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{{Infobox anthem
| title = {{lang|sk|italic=no|Nad Tatrou sa blýska}}
| english_title = 'Lightning Over the Tatras'
| prefix = National
| country = Slovakia
----
Former co-national anthem of [[Czechoslovakia]]
| image = Nad_Tatrou_1851.gif
| image_size =
| caption = The first printed version of "Nad Tatrou sa blýska"
| alt_title = {{lang|sk|italic=no|„Dobrovoľnícka”}}
| en_alt_title = 'Volunteer Song'
| author = [[Janko Matúška]]
| lyrics_date = 1844
| adopted = {{Nowrap|{{start date|1918|12|13|df=yes}} (by Czechoslovakia)}} {{start date|1993|01|01|df=yes}} (by Slovakia)
| until = {{end date|1992|df=yes}} (by Czechoslovakia)
| sound = Lightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg
| sound_title = [[Government of Slovakia]] instrumental rendition, officially in [[G minor]]}}
{{Politics of Slovakia}}
"'''{{lang|sk|italic=no|Nad Tatrou sa blýska}}'''" ({{IPA|sk|ˈnat tatrɔw sa ˈbliːska}}; {{lit|Lightning Over the Tatras}}) is the [[national anthem]] of [[Slovakia]]. The origins of it are in the [[Central Europe]]an [[Romantic nationalism|activism]] of the 19th century. Its main themes are a storm over the [[Tatras|Tatra]] mountains that symbolized danger to the Slovaks, and a desire for a resolution of the threat. It used to be particularly popular during the [[Revolutions of 1848|1848–1849 insurgencies]].
It was one of [[Czechoslovakia]]'s dual national anthems and was played in many Slovak towns at noon; this tradition ceased to exist after Czechoslovakia split into two different states in the early 1990s with the [[dissolution of Czechoslovakia]].
==Origin==
===Background===
[[File:Nad Tatrou 1844.gif|thumb|left|Notation in Paulíny-Tóth notebook (1844)]]
Twenty-three-year-old [[Janko Matúška]] wrote the lyrics of "Nad Tatrou sa blýska" in January and February 1844. The tune came from the folk song "[[Kopala studienku]]" ({{Langx|en|"She was digging a well"}}) suggested to him by his fellow student Jozef Podhradský,<ref>{{cite book |last=Brtáň |first=Rudo |title=Postavy slovenskej literatúry |year=1971 }}</ref> a future religious and [[Pan-Slavism|Pan-Slavic]] activist and [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasial]] teacher,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Jozef Podhradský - autor prvého pravoslávneho katechizmu pre Čechov a Slovákov|journal=Pravoslavný teologický sborník|year=1983|first=Vladimír|last=Buchta|issue=10}}</ref> when Matúška and about two dozen other students left their prestigious Lutheran [[lyceum]] of [[Pressburg]] (preparatory high school and college) in protest over the removal of [[Ľudovít Štúr]] from his teaching position by the Lutheran Church under pressure from the authorities. The territory of present-day Slovakia was part of [[Hungary#From the 18th century to World War I (1699–1918)|the Kingdom of Hungary]] within the Austrian Empire then, and the officials [[Magyarization#Magyarization during Dualism|objected to his Slovak nationalism.]]
"Lightning over the Tatras" was written during the weeks when the students were agitated about the repeated denials of their and others' appeals to the school board to reverse Štúr's dismissal. About a dozen of the defecting students transferred to the Lutheran gymnasium of [[Levoca|Levoča]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sojková |first=Zdenka |title=Knížka o životě Ľudovíta Štúra |year=2005 }}</ref> When one of the students, the 18-year-old budding journalist and writer Viliam Pauliny-Tóth, wrote down the oldest known record of the poem in his school notebook in 1844, he gave it the title of ''Prešporskí Slováci, budúci Levočania'' (Pressburg Slovaks, Future Levočians), which reflected the motivation of its origin.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Vznik piesne Nad Tatrou sa blýska|journal=Slovenské pohľady|year=1971|first=Rudo|last=Brtáň}}</ref>
The journey from Pressburg (present-day [[Bratislava]]) to Levoča took the students past the [[High Tatras]], Slovakia's and the then [[History of Hungary#Enlightenment (1780–1848)|Kingdom of Hungary]]'s highest, imposing, and symbolic mountain range. A storm above the mountains is a key theme in the poem.
