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{{short description|Highest award of the Soviet Union}}
{{Redirect|Gold Star Medal|the Azerbaijani medal|Gold Star Medal (Azerbaijan)}}
{{Infobox award
|name = Hero of the Soviet Union
|image = Hero of the USSR Gold Star.png
|image_size = 120px
|caption = Gold star medal of the Hero of the Soviet Union
|presenter = {{flag|Soviet Union}}
|type = Highest degree of distinction
|eligibility = Soviet and foreign citizens
|awarded_for = Heroic feats in service to the Soviet state and society
|campaign =
|status = No longer awarded
|description =
|clasps =
|established = 16 April 1934
|firstawarded = 20 April 1934
|lastawarded = 24 December 1991
|total_awarded = 12,777
|total_awarded_posthumously =
|total_recipients =
|individual =
|higher =
|same =
|lower = [[Hero of Socialist Labour]]
|related = [[Hero of the Russian Federation]]
|image2 =
|caption2 =
}}
The title '''Hero of the Soviet Union''' ({{langx|ru|Герой Советского Союза|translit=Geroy Sovietskogo Soyuza}}) was the highest distinction in the [[Soviet Union]], awarded together with the [[Order of Lenin]] personally or collectively for heroic feats in service to the Soviet state and society.<ref name="GSEncy">{{Cite book | last = Prokhorov | first = Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich | author-link = Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov | title = Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Volume 6 | publisher = Macmillan | year = 1982 | ___location = New York | page = 594 | oclc = 810278 }}</ref> The title was awarded both to civilian and military persons.
==
The award was established on 16 April 1934, by the [[Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union]].<ref name="sovietresolution">{{cite web | title = Resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union of May 5, 1934 | publisher = Wikisource | date= 2010-09-04 |url = http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9A_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_16.05.1934_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0 | language = ru | access-date =2012-02-20 }}</ref> The first recipients of the title originally received only the [[Order of Lenin]], the highest Soviet award, along with a certificate (грамота, ''gramota'') describing the heroic deed from the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] of the USSR. Because the Order of Lenin could be awarded for deeds not qualifying for the title of hero, and to distinguish heroes from other Order of Lenin holders, the Gold Star medal was introduced on 1 August 1939.<ref name="sovietdecree1939">{{cite web | title = Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 1, 1939 | publisher = Wikisource | date= 2011-09-28 |url = http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_1.08.1939_%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0 | language = ru | access-date =2012-02-20 }}</ref> Earlier heroes were retroactively eligible for these items.{{fact|date=July 2023}}
A hero could be awarded the title again for a subsequent heroic feat with an additional Gold Star medal and certificate.{{sfn|Alander|2012|p=15}} The practice of awarding additional Orders of Lenin when the title was awarded multiple times was abolished by the [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union|Supreme Soviet of the USSR]] in 1988 during [[perestroika]].{{sfn|Alander|2012|p=15}}
Forty-four foreign citizens were awarded the title.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Статистика :: Герои страны|url = http://www.warheroes.ru/stats.asp|website = www.warheroes.ru|access-date = 2016-01-25|language = ru|trans-title = Statistics}}</ref>
The title was also awarded posthumously,{{sfn|Alander|2012|p=17}} though often without the actual Gold Star medal presented.{{fact|date=July 2023}}
The title could be revoked only by the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]].<ref>McDaniel and Schmitt, ''The Comprehensive Guide to Soviet Orders and Medals''.</ref>
Most [[Soviet bloc|Soviet-bloc countries]] followed the Soviet example and instituted [[Hero_(title)#List_of_Eastern_Bloc_titles|their own "Hero" awards.]] The Soviet-style [[Hero (title)|"Hero" title]] is still used both in surviving [[List_of_communist_states#Current_communist_states|current Communist states]] such as Cuba and in some non-Communist [[Hero_(title)#List_of_post-Soviet_titles|post-Soviet countries]] such as Russia, Ukraine, and others.
===Privileges===
Individuals who received the award were entitled to special privileges, including:
* A pension with survivor benefits in the event of the death of the title holder.{{sfn|Alander|2012|p=14}}
* Priority on the [[Communal apartment|housing list]] with 50% rent reduction,{{sfn|Alander|2012|p=14}} tax exempt and an additional {{convert|45|m2||abbr=}} in living space.
