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{{Short description|Project to analyze the ionosphere}}
{{redirect|HAARP|the album and video by Muse|HAARP (album)}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Haarp|harp (disambiguation){{!}}harp}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox research institute
|name = High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program Research Station
|motto =
|image = [[File:High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program site.jpg|300px|Aerial view of the HAARP site, looking towards [[Mount Sanford (Alaska)|Mount Sanford]], [[Alaska]]]]
|caption =
|established = 1993
|type =
|debt =
|research_field = [[Ionosphere]]
|director =
|city = [[Gakona, Alaska|Gakona]], [[Alaska]], [[United States]]
|affiliations =
|operating_agency = [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]]
|nobel_laureates =
|website =https://haarp.gi.alaska.edu/
|logo =
|footnotes =
}}
The '''High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program''' ('''HAARP''') is a [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]] program which researches the [[ionosphere]] – the highest, [[Ionization|ionized]] part of [[Atmosphere of Earth|Earth's atmosphere]]. The most prominent instrument at HAARP is the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI), a high-power [[radio frequency]] [[transmitter]] facility operating in the [[high frequency]] (HF) band. The IRI is used to temporarily excite a limited area of the [[ionosphere]]. Other instruments, such as a [[VHF]] and a [[ultra high frequency|UHF]] [[radar]], a [[fluxgate compass|fluxgate]] [[magnetometer]], a digisonde (an [[ionospheric sounding]] device), and an induction magnetometer, are used to study the physical processes that occur in the excited region. Work on the HAARP facility began in 1993. Initially HAARP was jointly funded by the [[U.S. Air Force]], the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]], the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA).<ref name="FAQ Sheet">{{cite web |date=15 June 2007 |title=HAARP Fact Sheet |url=http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/factSheet.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007235012/http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/factSheet.html |archive-date=7 October 2009 |access-date=27 September 2009 |publisher=HAARP}}</ref> It was designed and built by [[BAE Systems|BAE Advanced Technologies]]. Its original purpose was to analyze the ionosphere and investigate the potential for developing ionospheric enhancement technology for radio communications and surveillance.<ref name="Purpose">{{cite web |title=Purpose and Objectives of the HAARP Program |url=http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/prpeis.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001114140/http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/prpeis.html |archive-date=1 October 2009 |access-date=27 September 2009 |publisher=HAARP}}</ref> Since 2015 it has been operated by the University of Alaska Fairbanks.<ref>{{cite web |title=About HAARP |url=https://haarp.gi.alaska.edu |accessdate=5 February 2022 |website=University of Alaska Fairbanks |language=en-US}}</ref>
The current working IRI was completed in 2007; its prime contractor was [[BAE Systems Inc.|BAE Systems Advanced Technologies]].<ref name="FAQ Sheet" /> As of 2008, HAARP had incurred around $250 million in tax-funded construction and operating costs. In May 2014, it was announced that the HAARP program would be permanently shut down later in the year.<ref name="ADNCole2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.adn.com/2014/05/14/3470442/air-force-prepares-to-dismantle.html |title=Air Force prepares to dismantle HAARP ahead of summer shutdown |first=Dermot |last=Cole |date=2014-05-14 |work=Anchorage Daily News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517010257/http://www.adn.com/2014/05/14/3470442/air-force-prepares-to-dismantle.html |archive-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> After discussions between the parties, ownership of the facility was transferred to the [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]] in August 2015.<ref name="UAF">{{cite news |last=Rozell |first=Ned |date=6 September 2015 |title=Under new management, Alaska's HAARP facility open for business again |language=en-US |newspaper=Alaska Dispatch News |url=http://www.adn.com/article/20150906/under-new-management-alaskas-haarp-facility-open-business-again |access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref>
HAARP is a target of [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorists]], who claim that it is capable of [[Weather modification|weather manipulation]] and [[Mind control in popular culture|mind control]]. Scientists and other critics point out that these claims fall well outside the abilities of the facility, and often outside the scope of current [[natural science]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Washington |first1=District of Columbia 1800 I. Street NW |last2=Dc 20006 |title=Turkey-Syria earthquakes were natural disasters, not geoengineered |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2023/feb/15/facebook-posts/turkey-syria-earthquakes-were-natural-disaster-not/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=politifact.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=PopSci /><ref name="Naiditch"/>
==History==
[[File:HAARP-1.ogg|thumb|right|Audio heard from HAARP]]
The High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program began in 1990. [[Ted Stevens]], Republican U.S. senator from Alaska, helped win approval for the facility,<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.nature.com/news/us-ionospheric-research-facility-to-close-1.15243|title = US ionospheric research facility to close|date = 16 May 2014|access-date = 18 August 2014|journal = Nature|last = Weinberger|first = Sharon|doi = 10.1038/nature.2014.15243|s2cid = 124572280|url-access = subscription}}</ref> and construction began in 1993.
