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{{Short description|1912 treaty establishing a French protectorate over Morocco}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Treaty of Fes<br />{{lang|ar|معاهدة فاس}} {{lang|fr|Traité de Fès}}
| long_name = Treaty Concluded Between France and Morocco on 30 March 1912, for the Organization of the French Protectorate in the Sharifian Empire<br />{{lang|fr|Traité conclu entre la France et le Maroc le 30 mars 1912, pour l'organisation du protectorat français dans l'Empire chérifien}}
| image = Traité relatif à l'organisation du protectorat français dans l'empire chérifien TRA19120019 001 - France Maroc.pdf
| image_size = <!-- 200px -->
| alt = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] -->
| caption = The Treaty of Fes, with its French text here handwritten in cursive calligraphy, along with a certified Arabic translation written in a cursive ''mujawhar'' [[Maghrebi script|Maghrebi]] style.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://basedoc.diplomatie.gouv.fr/exl-php/cadcgp.php?modele=vues/mae_internet___traites_-_pieces/tpl-f.html&JSFONCTIONS=1&where_is_ft_cid=4073&modefiche=fiche&modefusion=0&doc_ref=TRA19120019&doc_titre=&doc_titre2=&doc_titre3=&doc_titre4=&doc_auteur=&exp_count=3&exp_position=&TABLE=pie_exp|title=Pièce n° TRA19120019/001|website=France Diplomatie: Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères}}</ref>
| type =
| context =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = {{Start date|1912|03|30}}
| location_signed = [[Fes]]
| date_sealed =
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| mediators = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
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| signatories =
* {{flagdeco|Morocco|1666}} [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco]]
* {{flagdeco|France|1830}} {{ill|Eugène Regnault|fr}}
| parties = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| ratifiers = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| depositor = <!-- OR: -->
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| citations = <!-- format as XX [[Article on Treaty Series|TS]] YYY -->
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}}
{{History of Morocco}}
The '''Treaty of Fes''' ({{langx|ar|معاهدة فاس}}, {{Langx|fr|Traité de Fès}}), officially the '''Treaty Concluded Between France and Morocco on 30 March 1912, for the Organization of the French Protectorate in the Sharifian Empire''' ([[French language|French]]: {{Lang|fr|Traité conclu entre la France et le Maroc le 30 mars 1912, pour l'organisation du protectorat français dans l'Empire chérifien}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Traité conclu entre la France et la Maroc le 30 Mars 1912, pour l'Organisation du Protectorat Français dans l'Empire Chérifien. |url=http://www.sgg.gov.ma/Portals/0/BO/bulletin/Fr/1912/BO_1_fr.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101029/http://www.sgg.gov.ma/Portals/0/BO/bulletin/Fr/1912/BO_1_fr.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |work=Empire Chérifien Protectorat de la République Français au Maroc Bulletin Officiel Édition Française |issue=1 |date=1 November 1912 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> was signed by Sultan [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco]] under [[duress]] and [[French Third Republic|French]] diplomat {{Interlanguage link|Eugène Regnault|lt=Eugène Regnault|fr||WD=}} on 30 March 1912. It established the [[French protectorate in Morocco]], and remained in effect until the Franco-Moroccan Joint Declaration of 2 March 1956.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/ma1956.htm#D%25E9claration_commune_franco-marocaine_du_|title=Indépendance du Maroc, 1956, MJP|website=mjp.univ-perp.fr|access-date=2020-03-03}}</ref>
The treaty gave France the right to occupy certain parts of the country with the pretext of protecting the Sultan from internal opposition, and to hold actual reins of power while preserving the mask of indirect rule consisted of the Sultan and the [[Sharif]]ian government. Under the terms, the [[List of French residents-general in Morocco|French Resident-General]] held absolute powers in external as well as internal affairs, and was the only one capable of representing Morocco in foreign countries. The Sultan however, retained the right to sign the decrees ([[Moroccan Dahir|dahirs]]), which were submitted by the Resident-Generals.<ref name="Ikeda">{{cite book | last=Ikeda | first=Ryo | title=The Imperialism of French Decolonisaton: French Policy and the Anglo-American Response in Tunisia and Morocco | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-137-36895-9 | oclc=914166414 | pages = 14–15}}</ref>
