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2022). Straits: Beyond the Myth of Magellan. Bloomsbury Publishing.</ref>
* '''1523''' – First of several charges of sodomy brought against the Florentine artist [[Benvenuto Cellini]].<ref>I. Arnaldi, La vita violenta di Benvenuto Cellini, Bari, 1986</ref>
* '''1526''' – The founder and first emperor of the [[Mughal Empire]], Emperor [[Babur]], had a long-term loving relationship with his male lover [[Baburi Andijani]], who was already an adult when Emperor Babur founded his dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor |publisher=Modern Library |isbn=0-375-76137-3 |year=2002 |author=Babur, Emperor of Hindustan |others=translated, edited and annotated by W. M. Thackston |url=https://archive.org/details/babarinizam00babu |page=89}}</ref>
* '''1532''' – The [[Holy Roman Empire]] makes sodomy punishable by death.<ref name=Fone/> The Florentine artist [[Michelangelo]] begins writing over 300 love poems dedicated to [[Tommaso dei Cavalieri]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924014269975|title=Sonnets. now for the first time translated into rhymed English|last1=Michelangelo Buonarroti |last2=Symonds|first2=John Addington|date=1904 |___location=London |publisher=Smith, Elder, & Co.}}</ref>
* '''1533''' – King [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] passes the [[Buggery Act 1533]] making anal intercourse punishable by death throughout England.<ref>''R v Jacobs'' (1817) Russ & Ry 331 confirmed that buggery related only to intercourse ''[[anal sex|per anum]]'' by a man with a man or woman or intercourse ''per anum'' or ''[[vaginal sex|per vaginum]]'' by either [[bestiality|a man or a woman with an animal]]. Other forms of "unnatural intercourse" may amount to [[indecent assault]] or [[gross indecency between men|gross indecency]], but do not constitute buggery. See generally, Smith & Hogan, ''Criminal Law'' (10th ed), {{ISBN|0-406-94801-1}}</ref>
* '''1542''' – Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca documents same sex marriages and men "who dress like women and perform the office of women, but use the bow and carry big loads" among a Native American tribe in his publication, ''The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca and His Companions from Florida to the Pacific 1528–1536''.
* '''1543''' – Henry VIII gives royal assent to the [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542|Laws in Wales Act 1542]], extending the [[Buggery Act 1533|buggery]] law into Wales.
* '''1553''' – [[Mary I of England|Mary Tudor]] ascends the English throne and removes all of the laws that had been passed by Henry VIII during the [[English Reformation]] of the 1530s.
* '''1558–1563''' – [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] reinstates Henry VIII's old laws, including the [[Buggery Act 1533]].<ref name=Fone/>
* '''1561''' – process of Wojciech z Poznania, who married Sebastian Słodownik, and lived with him for 2 years in [[Poznań]]. Both had female partners. On his return to [[Kraków]], he married Wawrzyniec Włoszek. Wojciech, considered in public opinion as a woman, was burned for 'crimes against nature'.<ref>{{cite book | surname = Lewandowski |first= Piotr |title= Grzech sodomii w przestrzeni politycznej, prawnej i społecznej Polski nowożytnej | publisher = e-bookowo | date = 2014 | isbn = 9788378594239}}</ref>
* '''1590''' – The [[Boxer Codex]] records [[same-sex marriage]] as normalized in pre-colonial [[Philippines]]<ref>Donoso, et al. (2021). Boxer Codex: A Modern Spanish Transcription and English Translation of 16th-Century Exploration Accounts of East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Academica Filipina+.</ref>
====17th century====
* '''17th century''' – Hu Tianbao of Fujian was executed by the Chinese government. The people of Fujian later deified him as the god of homosexual love, building a temple in his honor and calling him [[Tu'er Shen]].<ref>Szonyi, Michael (June 1998). "The Cult of Hu Tianbao and the Eighteenth-Century Discourse of Homosexuality". Late Imperial China. 19 (1): 1–25.</ref>
* '''1608''' – [[Sweden]]'s first secular law against male sodomy was introduced by [[Charles IX of Sweden|Charles IX]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malcolm |first=Noel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6zpEAAAQBAJ&dq=Karl+IX+1608+sodomi&pg=PA224 |title=Forbidden Desire in Early Modern Europe: Male-male Sexual Relations, 1400-1750 |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-888633-4 |pages=244 |language=en}}</ref> The punishment was death.