In early May 2013, HAARP was temporarily shut down, awaiting a change between contractors to operate the facility. In July 2013, HAARP program manager James Keeney said, "[[DARPA|Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)]] is expected on site as a client to finish up some research in fall 2013 and winter 2014."<ref>{{cite web|title=HAARP Facility Shuts Down|url=http://www.arrl.org/news/view/haarp-facility-shuts-down|publisher=ARRL|access-date=16 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="EarthSky">{{cite web|last=Byrd|first=Deborah|title=Crazy weather? You can't blame HAARP anymore|date=16 July 2013|url=http://earthsky.org/earth/crazy-weather-you-cant-blame-haarp-anymore|publisher=EarthSky, 16 July 2013|access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> The temporary shutdown was described as being due to "a contractor regime change." [[Ahtna, Incorporated]], the [[Alaska native corporation|Alaska Native corporation]] serving the region of Alaska where the HAARP site is located, was reportedly in talks to take over the facility administration contract from Marsh Creek, LLC.<ref name="AK">{{cite news|last=Anderson|first=Ben|title=Alaska's controversial HAARP facility closed – will it come back online?|url=http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/20130717/alaska-s-controversial-haarp-facility-closed-will-it-come-back-online|access-date=18 July 2013|newspaper=Alaska Dispatch|date=18 July 2013|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714064246/http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/20130717/alaska-s-controversial-haarp-facility-closed-will-it-come-back-online|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In May 2014, the Air Force announced that the HAARP program would be shut down later in 2014.<ref name="ADNCole2014" /><ref>{{cite news | title = Bye-Bye to the Home of a Favorite Internet Conspiracy Theory | url = https://www.npr.org/2014/06/10/319539712/bye-bye-to-the-home-of-a-favorite-internet-conspiracy-theory | first = Geoff | last = Brumfiel | date = 10 June 2014 | work = NPR | access-date = 2014-06-11}}</ref> While experiments ended in the summer of 2014, the complete shutdown and dismantling of the facility was postponed until at least May 2015.<ref>{{cite news | title = HAARP closure postponed until 2015 | url = http://www.adn.com/article/20140702/haarp-closure-postponed-until-2015 | first = Dermot | last = Cole | date = 2 July 2014 | work = Alaska Dispatch News | access-date = 2015-06-03}}</ref> In mid-August 2015 control of the facility and its equipment was turned over to the University of Alaska Fairbanks, which is making the facilities available for researchers on a pay-per-use basis.<ref>{{Cite conference |url=https://fallmeeting.agu.org/2015/abstract/future-operations-of-haarp-with-the-uafs-geophysical-institute/ |title=Future Operations of HAARP with the UAF's Geophysical Institute |book-title=AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts|year=2015 |id=AE22A–07 |last1=McCoy |first1=Robert|conference=American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2015 |access-date=10 September 2015|bibcode=2015AGUFMAE22A..07M}}</ref>
==Project overview==
HAARP began operating in 1999 as a 6 × 8 (= 48) antenna array at 0.96 MW, expanding in 2007 to a 12 × 15 (=180) array of 180 antennas with 360 radio transmitters at 9.6 MW. It covers 14 [[Hectare|ha]] near [[Gakona, Alaska|Gakona]], about 250 km northeast of [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]]. Its beam direction is anywhere within 30° of [[zenith]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=Todd |date=2015-12-01 |title=HAARP, the most powerful ionosphere heater on Earth |url=https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/68/12/72/415022/HAARP-the-most-powerful-ionosphere-heater-on |journal=Physics Today |language=en |volume=68 |issue=12 |pages=72–73 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.3032 |bibcode=2015PhT....68l..72P |issn=0031-9228}}</ref><ref name="Nature" />[[File:HAARP20l.jpg|thumb|HAARP antenna array]]
The HAARP project directs a 3.6 [[Mega-|M]][[watt|W]] signal, in the 2.8–10 [[megahertz|MHz]] region of the [[high frequency|HF band]], into the [[ionosphere]]. The signal may be pulsed or continuous. Effects of the transmission and any recovery period can be examined using associated instrumentation, including [[very high frequency|VHF]] and [[ultra high frequency|UHF]] [[radar]]s, HF receivers, and optical cameras. According to the HAARP team, this will advance the study of basic natural processes that occur in the ionosphere under the natural but much stronger influence of solar interaction. HAARP also enables studies of how the natural ionosphere affects radio signals.
The insights gleaned at HAARP will enable scientists to develop methods to mitigate these effects to improve the reliability or performance of communication and navigation systems which would have a wide range of both civilian and military uses, such as an increased accuracy of GPS navigation and advances in underwater and underground research and applications. This may lead, among other things, to improved methods for submarine communication or an ability to remotely sense and map the mineral content of the terrestrial subsurface, and perhaps underground complexes, of regions or countries. The current facility lacks range to be used in regions like the oil-rich Middle East, according to one of the researchers involved, but the technology could be put on a mobile platform.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=David |last=Hambling |date=12 January 2010 |title=Pentagon scientists target Iran's nuclear mole-men |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/01/irans-nuclear-molemen/ |access-date=18 December 2018 |via=www.wired.com}}</ref>
The project was originally funded by the [[Office of Naval Research]] and jointly managed by the ONR and [[Air Force Research Laboratory]], with principal involvement of the University of Alaska Fairbanks; other US universities and educational institutions involved in the development of the project and its instruments include [[Stanford University]], [[Penn State University]] (ARL), [[Boston College]], [[UCLA]], [[Clemson University]], [[Dartmouth College]], [[Cornell University]], [[Johns Hopkins University]], [[University of Maryland, College Park]], [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [[Polytechnic Institute of New York University]], [[Virginia Tech]] and the [[University of Tulsa]]. The project's specifications were developed by the universities, who continued to play a major role in the design of future research efforts.
According to HAARP's original management, the project strove for openness, and all activities were logged and publicly available, a practice which continues under the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Scientists without security clearances, even foreign nationals, were routinely allowed on site, which also continues today. HAARP hosts an open house annually, during which time any civilian can tour the entire facility. In addition, scientific results obtained using HAARP are routinely published in major research journals (such as ''[[Geophysical Research Letters]]'' and ''[[Journal of Geophysical Research]]''), written both by university scientists (American and foreign) and by [[U.S. Department of Defense]] research lab scientists.
==Research==
HAARP's main goal is basic science research in the uppermost portion of the [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmosphere]], termed the [[ionosphere]]. Essentially a transition between the atmosphere and the [[magnetosphere]], the ionosphere is where the atmosphere is thin enough that the Sun's X-rays and UV rays can reach it, but thick enough that there are enough molecules present to absorb those rays. Consequently, the ionosphere consists of a rapid increase in density of free electrons, beginning at {{abbr|~|approximately}}70 km, reaching a peak at ~300 km, and then falling off again as the atmosphere disappears entirely by ~1,000 km. Various aspects of HAARP can study all of the main layers of the ionosphere.
The profile of the ionosphere is highly variable, changing constantly on timescales of minutes, hours, days, seasons, and years. This profile becomes even more complex near Earth's magnetic poles, where the nearly vertical alignment and intensity of Earth's magnetic field can cause physical effects like [[aurora (astronomy)|the aurora]].
The ionosphere is traditionally very difficult to measure. Balloons cannot reach it because the air is too thin, but satellites cannot orbit there because the air is too thick. Hence, most experiments on the ionosphere give only small pieces of information. HAARP approaches the study of the ionosphere by following in the footsteps of an ionospheric heater called [[EISCAT]] near [[Tromsø]], Norway. There, scientists pioneered exploration of the ionosphere by perturbing it with radio waves in the 2–10 MHz range, and studying how the ionosphere reacts. HAARP performs the same functions but with more power and a more flexible and agile HF beam.