When news of the treaty finally leaked to the Moroccan populace, it was met with immediate and violent backlash in the [[1912 Fez riots|Intifada of Fes]].<ref name=Kenbib-Encyclopedia>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Kenbib |first=Mohammed |year=2014 |title=Fez Riots (1912) |editor=Norman A. Stillman |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0007730 |url-access=subscription |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World |publisher=Brill Online |doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0007730 |issn=1878-9781 |access-date=2021-10-28}}</ref>
== Background ==
=== Context ===
Weakened by defeat in the [[Franco-Moroccan War]], Morocco signed the [[Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856]], which broke the Moroccan state's monopoly on customs revenue, a vital source of income for the [[Makhzen]].<ref name=Gilson>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Susan Gilson |date=2013 |title=A History of Modern Morocco |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm0000mill |url-access=registration |___location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-62469-5 |oclc=855022840}}</ref>{{Rp|p=23}} The [[Treaty of Wad Ras]] following the [[Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)]] forced Morocco to take a massive British loan—larger than its national reserves—in order to pay off a massive [[War reparations|war indemnity]] to [[Spain]], putting the Makhzen further in debt.<ref name=Gilson/>{{Rp|p=25}}
European presence in Morocco—in the form of advisors, doctors, businessmen, adventurers, and even missionaries—dramatically increased after the [[Treaty of Madrid (1880)|Madrid Conference]] of 1880, which was held at the behest of Sultan [[Hassan I of Morocco|Hassan I]] in response to France and Spain's abuse of the [[Protégé system|''protégé'' system]].<ref name=Gilson/>{{Rp|pp=46–47}} More than half of the Makhzen's expenditures went abroad to pay [[War reparations|war indemnities]] and buy weapons, military equipment, and manufactured goods.<ref name=Gilson/>{{Rp|p=60}}
[[File:La Vie illustrée- Abd-el-Aziz, Sultan du Maroc, et sa bicyclette.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Sultan [[Abdelaziz of Morocco|Abd-el-Aziz]] with his bicycle in 1901. The young sultan was noted for his impulsive spending habits, which exacerbated a major trade deficit.<ref name=Gilson/>{{Rp|pp=60-61}}]]
From 1902 to 1909, Morocco's [[Balance of trade|trade deficit]] increased 14 million francs annually, and the [[Moroccan rial]] [[Inflation|depreciated]] 25% from 1896 to 1906. Morocco became bridled under loans and debts to balance its budget. The first of these came in December 1901–7.5 million francs borrowed from French banks 6% interest. This was followed by British and Belgian loans. Abdelaziz tried to impose a ''tartib'' ({{Lang|ar|ترتيب}})—a [[flat tax]] universally hated that failed by 1903. In June 1904, France bailed out the Makhzen with 62.5 million franks, guaranteed by a portion of [[customs]] revenue.<ref name=Gilson/>{{Rp|pp=60-62}}
Moroccan historian [[Abdallah Laroui]] noted "The more those at the top borrowed, the more those at the bottom were impoverished."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laroui |first=Abdallah |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33317122 |title=Les origines sociales et culturelles du nationalisme marocain : 1830–1912 / Abdallah Laroui |date=1977 |pages=340 |language=EN}}</ref> Morocco experienced a famine from 1903 to 1907,<ref name="Gilson" />{{Rp|pp=|page=63}} as well as insurrections led by [[Bou Hmara|El-Rogui]] (Bou Hmara) and [[Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni]].<ref name=Gilson/>{{Rp|pp=|page=66}} [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco|Abd al-Hafid]] wrested the throne from his brother [[Abdelaziz of Morocco|Abd al-Aziz]] in the [[Hafidiya|Hafidiya (1907–1908)]] coup d'état.<ref name=Gilson/>{{Rp|pp=76–78}}
=== French concessions to competing powers ===