* Annual round-trip{{sfn|Alander|2012|p=14}} first class airline ticket
* Free local public transportation{{sfn|Alander|2012|p=14}}
* Free annual visit to [[Sanatorium (resort)|sanatorium]] or rest home{{sfn|Alander|2012|p=14}}
* Medical benefits{{sfn|Alander|2012|p=14}}
* Entertainment benefits{{sfn|Alander|2012|p=14}}
==History==
[[File:Zhukov 1945 E010750410-v8.jpg|thumb|Marshal [[Georgy Zhukov]] (center) wearing three Hero of the Soviet Union medals and Marshal [[Konstantin Rokossovsky]] (right) wearing two (1945)]]
[[File:Советские бойцы качают на руках товарищей, поздравляя их с наградами.jpg|thumb|Soldiers of the Red Army's 129th Rifle Division lift their comrades, awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union, in celebration, 1943.]]
In total, during the existence of the USSR, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to 12,777 people (excluding 72 stripped of the title for defamatory acts and 13 awards annulled as unwarranted), including 154 people who received the award twice (nine posthumously), three who received it three times, and two who received it four times. Ninety-five women were awarded the title. Among the Heroes of the Soviet Union, 44 people are citizens of foreign states. The great majority of them received it during [[World War II]] (11,635 Heroes of the Soviet Union, 101 twice Heroes, three thrice Heroes, and two four-time Heroes). Eighty-five people (28 posthumously) were awarded the title for actions related to the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet-Afghan War]], which lasted from 1979 until 1989.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faculty.winthrop.edu/haynese/medals/afghan/af_hsu.html |title=Hero of the Soviet Union Awards for Afghanistan |access-date=2005-10-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213212801/http://faculty.winthrop.edu/haynese/medals/afghan/af_hsu.html |archive-date=2008-02-13 }}</ref>
The first recipients of the award were the pilots [[Anatoly Vasilyevich Liapidevsky|Anatoly Liapidevsky]] (certificate number one), [[Sigizmund Levanevsky]], [[Vasily Molokov]], [[Mavriky Slepnyov]], [[Nikolai Kamanin]], [[Ivan Doronin]], and [[Mikhail Vasilyevich Vodopianov|Mikhail Vodopianov]], who participated in the successful aerial search and rescue of the crew of the steamship ''[[Cheliuskin (ship)|Cheliuskin]]'', which sank in [[Arctic]] waters, crushed by ice fields, on 13 February 1934. [[Valery Chkalov]], who made the first-ever Trans-polar flight, was awarded the title on 24 July 1936. [[Valentina Grizodubova]], a female pilot, was the first woman to become a Hero of the Soviet Union (2 November 1938)<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=651 Гризодубова Валентиа Степановна]</ref> for her international women's record for a straight-line distance flight. [[Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya]], a [[Soviet partisan]], was the first woman to become a Hero of the Soviet Union during World War II (February 16, 1942), posthumously.{{fact|date=July 2023}}
According to Soviet war interpreter [[Elena Rzhevskaya]], reports of several dead [[Alleged doubles of Adolf Hitler|Hitler lookalikes]] in the days following [[Death of Adolf Hitler|his death]] stemmed from Colonel General [[Nikolai Berzarin]]'s pledge to nominate the discoverer of Hitler's corpse for the award.<ref name="Rzhevskaya">{{cite book |last=Rzhevskaya |first=Yelena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRdhDwAAQBAJ |title=Memoirs of a Wartime Interpreter: From the Battle of Rzhev to the Discovery of Hitler's Berlin Bunker |publisher=[[Greenhill Books]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-1784382810 |language=en |translator-last=Tait |translator-first=Arch |orig-year=2012}}</ref> (Despite [[The Death of Adolf Hitler|Soviet claims to the contrary]], only Hitler's dental remains were ever certainly identified.)<ref>{{cite book |last=Joachimsthaler |first=Anton |author-link=Anton Joachimsthaler |title=The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, The Evidence, The Truth |publisher=Brockhampton Press |year=1999 |isbn=1-86019-902-X |pages=174, 252–253 |orig-date=1995}}</ref>