Some of the main capabilities of HAARP include:
# Generating [[very low frequency]] (VLF) radio waves by modulated heating of the auroral [[electrojet]], useful because generating VLF waves ordinarily requires gigantic antennas
# Generating artificial [[airglow]], which is typically subvisual but routinely detectable. Under certain geophysical conditions and transmitter configurations, it can be bright enough to observe with the unaided eye.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pedersen |first1=Todd R. |last2=Gerken |first2=Elizabeth A. |date=February 2005 |title=Creation of visible artificial optical emissions in the aurora by high-power radio waves |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03243 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=433 |issue=7025 |pages=498–500 |doi=10.1038/nature03243 |pmid=15690034 |bibcode=2005Natur.433..498P |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hysell|first1=D. L.|last2=Miceli|first2=R. J.|last3=Kendall|first3=E. A.|last4=Schlatter|first4=N. M.|last5=Varney|first5=R. H.|last6=Watkins|first6=B. J.|last7=Pedersen|first7=T. R.|last8=Bernhardt|first8=P. A.|last9=Huba|first9=J. D.|year=2014|title=Heater-induced ionization inferred from spectrometric airglow measurements|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics|volume=119|issue=3|pages=2038–2045|doi=10.1002/2013JA019663|issn=2169-9402|bibcode=2014JGRA..119.2038H|s2cid=129590018 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
# Generating [[extremely low frequency]] (ELF) waves in the 0.1 Hz range. These are next to impossible to produce any other way, because the length of an antenna is dictated by the wavelength of the signal it emits or receives.
# Generating [[Whistler (radio)|whistler-mode]] VLF signals that enter the [[magnetosphere]] and propagate to the other hemisphere, interacting with [[Van Allen radiation belt]] particles along the way
# VLF [[remote sensing]] of the heated ionosphere
[[Research]] at the HAARP has included:
# [[Plasma (physics)|Plasma]] line observations
# Stimulated electron emission observations. That is, HAARP stimulates plasma waves, which creates radio waves that are received on the ground. The spectrum depends on charge density, ion mass, magnetic field strength, etc.<ref name=":1" />
# [[Gyro frequency]] heating research
# Spread F observations (blurring of ionospheric echoes of radio waves due to irregularities in electron density in the [[Ionosphere#F layer|F layer]])
# High-velocity trace runs
# [[Airglow]] observations<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kendall|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Marshall|first2=Robert|last3=Parris|first3=Richard Todd|last4=Bhatt|first4=Asti|last5=Coster|first5=Anthea|last6=Pedersen|first6=Todd|last7=Bernhardt|first7=Paul|last8=Selcher|first8=Craig|year=2010|title=Decameter structure in heater-induced airglow at the High frequency Active Auroral Research Program facility|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics|volume=115|issue=A8|pages=n/a|doi=10.1029/2009JA015043|issn=2156-2202|bibcode=2010JGRA..115.8306K|doi-access=free}}</ref>
# Heating induced [[scintillation (astronomy)|scintillation]] observations
# [[Very low frequency|VLF]] and [[Extremely low frequency|ELF]] generation observations<ref>{{cite journal |first1=M. B. |last1=Cohen |first2=U. S. |last2=Inan |first3=M. A. |last3=Golkowski|title=Geometric modulation: A more effective method of steerable ELF/VLF wave generation with continuous HF heating of the lower ionosphere|journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=35 |number=L12101 |doi=10.1029/2008GL034061 |doi-access=free |date=June 2008|pages=n/a |bibcode=2008GeoRL..3512101C }}</ref>
# [[Radio]] observations of [[meteor]]s
# [[Polar mesospheric summer echoes]] (PMSE) have been studied, probing the [[mesosphere]] using the IRI as a powerful [[radar]], and with a 28 MHz radar and two VHF radars at 49 MHz and 139 MHz. The presence of multiple radars spanning both [[High frequency|HF]] and [[Very high frequency|VHF]] bands allows scientists to make comparative measurements that may someday lead to an understanding of the processes that form these elusive phenomena.
# Research into [[outer space|extraterrestrial]] HF radar echos: the Lunar Echo experiment (2008).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Reeve, W.D.|title=The Lunar Echo Experiment (Part 1)|journal=Radio User|year=2008|issue=8|pages=56–58|issn=1748-8117|volume=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Reeve, W.D.|title=The Lunar Echo Experiment (Part 2)|journal=Radio User|year=2008|issue=9|pages=56–57|issn=1748-8117|volume=3}}</ref>
# Testing of [[spread spectrum]] Transmitters (2009)
# Meteor shower impacts on the ionosphere
# Response and recovery of the ionosphere from solar flares and geomagnetic storms
# The effect of ionospheric disturbances on GPS satellite signal quality
# Producing high density plasma clouds in Earth's upper atmosphere<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.nrl.navy.mil/media/news-releases/2013/nrl-scientists-produce-densest-artificial-ionospheric-plasma-clouds-using-haarp | title=NRL Scientists Produce Densest Artificial Ionospheric Plasma Clouds Using HAARP | publisher=U.S. Naval Research Lab | date=2013-02-25 | access-date=5 April 2013 | quote=Using the 3.6-megawatt high-frequency (HF) HAARP transmitter, the plasma clouds, or balls of plasma, are being studied for use as artificial mirrors at altitudes 50 kilometers below the natural ionosphere and are to be used for reflection of HF radar and communications signals. Past attempts to produce electron density enhancements have yielded densities of 4×10⁵ electrons per cubic centimeter (cm<sup>3</sup>) using HF radio transmissions near the second, third, and fourth harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency. This frequency near 1.44 MHz is the rate that electrons gyrate around the Earth's magnetic field. The NRL group succeeded in producing artificial plasma clouds with densities exceeding 9×10⁵ electrons cm<sup>3</sup> using HAARP transmission at the sixth harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302065739/http://www.nrl.navy.mil/media/news-releases/2013/nrl-scientists-produce-densest-artificial-ionospheric-plasma-clouds-using-haarp | archive-date=2 March 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
# The magnetic zenith effect, that airglow excited by heated electrons becomes much stronger when at the magnetic zenith (the direction of magnetic field).<ref name=":1" /> ~100 Rayleighs in O(1 S) 557.7 nm and O(1 D) 630 nm, the main spectral lines in aurora airglows.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pedersen |first1=T. R. |last2=McCarrick |first2=M. |last3=Gerken |first3=E. |last4=Selcher |first4=C. |last5=Sentman |first5=D. |last6=Carlson |first6=H. C. |last7=Gurevich |first7=A. |date=February 2003 |title=Magnetic zenith enhancement of HF radio-induced airglow production at HAARP |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002GL016096 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |page=1169 |doi=10.1029/2002GL016096 |bibcode=2003GeoRL..30.1169P |issn=0094-8276}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kosch |first1=M. J. |last2=Pedersen |first2=T. |last3=Mishin |first3=E. |last4=Oyama |first4=S. |last5=Hughes |first5=J. |last6=Senior |first6=A. |last7=Watkins |first7=B. |last8=Bristow |first8=B. |date=June 2007 |title=Coordinated optical and radar observations of ionospheric pumping for a frequency pass through the second electron gyroharmonic at HAARP |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2006JA012146 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics |language=en |volume=112 |issue=A6 |doi=10.1029/2006JA012146 |bibcode=2007JGRA..112.6325K |issn=0148-0227}}</ref>
Research conducted at the HAARP facility has allowed the US military to perfect communications with its fleet of submarines by sending radio signals over long distances.<ref name="Bailey and Worthington">{{cite book|chapter=History and applications of HAARP technologies: the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program|last1=Bailey|first1=Patrick|last2=Worthington|first2=Nancy|title=IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203)|pages=1317–1322 vol.2|date=27 July 1997|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/IECEC.1997.661959|isbn=0-7803-4515-0|s2cid=108467419}}</ref><ref name="Barr, Llanwyn Jones and Rodger">{{cite journal|title=ELF and VLF radio waves|last1=Barr|first1=R.|last2=Llanwyn Jones|first2=D.|last3=Rodger|first3=C.J.|year=2000|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics|volume=62|doi=10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00121-8|issue=17–18|pages=1689–1718|bibcode=2000JASTP..62.1689B}}</ref>