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roelens |first=Jonas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtP7EAAAQBAJ&dq=1608+sodomy+law+sweden&pg=PA37 |title=Citizens and Sodomites: Persecution and Perception of Sodomy in the Southern Low Countries (1400–1700) |date=2024-02-06 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-68617-5 |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Leofstreom |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEPKAgAAQBAJ&dq=executions+homosexual+in+sweden&pg=PA16 |title=Scandinavian Homosexualities: Essays on Gay and Lesbian Studies |date=2014-02-04 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-95757-7 |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''1610''' – The [[Colony of Virginia]] enacts a military order that criminalizes male sodomy, making it punishable by death.<ref name="sodomyvirginia">{{cite web |url= http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/sensibilities/virginia.htm |title= The History of Sodomy Laws in the United States – Virginia |access-date= 7 February 2016 |archive-date= 29 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190429040626/http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/sensibilities/virginia.htm |url-status= live }}</ref> This order ends later the same year, when martial law is terminated upon the change in control of the Virginia Colony.<ref name="sodomyvirginia" />
* '''1620''' – [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] criminalizes sodomy, making it punishable by death.<ref name=Fone/>
* '''1624''' – [[Richard Cornish (shipmaster)|Richard Cornish]] of the [[Colony and Dominion of Virginia|Virginia Colony]] is tried and hanged for sodomy.<ref>{{cite book |author=Godbeer, Richard |title=Sexual revolution in early America |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |___location=Baltimore |year=2002 |isbn=0-8018-6800-9}} p.123</ref>
* '''1648''' – The first known prosecution for lesbian activity in North America occurs in March when [[Sarah White Norman]] is charged with "[[Lascivious|Lewd behaviour]] with each other upon a bed" with [[Mary Vincent Hammon]] in [[Plymouth (town), Massachusetts|Plymouth, Massachusetts]]. Hammon was under 16 and not prosecuted.<ref>{{cite book |author=Borris, Kenneth |title=Same-sex desire in the English Renaissance: a sourcebook of texts, 1470–1650 |publisher=Routledge |___location=New York |year=2004 |isbn=0-8153-3626-8}} p.113</ref>
* '''1648''' – In Canada's first-ever criminal trial for the crime of homosexuality, a gay military drummer stationed at the French garrison in [[Montreal|Ville-Marie]], [[New France]] is sentenced to death by the local [[Sulpician Order|Sulpician]] priests.<ref name=quebecqueer>[http://dailyxtra.com/ideas/looking-back-at-quebec-queer-life-since-the-17th-century-50897 "Looking back at Quebec queer life since the 17th century"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214075829/http://dailyxtra.com/ideas/looking-back-at-quebec-queer-life-since-the-17th-century-50897 |date=14 December 2014 }}. ''[[Xtra!]]'', 15 December 2009.</ref> After an intervention by the [[Jesuit]]s in [[Quebec City]], the drummer's life is spared on the condition that he accept the position of New France's first permanent [[executioner]].<ref name=quebecqueer />
* '''1655''' – The [[Connecticut Colony]] passes a law against sodomy, which includes a punishment for lesbian intercourse as well.<ref>Foster, Thomas (2007). Long Before Stonewall: Histories of Same-Sex Sexuality in Early America. New York University Press.</ref>
* '''1661''' – The [[Colony of Virginia]] enacts [[English common law]], thus criminalizing male-to-male sodomy again.<ref name="sodomyvirginia" />
* '''1672''' – ''The Life and Struggles of Our Mother Wälättä P̣eṭros'' (1672) is the first reference of homosexuality between nuns in [[Ethiopian literature]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNPO: Ethiopia: Sexual Minorities Under Threat|url=https://unpo.org/article/20902|access-date=2021-05-09|website=unpo.org|date=2 November 2009 |archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509213851/https://unpo.org/article/20902|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Belcher|first=Wendy Laura|date=2016|title=Same-Sex Intimacies in the Early African Text Gädlä Wälättä P̣eṭros (1672): Queer Reading an Ethiopian Woman Saint|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/reseafrilite.47.2.03|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=47|issue=2|pages=20–45|doi=10.2979/reseafrilite.47.2.03|jstor=10.2979/reseafrilite.47.2.03 |s2cid=148427759 |issn=0034-5210|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* '''1683''' – The [[Kingdom of Denmark]] criminalizes "relations against nature", making it punishable by death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://denmarktodayblog.wordpress.com/2014/12/04/the-danish-lgbt/|title=DENMARK, PIONEER IN RIGHTS FOR THE LGBT|work=Denmark Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209085634/https://denmarktodayblog.wordpress.com/2014/12/04/the-danish-lgbt/|archive-date=9 February 2016|date=4 December 2014}}</ref>
* '''1688''' – '''1704''' – Kagemachaya([[:ja:陰間茶屋|ja]]), a Japanese gay bar, first opens in Japan.<ref name="boyfriend">オトコノコのためのボーイフレンド (1986)</ref>
====18th century====
* '''1721''' – [[Catharina Margaretha Linck]] is executed for female sodomy in Germany.