===Versions===
No authorized version of Matúška's lyrics has been preserved and its early records remained without attribution.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornis-Pope |first=Marcel |author2=John Neubauer |title=History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and Disjunctures in the 19th and 20th Centuries |year=2004 }}</ref> He stopped publishing after 1849 and later became clerk of the district court.<ref>{{cite book |last=Čepan |first=Oskár |title=Dejiny slovenskej literatúry |year=1958 }}</ref> The song became popular during the [[Ľudovít Štúr#The 1848/49 Revolution (March 1848 – August 1849)|Slovak Volunteer campaigns]] of 1848 and 1849.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sloboda |first=Ján |title=Slovenská jar: slovenské povstanie 1848-49 |year=1971 }}</ref> Its text was copied and recopied in hand before it appeared in print in 1851 (unattributed, as ''Dobrovoľnícka'' – Volunteer Song),<ref>{{cite journal|title=Dobrovolňícka|journal=Domová pokladňica|year=1851|last=Anon.}}</ref> which gave rise to some variation, namely concerning the phrase ''zastavme ich'' ("let's stop them")<ref>{{cite journal|title=Spievame správne našu hymnu?|journal=Slovenská literatúra|year=1970|first=Milan|last=Varsík}}</ref> or ''zastavme sa'' ("let's stop").<ref>{{cite journal|title=Výročie nášho romantika|journal=Slovenské pohľady|year=1983|first=Pavol|last=Vongrej|volume=1}}</ref> A review of the extant copies and related literature inferred that Matúška's original was most likely to have contained "let's stop them." Among other documents, it occurred both in its oldest preserved handwritten record from 1844 and in its first printed version from 1851.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brtáň |first=Rudo |title=Slovensko-slovanské literárne vzťahy a kontakty |year=1979 }}</ref> The legislated Slovak national anthem uses this version, the other phrase was used from 1920 to 1993 (as the second part of the anthem of [[Czechoslovakia]] with [[Kde domov můj]]).
On January 1, 2025 at midnight, the public broadcaster [[Slovak Television and Radio]] first introduced the a partially revised version of its national anthem. This updated rendition features a modernized melody and a slightly slower tempo. Notably, the new arrangement includes the sound of the [[fujara]], a traditional Slovak folk instrument, in the final seconds of the melody. The arrangement was overseen by Oskar Rózsa and his musical assembly.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCDKnKfIqYQ&list=PPSV |title=Štátna Hymna SR 2025 TUTTI_HQ AUDIO |date=2025-01-01 |last=Oskar Rózsa official |access-date=2025-01-01 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Public opinion on the change remains divided. While some have welcomed the modernization of the anthem, others question the necessity and quality of the revision as well as the procedural aspects of the change. Critics pointed out that the revision of national anthem should have taken place through an open competition and not assigned directly to Rózsa, who has embraced extreme right-wing talking points and conspiracy theories held by the culture minister [[Martina Šimkovičová]] and her head of cabinet Lukáš Machala. Additionally, the comments by Rózsa, who in response to criticism claimed his version of the anthem was not for liberals, who should "crawl into their holes" as their time in Slovakia was ending were met with widespread condemnation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rózsa |first1=Dávid |last2=Rózsa |first2=Gábor |date=23 November 2024 |title=Zalezte, tá hymna nie je pre vás, odkázal Oskar Rózsa kritikom. Hymna patrí všetkým, reaguje šéf PS Šimečka |trans-title=Hide away, the anthem is not for you, Oskar Rózsa told critics. The anthem belongs to everyone, responded Progressive Slovakia leader Šimečka |url=https://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/PhSlrIs/zalezte-ta-hymna-nie-je-pre-vas-odkazal-oskar-rozsa-kritikom-hymna-patri-vsetkym-reaguje-sef-ps-simecka/ |website=Aktuality.sk |language=sk}}</ref> Additionally, the new version of the anthem was poorly received by critics who labeled it a "kitch" and "sad funeral music".