== Instrumentation and operation ==
The main instrument at HAARP is the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI). This is a high-power, high-frequency [[phased array]] radio [[transmitter]] with a set of 180 [[antenna (radio)|antennas]], disposed in an array of 12×15 units that occupy a rectangle of about {{convert|30-40|acre|ha|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 2 |title=Opportunities for High-Power, High-Frequency Transmitters to Advance Ionospheric / Thermospheric Research |type=Report of a Workshop |year=2014 |series=National Academies Press |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |doi=10.17226/18620 |isbn=978-0-309-29859-9 |chapter-url=https://www.nap.edu/read/18620/chapter/2 |access-date=8 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=Streep, Abe |date=July 2008 |title=Ionospheric manipulation made easy |magazine=[[Popular Science]] |volume=273 |issue=1 |page= |pages=61–63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA62 |access-date=8 February 2017}}</ref> The IRI is used to temporarily energize a small portion of the [[ionosphere]]. The study of these disturbed volumes yields important information for understanding natural ionospheric processes.
During active ionospheric research, the signal generated by the transmitter system is delivered to the [[Antenna array (electromagnetic)|antenna array]] and transmitted in an upward direction. At an altitude between {{convert|70|and|350|km|0|abbr=on}} (depending on operating frequency), the signal is partially absorbed in a small volume several tens of kilometers in diameter and a few meters thick over the IRI. The intensity of the [[High frequency|HF]] signal in the ionosphere is less than 3 μW/cm<sup>2</sup>, tens of thousands of times less than the Sun's natural electromagnetic radiation reaching the Earth and hundreds of times less than even the normal random variations in intensity of the Sun's natural [[ultraviolet]] (UV) energy which creates the ionosphere. The small effects that are produced can be observed with the sensitive scientific instruments installed at the HAARP facility. These observations can provide information about the dynamics of [[plasma (physics)|plasmas]] and insight into the processes of solar-terrestrial interactions.<ref>
{{cite report
|title=Technical Information
|date=12 April 2007
|department=HAARP
|publisher=[[University of Alaska]]
|url=http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/tech.html
|access-date=27 September 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002090806/http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/tech.html
|archive-date=2 October 2009
}}
</ref>
Each antenna element consists of a crossed [[dipole]] that can be polarized for linear, [[ordinary mode]] (O-mode), or [[extraordinary mode]] (X-mode) transmission and reception.<ref>
{{cite report
|title=The HAARP Antenna Array
|department=HAARP
|publisher=[[University of Alaska]]
|url=http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/ant3.html
|access-date=27 September 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415111323/http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/ant3.html
|archive-date=15 April 2007
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite report
|title=Details of the HAARP Antenna Design
|department=HAARP
|publisher=[[University of Alaska]]
|url=http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/ant2.html
|access-date=27 September 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513135131/http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/ant2.html
|archive-date=13 May 2007
}}
</ref>
Each part of the two section crossed dipoles is individually fed from a specially designed, custom-built transmitter that operates at very low distortion levels. The [[effective radiated power]] (ERP) of the IRI is limited by more than a factor of 10 at its lower operating frequencies. Much of this is due to higher antenna losses and a less efficient antenna pattern.
The IRI can transmit between 2.7 and 10 MHz, a frequency range that lies above the AM radio broadcast band and well below Citizens' Band frequency allocations. HAARP is licensed to transmit only in certain segments of this frequency range. When the IRI is transmitting, the bandwidth of the transmitted signal is 100 kHz or less. The IRI can transmit in continuous waves (CW) or in pulses as short as 10 microseconds (μs). CW transmission is generally used for ionospheric modification, while transmission in short pulses frequently repeated is used as a radar system. Researchers can run experiments that use both modes of transmission, first modifying the ionosphere for a predetermined amount of time, then measuring the decay of modification effects with pulsed transmissions.
There are other geophysical instruments for research located at the HAARP facility. Some of them are:
* A [[fluxgate compass|fluxgate]] [[magnetometer]] built by the University of Alaska Fairbanks [[Geophysical Institute]], available to chart variations in the Earth's magnetic field. Rapid and sharp changes of the magnetic field may indicate a [[geomagnetic storm]].
* A [[ionospheric sounding|digisonde]] that can provide ionospheric profiles, allowing scientists to choose appropriate frequencies for IRI operation. The HAARP makes current and historic digisonde information available online.
* An induction magnetometer, provided by the [[University of Tokyo]], that measures the changing geomagnetic field in the [[Ultra Low Frequency]] (ULF) range of 0–5 Hz.
The facility is powered by a set of five 2500 kilowatt generators being driven by [[EMD 645|EMD 20-645-E4 diesel locomotive engines]].
== Site ==
The project site ({{Coord|62|23|30|N|145|09|03|W|}}) is north of [[Gakona, Alaska|Gakona]], [[Alaska]] just west of [[Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park]]. An [[environmental impact statement]] led to permission for an array of up to 180 [[Antenna (radio)|antennas]] to be erected.<ref>
{{cite web
|date=17 May 2007
|title=The HAARP IRI As Described in the EIS
|url=http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/iriEis.html
|access-date=27 September 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925144409/http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/iriEis.html
|archive-date=25 September 2009}}</ref> HAARP was constructed at the previous site of an [[over-the-horizon radar]] (OTH) installation. A large structure, built to house the OTH now houses the HAARP control room, kitchen and offices. Several other small structures house various instruments.