* '''1726''' – [[Margaret Clap|Mother Clap's]] [[molly house]] in [[London]] is raided by police, resulting in the execution of three men.<ref name="rn">{{cite web|title=The Raid of Mother Clap's Molly House|last=Norton|first=Rictor|url=http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/mother.htm|date=5 February 2005|access-date=12 February 2010|archive-date=6 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106032418/http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/mother.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''1730''' – In The Netherlands the [[Utrecht sodomy trials|Utrecht Sodomy Trials]] begin, resulting in the execution of over a hundred men and the banishment of hundreds more.
* '''1740'''{{snd}}[[Kangxi Emperor|Kiangxi Emperor]] of [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]] passed the first legislation criminalizing consensual nonprofit homosexual sex in Chinese history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hinsch |first=Bret |url=http://archive.org/details/passionsofcutsle0000hins |title=Passions of the cut sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in China |date=1990 |publisher=Berkeley : University of California Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-520-06720-2}}</ref>{{Rp|page=144}}
* '''{{Vanchor|1781}}'''{{snd}} Jens Andersson of Norway, assigned female at birth but identifying as male, was imprisoned and put on trial after marrying Anne Kristine Mortensdotter in a Lutheran church. When asked about his gender, the response was "Hand troer at kunde henhøre til begge Deele" ("He believes he belongs to both").<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-12-16|title=Et besynderligt givtermaal mellem tvende fruentimmer|url=https://skeivtarkiv.no/skeivopedia/et-besynderligt-givtermaal-mellem-tvende-fruentimmer|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Skeivt arkiv|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326231347/https://skeivtarkiv.no/skeivopedia/et-besynderligt-givtermaal-mellem-tvende-fruentimmer|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''1785''' – Prince Kraison of [[Thailand]] became the first openly queer member of the [[Chakri dynasty]] since the dynasty's royal enthronment under its first ruler [[Rama I]], who was Prince Kraison's father. He had a loving relationship with theatre actors Khun Thong and Yaem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://board.postjung.com/710555.html|title=การเล่นสวาท (ผู้ชายกับผู้ชาย) บังเกิดขึ้นในรั่ววัง|website=Postjung.com|date=October 2013|access-date=2017-11-08|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033619/https://board.postjung.com/710555.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''1785''' – [[Jeremy Bentham]] is one of the first people to argue for the decriminalization of sodomy in England.<ref name=Fone/>
* '''1786''' – King [[Frederick the Great]] of Prussia dies.<ref>{{cite news|first=Oliver|last=Das Gupta|date=23 January 2012|language=de|title=Der Schwule Fritz|trans-title=The Gay Fritz|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/friedrich-preussen-schwul-1.1264396|periodical=Süddeutsche Zeitung|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217152513/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/friedrich-preussen-schwul-1.1264396|archive-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> (See: ''[[Sexuality of Frederick the Great]]'')
