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Line 1: {{Short description\|Dutch landscape painter (1596–1656)}} ~~'''Jan van Goyen''' ([[January 13]], [[1596]] - [[April 27]], [[1656]]) was a Dutch landscape painter.~~ {{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2021}} {{Infobox artist \| honorific_prefix = \| name = Jan van Goyen \| honorific_suffix = \| image = Terborch Goyenuv portret.jpg \| image_size = \| alt = \| caption = Portrait of Jan von Goyen by [[Gerard ter Borch]] \| native_name = \| native_name_lang = \| birth_name = Jan Josephszoon van Goyen \| birth_date = {{Birth date\|1596\|1\|13\|df=y}} \| birth_place = [[Leiden]], [[Dutch Republic]] \| death_date = {{Death date and age\|27 April 1656\|13 January 1596\|df=y}} \| death_place = [[The Hague]], Dutch Republic \| education = [[Esaias van de Velde]] \| alma_mater = \| known_for = [[Landscape painting]] \| notable_works = \| style = \| movement = [[Dutch Golden Age painting\|Dutch Golden Age]] \| spouse = \| awards = <!-- {{awd\|award\|year\|title\|role\|name}} (optional) --> \| elected = \| patrons = \| memorials = \| website = <!-- {{URL\|Example.com}} --> \| module = }} '''Jan Josephszoon van Goyen''' ({{IPA\|nl\|ˈjɑɱ vɑŋ ˈɣoːi.ə(n)}}; 13 January 1596 – 27 April 1656) was a [[Netherlands\|Dutch]] [[Landscape painting\|landscape painter]]. The scope of his landscape subjects was very broad as he painted forest landscapes, marine paintings, river landscapes, beach scenes, winter landscapes, cityscapes, architectural views and landscapes with peasants.<ref name=rkd>[https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/33103 Jan van Goyen] at the [[Netherlands Institute for Art History]]</ref> The list of painters he influenced is much longer. He was an extremely prolific artist who left approximately twelve hundred paintings and more than one thousand drawings. === Biography === Jan van Goyen was the son of a shoemaker and started as an apprentice in [[Leiden]], the town of his birth. Like many Dutch painters of his time, he studied art in the town of [[Haarlem]] with [[Esaias van de Velde]]. At age 35, he established a permanent studio at [[The Hague]] (Den Haag). Crenshaw tells (and mentions the sources) that van Goyen's landscape paintings rarely fetched high prices, but he made up for the modest value of individual pieces by increasing his production, painting thinly and quickly with a limited palette of inexpensive pigments. Despite his market innovations, he always sought more income, not only through related work as an art dealer and auctioneer but also by speculating in tulips (he was the last known victim of the tulip mania of the 1630s) and real estate. Although the latter was usually a safe avenue of investing money, in van Goyen's experience it led to enormous debts. [[Paulus Potter]] rented one of his houses. Though he seems to have kept a workshop, his only registered pupils were [[Nicolaes van Berchem]], [[Jan Steen]], and [[Adriaen van der Kabel]].<ref name=rkd/> The list of painters he influenced is much longer. In 1652 and 1654, he was forced to sell his collection of paintings and graphic art, and he subsequently moved to a smaller house. He died in 1656 in The Hague, still unbelievably 18,000 guilders in debt, forcing his widow to sell their remaining furniture and paintings. Van Goyen's troubles also may have affected the early business prospects of his student and son-in-law [[Jan Steen]], who left The Hague in 1654.<ref>Crenshaw, P. (2006) Rembrandt's Bankruptcy. The artist, his patrons and the art market in seventeenth-century Netherlands, p. 23</ref> ~~Like many [[Netherlands\|Dutch]] painters of his time, Jan van Goyen studied art in the town of [[Haarlem]]. At age 35, he established a permanent studio at [[Den Haag]] (The Hague).