The HAARP site was constructed in three distinct phases:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/phases.html
|title=Phases of Completion of the IRI
|publisher=HAARP
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501131817/http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/phases.html
|archive-date=1 May 2007
}}</ref>
# The '''Developmental Prototype''' (DP) had 18 antenna elements, organized in three columns by six rows. It was fed with a total of 360 kilowatts (kW) combined transmitter output power. The DP transmitted just enough power for the most basic of ionospheric testing.
# The '''Filled Developmental Prototype''' (FDP) had 48 antenna units arrayed in six columns by eight rows, with 960 kW of transmitter power. It was fairly comparable to other [[Ionospheric heater#Current facilities|ionospheric heating facilities]]. This was used for a number of successful scientific experiments and ionospheric exploration campaigns over the years.
# The '''Final IRI''' (FIRI) is the final build of the IRI. It has 180 antenna units, organized in 15 columns by 12 rows, yielding a theoretical maximum gain of 31 [[decibel|dB]]. A total of 3.6 MW of transmitter power will feed it, but the power is focused in the upward direction by the geometry of the large [[phased array]] of antennas which allow the antennas to work together in controlling the direction. {{As of|March 2007}}, all the antennas were in place, the final phase was completed and the [[Antenna array (electromagnetic)|antenna array]] was undergoing testing aimed at fine-tuning its performance to comply with safety requirements required by regulatory agencies. The facility officially began full operations in its final status of 3.6{{nbsp}}MW transmitter power in the summer of 2007, yielding a maximum effective radiated power (ERP) of 5.1{{nbsp}}[[gigawatts]] or 97.1{{nbsp}}[[dBW]]. However, the site typically operates at a fraction of that power due to the lower [[antenna gain]] exhibited at frequencies used in standard operation.<ref>
{{cite web
|date=10 May 2010
|title=HAARP IRI Performance Calculator
|url=http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/calciri.html
|access-date=10 May 2010
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419223036/http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/calciri.html
|archive-date=19 April 2010}}</ref>
==
In the United States, there have been two related [[ionospheric heater|ionospheric heating]] facilities: the [[HIPAS]], near [[Fairbanks, Alaska]], which was dismantled in 2009, and one at the [[Arecibo Observatory]]<ref>[http://www.naic.edu/general_int/gen_wshops/AGRP%20workshop%20report5.pdf Link text] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203075110/http://www.naic.edu/general_int/gen_wshops/AGRP%20workshop%20report5.pdf |date=3 December 2010 }}</ref> in [[Puerto Rico]], which collapsed in 2020. The [[European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association]] (EISCAT) operates an ionospheric heating facility capable of transmitting over 1 GW effective radiated power (ERP), near [[Tromsø]], [[Norway]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=B. Isham |author2=C. La Hoz |author3=M. T. Rietveld |author4=F. T. Djuth |author5=T. Hagfors |author6=T. Grydeland |date=October 2000 |url=http://www.kurasc.kyoto-u.ac.jp/s-ramp/abstract/s19.txt |title=High Latitude HF-Induced Plasma Turbulence |website=The First S-RAMP Conference |access-date=27 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108050251/http://www.kurasc.kyoto-u.ac.jp/s-ramp/abstract/s19.txt |archive-date=8 November 2011 }}</ref> The [[Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility]], in [[Vasilsursk]], [[Russia]], near [[Nizhniy Novgorod]], is capable of transmitting 190 MW ERP.
==Conspiracy theories==
{{see also|List of conspiracy theories#Weather and earthquake control projects}}
HAARP is the subject of numerous [[conspiracy theories]]. Various individuals have speculated about hidden motivations and capabilities of the project. For example, [[Rosalie Bertell]] warned in 1996 about the deployment of HAARP as a military weapon.<ref>{{aut|Rosalie Bertell}}, [https://archive.globalpolicy.org/socecon/envronmt/weapons.htm Background on the HAARP Project]. Global Policy Forum, 5 November 1996</ref> [[Michel Chossudovsky]] stated in a book published by the [[Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform]] that "recent scientific evidence suggests that HAARP is fully operational and has the capability of triggering [[flood]]s, [[hurricane]]s, [[drought]]s and [[earthquake]]s."<ref>{{aut|Michel Chossudovsky}}, ''Climate Manipulation as a War Weapon'', p181-182. In {{aut|William Krehm}},''Meltdown : Money, Debt and Wealth of Nations : how Zero Inflation Policy is Leading the World's Monetary and Economic Systems to Collapse : an Anthology from the First Decade of Economic Reform''], [[Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform|COMER]] Publications, 1 January 1999</ref> Over time, HAARP has been blamed for generating such catastrophes, as well as [[thunderstorm]]s, in [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]], [[Haiti]], [[Turkey]], [[Greece]] and the [[Philippines]], and even major [[power outage]]s, the downing of [[TWA Flight 800]], [[Gulf War syndrome]], and [[chronic fatigue syndrome]].<ref name="Naiditch" /><ref name="Alaska Dispatch">{{cite news|last=Baird|first=Austin|title=HAARP conspiracies: Guide to most far-out theories behind government research in Alaska|url=https://www.adn.com/features/article/haarp-conspiracies-guide-most-far-out-theories-behind-government-research-alaska/2011/09/20/|access-date=21 February 2022|newspaper=Alaska Dispatch|date=20 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="USNews">{{cite news|last=Flock|first=Elizabeth|title=Conspiracy Theorists Say Obama Engineered Hurricane Sandy|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2012/10/29/conspiracy-theorists-say-obama-engineered-hurricane-sandy|access-date=8 December 2012|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|date=29 October 2012}}</ref>
Allegations include the following:
* Nick Begich Jr., the son of the late [[U.S. Representative]] [[Nick Begich Sr.]], brother of former [[U.S. Senator]] [[Mark Begich]] and retired Alaska state senator [[Tom Begich]], and father of current U.S. Representative [[Nick Begich III]] is the co-author of ''Angels Don't Play This HAARP.'' He has claimed that the HAARP facility could trigger earthquakes and turn the upper atmosphere into a giant lens so that "the sky would literally appear to burn." He maintains a website that claims HAARP is a mind control device.<ref name=Shachtman>{{cite magazine|last=Shachtman|first=Noah|title=Strange New Air Force Facility Energizes Ionosphere, Fans Conspiracy Flames|url=http://archive.wired.com/politics/security/magazine/17-08/mf_haarp?currentPage=all|magazine=Wired Magazine|access-date=17 April 2011|date=20 July 2009}}</ref><ref name=bio>{{cite web|title=About us - Dr. Nick Begich|url=http://www.earthpulse.com/src/category.asp?catid=13|access-date=2 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518105035/http://www.earthpulse.com/src/category.asp?catid=13|archive-date=18 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* A [[Russian Armed Forces|Russian military]] journal wrote that ionospheric testing would "trigger a cascade of electrons that could flip Earth's magnetic poles".<ref name=Shachtman />