* '''1791''' – The [[LGBT rights in France|Kingdom of France]] ([[LGBT rights in Andorra|Andorra]], and [[LGBT rights in Haiti|Haiti]]) adopts the [[French Penal Code of 1791]], which no longer criminalizes sodomy. France thus becomes the first West European country to decriminalize homosexual acts between consenting adults.<ref>Gunther, Scott (2009). [http://academics.wellesley.edu/French/facultyhomepages/gunther/Scott%20Gunther%20-%20The%20Elastic%20Closet.html "The Elastic Closet: A History of Homosexuality in France, 1942–present"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603062805/http://academics.wellesley.edu/French/facultyhomepages/gunther/Scott%20Gunther%20-%20The%20Elastic%20Closet.html |date=3 June 2013 }} Book about the history of homosexual movements in France (sample chapter available online). Palgrave-Macmillan, 2009. {{ISBN|0-230-22105-X}}.</ref>
* '''1791''' – The novel ''[[Dream of the Red Chamber]]'' by Cao Xueqin is published in China. It includes an openly bisexual character as well as an account of a [[gay bashing]].<ref>Jan Wong's China: Reports From A Not-So-Foreign Correspondent, Jan Wong. Doubleday Canada, 2011. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hY2ZVlqYNC0C&dq=%22dream+of+the+red+chamber%22+gay-bashing&pg=PT158]</ref>
* '''1793''' – [[LGBT rights in Monaco|Monaco]] decriminalizes sodomy.
* '''1794''' – The [[Kingdom of Prussia]] abolishes the death penalty for sodomy.<ref name=Fone/>
* '''1794''' – [[LGBT rights in Luxembourg|Luxembourg]] decriminalizes sodomy.
* '''1795''' – [[LGBT rights in Belgium|Belgium]] decriminalizes sodomy.
====19th century====
{{Main|LGBT rights in the 19th century}}
====20th century====
{{main|Timeline of LGBT history, 20th century}}
===3rd millennium===
====21st century====
{{Main|Timeline of LGBT history, 21st century}}
==See also==
{{Commons category|LGBT history by century}}{{Portal|History|LGBTQ}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands]]
* [[Bisexuality in the United States]]
* [[Gay men in American history]]
* [[History of bisexuality]]
* [[History of human sexuality]]
* [[History of LGBT in policing]]
* [[History of lesbianism]]
* [[History of lesbianism in the United States]]
* [[History of transgender people in the United States]]
* [[Intersex in history]]
* [[LGBT history]]
* [[LGBT history in Turkey]]
* [[List of LGBT actions in the United States prior to the Stonewall riots]]
* [[List of LGBT firsts by year]]
* [[Table of years in LGBT rights]]
* [[Timeline of African and diasporic LGBT history]]
* [[Timeline of asexual history]]
* [[Timeline of Asian and Pacific Islander diasporic LGBT history]]
* [[Timeline of intersex history]]
* [[Timeline of LGBT history in Canada]]
* [[Timeline of LGBT history in Ecuador]]
* [[Timeline of LGBT history in New York City]]
* [[Timeline of LGBT history in South Africa]]
* [[Timeline of LGBT history in Turkey]]
* [[Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Timeline of LGBT history in the United States]]
* [[Timeline of LGBT Jewish history]]
* [[Timeline of LGBT Mormon history]]
* [[Timeline of same-sex marriage]]
* [[Timeline of same-sex marriage in the United States]]
* [[Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine]]
* [[Timeline of transgender history]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Sources==
* {{cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/25055464 |access-date=26 July 2023 |title=MEĐU NAMA: Neispričane priče gej i lezbejskih života - ''zbornik tekstova'' |trans-title=BETWEEN US: Untold stories of gay and lesbian lives |language=hr |editor1=Blagojević, Jelisaveta |editor2=Dimitrijević, Olga |editor3=Stolić, Ana |editor4=Đurić, Dubravka |editor5=Lončarević, Katarina |editor6=Ivanović, Zorica |editor7=Radmanović, Mane |editor8=Popović, Tatjana |editor9=Savanović, Aleksandra |editor10=Knežević, Nenad |last1=Sabo |first1=Adriana |last2=Vuletić |first2=Aleksandra |last3=Stolić |first3=Ana |last4=Burmaz |first4=Branko |last5=Zec |first5=Dejan |last6=Duišin |first6=Dragana |last7=Stojanović |first7=Dragana |last8=Đurić |first8=Dubravka |last9=Maljković |first9=Dušan |last10=Erdei |first10=Ildiko |last11=Barišić |first11=Jasmina |last12=Petrović |first12=Jelena |last13=Višnjić |first13=Jelena |last14=Blagojević |first14=Jelisaveta |last15=Lončarević |first15=Katarina |last16=Radulović |first16=Lidija |last17=Kapetanović |first17=Milorad |last18=Jovanović |first18=Nebojša |last19=Savić |first19=Nebojša |last20=Knežević |first20=Nenad |last21=Dimitrijević |first21=Olga |last22=Dimitrov |first22=Slavčo |last23=Gočanin |first23=Sonja |last24=Bojanin |first24=Stanoje |last25=Kalinić |first25=Tanja |last26=Bjeličić |first26=Vladimir |last27=Jovanović |first27=Vladimir |last28=Ivanović |first28=Zorica |year=2014 |publisher=Hartefakt Fond |___location=Belgrade |isbn=978-86-914281-4-3 |ref={{sfnref|MEĐU NAMA|2014}} }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Pritchard |editor-first=James B. |title=Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament |chapter=The Middle Assyrian Laws |pages=180–188 |translator=Theophile J. Meek |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=1969 |edition=3rd |isbn=0-691-03503-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/ancient-near-eastern-texts-relating-to-the-old-testaments-james-b.-pritchard/ }}
==Further reading==
* Archer, Bert (2004). ''The End of Gay: And the Death of Heterosexuality''. Thunder's Mouth Press. {{ISBN|1-56025-611-7}}.
* Bullough, Vern L. (2002). ''Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context''. New York, Harrington Park Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press. {{ISBN|1-56023-193-9}}.
* Burleson, William E. (2005). ''Bi America: Myths, Truths, and Struggles of an Invisible Community''. United Kingdom, Routledge. {{ISBN|978-1560234791}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Chauncey
|first=George
|title=[[Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940]]
|publisher=[[Basic Books]]
|edition=Reprint
|year=1995
|isbn=0-465-02621-4
}}
* Dapin, Mark, "If at first you don't secede...", The Sydney Morning Herald – Good Weekend, 12 February 2005, pp 47–50
* {{cite book |author=Fone, Byrne R. S. |title=[[Homophobia: A History]] |publisher=[[Metropolitan Books]] |___location=New York |year=2000 |isbn=0-8050-4559-7 |url=}}
* Gallo, Marcia M. (2007) ''Different Daughters: A History of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Rise of the Lesbian Rights Movement.'' California: Seal Press. {{ISBN|1580052525}}
* Hogan, Steve and Lee Hudson (1998). ''Completely Queer: The Gay and Lesbian Encyclopedia''. New York, Henry Holt and Company. {{ISBN|0-8050-3629-6}}.
* Lattas, Judy, "Queer Sovereignty: the Gay & Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands", Cosmopolitan Civil Societies journal, UTS September 2009
* Miller, Neil (1995). ''Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present''. New York, Vintage Books. {{ISBN|0-09-957691-0}}.
* {{Cite book
|last=Percy III
|first=William Armstrong
|title=Pederasty and pedagogy in archaic Greece
|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]
|isbn=0-252-02209-2
|year=1996
|url=https://archive.org/details/pederastypedagog00perc
}}
* [[Susan Stryker|Stryker, Susan]] (2008). ''[[Transgender History (book)|Transgender History]]''. New York, Seal Press. {{ISBN|978-1-58005-224-5}}
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027111625/http://geocities.com/gueroperro/Chron-44-page.wps.htm Chronicle of gay history]
* [http://www.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131020192605/http://www.ohio.edu/lgbt/resources/history.cfm LGBT History Timeline]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061219040834/http://www.pcsproud.org.uk/our_story.pdf Our Story (Another Timeline)]
{{LGBT history}}
{{LGBT rights footer}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Lgbtq History}}
[[Category:LGBTQ timelines| ]]
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