~~ ==Dutch painting== Typically, a Dutch painter of the [[17th century]] (also known as the [[Dutch Golden Age]]) will fall into one of four categories, a painter of portraits, landscapes, still-lifes, or [[genre]]. Dutch painting was highly specialized and rarely could an artist hope to achieve greatness in more than one area in a lifetime of painting. Jan van Goyen would be classified primarily as a landscape artist with an eye for the genre subjects of everyday life. He painted many of the canals in and around Den Haag as well as the villages surrounding countryside of [[Delft]], [[Rotterdam]], [[Leiden]], and [[Gouda]]. [[File:Van Goyen, Paysage fluvial.jpg\|thumb\|''[[An Evening River Landscape with a Ferry]]'' (1643)]] Typically, a Dutch painter of the 17th century will fall into one of four categories: a painter of [[portrait]]s, [[Landscape art\|landscape]]s, [[still-life]]s, or [[genre]] painting. Dutch painting was highly specialized and rarely could an artist hope to achieve greatness in more than one area in a lifetime of painting. Jan van Goyen would be classified primarily as a landscape artist with an eye for the genre subjects of everyday life. He painted many of the canals in and around The Hague as well as the villages surrounding the countryside of [[Delft]], [[Rotterdam]], [[Leiden]], and [[Gouda, South Holland\|Gouda]]. Other popular Dutch landscape painters of the sixteenth and seventeenth century were [[Jacob van Ruisdael]], [[Aelbert Cuyp]], [[Hendrick Avercamp]], [[Ludolf Backhuysen]], [[Meindert Hobbema]], [[Aert van der Neer]]. === Van Goyen's ~~Technique =~~technique== [[File:Jan van Goyen - Wageningen, MdbK Leipzig.png\|thumb\|''[[Wageningen]]'' (1650), oil on paper, 24.6 x 39.9 cm., [[Museum der bildenden Künste]]]] Jan van Goyen would begin a painting using a support primarily of thin oak wood. To this panel, he would scrub on several layers of a thin animal [[Animal glue\|hide glue]]. With a blade, he would then scrape over the entire surface a thin layer of tinted white lead to act as a [[ground (drawing surface)\|ground]] and to fill the low areas of the panel. The ground was tinted light brown, sometimes reddish, or ochre in colour. Next, van Goyen would loosely and very rapidly sketch out the scene to be painted with pen and ink without going into the small details of his subject. This [[walnut ink]] drawing can be clearly seen in some of the thinly painted areas of his work. For a guide, he would have turned to a detailed drawing. The scene would have been drawn from life outdoors and then kept in the studio as reference material. Drawings by artists of the time were rarely works of art in their own right as they are viewed today. ~~Jan van Goyen would begin a painting using a support primarily of thin oak wood.~~ On his palette he would grind out a colour collection of neutral grays, umbers, ochre and earthen greens that looked like they were pulled from the very soil he painted. A [[Jacques Maroger\|varnish oil medium]] was used as vehicle to grind his powdered pigments into paint and then used to help apply thin layers of paint which he could easily blend. ~~To this panel, he would scrub on several layers of a thin animal [[hide glue]].~~ [[File:Jan van Goyen 012.jpg\|thumb\|''River Landscape with Windmill and Ruined Castle'' (1644), oil on canvas, 97 x 133.5 cm., [[Louvre]]]] Then with a blade, scrape over the entire surface a thin layer of tinted white lead to act as a [[ground]] and to fill the low areas of the panel. The ground was tinted light brown, sometimes reddish, or yellow ocher in color. The dark areas of the painting were kept very thin and transparent with generous amounts of the oil medium. The light striking the painting in these sections would be lost and absorbed into the painting ground. The lighter areas of the picture were treated heavier and opaque with a generous amount of white lead mixed into the paint. Light falling on the painting in a light section is reflected back at the viewer. The effect is a startling realism and three-dimensional quality. The surface of a finished painting resembles a fluid supple mousse, masterfully whipped and modeled with the brush. According to the art historian H. U. Beck, "In his freely composed seascapes of the 1650s he reached the apex of his creative work, producing paintings of striking perfection."