* The [[Alaska Legislature|Alaska state legislature]] and the [[European Parliament]] held hearings about HAARP, the latter citing environmental concerns.<ref name=physicsworld.com>{{cite web|url=https://physicsworld.com/a/eu-clashes-with-us-over-atmosphere-tests|title=EU clashes with US over atmosphere tests|website=physicsworld.com|date=27 February 1998|publisher=IOP Publishing, 27 February 1998|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref>
* Former [[Governor of Minnesota]], ex-professional wrestler, and documentary maker [[Jesse Ventura]] questioned whether the government is using the site to manipulate the weather or to bombard people with mind-controlling radio waves. An Air Force spokeswoman said Ventura made an official request to visit the research station but was rejected. "He and his crew showed up at HAARP anyway and were denied access."<ref name=JuneauEmpire>{{cite web|last=Baenen|first=Jeff|title=Ventura seeks out conspiracy theories at Alaska station|url=http://juneauempire.com/stories/120309/sta_531557452.shtml|publisher=Juneau Empire|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214195544/http://juneauempire.com/stories/120309/sta_531557452.shtml|archive-date=14 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Physicist [[Bernard Eastlund]] claimed that HAARP includes technology based on his own patents that has the capability to modify weather and neutralize satellites.<ref name=PopSci/>
* It has been proposed as a cause of [[The Hum|low frequency background hums]] said to be heard in various locales.<ref name=SYSK/>
In 1995, [[Elisabeth Rehn]], Finnish Member of the [[European Parliament]], tabled a motion for a resolution on the potential use of military-related resources for environmental strategies. The proposal is referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defense Policy for substantive consideration. [[Magda Aelvoet]], Belgian MEP and President of the [[The Green Group in the European Parliament|Green Group]], becomes convinced that HAARP is a secret weapon system.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Croizé |first=Jean-Paul |title=Climat: la fausse menace ? |date=2004 |publisher=Carnot |isbn=978-2-84855-004-6 |___location=Chatou |page=129}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=9 February 1998 |title=The HAARP Project and non-lethal weapons |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/press/sdp/backg/en/1998/b980209.htm |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu}}</ref> In 1998, the two MEPs, convinced by Begich's theory that HAARP poses a threat to the environment, decided to write a report in which they interviewed only two people — Begich and Rosalie Bertell, head of a Canadian association which also supports the conspiracy theory of chemtrails — the invited representatives of the United States and NATO did not respond.<ref name=":0" /> It is on the basis of these two testimonies alone, in which Begich is described as a doctor without having any qualification, that a report by the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defense Policy relating to the environment, security and foreign policy takes up these assertions and adopts a resolution indicating that "HAARP (High Frequency Active Auroral Research Project) by virtue of its far-reaching impact on the environment to be a global concern and (the European Parliament) calls for its legal, ecological and ethical implications to be examined by an international independent body before any further research and testing."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theorin |first=Maj Britt |title=Report on the environment, security and foreign policy (Hughes procedure) - Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defence Policy {{!}} A4-0005/1999 |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-4-1999-0005_EN.html |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>
Two Georgia men arrested on drug charges in November 2016 were reportedly plotting domestic terrorism based on conspiracy theories about HAARP. The Coffee County Sheriff's Office said the men possessed a "massive arsenal" that included [[Colt AR-15|AR-15]] rifles, [[Glock]] handguns, a [[Remington Arms|Remington]] rifle and thousands of rounds of ammunition. According to police, the men wanted to destroy HAARP because they believed the facility manipulates the weather, controls minds and even traps the souls of people. Police say the men confessed that "God told them to go and blow this machine up that kept souls, so souls could be released."<ref name="ADN">{{cite news |last1=Zak |first1=Annie |title=Georgia men plotted attack on Alaska aurora research facility to 'release souls,' detective says |url=https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/2016/11/01/2-men-arrested-in-georgia-planned-to-attack-alaska-aurora-research-facility-investigators-say/ |newspaper=Anchorage Daily News |access-date=2 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="WALB">{{cite web|last1=Buckets|first1=Re-Essa|title=Suspected terrorists believe research facility controls minds, traps souls|url=http://www.walb.com/story/33541811/suspected-terrorists-believes-research-facility-controls-minds-traps-souls|work=WALB news|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829081226/http://www.walb.com/story/33541811/suspected-terrorists-believes-research-facility-controls-minds-traps-souls|archive-date=29 August 2018}}</ref>
[[Stanford University]] professor [[Umran Inan]] told ''[[Popular Science]]'' that weather-control conspiracy theories were "completely uninformed," explaining that "there's absolutely nothing we can do to disturb the Earth's [weather] systems. Even though the power HAARP radiates is very large, it's minuscule compared with the power of a lightning flash—and there are 50 to 100 lightning flashes every second. HAARP's intensity is very small."<ref name=PopSci>{{cite magazine|last=Streep|first=Abe|title=The Military's Mystery Machine: The High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program, or HAARP, has been called a missile-defense tool and a mind-control device. The truth is a bit less ominous|url=http://www.popsci.com/military-aviation-space/article/2008-06/militarys-mystery-machine|date=18 June 2008|magazine=Popular Science|access-date=12 December 2012}}</ref> Computer scientist David Naiditch characterizes HAARP as "a magnet for conspiracy theorists," saying that HAARP attracts their attention because, "its purpose seems deeply mysterious to the scientifically uninformed."<ref name="Naiditch">{{cite web|url=http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/10-03-03/#feature|title=Is baked Alaska half-baked?|last=Naiditch |first=David |date=Spring 2003 |publisher=Skeptic Magazine|access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref> Journalist [[Sharon Weinberger]] called HAARP "the [[Moby Dick]] of conspiracy theories," and said the popularity of conspiracy theories often overshadows the benefits HAARP may provide to the scientific community.