Chain-linked model: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Model of innovation}}

The Chain-Linked model was introduced by Stephen J. Kline and [[Nathan Rosenberg]] in "An overview of innovation". The Chain-Linked model is an attempt to describe the [[innovation]] as a [[process]]. The models is divided in these parts of activities:

{{Futures studies}}

The '''chain-linked model''' or '''Kline model''' of innovation was introduced by mechanical engineer Stephen J. Kline in 1985,<ref>Kline (1985). Research, Invention, Innovation and Production: Models and Reality, Report INN-1, March 1985, Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University.</ref> and further described by Kline and economist [[Nathan Rosenberg]] in 1986.<ref>Kline, S.J. & N. Rosenberg (1986). “An overview of innovation.” In R. Landau & N. Rosenberg (eds.), The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, pp. 275–305.</ref> The chain-linked model is an attempt to describe complexities in the [[innovation]] process. The model is regarded as Kline's most significant contribution.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.stanford.edu/pr/97/971028kline.html |title=Salisbury, David F., "Memorial for Stephen Kline; engineer, interdisciplinary thinker," news release, Stanford University, October 27, 1997. |access-date=September 9, 2018 |archive-date=December 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205180923/https://news.stanford.edu/pr/97/971028kline.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Description==

C: The Central-Chain-Of-Innovation is the type of science needed in the various stages of the process.

In the chain-linked model, new knowledge is not necessarily the driver for innovation. Instead, the process begins with the identification of an unfilled market need. This drives research and design, then redesign and production, and finally marketing, with complex [[feedback]] loops between all the stages. There are also important feedback loops with the organization's and the world's stored base of knowledge, with new basic research conducted or commissioned as necessary, to fill in gaps.

f: Feedback paths and loops are direct connections with the latter science

F: Feedback directly from one science to another

S: Support of research in sciences underlying product area to gain information directly and monitoring outside work. This research can be obtained anywhere along the chain.

It is often contrasted with the so-called [[linear model of innovation]],<ref>Caraça, João, Bengt-Åke Lundvall, and Sandro Mendonça (2009). “The changing role of science in the innovation process: From Queen to Cinderella?” Technological Forecasting & Social Change 76, 861–867.</ref> in which basic research leads to applied development, then engineering, then manufacturing, and finally marketing and distribution.

When going through the innovation process one start describing the Potential Market. The next steps in the process are the Invention and/or production and design. Detailed design and test, Redesign and Produce and, finally, Distribute and Market. An innovator more from one part of the process to the other, obtaining knowledge and research science in order to move to the next level.

=== References =Applications==

The Kline model was conceived primarily with commercial industrial settings in mind, but has found broad applicability in other settings, for example in military technology development.<ref>Marius Vassiliou, Stan Davis, and Jonathan Agre (2011). Innovation Patterns in Some Successful C2 Technologies." Proc. 16th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Quebec, Canada.</ref> Variations and extensions of the model have been described by a number of investigators.<ref>Kameoka, A., D. Ito, and K. Kobayashi (2001). “A Cross-Generation Framework for Deriving Next-Generation Innovation Model.” Change Management and the New Industrial Revolution, IEMC ‘01 Proceedings, Albany, NY.</ref><ref>[https://www.cairn.info/revue-journal-of-innovation-economics-2014-3-page-59.htm Micaëlli, J., Forest, J., Coatanéa, É. & Medyna, G. (2014). How to improve Kline and Rosenberg's chain-linked model of innovation: building blocks and diagram-based languages. Journal of Innovation Economics & Management, 15,(3), 59-77. doi:10.3917/jie.015.0059.]</ref><ref>[https://complexsystems.org/publications/an-aid-to-navigation-through-an-intellectual-fog-bank/ Corning, Peter. Review of ''Conceptual Foundations for Multidisciplinary Thinking'' by Stephen Jay Kline, Institute for the Study of Complex Systems, June 2, 2015.]</ref>

==See also==

<ref> Kline, S.J. & N. Rosenberg (1986), “An overview of innovation.” In R. Landau & N. Rosenberg (eds.), The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, pp. 275–305.</ref>

*[[Actor-network theory]]

*[[Cybernetics]]

*[[Creativity techniques]]

*[[Crowdsourcing]]

*[[Diffusion of innovations]]

*[[Innovation]]

*[[List of emerging technologies]]

*[[New product development]]

*[[Open innovation]]

*[[Participatory design]]

*[[Phase–gate model]]

*[[Pro-innovation bias]]

*[[Product lifecycle]]

*[[Social shaping of technology]]

*[[Strategic foresight]]

*[[Technological change]]

*[[User-centered design]]

*[[User innovation]]

==References==

<ref>Kline, Stephen J. 1985. Research, Invention, Innovation and Production: Models and Reality. Rept. INN-1, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University</ref>

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Business management]]

[[Category:Control theory]]

[[Category:Futures techniques]]

[[Category:Innovation economics]]

[[Category:Innovation]]

[[Category:Product management]]

[[Category:Problem solving skills]]

[[Category:Transdisciplinarity]]