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jánošová |first1=Soňa |title=Prekombinované, gýčové, viac smutný pohrebný soundtrack ako hymna, hodnotia odborníci |trans-title=Over-arranged, kitschy, more like a sad funeral soundtrack than an anthem, experts say |url=https://kultura.sme.sk/c/23430428/hymna-nova-oskar-rozsa-anketa.html |access-date=2 January 2025 |website=kultura.sme.sk |language=sk}}</ref> Finally, critics argue that the cost of revision, which amounted to approximately €50,000, was too large and that these funds could have been better allocated to sectors such as education or healthcare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cas.sk |date=2024-11-20 |title=Oskarovi Rózsovi pípne mastná SUMIČKA! Už sa vie, KOĽKO štát zaplatí za novú HYMNU |trans-title=Oskar Rózsa will get a fat sum! It is already known how much the state will pay for the new anthem." |url=https://www.cas.sk/clanok/2984387/oskarovi-rozsovi-pipne-mastna-sumicka-uz-sa-vie-kolko-stat-zaplati-za-novu-hymnu/2/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Nový Čas |language=sk}}</ref>
[[File:High Tatras south 2.jpg|thumb|center|600px|A prodigious view of the Tatras as they may have appeared to Matúška's rebellious friends]]
==National anthem==
On 13 December 1918, only the first stanza of Janko Matúška's lyrics became half of the two-part bilingual [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] anthem, composed of the first stanza from a Czech operetta tune, ''[[Kde domov můj]]'' (Where Is My Home?), and the first stanza of Matúška's song, each sung in its respective language and both played in that sequence with their respective tunes.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Výnos ministra národní obrany č. 4580, 13. prosince 1918|journal=Osobní věstník ministerstva Národní obrany|date=1918-12-21|first=Václav|last=Klofáč|volume=1}}</ref> The songs reflected the two nations' concerns in the 19th century<ref>{{cite book |last=Auer |first=Stefan |title=Liberal Nationalism in Central Europe |year=2004 }}</ref> when they were confronted with the already fervent national-ethnic activism of the [[Hungarians]] and the [[Germans]], their fellow ethnic groups in the [[Habsburg monarchy]].
During the Second World War, "[[Hej, Slováci]]" was adopted as the unofficial state anthem of the puppet regime [[Slovak Republic (1939–45)|Slovak Republic]].
When [[Czechoslovakia]] split into the [[Czech Republic]] and the [[Slovak Republic]] in 1993, the second stanza was added to the first and the result legislated as Slovakia's national anthem.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=National Council of the Slovak Republic|title=Law 460/1992, Zbierka zákonov. Paragraph 4, Article 9, Chapter 1.|date=1 September 1992|journal=Constitution of the Slovak Republic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=National Council of the Slovak Republic|title=Law 63/1993, Zbierka zákonov. Section 1, Paragraph 13, Part 18.|date=18 February 1993|journal=Law on National Symbols of the Slovak Republic and Their Use}}</ref>
==Lyrics==
Only the first two stanzas have been legislated as the national anthem.
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{|
!