<ref name="Nature">{{cite journal|title=Atmospheric physics: Heating up the heavens|last=Weinberger |first=Sharon |date=23 April 2008|journal=Nature|volume=452|issue=7190|pages=930–2|doi=10.1038/452930a|pmid=18441549|doi-access=}}</ref><ref name="Wired">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2008/04/haarp/|title=The Strange Life and Times of HAARP|last=Weinberger|first=Sharon |date=25 April 2008 |magazine=Wired Magazine|access-date=21 January 2010}}</ref> Austin Baird writing in the ''[[Alaska Dispatch]]'' said, "What makes HAARP susceptible to conspiracy criticism is simple. The facility doesn't open its doors in the same way as other federally funded research facilities around the country, and it doesn't go to great efforts to explain the importance of its research to the public."<ref name="Alaska Dispatch"/> In 2016, in response to these claims, the [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]] [[Geophysical Institute]], which manages the facility, announced that HAARP will host an annual open house in August, allowing visitors to tour the complex.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/science/2016/08/24/haarps-new-owner-holds-open-house-to-prove-facility-is-not-capable-of-mind-control/|last=Rosen|first=Yereth|title=HAARP's new owner holds open house to prove facility 'is not capable of mind control'|work=Anchorage Daily News|date=25 August 2016|access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=February 2023|reason=do they still have an annual open day? month?}}
This project resurfaced again during the [[2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference]], known as "COP 27", sparking conspiracies as well as many fantasies, and speaking also about [[geo-engineering]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-08 |title=Truth or Fake - HAARP: Watch out for this conspiracy theory on climate change |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/truth-or-fake/20221108-haarp-watch-out-for-this-conspiracy-theory-on-climate-change |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La manipulation du climat peut-elle déclencher une nouvelle guerre froide?|url=https://www.heidi.news/climat/la-manipulation-du-climat-peut-elle-declencher-une-nouvelle-guerre-froide |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.heidi.news |date=18 October 2022 |language=fr}}</ref>
Following the recent [[2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake|2023 earthquakes in Turkey and Syria]], this project, including that of "Blue Beam", has also been accused of having caused earthquakes, giving rise to numerous conspiracy theories.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cockerell |first=Isobel |date=2023-02-17 |title=Turkey-Syria earthquake was made in Alaska, say conspiracists |url=https://www.codastory.com/newsletters/turkey-earthquake-haarp-conspiracy/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Coda Story |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-18 |title='This is so crazy': conspiracists blame US research unit for Turkey quake |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3210678/turkey-syria-earthquakes-conspiracists-falsely-blame-us-research-station-temblors |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>
Following the widespread visibility of the [[Aurora|aurora borealis]] over much of the Northern Hemisphere in May and again in October 2024, conspiracy theorists promoted HAARP as the true cause of the event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-14 |title=Absurd Conspiracy Theory Claims HAARP Science Experiment Triggered Global Auroras |url=https://gizmodo.com/absurd-conspiracy-theory-claims-alaskan-science-experim-1851475451 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Gizmodo |language=en}}</ref>
== In popular culture ==
HAARP gave rise to a [[HAARP (album)|live album]] by the rock band [[Muse (band)|Muse]] and became the theme of novels like ''La Route de Gakona'' by {{Interlanguage link|Jean-Paul Jody|lt=Jean-Paul Jody|fr|qid=Q3168546}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rédaction |first=La |date=2011-03-24 |title=HAARP : ce qu'il faut savoir avant de se mettre à fantasmer |url=https://www.conspiracywatch.info/haarp-ce-qu-il-faut-savoir-avant-de-se-mettre-a-fantasmer_a634.html |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Conspiracy Watch {{!}} L'Observatoire du conspirationnisme |language=fr-FR}}</ref>
HAARP is the key plot point in ''Breaking Point'' of [[Tom Clancy's Net Force]] (2000), where it is used to induce group madness.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clancy |first1=Tom |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm45155308 |title=Tom Clancy's Net force. Breaking point |last2=Pieczenik |first2=Steve R. |last3=Perry |first3=Steve |date=2000 |publisher=Berkley Books |others=Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress) |isbn=978-0-425-17693-1 |edition=Berkley |___location=New York |oclc=ocm45155308}}</ref>
The HAARP facility appears in the 2004 video game ''[[X-Men Legends]]''. In the game, the [[X-Men]] track the [[Brotherhood of Mutants]] to HAARP.<ref>{{cite video game
| title = X-Men Legends
| trans-title =
| developer = Raven Software
| publisher = Activision
| date = 2004
| platform = GameCube, PS2, Xbox
| version =
| scene = HAARP Facility Mission Briefing
| level = HAARP Facility
| language = English
| quote = '''Professor Xavier''': 'With the aid of Cerebro, I've learned The Brotherhood is en route to Alaska. It appears their destination is the facility for the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program - also known simply as HAARP.'
}}</ref> The facility is significantly different from its real life counterpart, with snowy valleys around it and vast icy tunnels below.<ref>{{cite video game
| title = X-Men Legends
| trans-title =
| developer = Raven Software
| publisher = Activision
| date = 2004
| platform = GameCube, PS2, Xbox
| version =
| scene =
| level = HAARP Facility
| language = English
| quote =
}}</ref> It is guarded by an extensive security force, including armed guards and tanks. The X-Men eventually locate the Brotherhood and learn that sensitive information,<ref>{{cite video game
| title = X-Men Legends
| trans-title =
| developer = Raven Software
| publisher = Activision
| date = 2004
| platform = GameCube, PS2, Xbox
| version =
| scene = Conversation with Iceman after returning from the HAARP mission
| level = X-Mansion
| language = English
| quote = '''Iceman''': 'Yeah, I guess there was a lot of equipment at the facility that had nothing to do with studying the Aurora Borealis...Professor X thinks the government might be using it as a hi-tech headquarters for storing sensitive information - stuff they don't want regular people to know about.'
}}</ref> including the ___location of [[Magneto (Marvel Comics)|Magneto]]'s imprisonment,<ref>{{cite video game
| title = X-Men Legends
| trans-title =
| developer = Raven Software
| publisher = Activision
| date = 2004
| platform = GameCube, PS2, Xbox
| version =
| scene = Conversation after the boss battle with Toad
| level = HAARP Facility
| language = English
| quote = '''Toad''': 'Okay, okay...look, Mystique wanted a ___location that was stored on the computers here.'