Over 100 people received the award twice. A second Hero title, either Hero of the Soviet Union or [[Hero of Socialist Labour]], entitled the recipient to have a bronze bust of his or her likeness with a commemorative inscription erected in his or her hometown.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9A_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_16.05.1934_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0 |title=Постановление ЦИК СССР от 16.04.1934 Герой Советского Союза — Викитека |language=ru |publisher=Ru.wikisource.org |date= |access-date=2022-03-13}}</ref>
Fighter pilots [[Aleksandr Ivanovich Pokryshkin|Aleksandr Pokryshkin]] and [[Ivan Nikitovich Kozhedub|Ivan Kozhedub]] were three times Heroes of the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Alander|2012|p=16}} A third award entitled the recipient to have their bronze bust erected on a columnar pedestal in Moscow, near the [[Palace of the Soviets]], but the palace was never completed.{{sfn|Chmelnizki|2007|p=286}}{{sfn|Zubovich|2020|p=107}}
After his release from serving a 20-year sentence in a Mexican prison for the assassination of [[Leon Trotsky]], [[Ramón Mercader]] moved to the Soviet Union in 1961 and as Ramon Lopez<ref name=grave>Photograph of [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/de/d/d3/Friedhof_Kunzewo_Grab_Mercader_-_Grabstein.jpg Mercader's Gravestone]</ref> was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Hero of the Soviet Union medal "for the special deed" by KGB head [[Alexander Shelepin]].{{fact|date=July 2023}}
The only individuals to receive the title four times were Marshal [[Georgy Zhukov]] and [[Leonid Brezhnev]]. The original statute of the Hero of the Soviet Union, however, did not provide for a fourth title; its provisions allowed for a maximum of three awards regardless of later deeds. Both Zhukov and Brezhnev received their fourth titles under controversial circumstances. Namely, Zhukov was awarded a fourth title in direct violation of the statute.{{sfn|Alander|2012|p=15}} He was awarded the fourth time "for his large accomplishments" on the occasion of his 60th birthday on December 1, 1956. There is some speculation that Zhukov's fourth Hero medal was for his participation in the arrest of [[Lavrentiy Beria]] in 1953, but this was not entered in the records. Brezhnev's four awards further eroded the prestige of the award because they were all birthday gifts, on the occasions of his 60th, 70th, 72nd and 75th birthdays. Such practices halted in 1988 due to a decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which formally ended it.{{fact|date=July 2023}} By the 1970s, the award had been somewhat devalued. Important political and military persons had been awarded it on the occasions of their birthdays rather than for any immediate heroic activity.{{fact|date=July 2023}} All Soviet [[cosmonaut]]s, starting from [[Yuri Gagarin]], as well as foreign citizens from non-capitalist countries who participated in the Soviet space program as cosmonauts, received a Hero award for each flight, but no more than twice.{{fact|date=July 2023}}
Apart from individuals, the title was also awarded to twelve cities ([[Hero City (Soviet Union)|Hero City]]) as well as the fortress of [[Brest Fortress|Brest]] ([[Hero-Fortress]]) for collective heroism during the War.{{sfn|Alander|2012|pp=14–15}}
==
The last recipient of the title "Hero of the Soviet Union" was a Soviet [[underwater diving|diver]], [[Corvette Captain|Captain of the 3rd rank]] [[Leonid Solodkov|Leonid Mikhailovich Solodkov]] on 24 December 1991 for his leadership and participation in a series of unprecedented extreme depth diving experiments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aarticles.net/biographies/1306-kak-leonid-solodkov-stal-poslednim-geroem-sovetskogo-soyuza.html|title= As Leonid Solodkov was the last hero of the Soviet Union?|access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref> Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, this title was succeeded in Russia by the title "[[Hero of the Russian Federation]]", in Ukraine by "[[Hero of Ukraine]]" and in Belarus by "[[Hero of Belarus]]".{{sfn|Alander|2012|p=17}} Azerbaijan's successor order is that of [[National Hero of Azerbaijan]] and Armenia's own hero medal is that of [[National Hero of Armenia]], both modeled on the Soviet one.{{fact|date=July 2023}}
==
<gallery>
File:IvanSmelov-VOSSTANIYA.jpg|Hero of Soviet Union obelisk of Saint Petersburg.