<ref>H. U. Beck. "Goyen, Jan van." ''Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online''. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 22 August 2014.</ref> Next, Van Goyen would loosely and very rapidly sketch out the scene to be painted with pen and ink without going into the small details of his subject. This [[walnut ink]] drawing can be clearly seen in some of the thinly painted areas of his work. For a guide, he would have turned to a detailed drawing. The scene would have been drawn from life outdoors and then kept in the studio as reference material. Drawings by artists of the time were rarely works of art in their own right as they are viewed today. Some of Van Goyen's Works can be seen at [[Thyssen Bornemisza Museum\|the Thyssen Bornemisza Museum]] in Madrid, one from the public collection (''Winter landscape with figures on ice'', 1643) and others from the Carmen Thyssen Collection also shown there (''River Landscape with Ferry boat and Cottages'', 1634).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.museothyssen.org/en/collection/artists/goyen-jan-josephsz-van\|title=Goyen, Jan Josephsz. van\|website=Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza\|access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> On his palette he would grind out a color collection of neutral grays, umbers, ocher and earthen greens that looked like they were pulled from the very soil he painted. A [[Jacques Maroger\|varnish oil medium]] was used as vehicle to grind his powered pigments into paint and then used to help apply thin layers of paint which he could easily blend. ==Legacy== The dark areas of the painting were kept very thin and transparent with generous amounts of the oil medium. The light striking the painting in these sections would be lost and absorbed into the painting ground. The lighter areas of the picture were treated heavier and opaque with a generous amount of white lead mixed into the paint. Light falling on the painting in a light section is reflected back at the viewer. Jan van Goyen was famously influential on the landscape painters of his century. His tonal quality was a feature that many imitated. According to the [[Netherlands Institute for Art History]], he influenced [[Cornelis de Bie]], [[Jan Coelenbier]], [[Cornelis van Noorde]], [[Abraham Susenier]], [[Herman Saftleven]], [[Pieter Jansz van Asch]], and [[Abraham van Beijeren]].<ref>[https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/33103 Jan van Goyen entry] in the [[Netherlands Institute for Art History]]</ref> Van Goyen is mentioned by his fellow countryman [[Vincent van Gogh]] in Vincent's second letter from the asylum: "Through the iron-barred window I can make out a square of wheat in an enclosure, a perspective in the manner of Van Goyen, above which in the morning I see the sun rise in its glory."<ref>{{cite web \|title=Vincent van Gogh: The Letters \|url=https://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let776/letter.html \|website=vangoghletters.org \|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> The effect is a startling realism and three-dimensional quality. The surface of a finished painting resembles a fluid supple mousse, masterfully whipped and modeled with the brush. When looking at a Van Goyen painting one can almost feel the wind in the trees laced with the scent of a bluest smoke lingering above a rustic cottage, or taste the salted air near the seashore he painted. ==~~External link~~Gallery== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">> [http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/collections/17c/goyen.asp View of Dordrecht 1644] File:Leipzig, Museum der bildenden Künste, Jan van Goyen, Bauerngehöft.JPG\|''Farmhouse'' (1628), oil on panel, 27.5 x 37.5 cm., [[Museum der bildenden Künste]] File:Goyen 1633 Peasant Huts with a Sweep Well.jpg\|''Peasant Huts with a Sweep Well'' (1633), oil on panel, 55 x 80 