Private agreements among the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] in 1904, collectively known as the [[Entente Cordiale]], made without consulting the [[sultan]], had divided the [[Maghreb]] into [[sphere of influence|spheres of influence]], with France given Morocco. The 1906 [[Treaty of Algeciras]] formalized the French pre-eminence over other European [[great powers]] in Morocco,<ref name=Gilson/>{{Rp|p=88}} and affirmed its right to collect customs revenue from Moroccan ports.<ref name=Gilson/>{{Rp|p=73}}
In the aftermath of the [[Agadir Crisis]] of 1911, [[German Empire|Germany]] recognised the French position in Morocco<ref name=Gilson/>{{Page number|date=March 2022}} and received in return territories in the [[French Equatorial Africa]] the colony of [[Middle Congo]] (now the [[Republic of the Congo]]). The land, known as [[Neukamerun]], became part of the [[German colonial empire|German colony]] of [[Kamerun]], part of [[German West Africa]], although it lasted only briefly because it was captured by the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] during [[World War I]]. As part of the treaty, Germany ceded France a small area of territory to the south-east of [[Fort Lamy]], now part of [[Chad]].
=== Makhzen view ===
In Morocco, when the young Sultan [[Abdelaziz of Morocco|Abdelaziz]] acceded in 1894 at the age of 16, Europeans became the main advisers at the court and local rulers became more and more independent from the sultan. Sultan Abdelaziz was deposed in 1908. Moroccan law and order continued to deteriorate under his successor, [[Abdelhafid of Morocco|Abdelhafid]], who [[abdication|abdicated]] in favor of his brother [[Yusef of Morocco|Yusef]] after signing the Treaty of Fez.
[[Makhzen]] officials believed the protectorate system in Morocco would resemble [[History of Egypt under the British|British Egypt]], with substantial autonomy in domains such as internal administration and justice.<ref name=burke>{{Cite book |last=Burke |first=Edmund III |date=2009 |title=Prelude to Protectorate in Morocco: Pre-Colonial Protest and Resistance, 1860–1912 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJIM45sajbYC&pg=PA180 |___location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-08084-0 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|p=181}} However, the Treaty of Fes was modelled after the [[Treaty of Bardo]] of 12 May 1881, which made [[Beylik of Tunis|Tunisia]] a [[French protectorate of Tunisia|French protectorate]] and severely limited the [[List of beys of Tunis|Bey]]'s authority.<ref name=burke/>{{Rp|p=181}}
An interim government, led by Abdelhafid's brother, {{Ill|Ziin al-'Aabidiin Bin al-Hassan|lt=Ziin al-'Aabidiin|ar|زين العابدين بن الحسن|WD=}}, who was promoted sultan in Meknes on 17 April 1911, also put pressure on Abdelhafid.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ذكرى استقلال المغرب.. شعبٌ يحرّر عرشه|url=https://doc.aljazeera.net/تقارير/ذكرى-استقلال-المغرب-شعبٌ-يحرّر-عرشه/|date=2019-11-18|website=الجزيرة الوثائقية|language=ar|access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=هل باع السلطان مولاي حفيظ المغرب بـ500 ألف فرنك؟|url=http://chaabpress.com/news1807.html|website=chaabpress.com|access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref>
[[Eugène Regnault]], ''[[Plenipotentiary|ministre plénipotentiaire]]'' of France in Tangier, arrived in Fes on 24 March after long meetings in Paris with the Treaty of Fes in his possession.<ref name=burke/>{{Rp|pp=180–181}}
In March 1912, negotiations at the Royal Palace in Fes between Sultan [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco]] and [[Eugène Regnault]]<ref name=":0" /> were interpreted by [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit|Abdelqader Benghabrit]], who was then working as the translator at the [[French Legation in Tangier]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maghrebhistory.com/%d8%a8%d9%86-%d8%ba%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b7/|title=قدور بن غبريط.. جزائري في المخزن المغربي|date=2020-02-21|website=التاريخ المغاربي|language=ar|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref> The negotiations on 29 March, held with the French military surrounding the city,<ref name=":0" /> lasted for 6 hours from 6:00 pm until midnight.<ref name=":0" /> They culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Fes, which established the [[French protectorate in Morocco|French Protectorate in Morocco]] on 30 March.<ref name=":0" />
<gallery widths="135px" heights="200px">
File:المفاوض_السعيد.jpg|alt=|[[Eugène Regnault]], "the fortunate negotiator," on the front page of ''[[Le Matin (France)|Le Matin]]'' the day after the signature of the Treaty of Fes.