File:COA of Sevastopol.svg|Coat of arms of the [[Hero City (Soviet Union)|Hero-City]] of [[Sevastopol]]
File:Coat of arms of Volgograd city.svg|Coat of arms of the [[Hero City (Soviet Union)|Hero-City]] of [[Volgograd]]
File:Coat of Arms of Kyiv 1969-1995.svg|Coat of arms of the [[Hero City (Soviet Union)|Hero-City]] of [[Kyiv]] (1957)
File:Flag of Tula.svg|Flag of the Hero-City of [[Tula, Russia|Tula]]
Image:Kerch coat.svg|Coat of arms of the [[Hero City (Soviet Union)|Hero-City]] of [[Kerch]]
Image:Coat of Arms of Odesa.svg|Coat of arms of the [[Hero City (Soviet Union)|Hero-City]] of [[Odesa]]
</gallery>
==Philately==
<gallery>
File:Brest (timbre soviétique).jpg|[[Brest Fortress|Hero-Fortress of Brest]]
File:Moscou (timbre soviétique).jpg|[[Hero City (Soviet Union)|Hero-City]] of [[Moscow]]
File:The Soviet Union 1969 CPA 3727 stamp (World War II Hero First Lieutenant of the Guard Aleksandr Kosmodemyansky).jpg|Hero of the Soviet Union Lieutenant [[Aleksandr Kosmodemyansky|Alexander Kosmodem'yanskii]]
File:The Soviet Union 1969 CPA 3800 stamp (Sergey Gritsevets and Fighter Planes).jpg|Twice Hero of the Soviet Union [[Sergey Gritsevets|Sergey Ivanovich Gritsevets]]
File:Voennaia marka Matrosov 60 kop.jpg|Hero of the Soviet Union [[Alexander Matrosov]]
File:Pav-1976-stamp.jpg|Hero of the Soviet Union [[Lyudmila Pavlichenko]]
File:Stamp Hero of the Soviet Union.jpg|2009 Russian stamp commemorating the Hero of the Soviet Union award.
</gallery>
==Notable recipients==
{{Main|Lists of Heroes of the Soviet Union}}
[[Image:Evstafiev-pavel-grachev-1994w.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Hero of the Soviet Union Army General [[Pavel Grachev]]]]
[[Image:Александр Игнатьевич Молодчий.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Twice Hero of the Soviet Union Major General [[Alexander Molodchy]]]]
===Single award===
{{See also|List of female Heroes of the Soviet Union}}
*[[Hamazasp Babadzhanian]] – future Chief Marshal of the Tank and Armored Troops, for actions near [[Ivano-Frankivsk|Stanislav]]
*[[Oleg Babak]] – last posthumous recipient to die in the line of duty.
*[[Mikhail Devyatayev|Mikhail Devyataev]] – escaped from a forced-labor camp at [[Peenemünde]] with crucial intelligence on [[Germany|German]] rocket programs.
*[[Andrei Durnovtsev]] – pilot who dropped the [[Tsar Bomba]]
*[[Yuri Gagarin]] – first human to fly in space.
*[[Pavel Grachev]] – division commander in Afghanistan.
*[[Ivan Kharchenko]] – neutralized more than 50,000 explosive items during and after World War II.
*[[Viktor Kibenok]] – First responding firefighter to the [[Chernobyl Disaster]]. Later died of radiation sickness.
*[[Valentin Kotyk]] – Youngest recipient (age 14). Posthumously awarded after being killed in combat during the [[Great Patriotic War]]
*[[Vladimir Konovalov]] – submarine commander; sank the [[Germany|German]] ship [[Goya (ship)|Goya]].
*[[Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya]] – the first woman awarded the title during World War II.
*[[Alexander Krivets]] – participant in the Soviet partisan movement during World War II, commander of the Shchors partisan detachment.
*[[Matvey Kuzmin]] – oldest recipient; led a Nazi division to an ambush in Malkino.
*[[Nikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov|Nikolai Kuznetsov]] – intelligence officer responsible for the kidnappings and assassinations of several high-ranking Nazis.
*[[Lydia Litvyak]] – World War II fighter pilot and the world's top female ace.
*[[Alexander Marinesko]] – the most successful Soviet submarine commander in terms of [[gross register tonnage]] (GRT) sunk.
*[[Alexander Matrosov]] – posthumously awarded for blocking an enemy machine-gun with his own body.
*[[Mykola Melnyk|Nikolai Melnik]] – Soviet pilot known for placing radiation sensors at the Chernobyl's Nuclear Power Plant, Reactor 4, during the [[chernobyl disaster|1986 explosion]].
*[[Aliya Moldagulova]] – sniper who led her brigade after suffering high casualties
*[[Pore Mosulishvili]] – Soviet Soldier and member of the Italian resistance.
*[[Ivan Panfilov]] – Soviet general. Killed in action during the [[Battle of Moscow]]. The [[8th Guards Rifle Division]] of the Red Army was named in his honor.
