Heinkel HeS 30: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Turbojet engine}}

The '''HeS 30''' was an early [[jet engine]], originally designed by Max Adolf Mueller at [[Junkers]], but eventually built and tested at [[Heinkel-Hirth]]. It was possibly the best of the "Class I" engines, a class that included the [[BMW 003]] and [[Junkers Jumo 004]], but work on the design was stopped by the [[RLM]], who felt the Heinkel team should put all their efforts into other designs. Note that the "official" name for the engine is the '''109-006''', and thus it would normally be known as the '''HeS 006''', however development was ended just as these names were being written up at the RLM, and thus the HeS 30 name remains much more common.

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{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin

|name=HeS 30

|image=

|size=

|alt=

|caption=

}}{{Infobox Aircraft Engine

|type =Jet engine (gas turbine)

<!-- The type of engine, e.g.: Air-cooled rotary, High-bypass turbofan -->

|national origin =[[Germany]]

<!-- The country where the engine was first manufactured. Use the main nation (ie. UK), not constituent country (England); don't use "EU". List collaborative programs of only 2 or 3 nations; for more than 3, use "Multi-national -->

|manufacturer =[[Heinkel-Hirth Motorenbau]]

<!-- The firm which manufactured the engine. -->

|designer =[[Adolf Müller (engineer)|Adolf Müller]]

<!-- The person or persons who designed the engine. Only appropriate for single designers, not project leaders -->

|first run =

<!-- The date that the engine was first run. If this hasn't happened, skip this field - don't speculate. -->

|major applications =

<!-- aircraft (or other vehicles) that were powered by this engine -->

|produced =

<!-- Years in production (eg. 1970-1999) if still in active use but no longer built -->

|number built =

|program cost =

<!-- Total program cost -->

|unit cost =

<!-- Incremental or flyaway cost for military or retail price for commercial aircraft -->

|developed from =

<!-- The engine which formed the basis for this engine -->

|variants with their own articles =[[Heinkel HeS 40]]

<!-- Variants OF this engine -->

}}

|}

The '''HeS 30''' ''(HeS - Heinkel Strahltriebwerke)'' was an early [[jet engine]], originally designed by [[Adolf Müller (engineer)|Adolf Müller]] at [[Junkers (Aircraft)|Junkers]], but eventually built and tested at [[Heinkel]]. It was possibly the best of the "Class I" engines, a class that included the more famous [[BMW 003]] and [[Junkers Jumo 004]]. As it started somewhat later than these two designs, and was thus expected to enter service later, the ''Reichluftfahrtministerium'' ([[Reich Air Ministry|RLM]]) ordered Heinkel to stop work on the design and put their efforts into more advanced designs.

The HeS 30 was designed before the RLM introduced standardized naming for their engine projects. It was assigned the official name '''109-006''', and it was sometimes called the '''HeS 006''' as a short form. Development ended just as these names were being introduced, so "HeS 30" naming is much more common.

Mueller had been working on a variety of engine designs at Junkers before 1938, when Junkers bought [[Junkers Motoren]] (Jumo), formerly a separate company formed primarily from the [[Siemens]] engine concerns. In October 1939 Junkers decided, under pressure from the RLM, that all engine work should take place at Jumo, who now had their own jet engine team in place. Mueller would have ended up in a subordinate role, and decided to leave instead. He and about half of the original Junkers team were scooped up by [[Ernst Heinkel]] and moved to his [[Rostock]] campus.

==Design and development==

Of all of the designs Mueller brought with him, what would become the HeS 30 was the simplest and easiest to build. Mueller promised Heinkel that he could have the engine up and running on a testbed within one year of completing the move, a promise he was ultimately unable to meet. Mueller had in fact managed to built a test engine while still at Junkers, however it was only able to run at about half speed, and then only with continuous supply of external compressed air. The design was adbandoned when Mueller left, the Jumo team's simpler design being used instead.