}}</ref><ref>{{cite video game
| title = X-Men Legends
| trans-title =
| developer = Raven Software
| publisher = Activision
| date = 2004
| platform = GameCube, PS2, Xbox
| version =
| scene = Conversation with Nightcrawler after the Nuclear Power Plant mission
| level = X-Mansion
| language = English
| quote = '''Nightcrawler''': 'We're trying to discover how Mystique knew to go to the HAARP facility to find the ___location of Magneto's prison.'
}}</ref> is kept in the HAARP computers.
Season 1, episode 11, of the UPN TV series ''[[Seven Days (TV series)|Seven Days]]'' was titled "HAARP Attack". It was broadcast on January 27, 1999.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/seven-days/episodes-season-1/1000207398/
| title = Seven Days Season 1 Episodes
| website = [[TV Guide]]
| publisher = Fandom
| access-date = 2023-06-21
}}</ref>
The HAARP played a major part in the [[G.I. Joe: Resolute]] miniseries. In it, [[Cobra (G.I. Joe)|Cobra]] was able to weaponize the lab to create a [[Particle Cannon]] and threaten the world to surrender to them. Though it was freed from [[Destro]] and [[Baroness (G.I. Joe)|Baroness]], Cobra possessed a smaller yet functional version that [[Cobra Commander]] planned to use to strike randomly until the world surrendered with [[Washington, D.C.]] as his first target. Though [[Duke (G.I. Joe)|Duke]] couldn't deactivate the weapon, he was able to change the target to Cobra's main base in Springfield, though Cobra Commander seemingly escaped the devastation.
The Missing in Alaska series, Zombies of HAARP episode, attempts to claim The top secret government facility known as HAARP, an electromagnetic generator, could be turning people into zombies and causing them to disappear in the Alaska Triangle. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5449612/ | title=Zombies of HAARP | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
==
* [[EISCAT]]
* [[Geophysical Institute]]
* [[HIPAS Observatory]]
* [[Ionospheric reflection]]
* [[Poker Flat Research Range]]
* [[Riometer]]
* [[SuperDARN]]
* [[Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility]]
== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name=SYSK>{{cite podcast
| url = http://www.stuffyoushouldknow.com/podcasts/how-the-hum-works/
| title = How The Hum Works
| website = Stuff You Should Know
| publisher = [[Blucora]]
| host = Josh Clark and Charles W. "Chuck" Bryant
| date = 9 December 2014
| access-date = 2014-12-10
}}</ref>
}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |title=Experiments with the HAARP Ionospheric Heater – Stanford VLF Group |url=https://vlfstanford.ku.edu.tr/research_topic_inlin/experiments-haarp-ionospheric-heater/ |access-date=2024-06-29 |language=en-US}}
* {{cite web |date=7 December 2004 |title=Evidence for Precipitation of Energetic Particles by Ionospheric "Heating" Transmissions |url=http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/IONO/Dynasonde/SpEatHeating.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040808094801/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/IONO/Dynasonde/SpEatHeating.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2004 |publisher=[[National Geophysical Data Center]] |access-date=27 September 2009}}
* {{cite news |author=J. E. Smith |date=6 May 2006 |url=http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2006/05/06/18214461.php |title=HAARPCompleted! |publisher=[[Indybay]] |access-date=27 September 2009}}
* {{cite web|author1=U. S. Inan |author2=T. F. Bell |title=Polar Aeronomy and Radio Science (PARS):ULF/ELF/VLF Project |url=http://www-star.stanford.edu/~vlf/pars/pars.htm |publisher=[[STAR Laboratory]], [[Stanford University]] |access-date=27 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827023437/http://www-star.stanford.edu/~vlf/pars/pars.htm |archive-date=27 August 2009}}
* {{cite journal |author1=U. S. Inan |author2=M. Golkowski |author3=D. L. Carpenter |author4=N. Reddell |author5=R. C. Moore |author6=T. F. Bell |author7=E. Paschal |author8=P. Kossey |author9=E. Kennedy |author10=S. Z. Meth |year=2004 |title=Multi-hop whistler-mode ELF/VLF signals and triggered emissions excited by the HAARP HF heater |url=http://vlf.stanford.edu/pubs/multi-hop-whistler-mode-elfvlf-signals-and-triggered-emissions-excited-haarp-hf-heater |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=31 |pages=L24805 |doi=10.1029/2004GL021647|bibcode = 2004GeoRL..3124805I |issue=24 |doi-access= |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite web |author1=E. J. Kennedy |author2=P. Rodriguez |author3=C. A. Selcher |title=The High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program |url=http://www.nrl.navy.mil/content.php?P=04REVIEW106 |access-date=27 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305223823/http://www.nrl.navy.mil/content.php?P=04REVIEW106 |archive-date=5 March 2009}}
* {{Cite journal|author=H. L. Rowland |date=28 April 1999 |title=Simulations of ELF radiation generated by heating the high-latitude D- region |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=104 |issue=A3 |pages=4319–4327 |bibcode=1999JGR...104.4319R |doi=10.1029/1998JA900156 |doi-access= }}
* {{citation|author=Donald Koehler N7MGT |journal=73 Magazine |issue=December 1999 |pages=14–17, 37 |title=Secret Death Ray: Or is HAARP a useful science tool? |access-date=21 December 2011 |url=https://archive.org/details/73-magazine-1999-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723180321/https://archive.org/details/73-magazine-1999-12 |archive-date=23 July 2015}} A first person account from an amateur radio operator who got a full tour of the HAARP site.
;Patents
* C. W. Hansell (1945). "Communication system by pulses through the Earth", ''{{US patent|2389432}}''.
* R. L. Tanner (1965). "Extremely low-frequency antenna", ''{{US patent|3215937}}''.
* G. F. Leydorf (1966). "Antenna near field coupling system", ''{{US patent|3278937}}''.
* [[Bernard Eastlund|B. J. Eastlund]] (1987). "Method and apparatus for altering a region in the Earth's atmosphere, ionosphere, and/or magnetosphere", ''{{US patent|4686605}}''.
* B. J. Eastlund (1991). "Method for producing a shell of relativistic particles at an altitude above the earths surface", ''{{US patent|5038664}}''.
Videos
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDgcXc8Uh-8 |title=HAARP, the most powerful ionosphere heater on Earth: Plasma interacts with radio waves |date=2021-07-15 |last=Physics Today |access-date=2024-06-29 |via=YouTube}}, optical image of an ionospheric plasma created by 2 minutes of stimulation.
==External links==
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* {{Official website}}
{{Magnetospherics}}
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