*[[Lyudmila Pavlichenko]] – highest scoring female sniper.
*[[Yakov Pavlov]] – commanded the defenders of [[Pavlov's House|the building named after him]] in [[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]].
*[[Volodymyr Pravyk|Vladimir Pravik]] – Firefighter that responded to the [[Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl Disaster]], and later died of radiation sickness.
*[[Nikolay Pukhov]] – Colonel General in World War II and the first commander of the 8th Tank Army.
*[[Endel Puusepp]] – Soviet World War II bomber pilot.
*[[Otto Schmidt]] – scientist and explorer of the [[Arctic]].
*[[Ivan Sidorenko]] – One of the top snipers of World War II, with over 500 kills.
*[[Richard Sorge]] – Soviet spy, reported from [[Japan]]ese information the exact date that [[Operation Barbarossa]] would begin.
*[[Joseph Stalin]] – [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] (1922–1953) and Head of Government as Prime Minister of the USSR (1941–1953).
*[[Leonid Telyatnikov]] – Head of the fire department at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
*[[Valentina Tereshkova]] – first woman to fly in space.
*[[Michael Tsiselsky]] – Soviet naval pilot during World War II.
*[[Zhambyl Tulaev]] – Soviet sniper, killed 313 German soldiers.
*[[Dmitry Ustinov|Dmitriy Ustinov]] – Marshal of the Soviet Union and Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union from 1976 until his death in 1984.
*[[Vasily Zaitsev (sniper)|Vasily Zaytsev]] – sniper who killed 225 at the [[Battle of Stalingrad]]; his achievements are dramatized in the film ''[[Enemy at the Gates]]''.
*[[Viktor Zholudev]] – posthumously awarded for leadership during [[Operation Bagration]]
*Dmitry Komar, Vladimir Usov, and Ilya Krichevsky – Posthumously awarded for being killed while attempting to block [[Infantry fighting vehicles|IFVs]] from reaching the [[White House (Moscow)|White House]] during the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|August Coup]]
*[[Leonid Solodkov]] – Last recipient of the award before it was succeeded by the [[Hero of the Russian Federation]] award
*[[Natalya Meklin]]
===Two times awarded===
{{Main|List of twice Heroes of the Soviet Union}}
*[[Ivan Konev]] – Marshal of the Soviet Union and Commander of the 1st and 2nd Ukrainian Front during World War II.
*[[Ivan Bagramyan]] – Marshal of the Soviet Union
*[[Konstantin Rokossovsky]] – Marshal of the Soviet Union and Commander of the 1st and 2nd Belorussian Front during World War II.
*[[Hazi Aslanov]] – Major General of armored troops during World War II.
*[[Talgat Bigeldinov]] – Il-2 during World War II and the only Kazakh who was twice awarded the title.
*[[Vasily Chuikov]] – General largely responsible for the victory at Stalingrad and attacking Berlin.
*[[Oleksiy Fedorov]] – organized underground resistance in Nazi-occupied Ukraine.
*[[Dmitry Glinka (aviator)|Dmitry Glinka]] – flying ace with over 50 shootdowns
*[[Alexey Leonov|Aleksei Leonov]] – cosmonaut who made the world's first spacewalk in 1965.
*[[Vasily Stepanovich Petrov|Vasily Petrov]] – Major who lost both hands during the second World War.
*[[Pyotr Klimuk]] – Cosmonaut, former head of the [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]].
*[[Vladimir Kokkinaki]] – Famous test pilot and record breaker.
*[[Vladimir Komarov]] – Cosmonaut, second award posthumous after his death onboard [[Soyuz 1]].
*[[Sydir Kovpak]] – partisan leader in Ukraine.
*[[Boris Safonov]] – World War II naval pilot and flying ace
*[[Nelson Stepanyan]] – World War II ground-attack pilot.
*[[Vladimir Solovyov (cosmonaut)|Vladimir Solovyov]] – Cosmonaut, former director of [[Mir]] and last man on [[Salyut 7]].
*[[Amet-khan Sultan]] – World War II fighter ace and test pilot.
*[[Semyon Timoshenko]] – military commander and senior professional officer of the [[Red Army]], Marshal of the Soviet Union and People's Commissar of State for National Defense.
*[[Aleksandr Vasilevsky]] – Marshal of the Soviet Union
===Three times awarded===
*[[Semyon Budyonny]] – Military Commander, 1st Cavalry Army in the Civil War and later of the Army Cavalry Commands, also Marshal of the Soviet Union and from 1937 to 1940, Commanding Officer, Moscow Military District.