===The move===

Key to the engine's working cycle was an [[axial compressor]] of then-unique construction. Most German engines of the era had the stators do all of the actual compression, with the rotors speeding up the air for them to compress. In the HeS 30, the rotor and stators shared compression, about 50-50, a design originally provided by Rudolph Friedrich of Junkers. Overall the engine had a five-stage compressor providing air to ten [[flame can]]s, which powered a single-stage turbine. The turbine was also unique for the era, using a set of "guide vanes" that were adjustable for various operating speeds. Like most German axial engines, the overall design also relied on a variable exhaust cone and an electric starter motor.

[[Herbert A. Wagner|Herbert Wagner]] started engine developments at Junkers in 1936, placing Adolf Müller in overall charge of the project. In 1938 Junkers purchased [[Junkers Motoren]] (Jumo), formerly a separate company. In October 1939, under pressure from the RLM, Junkers moved all their engine work to Jumo's [[Dessau]] factories from their main plants at [[Magdeburg]]. Müller would have ended up in a subordinate role after the move, but decided to leave instead. He and about half of the original Junkers team were scooped up by [[Ernst Heinkel]] and moved to his primary ''Heinkel-Nord'' campus in [[Rostock]]-Schmarl, where [[Hans von Ohain]] was working on the [[Heinkel HeS 3]] engine.

Of all of the designs Müller brought with him, the HeS 30 was simplest and easiest to build. Müller had already built a test engine while still at Junkers, however it was only able to run at about half its designed RPM, which limited compression and required a continuous supply of external compressed air. Junkers abandoned the design when Müller left, choosing to develop the Jumo team's simpler design instead. Müller promised Heinkel he could have the engine up and running on a testbed within one year of completing the move, a promise he was ultimately unable to keep.

Due to the move, it took considerable time for the team to restart work on the design, and even though three experimental engines were ordered as the 109-006 in 1939, it was not until May 1942 that the first engine actually ran. In addition to problems with working conditions, the compressor turned out to provide more mass flow than initially suspected, forcing a redesign of the turbine to better handle the air flow. In May, Mueller and Heinkel had an argument that led to Mueller quitting.

Key to the engine's working cycle was an [[axial compressor]] of then-unique construction. Most German engines of the era had the stators do all of the actual compression, with the rotors speeding up the air for them to compress. In the HeS 30, the rotor and stators shared compression about 50-50, a design originally provided by Rudolph Friedrich of Junkers. Overall the engine had a five-stage compressor providing air at a [[compression ratio]] of 3:1 to ten [[flame can]]s, which powered a single-stage turbine. The turbine was also unique for the era, using a set of guide vanes that were adjustable for various operating speeds. Like most German axial engines, the engine also included a variable-geometry exhaust cone to lower back pressure when starting, but used an electric starter motor instead of the Riedel piston engine built into both the BMW 003 and Jumo 004.

Work on the engine continued, and by October it was running at full power. Of all of the early engines, the HeS 30 was by far the best design. It produced a thrust of 860 kg, about the same as contemporary designs, but weighted only 390 kg, providing a much better [[power-to-weight ratio]]. The engine also had much better [[specific fuel consumption]] and was smaller in cross-section as well. It has been said that the overall performance was not matched until 1947.

===Argument and resignation===

Schelp, in charge of engine development at the RLM, refused to give Heinkel a production contract, an event that von Ohain claims nearly brought Ernst Heinkel to tears. Schelp noted that while the design was excellent, BMW and Jumo were so far ahead that they simply didn't need another "Class I" engine &ndash; something that would prove to be rather ironic in another two years. It also appears he had some misgivings about the compressor arrangment, but if this was the case it was never official.

Due to the move, it took considerable time for the team to restart work on the design, and even though three experimental engines were ordered as the 109-006 in 1939, it was not until May 1942 the first engine actually ran. In addition to problems with the move, the compressor turned out to provide more mass flow than initially suspected, forcing a redesign of the turbine. To add to the problems, Müller and Heinkel had an argument in May that eventually led to Müller resigning.

Work on the engine continued, and by October it was running at full speed. Of all of the early engines, the HeS 30 was by far the best design. It produced a thrust of 860&nbsp;kg (1,895&nbsp;lb), almost equidistant between the BMW 003's 800&nbsp;kg (1,780&nbsp;lb) and the Jumo 004's higher 900&nbsp;kg (1,980&nbsp;lb), but weighed only 390&nbsp;kg (860&nbsp;lb), providing a much better [[power-to-weight ratio]] than the dry weights of either the 003 at 562&nbsp;kg (1,240&nbsp;lb) or the 004 at 720&nbsp;kg (1,585&nbsp;lb). The HeS 30 concept also had better [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|specific fuel consumption]] and was also smaller in cross-section. It has been said{{who|date=March 2012}} its overall performance was not matched until 1947.