|- style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center"
|
{| class="wikitable"
!Slovak original<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hymna Slovenskej republiky |url=https://www.valaskabela.sk/tlaciva/hymna.pdf |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=[[Valaská Belá]]}}</ref>
!IPA transcription{{efn|See [[Help:IPA/Slovak]] and [[Slovak phonology]].}}
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap; text-align:center"
|<poem>{{lang|sk|italic=no|'''𝄆 Nad [[Tatras|Tatrou]]{{efn|group=lyricnotes|name=Tatrou|[[Romantic poetry|Romantic poets]] began to employ the [[Tatras]] as a symbol of the Slovaks' homeland.}} sa blýska'''
'''Hromy divo bijú 𝄇'''
'''𝄆 Zastavme ich, bratia'''
'''Veď sa ony stratia'''
'''Slováci ožijú 𝄇'''
'''𝄆 To Slovensko naše'''
'''Posiaľ tvrdo spalo 𝄇'''
'''𝄆 Ale blesky hromu'''
'''Vzbudzujú ho k tomu'''
'''Aby sa prebralo 𝄇'''{{efn|group=lyricnotes|name=prebralo|That is, to join the [[Romantic nationalism|national-ethnic activism]] already underway among other peoples of [[Central Europe]] in the 19th century.}}
𝄆 Už Slovensko vstáva
Putá si strháva 𝄇
𝄆 Hej, rodina milá
Hodina odbila
Žije matka Sláva 𝄇{{efn|group=lyricnotes|name=slava|The standard meaning of ''sláva'' is "glory" or "fame". The figurative meaning, first used by [[Ján Kollár]] in the monumental poem ''The Daughter Of Sláva'' in 1824,<ref>{{cite book |last=Kollár |first=Ján |title=Sláwy dcera we třech zpěwjch |year=1824 }}</ref> is "Goddess/Mother of the [[Slavs]]".}}
𝄆 Ešte [[Fir|jedle]]{{efn|group=lyricnotes|name=jedle|The [[idiom]]atic [[Metaphor#Metaphor and Simile|simile]] "like a fir" (''ako jedľa'') was applied to men in a variety of positive meanings: "stand tall," "have a handsome figure," "be tall and brawny," etc.}} rastú
Na [[Kriváň (peak)|krivánskej]]{{efn|group=lyricnotes|name=Krivan|See the article on [[Kriváň (peak)|Kriváň]] for the mountain's symbolism.}} strane 𝄇
𝄆 Kto jak Slovák cíti
Nech sa šable chytí
A medzi nás stane 𝄇}}</poem>
|<poem>{{IPA|wrap=none|'''𝄆 [nat ta.trɔw sa ˈbliːs.ka]'''
'''[ˈɦrɔ.mi ˈɟi.ʋɔ ˈbi.juː] 𝄇'''
'''𝄆 [ˈza.staw.me ix ˈbra.cɪ̯ɐ]'''
'''[ʋec sa ˈɔ.ni ˈstra.cɪ̯ɐ]'''
'''[ˈsɫɔ.ʋaː.t͡si ˈɔ.ʐi.juː] 𝄇'''
'''𝄆 [tɔ ˈsɫɔ.ʋen.skɔ ˈna.ʂe]'''
'''[ˈpɔ.sɪɐʎ ˈtʋr̩.dɔ ˈspa.ɫɔ] 𝄇'''
'''𝄆 [ˈa.ɫe ˈbɫes.ki ˈɦrɔ.mu]'''
'''[ˈvzbu.d͡zu.juː ɦɔ ˈk‿tɔ.mu]'''
'''[ˈa.bi sa ˈpre.bra.ɫɔ] 𝄇'''
𝄆 [uʂ ˈsɫɔ.ʋen.skɔ ˈfstaː.ʋa]
[ˈpu.taː si ˈstr̩.ɦaː.ʋa] 𝄇
𝄆 [ɦej ˈrɔ.ɟi.na ˈmi.ɫaː]
[ˈɦɔ.ɟi.na ˈɔd.bi.ɫa]
[ˈʐi.je ˈmat.ka ˈsɫaː.ʋa] 𝄇
𝄆 [ˈeʂ.ce ˈjed.le ˈras.tuː]
[na ˈkri.ʋaːn.skej ˈstra.ne] 𝄇
𝄆 [ktɔ jak ˈsɫɔ.ʋaːk ˈt͡siː.ci]
[nex sa ˈʂab.ɫe ˈxi.ciː]
[a ˈme.d͡zi naːs ˈsta.ne] 𝄇}}</poem>
|}
|<poem>'''𝄆 Far above the [[Tatras]]'''{{efn|group=lyricnotes|name=Tatrou}}
'''Lightning bolts are pounding. 𝄇'''
'''𝄆 These bolts shall we banish,'''
'''brothers, they will vanish;'''
'''[[Slovaks]] are rebounding. 𝄇'''
'''𝄆 Our Slovakia was,'''
'''until now, quiescent. 𝄇'''
'''𝄆 But the lightning flashing'''
'''and the thunder crashing'''
'''made it effervescent. 𝄇'''{{efn|group=lyricnotes|name=prebralo}}
𝄆 Slovakia's now risen,
Her shackles shattering 𝄇
𝄆 Hey, family endeared
The hour's collided
Mother Glory's{{efn|group=lyricnotes|name=slava}} living. 𝄇
𝄆 Still blooming are the [[firs]]{{efn|group=lyricnotes|name=jedle}}