*[[Ivan Kozhedub]] – highest-scoring Soviet fighter pilot
*[[Alexander Pokryshkin]] – World War II fighter pilot
===Four times awarded===
*[[Leonid Brezhnev]] – First Secretary, later General Secretary, of the CPSU (1964–82), and [[Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR]] (1960–64 and 1977-82), also awarded one [[Hero of Socialist Labour]]; this last feat was the subject of numerous [[Russian political jokes#Brezhnev|Russian jokes]]. Also Marshal of the Soviet Union.
*[[Georgy Zhukov]] – Military commander and politician credited with many of the most significant Soviet victories of World War II, Commander of the First Belorussian Front and Marshal of the Soviet Union.
===Foreign recipients (all single awards)===
*{{flagicon|Afghanistan|1987}} [[Abdul Ahad Momand]] – first Afghan cosmonaut
*{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Ahmed Ben Bella]] – first president of [[Algeria]]
*{{flagicon|Bulgaria|1936}} [[Zachari Zachariev]] – International Brigades pilot under pseudonym Turk Halil Ekrem, awarded 30 December 1936<ref name=hero>{{cite web|url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1055|title=Герой Советского Союза Горанов Волкан Семёнович :: Герои страны|access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Bulgaria|1971}} [[Georgi Ivanov (cosmonaut)|Georgi Ivanov]] – first Bulgarian cosmonaut
*{{flagicon|Bulgaria|1971}} [[Todor Zhivkov]] – Socialist president of Bulgaria
*{{flagicon|Bulgaria|1971}} [[Aleksandr Panayotov Aleksandrov]] – second Bulgarian cosmonaut
*{{flagicon|Bulgaria|1971}} [[Vladimir Zaimov]] – Soviet spy in Bulgaria, awarded on the 30th anniversary of his death in 1972
*{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Fidel Castro]] – leader of the Cuban socialist government
*{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez]] – first African descendant and Cuban [[cosmonaut]]
*{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Josef Buršík]] – for heroism during the liberation of [[Kyiv]], awarded on 21 December 1943, after the [[Prague Spring#Occupation|occupation of Czechoslovakia]] he gave the award back
*{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Otakar Jaroš]] – for heroism in the [[Battle of Sokolovo]], posthumously awarded on 17 April 1943 as the first foreign soldier
*{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Ján Nálepka]] ([[Slovaks|Slovak]]) – awarded in memoriam on 2 May 1945
*{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Vladimír Remek]] – first Czechoslovak in space and first cosmonaut who wasn't a citizen of the Soviet Union or United States
*{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Antonín Sochor]] – for heroism during the liberation of [[Kyiv]], awarded on 21 December 1943
*{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Ludvík Svoboda]] – socialist president of Czechoslovakia and army general, commander of the [[I Corps (Czechoslovakia)|1st Czechoslovak Army Corps]]
*{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Gustáv Husák]] ([[Slovaks|Slovak]]) – socialist president of Czechoslovakia
*{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Stěpan Vajda]] ([[Rusyns|Rusyn]]) – for heroism during the liberation of [[Poland]], awarded in memoriam on 10 August 1945
*{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Richard Tesařík]] – for heroism during the liberation of [[Kyiv]], awarded 21 December 1943
*{{flagicon|United Arab Republic}} [[Abdel Hakim Amer]] – Egyptian military officer, and member of the Free Officers movement
*{{flagicon|United Arab Republic}} [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] – One of the two principal leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and President of [[Egypt]] (1956–1970)
*{{flagicon|France|1830}} [[Jean-Loup Chrétien]] – first French cosmonaut (later served as a NASA astronaut)
*{{flagicon|France|1830}} [[Marcel Albert]] – decorated World War II [[fighter pilot]] ([[Normandie-Niemen]])
*{{flagicon|France|1830}} [[Jacques André]] – decorated World War II [[fighter pilot]] ([[Normandie-Niemen]])
*{{flagicon|France|1830}} [[Roland de la Poype]] – decorated World War II [[fighter pilot]] ([[Normandie-Niemen]])
*{{flagicon|France|1830}} Marcel Lefèvre – decorated World War II [[fighter pilot]] ([[Normandie-Niemen]])
*{{flagicon|East Germany}} [[Sigmund Jähn]] – the first German cosmonaut
*{{flagicon|East Germany}} [[Walter Ulbricht]] – East German leader
*{{flagicon|East Germany}} [[Erich Honecker]] – East German leader