Instead of "yet another" Class I engine, Schelp asked Heinkel to continue work on a "Class II" engine of about 1,300 kg thrust, which would be needed for reasonably sized single-engine [[fighter]]s, as well as useful twin-engine [[bomber]]s. Thus work on the HeS 30 ended, and Heinkel turned, gudgingly, to the [[Heinkel HeS 011]], an excellent design which would not enter production before the war ended.

==References=Cancellation===

[[Helmut Schelp]], in charge of engine development at the RLM, refused to give Heinkel a production contract, an event Hans von Ohain claims brought Ernst Heinkel near tears. Schelp noted that while the design was excellent, BMW and Jumo were so far ahead they simply did not need another "Class I" engine &ndash; something that would prove ironic in another two years when both of those engines were still not operational. It also appears he had some misgivings about the compressor arrangement, but if this was the case it was never official. He also cancelled von Ohain's [[Heinkel HeS 8]] at the same time.

*''German Jet Engine and Gas Turbine Development 1930-1945'', Antony Kay, Airlife Publishing, 2002.

Instead of yet another Class I engine, Schelp asked Heinkel to continue work on a Class II engine of about 1,300&nbsp;kg thrust, which would be needed for reasonably sized single-engine [[Fighter aircraft|fighters]], and as a useful addition to twin-engine [[bomber]]s. Thus work on the HeS 30 and HeS 8 ended, and Heinkel turned, grudgingly, to the [[Heinkel HeS 011]], which would not enter production before the war ended. The remains of Müller's team were then moved to the [[Heinkel-Hirth]] plants to work on the new engine.

Starting some time in 1940 or '41, the basic mechanical layout of the HeS 30 was also used on an experimental constant-volume engine known as the [[Heinkel HeS 40]].

==Specifications==

{{jetspecs

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|ref=Kay, ''Turbojet History and Development 1930-1960''

|type=Turbojet

|length={{convert|2.72|m|in|abbr=on}}

|diameter={{convert|62|cm|abbr=on}}

|weight={{convert|390|kg|0|abbr=on}}

|compressor=Axial 5-stages

|combustion=10 Cannular chambers

|turbine=Axial 1 stage

|fueltype=Gasoline

|oilsystem= pressure scavenge return

|power=

|thrust=860kp (1,896lbf, 8.433kN) at 9000 rpm

|compression=3:1 Pressure ratio

|bypass=

|aircon=

|turbinetemp=

|fuelcon=

|specfuelcon=

|power/weight=

|thrust/weight=2.20

}}

==Notes==

{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===

*{{cite book |last1=Christopher |first1=John |title=The Race for Hitler's X-Planes: Britain's 1945 Mission to Capture Secret Luftwaffe Technology. |date=2013 |publisher=History Press |___location=Stroud, UK |isbn=978-0-7524-6457-2}}

*{{cite book |last1=Gunston |first1=Bill |title=World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines: From the Pioneers to the Present Day |date=2006 |publisher=Sutton |___location=Stroud, UK |isbn=0-7509-4479-X |edition=5th}}

* {{cite book|last=Kay|first=Anthony L.|title=German Jet Engine and Gas Turbine Development 1930–1945 |publisher=The Crowood Press|date=2002|isbn=1-84037-294-X}}

*{{cite book|last=Kay|first=Anthony L.|title=Turbojet History and Development 1930–1960 |publisher=The Crowood Press|___location=Ramsbury|date=2007|volume=1|isbn=978-1-86126-912-6}}

==External links==

*[http://www.elgrancapitan.org/foro/viewtopic.php?f=60&t=8809&start=150#p433874 Spanish-language site with HeS 30 engine details]

{{Hirth aeroengines}}

{{RLM jet/rocket designations}}

[[Category:Heinkel aircraft engines]]

[[Category:1940s turbojet engines]]