On the [[Kriváň (peak)|Krivan]]{{efn|group=lyricnotes|name=Krivan}} borders 𝄇
𝄆 Who feels like a Slovak
He shall hold the [[sabre]]
And among us endure. 𝄇</poem>
|}</div>
{|cellpadding="6"
!Hungarian verse (1920–1938)!!German verse
|-
|<poem>{{lang|hu|italic=no|𝄆 Fenn a Tátra ormán
Villámok cikáznak. 𝄇
𝄆 Állj meg szlovák testvér,
Elmúlik a veszély
Népünk ébredez már. 𝄇}}</poem>
|<poem>{{lang|de|italic=no|𝄆 Ob der Tatra blitzt es,
Dröhnt des Donners Krachen. 𝄇
𝄆 Doch der Stürme Wehen,
Wird gar bald vergehen,
Brüder, wir erwachen! 𝄇}}</poem>
|}
===Poetics===
[[File:Janko Matúška.jpg|thumb|[[Janko Matúška]], the author of the Slovak national anthem]]
One of the trends shared by many Slovak [[Romantic poetry|Romantic poets]] was frequent [[Meter (poetry)|versification]] that imitated the patterns of the local folk songs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bakoš |first=Mikuláš |title=Vývin slovenského verša od školy Štúrovej |year=1966 }}</ref> The additional impetus for Janko Matúška to embrace the trend in ''Lightning over the Tatras'' was that he actually designed it to replace the lyrics of an [[Kopala studienku|existing folk song]]. Among the Romantic-folkloric features in the structure of ''Lightning over the Tatras'' are the equal number of syllables per verse, and the consistent a−b−b−a [[Syllable|disyllabic]] rhyming of verses 2-5 in each stanza. Leaving the first verses unrhymed was Matúška's license (a single matching sound, ''blýska—bratia'', did not qualify as a rhyme):
:— Nad Tatrou sa blýska
:a - Hromy divo bijú
:b - Zastavme ich bratia
:b - Veď sa ony stratia
:a - Slováci ožijú
Another traditional arrangement of Matúška's lines gives 4-verse stanzas rhymed a−b−b−a with the first verse made up of 12 syllables split by a mid-pause, and each of the remaining 3 verses made up of 6 syllables:<ref>{{cite book |last=Kraus |first=Cyril |title=Slovenskí romantici: Poézia |year=2001 }}</ref>
:a - Nad Tatrou sa blýska, hromy divo bijú
:b - Zastavme ich bratia
:b - Veď sa ony stratia
:a - Slováci ožijú
==See also==
*[[Slovak nationalism]]
==Notes==
{{Notelist|group=lyricnotes}}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
== External links==
* [https://www.prezident.sk/en/page/symbols-and-currency/ Anthem of the Slovak Republic] – A page at the official website of the [[President of Slovakia]] featuring various audio files of the state anthem
* Slovak National Anthem, [http://archiv.vlada.gov.sk/old.uv/7888/slovenska-hymna.html sheet music, lyrics]
* [http://nationalanthems.me/slovakia-nad-tatrou-sa-blyska/ Slovakia: ''Nad Tatrou sa blýska'' - Audio of the national anthem of Slovakia, with information and lyrics] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20180209021026/http://nationalanthems.me/slovakia-nad-tatrou-sa-blyska/ archive link])
{{Slovakia topics}}
{{Nationalanthemsofeurope}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nad Tatrou sa blyska}}
[[Category:European anthems]]
[[Category:National symbols of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Slovak songs]]
[[Category:National anthems]]
[[Category:Slovak Uprising of 1848–49]]
[[Category:Compositions in G minor]]
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