*{{flagicon|East Germany}} [[Erich Mielke]] – East German head of the [[Stasi]]
*[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|22px|border]] [[Fritz Schmenkel]] – German communist who deserted to Soviet troops in November 1941 and became a partisan, killed 22 February 1944, posthumously awarded 1964<ref>{{cite web|title = Шменкель (Shmenkel) Фриц Пауль|url = http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1815|website = www.warheroes.ru|access-date = 2016-01-25}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Bertalan Farkas]] – first Hungarian cosmonaut
*{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[János Kádár]] – Hungarian politician
*{{flagicon|India}} [[Rakesh Sharma]] – first Indian cosmonaut
*{{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Primo Gibelli]] – Italian communist and Spanish Republican Air Force aviator, posthumous<ref>{{cite web|title = Джибелли Примо Анжелович|url = http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1352|website = www.warheroes.ru|access-date = 2016-01-25}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Mongolia|1945}} [[Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa]] – first Mongolian cosmonaut
*{{flagicon|Poland|1928}} [[Władysław Wysocki]] – Polish officer from the [[battle of Lenino]]
*{{flagicon|Poland|1928}} [[Juliusz Hibner]] – Polish communist and officer from the [[battle of Lenino]]
*{{flagicon|Poland|1928}} [[Aniela Krzywoń]] – Polish soldier
*{{flagicon|Poland|1928}} [[Mirosław Hermaszewski]] – first citizen of [[Poland]] to travel into space
*{{flagicon|Romania|1965}} [[Dumitru Prunariu]] – first Romanian cosmonaut
*{{flagicon|Spain|1931}} [[Ramón Mercader]] – assassinated [[Leon Trotsky]] in 1940
*{{flagicon|Spain|1931}} [[Rubén Ruiz Ibárruri]] – son of the Spanish communist leader [[Dolores Ibárruri Gómez]], killed in the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] while fighting for the [[Red Army]]
*{{flagicon|Syria|1980}} [[Muhammed Faris]] – first Syrian cosmonaut
*{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Phạm Tuân]] – first Vietnamese cosmonaut
==See also==
{{Portal|Soviet Union}}
*[[List of Heroes of the Soviet Union]]
*[[Hero of Socialist Labor]]
*[[Hero of the Russian Federation]]
*[[Hero of Belarus]]
*[[Hero of Ukraine]]
*[[Hero of the Republic of Cuba]]
*[[Hero of the People's Armed Forces]]
*[[Order of Lenin]]
*[[Medal of Honor]], [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], [[Congressional Space Medal of Honor]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}
===References===
* {{cite book|last=Alander|first=Jussi-Pekka|year=2012|title=Neuvostoliiton kunniamitalit|language=fi|___location=Tampere|publisher=Apali|isbn=978-952-5877-13-7}}
* {{ cite book | last=Chmelnizki | first=D. | title=Архитектура Сталина | trans-title=Stalin's Architecture | date=2007 | publisher=Прогресс-Традиция | language=ru | isbn=978-5898262716 }} <small>Note: The 2007 hardcopy Russian edition cites an invalid {{text|ISBN-10}}. Here, the valid code is referenced to the [https://books.google.com/books?id=ypoihbCfEJ8C 2013 reprint]</small>
* {{ cite book | last=Zubovich | first=Katherine | title=Moscow Monumental: Soviet Skyscrapers and Urban Life in Stalin's Capital | publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] | date=2020 | isbn=9780691205298 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPjqDwAAQBAJ }}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.warheroes.ru/main.asp Website dedicated to Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia] {{in lang|ru}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060523201756/http://www.aviation.ru/HSU/ Hero of the Soviet Union] – an article on the title {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://www.volfoto.ru/volgograd/alley_of_heroes/stella/ Alley of Heroes] of the Soviet Union in Volgograd – history and photos {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://www.libussr.ru Legal Library of the USSR] {{in lang|ru}}
{{Highest Awards for gallantry}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hero Of The Soviet Union}}
[[Category:Honorary titles of the Soviet Union]]
[[
[[Category:Awards established in 1934]]
[[Category:Awards disestablished in 1991]]
[[Category:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Military awards and decorations of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Courage awards]]
[[Category:1934 establishments in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Hero (title)]]
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