File:Abdication of Abd al-Hafid of Morocco (1912, Le Petit Journal).jpg|An illustration of [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco|Abd al-Hafid]] signing the Treaty of Fes on the front page of [[Le Petit Journal (newspaper)|''Le Petit Journal'']]'s weekly ''Supplément illustré'', printed August 25, 1912.
</gallery>
== Effects ==
France gained authority over non-Moroccan citizens in legislative, military, foreign policy and jurisdictional transactions, though nominally leaving the Moroccan government in control of its own citizens. Moroccan nationalists dispute this, noting that France still influenced Moroccan affairs as a result of the treaty.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mitchell|first1=Harriett|title=The Development of Nationalism in French Morocco|journal=Phylon|date=1955|volume=16|issue=4|page=428|doi=10.2307/272660|jstor=272660}}</ref>
The [[Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco]], concluded on 27 November 1912, established the [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco]].<ref name=Gilson/>{{Rp|pp=|page=xvi}} By this agreement, Spain gained a zone of influence in the [[Rif]] and the [[Cape Juby]] areas, where the Sultan remained nominally the sovereign and was represented by a vice regent under the control of the Spanish high commission.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Nelson |editor-first=Harold D. |date=1985 |title=Morocco: A Country Study |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA169723.pdf |series=Foreign Area Studies |___location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=The American University; Government Printing Office |id=DA Pamphlet No.550-49 |page=43}}</ref> The treaty also granted the concession for exploitation of the [[iron mines of Mount Uixan]] to the Spanish Rif Mines Company, which was also given permission to build a railroad to connect the mines with [[Melilla]].
== Moroccan reception ==
=== 1912 Fes riots ===
[[File:FEZ MELLAH 1912.jpg|thumb|Damage to the [[Mellah of Fez|Mellah]] after French artillery fire in the [[1912 Fez riots|Intifada of Fes]].]]
The treaty was kept secret until, on 17 April, the population of Fes learned of it and [[1912 Fez riots|riots broke out]]. Abdelhafid had already left Fes seeking safety in Rabat, but the Mellah, or Jewish quarter, of Fes was bombarded by French artillery and then sacked by tribesmen in Fes for the weekly market. After the violence, Resident General [[Hubert Lyautey]] decided to make Rabat the capital instead of Fes.<ref name=Kenbib-Encyclopedia/>
=== Moroccan resistance ===
Moroccan resistance to French colonialism continued after the Treaty of Fes, with the [[Zaian War]] and the [[Rif War]], for example.<ref name=Gilson/>{{Page number|date=March 2022}}
{{Clear}}
== See also ==
* [[History of Morocco]]
* [[Mnebhi Palace]]—___location of the Treaty's signing
* [[Moroccan Debt Administration]]
==References==
{{
== External links ==
* {{commons category inline|Treaty of Fes}}
* [http://archive.org/details/jstor-2212598 Full text of the Treaty of Fes]
{{Great Power diplomacy}}
{{Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1912 in Morocco]]
[[Category:1912 in the French colonial empire]]
[[Category:History of Fez, Morocco]]
[[Category:France–Morocco relations]]
[[Category:German West Africa]]
[[Category:March 1912]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1912|Frez]]
[[Category:Treaties of Morocco|Fez]]
[[Category:Treaties of the French Third Republic|Fez]]
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