cm., [[Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister]] File:Goyen 1636 Village at the River.jpg\|''Village at the River'' (1636), oil on panel, 39,5 x 60 cm., [[Alte Pinakothek]] File:Zeil- en roeiboten in een riviermonding Rijksmuseum Amsterdam SK-C-1780.png\|''Sailing and Row boats in an Estuary'' (1640), oil on panel, 77 x 116 cm., [[Museum De Lakenhal]] File:Landskapsmålning, 1600-tal, van Goyen - Hallwylska museet - 21748 (cropped).tif\|''Landscape with a Rainbow'' (no date), oil on canvas, 124.5 x 154.5 cm., [[Hallwyl Museum]] File:Jan van Goyen - Landscape with Two Oaks - WGA10186.jpg\|''Landscape with Two Oaks'' (1641), oil on canvas, 88.5 x 110.5 cm., [[Rijksmuseum]] File:Goyen 1641 The Thunderstorm.jpg\|''The Thunderstorm'' (1641), oil on canvas, 137.8 x 183.2 cm., [[Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco]] File:Goyen 1642 A Windmill by a River.jpg\|''A Windmill by a River'' (1642), oil on panel, 29,4 x 36,3 cm., [[National Gallery]] File:Jan van Goyen (1596-1656) - A River Scene - NG 1013 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg\|''A River Scene'' (1646), oil on panel, 42.6 x 56.5 cm., [[National Galleries of Scotland]] File:Ice Scene near a Wooden Observation Tower A25869.jpg\|''Ice Scene near a Wooden Observation Tower'' (1646), oil on panel, 36.5 × 34.3 cm., [[National Gallery of Art]] File:Jan Josephsz. van Goyen - Panorama Landscape with a View of Arnheim - Google Art Project.jpg\|''Panorama Landscape with a View of [[Arnhem]]'' (1646), oil on canvas, 98.5 x 135 cm., [[Museum Kunstpalast]] File:A View of The Hague from the Northwest MET DP147601.jpg\|''View of [[The Hague]] from the Northwest'' (1647), oil on panel, 66 x 96.2 cm., [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] File:Jan van Goyen - River Landscape with Peasants in a Ferryboat, 1648 SC232133.jpg\|''River Landscape with Boats and Cottages on the Bank'' (1648), oil on panel, 54 x 73.7 cm., [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] File:River Scene by Jan van Goyen.jpeg\|''River Landscape'' (1652), oil on panel, 66.7 x 98 cm., [[Wallraf–Richartz Museum]] File:An van Goyen (1596–1656)- A Stormy Seascape - Myrskyinen merimaisema - Stormigt hav (29178839560).jpg\|''A Stormy Seascape'' (1655), oil on canvas, 110 × 159 cm., [[Sinebrychoff Art Museum]] File:Jan Josephsz. van Goyen - River Landscape with a Ferry and a Church - 07.502 - Museum of Fine Arts.jpg\|''River Landscape with a Ferry and a Church'' (ca. 1656), oil on panel, 47.3 x 66.7 cm., [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] </gallery> ==Sources== ~~==== Other popular Dutch landscape painters of the 16th and 17th century ====~~ {{Reflist}} ==External links== [[Jacob van Ruisdael]] {{Commons category\|Jan van Goyen}} [[Aelbert Cuyp]] {{Art UK bio}} [[Hendrick Avercamp]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20040511171452/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/collections/17c/goyen.asp View of Dordrecht 1644] [[Ludolf Backhuysen]] [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/65202/rec/17 Vermeer and The Delft School], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which has material on Jan van Goyen [[Meindert Hobbema]] [http://collectie.boijmans.nl/en/search/?ds=list&creator=Jan%20van%20Goyen#results Five artworks by Jan van Goyen], at the online collection of [[Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen]]. [[Aert van der Neer]] [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/59153/rec/1 Dutch and Flemish paintings from the Hermitage], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Jan van Goyen (cat. no. 10) * {{cite EB9 \|wstitle = Jan Josephszoon van Goyen \|volume= XI \|last= \|first= \|author-link= \| page=23 \|short=1 }} {{Authority control (arts)}} ~~[[es:Jan van Goyen]]~~ {{DEFAULTSORT:Goyen, Jan Van}} [[Category:1596 births]] [[Category:1656 deaths]] [[Category:Dutch Golden Age painters]] [[Category:Dutch landscape painters]] [[Category:Dutch male painters]] [[Category:Dutch marine artists]] [[Category:Painters from Leiden]]